THEORY OF ELASTICITYENGINEERING SOCIETIES MONOGRAPHS Bakhmeto!: Hydra of Open Chanele she ie ta a ati cea ssc mae in he ea RES ‘omood Na ALER, ese Fay THEORY » oF ELASTICITY By 8, TIMOSHENKO And J. N.GOODIER Pros of Binsin Maan “hoe © aman [sotto rags} BIE i. 1395 2 202... ¥ t MooRA BOK COMPANY, oePREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION “The many developments sn larcationsin the theory of sii snd it appleaioas which have ooarred sac the fst edition waa triten ane rected in ntmeroue adios ad emendations in the Jreent edo.” ‘The arangemeat of tho book remains the sane for The irainents of the photodastis method, tnodlimensionl prublems in euriienr cordate, and thermal stress have been ‘ove and enlarged into separste new chapter which present many ‘tethdes and elution not given inte former dition, An append (in te method of fine dierencs and ite aplleation neuding the ‘elsation method, ha bien added Nest aris and paragraphs Jemeprata inthe cbr chapter deal wic the theory of the tain Fuge uete gravy teats Sxit-Veraas principe the components Strotaton, tbe pros thorem,geaeral solutions, ihe approximate Character f the plone sre wlan ear of Cie a center of “itr tonunal sess conentraton a li, the appro eat tment of slender (og, sid if) sections in torion and bending, fi the colar elder witha band of prewue rcs for the stent have ean added covering the texts far ste endo tho chpier on torsion, Tse phase to make grateful acknowledment of the many helpful cugetions which have bun cantibutd hy readers ofthe book. 8. TowoenevKo TN. GoosePREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION Daring recent year the thor of elasticity hue fund considerable application in the solution of engineering pratloms. ‘There cw many SEE which tho elementary methods of strengt of materials are ‘SSquateto furnish stator Information segading stress dists- ‘ation a eagnering structure, and resume must be made to the Tore powerful meted of the theory of lati. The elementary ‘ogee to give information regarding Ioealstromes et the ands ad went the eupports of beams. Tt fal loin the canes tren the stea dtsibution in bodily, all th dimensions of which (Wor the cure order, has to be investigated "The stress in rls “odin blo basings ean be found only by wing the mets ofthe ‘ory af castcty, ‘The elementary theory gives no means of Investigating stems i regions of sharp variation in crom action of Tams or safes Tes known that af roetran comers high stress oncetrtion once aod a ret of thin ercks are ikl to start ‘itech comers esa if the srsctare is abmited tow reveral of roman "The tajeity of freeturee of machine parts in verve an in atibutd to much eras ‘ang recent year conserable progres hasbeen made in solving such prcticly apartant problems. In eaves where a rgorous sl ion tannot be rity obtained, approximate methods have been Alveopat Te some case tltions have en obtained by wing perimental sothod At ap example of this the photonato Telbol of wdving twodimensionsl protems af clastilty may be Ttestoned. ‘The photodaatie equipment may be found now st Uiventes and loo fanny Induwralrosesch laboratories. The ‘alte of potelats expernienta have proved spol tefl in ‘dying various ease of trem concentration ot pints of eharp ‘ston ofermanctonalditenionr anda sharp ils of sentrant former Wiout any doubt tae Teale have considerably ifa- fond the modern design of tashine parts and helped in may eases to iprove the eoustuction by eliminating weak pots from which ‘cack may tar “Another example of the mcconfal application of experiments in Ue ation of laity pebleme athe top fim method for deter ‘ning tives in torsion and bending of pramatical bart Thei peavace 10 11R Finse EDITION ie protest ston of pati life equations with et re evo re eave in sce by menstroments eet deoios ef pooper eetched wt lade nn oa a eo tha in tas tay not oly Wal tre of ae eaten but alo the twcnany afomation repre ve pcan bo eta ih am acurcy out ft ‘eta sppetin eae pe Geta anslogy whish gives meant of ovatgting ct ata af yar deter st she lets ad ‘ori SEaing The atlogy between th pole fending Ferre teedimansinal role feat ta oben Sa ld ne enn importa engiering pres ec pein of tis bok the intention vat fo vet eh eee ef, tho mcesary fundamental knowledge of Tees actihy Te wax slo intended to bring together tins sis hich may be of receal importance and (0 oes re and experimental method of the sition of stat probes Ta praca aplication of tho sheryl, sore thant ert od tow which ve nota lt Mject applatiom in engseting hare bows. ite in {Sora Gunn pee con yin ach testa by comparing ha eis exact ivetgaions ea inte aon mul ven inte cemetary beaks cee mates eon a devgersequve s thorugh under Ane res tibuton i evgcering sector, ad earn to ang vantage mgr metodo os analy, Satta docuaion of pel probes im meet cars the method cea deamon esters aad the we ofthe compatilby Se a terme of ee component har own apd, Thi Sel moe ero nner wo ar aly interes nthe oe epics, Bye uae itedction fees funetins sare eo alten ne than that in wc equations of ‘oi a tome of acoment ae id Mr eth en method of sltion of ty problems ye in wa th tegen of erent equations ae the avetaion a misma conditions of ean intr reac Pile elbod is problem of vaio cael is rae as Mann problem of sing ritimum ofa function seduced t= tl pranaats salto ean be obtained any racially porate ‘Tosimplify the preeetaton, the book gin withthe discussion of ‘codimensomal eon and ony Iter, when the reader as fniiar- {int hitmel withthe vt meade aed inte solution of problems 1 he theory of eaeny,azethrerdimension probleme disused ‘Fue portions of the book tat, although of practi! importance, are ‘heh tat theyean be omitted Oring the Sst meadig rept in mal {jpe The vader may seturn tothe study of such problems afer Fahing withthe most event portion of the book "The mathematical derivations are ut in an elementary form and sly do aot requie ore material knowledge thas given i diving srbols Jn the case of more complieuted problems all ‘teonary explanations sad intermediate calealtions are given {hr the reer enn fellow without dilieally tyough all the derea- ions "Only ina ow cesar Boal ret glven without complete Alrvetions ‘Then the nessaryreferencs to the papers in which the ‘eviveion ean bo found are lage ven. Th numerous ontnotes ference o paper ad books an the theory catty whieh may be of practi importanos are given. Those telrencer ina be of interest fo engineers who ws to sy some Tesi problems in sure detail, "hey pve loo 0 pete of the ‘Botern Jeelpmant ef the teary of elastilty and may be of tome Ane to paduata students who are planing to take thir work i this fi Tn the preparation of the book the contonts of «previous Bool. (theory of Busey,” vol T, Sk Peterdvung, Rosin, 1018) on {iSsame sabjech whieh repress course of ture om the theory ‘i latiy given in noveral Kasson engincering whoo, were aed to a large extent. "The author ws asst in ht wok By Dr. fs H. Dono and Dr 4.X, Goce, who rad ove the complete manusrpt and to whom ‘es lndebted for many eorections and mugestins, Tho author tGkes this opportunity to thank also Prof G- It MacCallugh, Dr. ELE, Webel, Pro, M Sadowsky, and Mr-D. 1. Young, wh assed nthe nal preparation ofthe book hy reading sme portions of the Deinarpt He i indebted lho to Mr LS. Vewnetra forthe prep ‘ation of drawings at to Mis. E, D. Weiter forte typing of te 8 TseesoCONTENTS 1 Secu neta "cee rent aeons SRE sy aia PERS: a Rereste ass z a een i ieee a i Secunia 3 Seite = Grete Poco : 7 Diller Baas of Exum ws # EEE respects Sarat 3 2 See 2 poms 2 i Sasa : Simms sage 8 ery 2 ieee z % Sa = 2 cesar i Epi acccadde 8 i Ras 2 ened : cgay, roses rox meen bm B eemariait ise i 00 ‘5, Annie Puen and Lplnw's Kain ist . Doplasennt Comapendng te Ge See Poco 2, awe gn rm Bes i {Sie ant Digan in Tenn Cals Porta 22, Oi Hemmtry Boone a 2 hat eens Cane Bmnay Cane SN Sg uae 3av conrawrs Btn af Tere bine iy ergy Mod ‘The Use of Soup Fie in Solving Torin Problems, Hotpoint Is To os Burn wich Oe Ci Stn in Fae 10s, Badig af» Cmte Atal Rein 1 Te Shai Beng inate Sop Nit 1 Damien HE, Pan ctu ening SSS2RENTT2 116, Gara Ezatonn TER femeio Deronin a ae Cyne {Ub To Crt Cyne Band Pron, {Eb Twin of eta ing tor 13t,Pu Brg of Geta Rang tr cares 1 THERMAL STRESS 12, The Simpl Cnn Terma Se Deteton {Ht Then Grea Da Tmt yan tot ie BSSEESS ESSERE 138, The Lng Cllr Cider o tbe Tee ie & 1 eine = Te eee on sa Wave of Dlaton into He EE Popaanibeacvavnove te arte on nb i vvost, THE APPLICATION OF FINITE DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS 1 Detain of Pe Diese Bunion “ ‘Peron aor th shins Crm Sines pid ‘Bn Seat oer Jatin ocr aro Waite ise BB 888NOTATION rl tert of tdwe, 90) att nd tego wit agate in par oe Cop tie tins oe em ‘Fhe snjugn complex varie = — 4. ‘Reeat yea eet {et onl pmb Cait foal spasm CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 4 last, AIL structural mistrial poset to certain extent ‘he property of lay, if exteraa ores, prducng dormation ‘anteuotre, donot exceed a coral init, tho deformation disappears withthe removal of tho fore Throughout thi book it wil be Ssmed that tho Dodie undergsng tho action of exieraal fores are precy lasts, that they resume then form completely afer removal of ora. The mulculestevtute of elatic baie wll at be considered here 1 il beastumed thatthe mater fan laste ody shomapennas and entindouslyditbuted over ie volume wo tht the smart element ‘itrom the body passe the sme epee physical propertis as the ‘ody. Toslmplify the dacusion wil lz be assumed tat the ody istwrpi, ce, ist the elartepropertis are the sme all dections. ‘Structural steals wally donot sui the above sasimptions ‘Such an important matriala ste, for instance when tude with a Inerszop, i sen to const of erystals of various Kinds and various ‘entations. The material is very far ftom beng homogeneous, but ‘xptience chows that solution ofthe theory of lastly aad on the ‘sumptions of homogenety and otopy can be applied to sted etrue- foes wth very great sceuracy. Tho explanation of thsi thatthe crystal ze very mall; sual there are mills af them in one cubis finch of ate While the elatie properties of single erysal may be very diferent in difereat dvetons, the esta ae ordinary d= ‘shuted at random and the asic proper of lager pcos of metal ‘eprom averages of propertin ofthe erste. long atthe geo- rtricldimensons dining the frm os body ars lagen comparison with the dimensions of «singe erst the aipson of homogenty can be used with great aecarney, and if the erytals ae orientated a ‘andom the mate oan be treat a trop, ‘When, duet certintechalogcl procomes auch aa rolling, ser tain orlentatin of Ue erystals ina metal previ the cate properties 1 the motal boom diferent in diferent dietions and the canton f anisvopy must be eonaered. We have mach a condition, for ‘axtance inthe ease of coldrled capper.2 rusony op siasticirY tres. Tat Fig repremt bayou. Cader tho adie inal fate Prater fw be pros ca geome Sint. Tota the meget ofthe fore ae us imaga ho dy ie into wo pate and 3 Sm i eg spt Conte one tae ar oan cf el thet ecu Gr the ti eter feces Prand he iner {fee dnt over he coe ‘Soe mo and orotate Siow othe muri of the art Bontbe atl athe pet Sea be aout thn feat {sia ove the aren marin tho See vey tat hydra pe. Shree ind pomore cont Suny Sted over the face own act The sagen af much foes ar way techy i ein ay hyn sant repr ei Teme an whch tiny ack Ta Gacoing intra frts this Intent ead aren TS spl coe of «patel tar hited oteon by one frm ited ovr the eo Fi 2), tener fret Seu tedy dated over any et etn Sut iaielneltenyet the dieuton eye ELL ‘Mia en be sail ty viding th tt ole fee Poy the cual res the come be ro wiry iit rms eer ee Fie Th tes ne nr dsb ve SLE ae the apie of oe cing oo TEU enton tects mmsteny [TT TET crume tan ie focenscing ross an Free ate, do i acon materia ar Bike er ofthe part 4 ean boreuced onrentanta. TE aon enec socal ra 6 hinting alae Wr sy pve the mage of he sew cig a he cee lat chop 0 Telnting dition fhe rant Ein The deoton ol tow sre, In the nr cst drrtion of _erRopvcri0N 3 sen einai othe aren 3 om which tact and we ually vsnve tint tre componente: normal sre perpendicular tthe ates, ad 1 sharing son acting in the plane of th avn 3, Notation for Forces and Stresset.‘Thote ar to kinds of extar- tal fores which may act oa bodion "Fores distbated ovr the sur {on the bdy, such asthe pressure of ene bay on another, or hydro atic pres rw called erfece ee.” ores distributed over the "Volume of a body, sich ne gravitational fore, magnets fre, o “hens of bry in motion neta foros ae called body force. TO furiace fore per anit area we shall rally eave into Ces compo ‘eat paral athe cordate see and we for hoe component the totation 7,2, Weshal alo racve th body fore pe nit volume {nto three componente and denate thse componente by X,Y, Z e ‘Wo shall wo the liter « fr de- noting normal stress and the eter ‘for shearing sts. To indeata {be aiection of tho plane on which {he see i noting tects 0 hese letters arpa, Ifwetakea ‘ery small bie ment st polat 0, ig I, with sides parallel to the ‘ordinate ase, the notations for the eompoaeale of sts acting om Pm the sees of the ements the directions taken a postive ate ae Indleted in Fig. For ce ses of the element perpendicular tothe ‘rash, for notes, the noemal components of sess acting a those ides be denoted by ap. The sibeerpty indieats thatthe srs ‘sting ns plane nora tothe yas The normal sre i taken Preiive en it produoee tension and negative when it produces “The searing sco x rtlved into two components parallel tothe Coordinate suet Two subset letters are used in his eso, ho fst indenting the dvetion ofthe aoa to the plane under eonsideration ‘tthe second indicating dhe dietin of th saponet ofthe ste Forinatance if we gain consider the sides perpendicular tothe 9 {he component In thereon is dened by te ad hatin the fivction by nye "The postive dvetios of the component of shat {ng sts on at ldo ofthe eubie lament aro taken a= th pasitve Aecons ofthe crardinata axes ta tense on tho same #86 ‘ould have the postive deeton of the cereponding ais. Ifthea ampony oF mtasricry tense strcat has a dition oppsite tothe pov ax, the pest GREES Tike oteorng verse components shouldbe revered. Fol- {eat this ae she postive dretions of ll he componeats of tress (ain ont ht ede ofthe bie ment (Fig. 8) ined with tho Southe tresion ofthe cordate axes. The postive diretons aro ‘Shreve if we are considering the let ide of thin element. i Gaanponeats of Stes Prin the daeusson of the previous ade neoc tet foreach pair of paral ids of cube demon SEN sie, nero ened to denote the normal component ‘ates nad fo more tymbolto dante the two component fees {hg sre, "To deeb the trans ating on thea sen of «cab ‘Shnon tre eytbels ey ry ey are necesary for norma treme and iS Soa yt ts on fo fe sea Grate By simploconsideratonof the ena vim ofthe element the numberof symbale forchearing ssn ean be reduced to thre. ‘we take the rmoments ofthe forces ating on tae loment shot the ass for insane, oy {he surface strmes shown in Fig. 4 ned be ea ey ‘ord Body fore ch he weight of Pea ‘tement, ean bonegectod in tis instaee, which {ellos from the fact tbat in rotucing the imeosis of the element the body fores acting on it diminish s+ the cube of tho near dimensians while the surface fres diminish nx he oqune ef tho liner dimension. Teno for very small element ‘oly foresee pnall quantities of higher order than surface frces and Can bo egieted in eaulstng the urface foros, Sir, moments {ln to nonuniformity of diteibetion of normal fores ar of higher ‘ides tun tho due Uo the searing frees and vanish in the Limi ‘Tivo frees ench ide can bo casiered Lo be the area of teed ‘Gine the stees the middle, ‘Then devoting te dimensions of the ell eemest in Fig 4B de dy ds, she equation of equim ofthis ment, aking moments of forces bout the 2x i nde dy de = yd dy de “The two other equations can be obtained in ce ame maser, From thee equatans we Sad = o lace fortwo perpendicla sides of eubie lement the components of wrnopverion 5 stern srs predate in of into hs sie are equal. ‘ Tie quaitiees ty en = ttn = tne = rete suf toda he tan Se oe srsate ese eee an aees a ere TU be hor afer (Ae) hat witha ic ponent ston any nlp ghee pat can be detained, “S Components of Strtin. Tn dicuning SSR tection an dats ot ‘asumed tat thereareenough constraints to Leh Prevent the body from moving ar a vig =A Trad, s0 that displacements of prices rms Cf the boty ae pute wiboat © dtomation of nn ys tras a ging stm icone The eal pacts ricer Saomod tay lal be rove Into compen m9 Perel once m9, topstvl Tel wel Sh pve all gt ninety ‘vr the ame othe bay Coma mal demon yd els ‘Sey (ig). th body ondngn arate eh tthe compan of the dpncoment of th t,t diac tnt ihe dro of on Mies pant dom the oa eer . J wt tee + eo thine 6/8) de t |] eeuiibrimefvemaliectane EP fare a olga rand“ fe a unity (Fig. 19). ‘The’ stremea £ "ark sting an the faves 1, 2,3, 4, und Eyl oe . Spiess ot Seon the yaa of ves Shromchoat the mary te rae oo tan not ata th me foresee the Feisty the mip he eangos Fe 187 Foetal ae polio the finn dental yy, ate he fr ery malt creping fo aed hy malo ‘these values by the sreas of the faces on which they net.? . SSD aE cage ttn met Ke tr wk2 rusony or siasriciry "The body fore on tho block, which mas neleted ar asmal gusotty sf higher order in eonsidring th equim ofthe tingle pris ‘FF 12, must be taken int conseration,beraue ifthe ame ‘order of ragnitude at the terme du tothe rations of the seen ‘components which are now under eansderation, It, Y dena the ‘components of body fre pr ust wom, the equation of euliram, for fore inthe lietion (ook = Gk-+ (raeh ~ (lsh + XE = 0 or, viding by ak, n= ede 4 ads ~ brads dag tede 4 Gad = Odes rag now the Blok ston smaller and smal, 2, A 0, +, the limit tds (eh is end by the defiition of wah a devivative Simiasly (4) = Ga)4/E becomes dra/dy. ‘The equation of ele brim fr foes in the yeti i btnined in the same manne Thus Sexo bg ory wet eymo 1m practical applications the weight ofthe ody is usally the only brady fore, ‘The, taking the yrasis downward aad denoting by» the ‘set per unit vlumo of the body, Rae. (8) besome 0) at ay? One Sew o Saket moo ‘Thee are th diferent quai qv fr two-dimen 1. Boundary Condions, Ruations (18) oF (19) must bo mated st all points throughout the volume ef the Body. The tea compor nents vary over the volume af the plat, and when we arrive at the boundary they matt be such eo be in equim withthe extort foreeson th boundary ofthe plate, a tht external forces may be regarded asa coatiaaaton ofthe inital vrs dsributlons "The ‘tions of equiiiium atthe boundary ean be obtained om Fae G2}. ‘Taking the small triangular rims OBC (Fig 13) o hat the ido BC coineides withthe boundary ofthe plate, az shown in Fig, 20, PLANE STRESS AND PLANE STRAIN 2 sand denoting by Sand P the components of the wrface force por wit ‘Hoe at thie pol of te boundary, welave Le lect mre Ponti ol) in which Land m ar the direction cosines ofthe normal 3 to the boundary in the pare cae of «rectangular plat the coordinate aes are ‘sally taken parallel to the ede of tho pate and the boundary cond tions (20) cane simplified. "Taking, or instance ide of the plate ‘arllel to tho s-xis wo have fr ths pat of tho boundary the normal paral tothe ass; hence = 0 and SL. Buntone (20) then boom g- Pm te Hc the positive sgn should bo tke ifthe rommal Nas the postive dzeton ofthe \ {panies the negative sgn fr the opposite Afreton of Te som frm thi that the boundary the strar componente come equal to the emponents sf the murfac ores per unit aren ofthe boundary 16, Compatibility Equations. Tho problem of the theory of elas tic analy to determine the tatoo tea in boy eubaitd to the ation of given force. In the ere of two-dimensional probe, iia necenary to salve the diferetial equations of equilibria (1, sod the solution inst be nich at to antsy the boendary conditions (at). "Thee equation, dried by application of the equations af atic for absolutely igi bods, and containing thro stress cmpo- ‘eat monty reo unt forthe determination ofthese compo ‘ent "The problem ea stately indeterminate one and in order to ‘stan the sation the late deformation of the bey ia also be sidered. "The mathematical formulation ofthe condition fr compatibility of tres disttution with the existence of continuous funetoas 8 ‘lefning the deformation wil be atained frm Eg. (2). Inthe cam ‘ Groeimensinal problems any three sin components need be ‘omderd, namely, ou, we Bee © ‘Thos thre ran components are express by two functions wand noe they cannot be taken arbiter and there exis certain ela™ srupony oF masricery Wo between the tain compononts which can easly be obtainod from (a). Difeentiasing the fit ofthe Ege. () twice with rspat to ‘he svond tice with espe oz, and Ue hed once with epect o'> stone with rept toy, we Sad 2 4 My Bt M4 Ss-oe a erential relation, ele the condition of eompaiity, sited bythe strain components to neue the exten of ‘and connected withthe strain componente by Hs (a). By sng Hooks law, [Ege], the condition (21) can be transformed into relation between the components of str Tn the case of plane tes diatTbution (At 7), Bg. () reduce to chem, woh @ ee eee tae @ Setting i. od *, * aan ce Bee mtha-mamsnts 0 "This equation cane written in a diferent form by weing te enationn st equbrinmn. For the ease wen the weg of the body isthe only boy fore, dierentiting the fet of Ea 18) with rep! to and ‘the Scud wit eapect oy and adding them, we Gnd ara)” ae ~ Ht Substtting in Bq), the compatilty equation ia terme of tea ‘components tecomes Es Z)arwne oo Prooteding inthe same manner withthe general equations of eaiih- rium (18) we fd (B+ B)ore- 1a the cae of plane stain (Art. 8), we have es sd from Hooke’ aw (Exe 3), Sd an pla = 1+ ed : on = f= rin nm en santana a dg he gto og ee ee ee ee Ceara ance emcee pee ielerertetg erteionr (G+ B)etoe-b(E+2) a ate cn 0) (9) gtr ry Seperated a een et aly Oa ee ae Se sane ae eee, eee eee meatal ee upto ao BS rhree dot ta aa ener ence eet naea teas oe ia asee roa ee ee eee Sears at aa er ——™—- pe ee peers prepress Sp Shee aes chattel patel me es mel ented eietnnonret tata at ae ee command aeons means or ae ceca ea ier eae fame fetes een ae ace ete in shee eas proviel the shape he boundary onde extra fron at the sae” 2 lan do hr ae umpteen te han (21) ihr in ‘ace by or mami sown net i of te metic ed ern te ts "thi tatnet may nu sotto sh tpl spe tare, tte tien cn ay el ys dee6, Stress Function. Tt ha heen shown that anlaton of two= oo Bw Ga duty — Ont Sader} Ont a oon Bh eat ee tect he tem = BSE ~~ po — eat — deat + eet Sat Aesincoticente oy «dave arbitrary, and in adjusting theme seb soltions for vargas onding conditions of spate. Taking, Li tiiiy + ; i * x t = at THT TTT Rarere gen [= 1 er t forint, ete dy glo wid asty — 199) oo Wt o soo nda ‘The normal free ar uniformly dstebated along the longituinat sides of the plate (Fig. 250) Along ce ide 2 = J the normal freee ont of two pars one following ainear Iw and he othr flloving claw of cubic pembol, The chening ores are proportional a fon the longing sides ofthe pate and follow a aruba la along theside = The dintibuton ofthe stremes ieshow in Fg 200. ‘Since Bg, (0 e« Fnour diferental equation, i may be conluded hata ram of evera solitons of thin equation x alo sautin. We ‘an superpane the elementary scons eomederd in this aril and in the manner arrive ate aoatons of pte interes. Several fsanipln of the application of this spethod of superpoiion Wil be ‘idee. 26, Ssint vont’ Pence To se prvi ate seve eee were duran mnie tae sto for tangle ate wee "sod by ating vo snp fae for he ses fet. Te tech cal the eqn ef at ae ab th enn Steen enya fers rte ine meer gee, Inthecuwof pretend orineance ie 25, he ening en tn be pnd ty oss dempsey se tenons and eames ng ronorna tthe dante ene best ah ‘Tseng he cays ant bch ae to Interfere with dinar he pln of he end. the stove conde ‘Suse ot lil te beng moment spel noms ‘itwrent not oh oe eth te npn her oe tm tbe nd etn th son gen nr 1 ranger a cet ‘shin oe poi, The acta ity th tn boweer ‘aa ined to muh sped en, Te san bo spl ih eal Sin carer en ning i wih cece th ent Ste eo spony med, Such exenton i th pote {issues eo aston the sole pine Son ent This incl sae ia ifthe lr actng ov eal pono ‘use of anna pal by ase ee out Sle of oer singe the tne pron terry te ole ‘Ct ote ode ata hanger hc eee caly bath ei wor oh sa at asset ag npion wh tle ines the maroon hh hn fen ae shang.” For tne, nthe con of yr ting of 0 ‘etna stip ig 2 he etna dines sith ce ‘ll eprom ih gh he nse of span of ho ‘teal beofing ment fests theses date ely he ‘ik of ton a connec rian vm eon, vhs the ro dro lb aca iven by hese thn to nic Fig 2 ee “Team tent cao i enson. Only nar th aed tnd ders then datas doen on the mane ef piping an fens frs ad era sti dance fom ce a the Scour are ptilyekoriy Gite, Sone example ‘rating ths ttn ad hong how rail ho seca dbton become prt lr wil dred ater xe ge) ‘dred ier p50. ™ =10, Determination of Displacements. When the components of strc: are found fom the previous equations the components of strain ‘an be obtained by using Hook's nw, Has. (2) and (6). Then the Geplecements ad's canbe obtaned rom the equations Baw Baw Babar © “The integration of these equations in each partiular ease doesnot ‘vent nay italy, aod we shall have several example of their pplication, Te may be seen at ne that the strain eompanents (0) ‘ain unchanged i ead Lo wand vse Finer fonctions enue ® in which, 6 andcarecontants, hia means tht the displacements fre not entry deterinod hy the strewes and vrans, On the di Flscements duc to th itera sesne » doplacoment ike that of « Fila body ean beeuperpood, The constants and ein Bas) repre (iota traaltory motion ofthe body ad he constant is a tall hee of rotation ofthe igh bay about the ss "Teas been shown (oe page 25) tht in the exc of constant boy forces the ves datsutin the same for plane tes ditebtin oF plabe strain The doplacements however are diferent for thew tro Probleme, ns inthe ate of plane stew ditto the éomponcats strain entering Into Ege.) are given by equations weeth, om L 1 1 eB om we Bem ten ote ‘din th ee of plane strain desea components are Lia = ee Hh $9 Hla = re. a (1 Ded fer oe 7 we He teal= HU ery {Wis eaily vere that these equations canbe obtained frm the pre- ‘eding se for plane ste by replacing Bin theater by B/(L ~ edobys/(l = 9), Thee mubatitatans eave, whichis £/2(. +), hanged. Th intgration of Eqs () wll be shown Inter fo die ‘ug pater problems ‘rwo.piwxysio¥aL peopieMs 35 20, Bending of a Cantlover Loaded a the Bad. Consider» canti- ver having a arrow retangulr ete: etin of unit width bent by a force P nppliod at the end (Pi. 26) The upper and lower edge ae free from lond, and abearng foros, having Teulant Pate dir teibuted along the ead z= (These condition an he satiety 8 [oper comblcation of pure shear, ‘wth the stresses) of APL repre™ T — feared in Fig 24. Superpesing the (Fh. pure teary = By on hostess (0), we ind ‘oar te nin ly = 4 om we mt ae (denn hen o tm wih 2 e ‘To atin the condition on the loaded end the sum of the shearing force dntrivted ver this end mare be ogi to P. Hence! Lowa [eter Swbattting shee values of ds and bin Eas (a) we Bad from which [Noting that eis the moment of inertia of the ert weston of the cantor, we bare6 sruwony oF muasricrTy ‘This coinces completely withthe elementary solution ven in Toss onthe srength of materials It shoud be noted that this ation representa an est satan only f the searing Fores om the ‘usar distributed scendig to he same parable las the sheat- petro at the ntensty of the normal forces at the bun ead rapertional to yo Ifthe foros athe eade are distributed in any ther manner, the tea dntbution () not core solution or he dn ofthe eaatever, bu hy vite of Sant-Venant's principle bean te conndered ntfactory for erom mection at ensemble distance Som the eds. Titus consider now the diplacementeoresponing to the streses (0) Applying Hooks law we find “The procedure for obtaining the components and ofthe deplace- fen cmtaintegating Hp) 8 (By teat Ba, (owe 8 w= Ps, +00) tu which Jy) and fia) ae a yt unknown fanstions of only and = fy. Bubiutag then ale of wand vn Ea, (2) we Sd Pet 0) 4 PY ALY Per gn ~ art Gp + Gar tae =~ ae mn this uation sone term are funetions of en, some are fanetions ay ealy, and one i Independeat of both 2 andy. Denoting thesn ranpe by Fn), Gy) K, we have ~ PEG, oy) - 8 + BEG oe ‘Such an equation means that F(z) must be some coslant d and Gy) Some covatnte- OthervineF() and O(y) wou vary with + abd Teopetively, and by varying alone, o aloe, the equality would be {TWO-DIMENSIONAL PROBLENS ” violated, "Thaw pe ean BS sod Functions) and ie ae then one Pe 1)-- BM tase =P $00) = PE eae k Smug inthe expremions for and we ind we —2eY_ wPyt By on Ee Oe ae h ® ‘he entre d hima now bedelra fom B ()and sm ‘iene eit feat ae aeoary to Set oe Set on ering ig by In he apne” ferent Dot te snl nd ro i can sod’? Evacolurs=iy~ Oandwe tad tan DG) ono, ‘The deletion curve b obtained by substituting y = 0 ito the second of Eas.) Then Popo ee = Fey — Ey at 2) ® For determining the constant inthis equation we must eth did condition of contuint,ciminating the possibilty of rotation of the tram inthe zy-plane aboot the ed point This constraint ean be relied in vaio ways. Let us ensidor two eases: (1) When an ele tea ofthe axiof the beam fixed atthe en A. ‘Then the eeadiin 2) (2) When a verti clement ofthe eros mstion a he pol A aed, -o ®s stunony or suastiorry ‘Thun the condition of constant i ay) =? ® Tn thei can woot from a. (0) Pe da t2 oval vr igh ge = 0) ang te an Juatr Sin ht et pt amr eli eed is stat he ra ge by of At 2a) he ein Yeh Sindy By Oat Ar CHAPTER ‘TWO-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS IN POLAR COORDINATES 28, Genoral Equations in Polat Coordinates. In dscusing streams tn lralarings and disk, curved bars of nartow rectangular era we. ‘on ths ceular asset, ti advantagoous to use polar cord files‘ potion of & point lathe mide plane of plat ie then ‘tnd bythe distance from the origin O (ig 30) and by the ange ‘etweon Fan's ertain als Os feed inthe pane ‘Lets now conde the esulitrium of «smal element 124 ct out {rom the plat by tho radial soon 0, 02, nora othe plate, and by ‘wo eylndeal aueaceeS normal tobe ate, ‘The nora stress component ‘he rei ditstion Se denoted by ey ie ‘ormal component inthe ereumferatal retion by ey and tho shearing stress feomponeat by ry each rpmbolreprecat= ing szes at the point F, which Is tho mitt P of tho sloment, "On tenant ofthe eriaton of etree th value at the rail-points of the see 1, 2,3, 4 are not ‘ule tha same a tho vale a ave denoted by (ety in Fig, 40. The ra of he siden 3,1 ae Aenoted by ry The ada foro on tee Ian db whi ony bb water (and wiry tho rail farce on de 3 ~ Gers «&." "The wore forn on sie 9 han eomponent along the radio {rough P af (oor ~ in (8/2, whish may be replaced by (es dr (/2). "The eomespondng’ component from side A it lend ia. te ing oe es a ee) — ‘Summing up free inthe radial direction, including body free er unit volume inthe radial direction, we obtain the equation of sui eohsdd = (orhedd = ariel wart loa (ald de-+ Rr dode = 0Dividing by ara this became (eh = (orbs ‘he dimensions ofthe element ate now taken sale and ema, to the limit r,t it form of this equation the mit Be) "The cond becomes ey and the third 9/02, The equation of og {ram nthe tangent dreton may he derived ia Uh anne manne "The two atone take the al form Hoon od + 285 824 myo Bey tte eo Rag a itt 0 Thee equations take the pla of Bas (18) when we rave two imenstona problems by mean of polar cordate, When the boy ‘ore Re ato they are atid by putting tae oo ae 136 _ 1 a6 | _ a (108 to an Faron” ~ oF) shore $n the streafontion a function a rand #. This of eoure ay beverfed hy dzetsbetttion A derivation of (8) inluded fn what fallow ‘Tosiod a pale trex distebutin, thi fneton must engure chat ‘he condition of compatiblity Ta Cartesian cordiatee (ioe page 25) hi condition i @ or tho prsent purposo we need this equation transformed t polar ‘eoordiaates "The reaton between polar and Cartesian sordinates ix ve by Peat Om ita eo which wy. mw {TWO.DIMENSIOAL PROBLEMS IN POLAR COORDINATES 57 ‘Using thee, and considering ¢ ae «function ofr and 8 we nd 2% cont = 188 in ‘To mt the snond derivative with rompect ot ron necaary to repeat the shove operation; enoe Aiding together @) and (9), we abi 6 Le Bh ane ests Fo h- Gt * an * Paton tay snd Bq. (@), the compeiiity equation (2) in polar coordinate ‘ecomee Ee st2 AZM 1) 0 an ‘From various solutions of this partial diferent equation we obtain fclutiot of two-dentoaal protein pla coordinates for vacious boundary conditions, Several examples of rich probes wil be dis ned in thie sate, hei and med af the expen (fw fom Fa) ao ht ethno yp i the planeta Fan ps aye ate =, ie enumerate ps ar Thom) ling (Heed 1a 18,‘Tin epetion cst o pt whateva th anata of the mas ends om), one? = sn he hid een 8) nb nine kei y nti thes er Sgocap au tO) and 126, Sires Distribution Symmetieal aboot an Ass. I the strst iauibation i eymnsntoa with respect to tho ass throogh 0 pee endilr to she spine Fg, 10) the stn emponnts dnt Uepend on und are fonctions of nly. Prom symmety it follows fo thatthe sheating sve re must Yeh, ‘Then only the frst of {he to equations of equim (87) Femains and we have Peeeereeey w Xt he boty ce sn, wo ay em in as fntion Boe ta ta al one ean of oma {bomen at 4 1d) (6 148) (rte 3s tp 4284 ate, Ae Bast age an “Thin an ovary dierent ain, wich canbe nluced to & Tor cetadsgaton with Csetan eoficent by inodung & trae eos ate =e, Tn Gi manor toe general cation Ca (i) exe arly be btaned. "isan ha fur eons ck Stegaten, which us te dtersioe rom the boundary condition By mito cua be checked that $= Alogr + Belagr + G+ D (a) {eho grea ston, “The tins fl poems of yma sve dntbution sal nobody ores canbe obtained fom this. The Cerresponding srs compontnts from Fas. 38 are 4p a 4 teen +20 A+ Bia+ Blog) +20 a) Ie tere eno hale a the origin of eordiates, constants A sad van hy ce otherwise the steer ermponents (5) become iaaite when = 0. Hanes, fora plato without hole a th ogn and with 20 Tuay foros oly ooe ease of str datributin symmetical with rept to the aa may exist, namely thal when ey oy = enstant te the pai sn» conden of uniform eason oun compres: ‘Som in ll rection it plane. Te there es haat te eign, ater clutons than uniform tenson or compresion can be derived from expresons (43). Taking as ero for insance Bae 8 become andtae i a aan Aem0 “This solution may be adapted to represent the stro dstibuton Ina holo cylinder eabmited to unifrm presare onthe inner and ontr surface? (Vig 41). Letaandt dente the inner and outer rai af the ‘onder, sap, sod the uniform ineral aad external pressure, ‘Then the boundary condition are moe a nem @ Subettting inthe fit of Bas. (4), we obtain the following equations to determine 4 and desta 4 As2-—p from which 4a 2p) ? a0 = Baad Sbeiatng thie In Bg. () the flowing expranione forthe seen component are obtized: P=). poe Moe p) 4 pat = ade eee ee {Rot mat my mi oii fee Sn Ta wis of ths pias dn oan “Lagos ar he ea ai aCy sunony oF miasricery Tt intereatng to note that the mum e+e constant through the ‘hickoca othe wall ofthe epinder. Hence th stress y and peo doce a uniform extension o ontection inthe dzetion of the ae of the einer, and ers ‘ectagsperpendiular to this ae ean pane. Hleos th deformation produced by theses (48) in an element of the eylinder ent ont Br theo adjacet erst sections dos no interfere vith the deformation of the neighboring ee Then and ee jutiiable to cooider the ele tment inthe condition of plane ster at we did in the above dveuson Inthe partiular cas when p= Dad the ylndar is brite to interaal pressure only Bat. 49 give 8) ‘These equations show tate x alnay a sampresve stress and oy a tena crews Te letter i gretert atthe inner srfae ofthe line der, where : oe « dn in alays numerioly greater thn the internal presire and pproacbe the quantity ab ners, ao that it can never be reduced {alow py however mich material added on the outside, Various ‘Spotictons of Bas (40) and (47) ia machin dosign aro ural dee ‘Steed in elementary book on the steagl of materials "The corroding problem for» eyndee with an eoentre ore is comideed in An G6 Te an solved by G.B.Jelery* If tho rade lithe bore is and thst ofthe eteraalwrlace 2 and ifthe distance ‘etween the enters the masimm sree, when the einer is eran internal pseu py i he tangential tes at ce jntrual (voc he thinnest partie < a, andi ofthe magnitude ee » Laer oer a= tae = 0, this xinidn with Ea (4 eo inane 8 nen, “heath of Maal. 286 9 Pe, Ry Stan) see yr, p38 HE. eo ab dae heed 86 ep i 1, Pure Bending of Curved Bas. Tet on consider a curved bar sits eontant narrow rectangular eros seton® and a cour ase Trt in tbe plane of curvature by couple Af applied atthe eade Fig. 42). The bending tment inthis eer eonstan long the length of ‘he bar and i natura to expect that theatre distribution the aime i all aia ern soetons, and cat thesluton ofthe problem can Uerfore be obisned hy using expen (42). Denoting by a Sd the inner and the outer radi of the boundary and taking the Iridthof the retangaar crs ston a unity, te boandary conditions ©) ea Ofer garde = © ffni=0, [reed —w © (ran Oat be bondary Condition (1) sens thas the eorex snd coneave boundaries of the tr are fe from normal foes; condition 2) indents that the normal sess a tho ends give reo tothe eouplo A ony, and condition Indicates Ut thee steno tangential fees applied atthe boundary Using te et of Bas (43) with (1 ofthe boundary eoutions (o) we bate Ae potame)+20=0 a o As au +2tgo +20 GHD Seen Amn hom pn 8 ene tan, hn eat ts taal al oe Hig 0), oad he tage an{ rom (2) ofconitlons (@) we find flas- [Gte~ [et -o cor eahattting for ¢ ts expression (42), we find [f+ n0-+ abe +20] -[f+me+ mime +24] eee rama ti yen tae tigate tsa [lovdr= [tear a en [fetre-tel feels ‘ad noting thst on assouat of () jae q- _— |e =e cr miei exreion 2) fo Ang! + BOMagd = eae) +0869 =I 0 ‘neuter ith th vo Bp () xmpalySeterne eects Gan we nd AM garg pa — Mgr et da = Mevteg® a= Moro ot 208g e og) el ; yo u(r) ° {WODINENSIONAL PROBLEMS IN POLAR COORDINATES. 6 Subettuting the values (of the constants into the expreons (4) forthe strom components, we Sd con (Bag! 4 bog +t) = (- wo tno Plog + oe tot log +8 — ot) 8) "This give thtzes ditibutin atlyngal the boundary conditions (@) for pure bending snd represent te exateauton ofthe problem, provided the distribution ofthe nora ore atthe end shat gen ty the ssoond of Ege, (8). Ifthe ores giving the bending coupe Mt sedstebuted over the ene ofthe bain me other manner, those ‘itribtion af the end wl be deren rom that ofthe eation (4) But onthe bade of Snt-Venai’s pintpe i ean be concluded that the deviations from slution (48) a very’ small snd may bo negetad st large distances fom the ends, eay a distances restr than the ‘opt ofthe ba. Ts of practical interest compare alton (48) with the elemen- tary slutonsurually given in book oa the strength of material. If the depth of the bar, 0~ as smal in comparison with the rus of the ental as (7+ 0)/2; the smo sues distelbution a for straight Tare usualy sumed. Tf dls depth not eal If usual a prac tie to arume that erst scion af the bar remain plane during the bending, fam whieh it ean bo shown that the dstbutn of the nore ‘al sts oy over any eros setians flows «hyperbai law. In ‘Mfesss the marimum and minimum value ofthe tas oy ean bo pee- ented in the form a ® Thames eda a Gol, Pro Fn eS: Pto,18 ‘he pepy pe nanan ree iow nr any oe tame pla wan sve ee by He Bobi (Comp ret In, ‘8 v1) ad bye Pa Be A RV be eh SA Megha sale Ae 2 Mo Py "TN aproinata har as der hy HA m1, 8, ad ty Wile, Edger, wl pe ea a“ lhe ton er tat Fst Clap Pagar dea ‘a th tery nase fy GB we Paige 2h $8 Clip Pan ay tery yl 1o rusory or siasricrty ‘The falling able gives the values of the numerical factor m clea= sae thetiwo demeatary methods, refered to above, and by the Connenae wo Ba) va | deo [yao an [yma ma 49) 290 | Pah ests] Frm —ooe 2 | £003 [LEER cis] 3 kee = ri 2 ae jas eee exact formula (48) Tecan bescen rom thistable tha the cementary cee tana on the hypotless af plan ero aeetioe gives ery securate ret i seers ss Shope Tw te ihe ho er thin he ie poring, the me eli do rns an, ad the deep been the ae ta ann et mes trom he fact tht he semester ct ee ace component gt a 8 ve ase ir rm the dette tht Uv, Mien, 18, of {TWO-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS IN POLAR COORDINATES 05 sumed that longitudinal Sher ofthe bent bar ae in simple enon ‘or eomprosi. From heii of Bas. (48) tenn be shown that the etre i always itive for the retin of bending shown in Fig. 42." The ene ea Fconcude atone from he dietion of trent y ating on tho = mente n= in Fig. 42. The corerponding tangential foro give ‘alts inthe adil estion tending to separate longitudinal Bers ed prodaring tell eres in the radial dreton. This stress iMetemes tovar the neutral worface and becomes a minum nea hi ftrfsce Ths masmum i a For inate, foe 0/4 = 13, Ga. O1BB (ean for O/e = 2, ala = 010Slopm. In ig 48 the di Utibution land for bj Disgiven rom ths igure wee st the point ef asinam sins, x omenbatdrplacd fom the mete iin the dietion ofthe center of eurvare "os Strain Components in Polar Coordinates. In considering the placement n polar eaoediaates let us denote by wand the compo- ‘ents ofthe displacement inthe radia and tangata directions resp tively Iv the sada eplaceont ofthe ado ad of the element led Fig 44), the radial placement of he side bes w+ (04/07). ‘Then the unl elongation of te elemental ia the radi direction is a) [As or the strain in dh tangential dretion i shoud bo obeervd that it depends not oly the dispaormen» but alo onthe radial dix Dlactment as Awsuiing for neat, thatthe paints ead dof the ‘ementaiod (Fig 40) have oaly the radial displacement, the new length of the ze od (+ 0) sd the tangent strain i therefore ‘The ference inthe tangential diplanmont of the side ab and eof Si PONTE TeSOARK Ti cuTRALA |« spony oF wtasricrry the clement ao is /8) d, and the tangent arin de tothe di Dleceaent viencordngly e/r 00 Tho total tangential train hs! ote oo Consideng now the sharing sai, let a2 be the potion of the ‘meat bed afer deformation (Fig. 42)..'Tho angle bebween the ‘Ghetion a andi due to the rail displacement wand i equal to Shfe 36 the same manner the ane between and abi eal toavar, Te should be noted that ony pat ofthis ange (shaded in tte igure) coatsibatee to the shoeing stain andthe oer par, eal ovjrrepreceats the sogulr placement dv to eoaton ofthe ele Inet aft ua igh boy about te axis through 0. nee the total ‘Change inthe soe ds eprennting the searing sen it we Beet @ ‘Shattting now th expesions fr the ain components (48), (0), (61) into the equations of Hooke’ wn }enne wedem om nod src bun afateqution for desing na “Si piptcuens for Spams Steer Bibs Sb- sting th et ge (tes Cmpnets a a 1, weld 212224 4 09 — ppt ce -t9 Bat — 90] By integration wo obtain HLS 4c — porte Bt oF sau a] © eet yd htt i SIDE Zine eat we hee td th pane ty ay hat thew tates prpenie oh lc oh ae Ge 1 in which (ea fonction of only. Frm th send of ag. (22), we find by tng Ea 9, 5-10 {om whic, by Integration, oo rma sea ® here) inafanston afro. Sebattting (a) and () in Ea. (61) nd noting hts a0 Soe eo, we thd 1M MOLL ne—tin-0 — @ frm sich HO=P, faints kent nhuseF, Hl, and K azo constants tobe determined from the eas “tions of consent of the curved bar or Fag Sabatitatng expe oa ato Ege (0) and), we ind the allowing expreions forthe ‘laplcements® wo B[- SEM 4 20 = ntrtge = a 4200 or] ara ee $8 re newt Kent ln which the values of constants By and @ for euch particular ese Should wesubattuted. Consider, forinstanc, pure bending. Taking the en ofthe era etn fromm whieh Pe meanired Pig. 42) ad ko a element ofthe adi at this pot gly Hae, the cond on of eoeateaat are . 2 2% -otoee ~oandr =n = tt? 0 aot e~omdr == tt Applying these to exproion (8), we abla the ftlowing equations {ee eaeaating the constants of integration PH, and gaz (mii ly en ite om (with ao ruvogy or suasriciry B[- S424 +20 - nBe toe Bator acum] n= thao F=O rom this fellows that F'= HT = 0, and forthe daplacement» wo obtaa oo ‘This means that the diqlacement of any eros wttion eon of tranlatorydiplacement —K sin the sme forall pont in the ross tection of rotation of the ers ection by the angle 49/3 about Uhccenter of euratareO (Fig 2). Wesce chat eros ection remain plane in poe bending ually seed a the mentary theory ‘the bending of eurved bar Thccusing the ey tea ditebutin nfl ing (page 450) the constant ia the general nlation (5) ws ten a er, and {in thie bannor se acved at elution of Lam's robe," Now, after obtaining expresions (8) for HSN) dspacemens we ace what is implied by taking T*)) eter. B coatibutes to the dplacement + the term 4lra/B ‘Thin term ie mo singe eld, a Changes hen we increase # by 2 be i we ative : Sta given point ater makings completa ele round tho ring, Such a many-alued exprsion for» di slacenient ie phsliy impossible na fl ring and 3, fr ths eae, Me mus take HO inthe general elation (1). “All ing is oa sxample fa mliply-connested body, 2, body such that some seins an be et ae acrom without dividing the body ito fro parts In determining tho strewn such bod we “ly artve tthe eonelaon tht the boundary conditions referring to the etre are nok mint to deterne completely the sired sition, and additional equations, representing the conditions that the displacements should be single valued, must he considered (ee age 18), "The ysl meaning of many-valved altions canbe explained by onsidrig the iil reves pomble ina lily -oonecied body fe portion ofthe ring tatween tro adjacent crows veetion in xt it (gH), andthe end of th ring ae fined agin by weing or ber sean, rag with nial streuo obtine, i thar ee sree in (ering when eter forces are abont. Ifthe small sngle eas tring th portion af the rng which wae ext nt, the tangential di lcementnecsery to being the ends of th ng together ee © ‘Tho camo diplacment, obtained frm Ba, (54) by potting = 2 in athe wo From @) and () we fod oe ag @ ‘The constant, entering ato the many-valot erm forthe deplace- meat (62) hus now dednite value depending on the way in wth the {nial treme were produced inthe rng. Suaiating (ato Ean, () of Art 2 (oe page 2), we find thatthe bending moment neomary to bring the ends uf tho lg together (Fig. 45) ie ag 0r— (ee) ; MoE —ap 2 rom this th inal stresses Inthe sing ean eal be ealoulated by luting the solution (48) for pure bending. 30; Rotating Disks. ‘Tho sro direibution in rotating cieaar inks i of great practical importance. Ft thikacar of the dink ix ‘sll n comparison wit is radiu, the variation of radial and tae ‘etal sree over the thickness can be neglected and the problem fan be eanlyslved* IC the thieknen a the disk constant Bg. (10) ‘ean bo applied and te aly eceasary to put the body free eq to ‘he ert force Then R= po © “Aopen ei ety fee sores terten tae et ar aoe hs mneaireta eta enone iegiepecanrowtate es uc oo seats Seg paeaneie oni “The weight ofthe de i naghected, "” rupony oF stasricry whore i the mass per unit vokume of th metal of the dk and Teanga velonity of the dik ‘Bgustlon (40) et then ba wit in the form coh m=O. o 4 doen “This equation i sis i we devive the press components from ‘tres fnetion Pin te following manne: w mek ns pa @ “The strain components i the cave of symmetry ae fom Has. (40) sad @), at oe ee ‘liminaling « between thse equation, we ind ts amet ritmo @ Subatituting for the strsn component their expresions in terms of he atrse competent, (52), and sing Bs (9) we id thatthe trest Fuclin Fsbo tey the following equation 2 yak ao etl E reat nnwe=0 © 1 can be ved by subttution chat the gneral aston of thin uation ie ered -2e tae o sd tom Bax © we mac t ek =2E 2 ate a @ e264 ES pant ‘The integration constant Ca Cy are determine from the boundary onions ora lid dist we mur take Cy = Osinc otherwise the stress (0) ‘come init tthe conte, ‘Th cottant Ce determine from the Condition the prpery (= 8) ofthe dik, Tr tere are no frees {TWO-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS IN POLAR cooRDINATES 71 applied tere, we bare Ge 0-247 aH 0 dtr from whieh : Ber coat cd ‘nd the tren eamponets, from Ea), ant woe 9 Bete LE pe « St 14S ‘Thee sree rst a th eter th ek, whee Bee cy the casa a dik wth evar Rl of ai constants of intgration in Bas. () re obtained from the conditions ‘tho Inver and outer boundaries If there are to fers ncing ot ‘theo bounds, we have (dea w from which we nd at a+r on3tt peer cn Etat Bubetiating in Eas), oer ° ‘Wo find the maxima radial strss at + = /, wbace os) 0)2 srupony or siasricirY ‘When the radius of the ole approaches sero, the maximum itil strom approchor a valu Dine a ret as tht for sold disk {Goysde, by woking a soul covar halo t the enter of ealhd (orang ek we double the miacimom stres.."This phenomenon of Ties emertaton oa ew be dace Tater (6 page 78). “Stuming thot the stenes donot vary over the thcknes ofthe dik, themethol of souls developed above for disks of constant thickest Canweencuded alot diss of erie hchner Ih the thckne= ‘rhe dak varying wth adn rte equation of equbrum of uch (tn lement az shows in Fig 40s tn) — he te = © ‘negating ain by patie deve k, be ns where Pi gn sees function. ‘Rsttuting the expresone forthe stress components into the com Daly eatin (we arve at the following equation forthe em Reset F mee eee eth ertt roto {M(E-n) 0 0 1 this manner the problem of Sading tho stress ditsibution in disk variable thcksees be Tedaced tothe olution of Bq (Tn. the Dertealar ease where the thickness varie according to the equation hace ™ in which C aa content and n any number, Ba. (9 oan say be Invopted The general solution has he form. Po mri + dee Bit ne Gta Gat in F8) ile and re the rot of he quadrai ogantion netm—1=0 in whioh sd A and ate ntoration constants which ae determined fom tho ‘boundary condoms, "Tis ae nivel iy Soa, eo Se ao H, ole, ee lnm te {EWO.DINERSIONAL PROBLEMS 1 POLAR COORDINATES 73 ‘A.good approzintion ta the actual shapes of rolling disks can be obtained by dividing the dik into parte and fiting approximately to tach para curves the type (m).._‘The case oa conical disk has been ‘Tseused by several authors. Very often the ealelations ave mae by dividing the disk into parts and considering each par as ak of fartantthiekness® ‘St, Bending of « Curved Bar by @ Fore at the Bad! We begin sith ihe emp ex shown in Fig. 40 Ae a fi taro rectangular cro sein ad * irae crouse incometraned a the lower lend bent by afore applied at Ue uppee Sed in the rafal dreclon, ‘The bending ‘moment ab any ert ection me propor floma to in #, ad the normal sr scoring toetmentary theory of thebending ff eurvol bars, s proportional othe bending ‘moment. Aerming that ths Holds ceo fr the exact saluting, an asumption wich the bated emus wil justify, we ind fom the wcond of Bax. 98) that the etre fanetion f satiing the equation Ayla 1 ey (me yD Gitte ase) +t ‘ould be proportional to sn Taking sesame ® baiting Bg, (), we tt) man say th fall ‘ordinary differential equation: “ “ — “ether ra w Baring ip, 8B Hoan, Hoping, vl ih 2, ry Shee 1 manta bat a" ea Bape, Toh pi 18, After dope at STU deen et Tae ah a poi rete Gk SARS Sans aT, POLTENME Ten gOARA epee CONTA1% risony oF muasticiry eld a(t f 7 Grd -AGietd-4) © “Thin equation can bo transformed into Tipardiferentat equation “Tit conan couicea (oe page 8), and ite general soon fs Joy = Ae + BL 01+ Drage fn which A, B,C, nd D ar constants of integration, whieh ace deter tid fem the boundary wondiions.Substivting solution (Din eaten (0) forthe eres funtion, apd using the gneral formulas (28), we Ha the fllowing expressions forthe sess components 18 (s4r— 2842) sin rom the cooitons that the outers inner boundaries of the curved ‘ar (Pig 1) are fe rom external frees, we requir Ut = Ofer = aandr = tom Ba 0) ae Dao © 2D 2p BP =o “Th lat eondition i thatthe eum of the shearing fore dst Tro the upper ead of the bar ould eal the force P. Taking tbo errr uptetns setion a unty—ovP asthe ond po oni hicks the plate obtain for 8 = 0, L3G8)«-Fa f Bao Duel =P rom Ege. (0 and () we find Pp ae, and, oooh woe ont 1 ok conDInATas To teva Wad ¥ 4 (489 at ating aa thon ong Ba (0, ‘obtain th exrosions for the ste components For the fu ofthe ba, = 0, we Sind me rg -hern] "Tho expresons (60) constitute an exact slution ofthe probe cay when the forse atthe ende ofthe eurved bar are dstibued a the 2H nanner given by Ba. (9) and (2). or any other ditibution of {oreo te sre datbution near te ends wil be diferent fom that ven by sslsin (0), ut a leper distances ths sation wll bo “ald by Suint-Venan’s principle Caleslatons show tht the snplo theory, bas on the astimption thet ere eetions rein pane Ing bending, again ges very stieactory rst. ‘In Fig. 4 the isribution ofthe searing stress rover the eros section # = 0 Gor the eas b= 2a, 2a and 130) is chown, Tho bse are the radial stances from the Sinner boundary” ~ "The ordinate reprevent numerical factors wth which we mliply tbo average shearing steasP/(~ 0) to gt tho shearing ses at thopeat In qustion. A valu 1.5 forthe factr ves the maximum Ricrng atoms as elclated from the parabolic drut for eclangular stright beams. From the fires tay be som that he ‘btbuton of tearing sree approaches the prabae dsibten, ‘Then the pth ofthe eos verti sal, Forsch proportions oe Tre wal inerche an volte the para datebtin searing roma insight retanglar Dar, canbe enue with eufieat fa os eansider now the deptcumenta produced by the force (i 40). By sg By (4) to 2), and euettating for he sree ‘Somponate he empress (i), we ad »] & 2 83¢[ sani —9 Barns? rom the fit of the equations we obtain by integration «=e [ana —29 +B a tn +0 =A oer] +50 whee f(a funtion of # any. Subttating (min the second of an (together with the exprsion fr «and integrating, we Sid 48 [4re 49 + Re bn — Dloertt — 9) spu-o]-[aneere © in which (0 fe «funtion ofr ony. Substituting now (m) and (n) in the thd of Eg. (9 we aie atthe equation Janse ray+ore -10 ~ SS Foy=tl, f0)=— Bocas Kent Lond @ fn whieh 11, K, and are arbitrary conan, to be determined from ‘he wondions of courtrint The ompaneats of dplermeat, rom (a(n), ae then Beene [oa— ny mer tsa —ay Js taeeeme oy Bas Bap) a 1 Bosne 34[40 ne 0 = oar] + PEF Beads Reb Lene ‘ra deen pero ear ain by pti Feith ene res er wet © Te crt 1 cil tom the aon a he ane Gig ih Tor = aflne koe v bors he hoe wethen's, wag 1% 0 “he dein upper i hor, Pate) wero +004 07 om Crete @ ‘Theaplieaton of thisformula wlbogvenIatr, When bapprosches tnd the depth ofthe eurved bar, A= b~ a, iowa in comparison ‘ith, we eam use the expresian teh mton (t+) fgg Substituting in (61) and neglecting smal terms of higher order, we obtain (oma SP ‘which coinedea withthe elementary formu fr thi ate. By taking the cre fneton inthe fora $= sin) con "40 8 Timon, “Strath Mae" v2, Ae 1,08 rusony ov ztasricr™y snd prong a above, we ge a auton forthe case when verti ree and = euple are appli to the upper ead of he br (Fig. 4) ‘Sovtraring fro this elution the streses produced by th couple Gee Shr 21, to stems ve tn vertical free aplid athe upper end of ‘Behar main, Having the solutions for 4 bogota and fr a ‘ak ou the elution for ay inlined force ean bo obtained by aperpsion, The above dicusson it was lays asaumed that Eqs. (9 ae soto dana thatthe cular boda of tho bar are free fom orca By taking the expeesionss 0) diferent from aro, we cba {Roca when normal and tangertil frees proportional to sin @ and (Si Fine dnibutod over cosas boundaris ofthe bar. Combining ‘Six etotions with the solutions previously obtained for pure bending ISI or bending hy a force apie atthe en we ean spprosch the ‘Suton flange role covered wth andor sol ‘S2 The Bet of Cienar Hotes on Stree Distributions In Paes, ‘Fann i eprsea a plate submit toa uniform tension of magni tude Sin the xdretion. Ia emal ereular hoes nade nthe mile tpt, tho tes dstbation nce neighbor ofthe le will, ‘engl but wean conse from Sait-Venants principle that he ‘Change neglgle at dhtancts whieh are argo compared wth, he radian of the ole “Conse the portion of the plate within a concentric cree of xi 2, large in comparison witha. ‘The eens atthe radius Bare eee- tively the sune ain the plat without Che hole an are sero given by Seat 9 = 4S(1 + 00828) « sever exe hed ware de oy arin hy a ise, ae and Eg rn el 1, BO {TWO.DINENSIONAL PROBLEMS IK POLAR COORDINATES 79 “These fort, sting around the outside of th rng having the ner fil cular reir = and p= 6, give asian dntebation within the ingvkith we may regard ae coating a wo para. ”"The Bet dae to ibe constant component 48 of the bornal frees. ‘The steee it producer ean be caleulted hy means of Ege. (45) (page 50). The Feminine pst consisting of the normal fores 48 con 2, together Ih the shaving frees “4S sn 24, produces steses which may be ‘ved tom eres funtion of the form =F) cost ® Sebetitting tis into the compatibility equation ae 1a 10 (9 tae, 188 (vt tte) (E+ Ass) <0 ef heaving ary ion qin dtr): egies (rye ¥ a "Phe general actos f= ses Beech 4D “The stro uneton i theeore = (104 mol + d)oos © snd eon sre compost fom a (8,8 eon MMe (04 48082) cat (24+ ane 482 oa ® ~ (24-4000 — S022) sae ‘a contans entering ote deter rn ons (0 fort tr bony nd rm oo oon tate ‘bole is free from external forces, These conditions ‘on se dite~ srusony oF masricirY wld +a hs 2a 4 8 4 2 "Dt 2d + enn 8-2 3s 2 ute Bao Solvngthevesquationsand pattinga/o = 0, assumingan inital lange ate, we obtain -%s 0-¥ Shutting thes vas of constants into Hage (2) and ang the ‘Shaws produced by the form tension 48 en te outer boundary Catala from Bas (45) we find! (1-8) +9 (48 owe we S(148)—$( 4%) omer w Ba S0- me § 1 ri very larg or andr apron the ves given fm Ba (0). At the edge of the ule, y= 9 and we Sind 0, en S28 cos 28 canbe sen that ret when # = 1/20 # = 3/2 at tones he mete psp tio of he Whale ig 4). At howe pots n= 38. Thi the mas ce iE grand atari ho worm eee 8 pid a Ue ea a he plate “Whe pints pa, esl ox an and we id “5 so that there eompreon tes the tangential dietion at thee ‘aha sdoe wa obtain by PO: Kes FD wo 20 sary Sait hm les fy ie meet db he Pa LATTE STS SS ara ed 18 {TWO-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS 18 POLAR COORDINATES 8 Forth eres eton ofthe plate through the conte ofthe Hae and petpendcalat tothe ass, ¢'= #/2 and, from Bae (62), (e+ +88) Wis vient thatthe eet ofthe he of «very ln character, fad, ar nereasos, the sree approncbes the va S very apy. ‘Theditibton of hinatro shown nh fare bythe shaded zea ‘The loaned charster of the strane around the Bole joten the ‘pplication of the sltion (), derived for an inGnitely large plate, o fine of finite with Ifthe width ofthe plate not lee than out ‘Bamctes ofthe ol he error othe wt (62 in calulatig cn ‘doce not exceed 6 pe eet" Tiaving the solution (@) for tension or —f- FE LLL compreon in one dietin, tbe eoaton {or tension or compression in to perp ‘iar dzetions can bens obtain by aperpetion, ‘By taking, for netanes, ten stzosses in vo perpendicular dre tions equal 0 5, we nd atthe boundary ofthe bole a tena steep = 25 (aco age 72). By taking tena sco 3a Uezdrction Fig 1) and acompressive laren ~S in the yizetion, we atin the ease of pare shear. The ‘angel sence a the bay of the ole ay from Rep (2), c4 = S ~ 25 cos 29 ~ [8 ~ 28 on (20 — 9} Ford = £/2 ort = 3/25 ab the poten sed m, we Bid oy = 4S Fore =Oord = 5,0, atmand mycr= 45. Hence, fr large plate under prea ihe manimuentangeotal etree othe boundary ‘the hae four tine larger than the apple pare ses? ‘The high stra cncetaton fond at the edge oboe of great ‘ractcl importance, Avan example, hale in ehips decks may be ‘mentioned. When the hal of = ship i bent, tension or compression i roduced inthe desks and her es high ates concentration at the Toles "Under the eyl of steasprodod by wave, fatigue of the ‘etal a the averted potions ay real ally im fat each oe 8. Tm, Bll Pac na Ke, 1M Wet tke 5 aa to hon ied by tn rata SRepper ty 1, Wie, The 8. Le, Dane Repi and Seg ecm inh nn a can, Sititt T2 rupony oF eiasricrry 1esftea necessary to rede the toss oncenraton a les uch escent ble in pate ving and fcages, This canbe dave by ‘Shing bead or raforing ring The analytical problem bas born ANAGy Cringe method exployed forthe hole, and the revlta ave bea compared wth sraiivgauge mesurementa* "Ths cams of evar le near the straight boundary of seme infinite pte under tension paral to this boundary (Fig 90) was sekipaed by G:B defer? “Acorroted rst and compariaon with poate tet (ne Chap. 6) mee given later by RD. Mnin.* ‘esr iy, pi nae i s,m 7 can ahaa ee sion mal com eit vetted hue ct nr nora re 2 ee Tan poten ote ce ars thst she a ere ron nu ithe he ey on ee ios boary of eb re Be (one oe re td rea the aight ley the tanga see te n9 Loe ae reais ee he Tae i an To's en by rma ee « ser tno 9 80h in Se EE Meren sod BE Smith J. Appin Mean Pram ADAGE Tlf, pt teh Rane to pe ork ay We od i tie "eau Roy, Sr, nd, in 22, 9.285, ‘Ph Ba en oto 8, 28, "There should be compared with the tensile stream at the point tthe straightedge the pts, given by the formula ang ws for d= 7 V3 the tr eons hve the ane mage. Ih. {Sater than thi the maximum sre atthe drolar boundary Sof it lom the maximum stem ia he pola me ° "Te eae of» plate of Ente width with w eeu hele onthe ae of symmetry Fg 51) wae dacuned by RC. J. Howland" He found, for nstanee, tat when 2r= 4, ey = 4.38 at the point n and & wow” J GaTE stein j PETE Bate tint scalping svn ound sal ce {Srl con be appl wen plate eajeted to pure eaing* ‘Tho can furore eta hls a nile psig’ ow of {ls i apr and ina sentinel? and go be plat {ander altound tee) have as been iavetiated. A ‘Deo devine by Heng har en apie he ceo hae Sarat ade eget tenon both retin, ad under ar ‘whan the hl plano redred etulons hae een obaned forte ii lta wih cele ete hen fread ko tbr seblg "fore cre "Mans ome ann ta 8 2, ec Tag) p88 NT rng po erent d ‘Se Gdn er val ap "A po cage te mt Sober y Gi el not Sh uty ms a Mo. sorted bbl Ne et oe Wart 28 8 A, hs on TEM IR og ha hI Toh, ot 9, dean {HE Net ne ep ta Oi Mine ips ne ESE lp, 08 {Ray ly Sl A Sh% sruony oF masriciry sponding problem of the strip! and fr aro of holes parallel and near Whe aight edge os semaine plate row of eve hole) ‘fan eliptialhole is wade in a adie plate under tension 8, with coe of the principal nea pra tothe tension, Uh stees atthe ends (ihe ano the ole perpendicular tothe direction ofthe tension are e=s(1428) ©) ‘uber 2 the axis of tho olipse perpen to the tension, and 2) JS ober suo This and far prlens concerning pos pee ols, nnd to stl ave dncused in Chap. 7, where references wil be found "Avery loader bole (a/b ange) perpenulr othe diretion of tho soon tanta very high eres eoneenteaton.* This explains why SE erneveese to applied frees tend to spread, The spreading at ‘Be tapped by drilling hoes at te ends a the erac to etiminte the idarp curvatre e=ponible forthe high sre concentrtin “Won nhl oie wih nateral which sig oh else con- stants diferent fom the ofthe plate (plane ros) or boty (plane als) ic wo have the problem of the rg or elas inclusion ‘Ps as teen solved forceulr and elite ieusions® The rls forthe igi eels nelson have born confined by the photuastic sme ve Chap 8) “Th romes given by Ba (62) forthe problen indintd by Fig. 8 cet same for pane tenn a for plane stress Ta plane tai, how (oes the al tes neta) must act on the plane ns, which are pull vo the ype n oner nmakee to, Renova of thom arses from the ends, to arrive at the contin af free ends, wil produce further seat which wll not ‘beefs twordinenional (plane trea ar plane sein) charter. TE "CK PAL Maio T1981, 1H, SES ti i ah RT Arm, rt fo Sawa aod‘ Nishi, epee ach ty Loa took bbl Bt 3, Coy Trane ASAL rl 6. 3 8D, erin ote yo Kad aemary Vln” 28 ue Ti ats and A. Wd Recah ah Bur. Sd al 2, {WODIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS IN POLAR COORDINATES 85 ‘he les smal in ameter compared wit the thickness Between the de, te ditarbance wl be confined tothe neighborhood of the ends But the diameter and the thicknes are of Uh same ord of tage fe the problem must be fseated ar esentallythre-dimensonsl {rout Tavestigytions ofthis nd! have sown that oy rerainn the largest str component and it value very cone to tht ven by the two-dnenlonl theory ‘sh. Concentrated Force at a Pot ofa Straight Boundary. Let us consider now a concentrated vera! face P eting oa s borcntal stright boundary AB ofan infaly large plate (Fig 22). ‘The dir ‘ution of theo along the thieknts of the plate unorm, aide ‘ented in Pig $25." The chicos ofthe plat takes ae unity wo tha ‘isthe lod per ult thioknea ‘The deletion of een in Ue can ew very tmple oe! and ie tolled simple adil dstrbtion. Any element Ct diatane fom the pote pplication ofthe loud isbjoetel to simple eompreaion Jn he radial diretion, the radial stress being 2P ew oo -Emt wo “A,B Gra, Pe ap St, Ldn ee hol MO, p20, 18 Bei Seow, Jp Mena ne 4S, a Th sto fhe poe wei by way ft odin Es SS ees Se Snare wn ee "er ma86 sugony oF siasricrry ‘The tangential tes cy nd the seating srt ae aero. ney ‘oe that the vlc of fe rss components sais the equations ‘f ealitram (87 (page 86). ‘Th inudary omdiins ar also mated because ey and ae 2009 slong the stralght edge othe plate, which ie fe from external frees ‘hoop atthe pont of spplistinn of haload (r= 0). Here, becomes fates "The realant of the free acting on a linda surface of adios (Fig. O98) mast balance P. Tt is obtained by summing th ‘ern components yf goe Baling on each element €6 of th out face In this manger we ind 1 ficcoerrde= fi oas "To prove that sltion (6) the exact enluton ofthe problem we aunt onader algo the equation of eompatity (0). The above ‘itution i derived frm te tvs fonction _ ao Wo can verify this by using Bas. (88) a lo: ste, _ woot non er wy ‘which vices with solution (8), Substituting the function (into Ea (9), wecon ously show tat this equation ssatised. Hence, (0) Fepeeena the tue ees function and is (08 ve the tre tem ‘latation “Taking ce of any diameter d with enter o the is and tae avo Cig 828), we bave, for any point Ca the cele, fom # =r. Hence, from Ba. (4), Pa oa see, he tres tho asa al point on cheer excep he point O, ‘he pot of appintion of the loud. “Tuking «horizontal plane mx ats distance from the aight cde of te plete the normal nd eeariag eomponents ofthe tres on Us [WOMDIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS TN POLAR COORDINATES 87 pinue at any point Af (Fig, 820) ae eaeulated from the simple com- rein i the radial dvection, Wome, WP owy ean om In Fig. 58 the distribution of arenes, and alg the horizontal plane ren rpreentod graphically It he pot of appliatva of the Toad the tess i chooretclly intial large becate uf fore i sting om lfintely eral x srs, In prac atthe pont of application there Ss always certain ining of material and anu reel of this tho Toad il become die ‘eipated over « Bate aren Tmagine that the portion of mater which wured plastic dow ive out from the plate by w reular ‘finial euface ofall radios an shown in Fg. 62. Then the ‘uations of lately canbe apie to the remalaing potion of the ae ‘An analogous elution can te obtained for a horizontal foree P ‘io to the stright boundary ofthe semiinite pate Fig. 60). ‘The srse component for thin eto are obtained fr the same Eas (6) its only necenary 1 mesure the ale 8 from the dteton of the fore, a shown inthe five. By clefting the rsltant of the fore aeting on «eplindrca mutase, showa in Fi. 8 by the dottedes sruony oF miasriciry ine, we nd “This reeltant balance the external fre Pan, te tre compo tent and era the straight ego re zr, sluon (0 sti the oundary conditions “Having the ealatons or verti po horzotaleoneentrated fore, sclutons for inelned Fores ar obtained by uperpeston, Resolving {he nce force P nto twa components, P cosa vertically and P sn ee S ren 5 he tren on ° cn 2[rmacnerranece(s+i)] =-Beeto 60 Hence Bar (0 ean be sed fr any diretion ofthe fre, provided in ach cave we tare tbe ange # from tho disetion ofthe fore Se geet nmen econ ea Sa eh ecco ithe baad ton # Brrr ‘Seite a facten siege) + a) » [WODINENSIONAL PRONE 1 POLAR COORDIVATES aBe eden Mesmrmn In yeh 3 the moment ofthe eid eel ‘asinine mame man, Sd tt by remo of yw tin se Rang ne ro al pt sp a ‘nacre 0, "vettan wna (n+ soniye ets tors cee scold ae oe ote of oo wnt p tenon pr a Sec Posty haere ete ‘etn aw ee yon rte Saree “laving the distribution of treaes, the corsponding dipacement ‘on be obtained inthe unl way byapplsing Has (19) t0 (1). Por ‘Tore normal to the steaight boundary (Fig 52) we have © SI. Mame Pt May 29 5,18 Ble pn a ete yw My. at 1s tity B ey and Nyt ma pai~ rupony oF stasricire Tntegrating the Get of these equation, we find w= Bow tog 490 © where (i fantion a @ only, Substivting nthe second of Eas (Oat integrating we obtain DP on 9 a2 oo BE sino + og sn -fmasre 0 in which F() in m fuction of only. Substituting () and) nthe {hind of Pa. ©, we eoclde that j= Lah ainet duaet Rene, FORO hoe A,B, and Care constants of integration which ar to be deter Thin from the condition of eonstrant. "The expetons forthe dis Placements, rom Bs @) and (0), are ® LPP an 4 A c= Bain + Cr “Assume that the constraint ofthe sma plate (Mig. 52) in uch iat the pats othe axis Bave no lateral displacement. ‘Then = 0,for 0 = Op and find fom the seond of Bay. (9) that A = 0, {C= 6 With tha valor of the constant of integration the verte ‘splacemonts of pants on the sis are 2p Gone = age +B ® "To find the constant let un aroma tats pont of the aie at di tance d from the origin dove not move verels.- Then from Ba.) wretnd Pa B= og having the valu of al the constant intogration, the displacements (hang point ofthe smn plate ean be ealeuated fom Bas (9) et ts conser for inane, the deplacement of points on the tsnght boundary of the plate, ‘The horizontal displacements are ‘btsned Dy puttng # = /2 inthe Set of gx (We fd Soh geben age "The straight boundary on each side ofthe origin thus bs &coatant eplcemest (71), at all points, dete tomar the org. We may ogard uch a displacement as a pliseal posit, we rmeriber {hat around the point of application othe loud P we remove the pore tion a ators bounded by a eylindeal urfac of ual radon (3 {2 ‘within which porton the equations of elaticity do not hold ‘Acusly of cours this mater plaseally deformed and permite Alacement (71) along the stesight boundary. The vertical die ‘lacment on the straight boundary are obtsined from the nesod of Ege (). Remembering that vis patie ifthe dplacement in the We Fein Ba) ree ® 2 = sn 2a = “Then writing 1 forthe sooment of inertia of the eros ectlon wn we Bihar : aon PE (0sYanee oF or amall value of the factor (lan af! sit ean be taken ss nary fonity Then the expreson for ey eosin with that sven by the ‘Genvatary beam formals.‘ maximum thering sees occurs at ‘he pints andn and tice great as that given by the dementary theory forthe centroid ofa rectangular cross etion of a beam. ‘Since we have solutions or the two ese representa in Figs 62 and (9, we can dal with ay diction ofthe fore Pin the zyplane by ‘calving the fore into two componente snd uring te metbot of uper- Poston! It shoud be noted that solutions (73) and (4) represent Enema lution onty in the ease when, atthe mported ed, the Ireday i bald by radially directed force dstrted in the manner {Sven ty the etionsOthernib tho ealtfons are accurate only at Donte ange distances fom tv supported ed "The pestle of the wedge loaded hy» bending couple M, in the plane ofthe wed ad concentrated at the tip,istlved by the sine fneion © in 20 — 2 on 2 2M yn Da = Zu 05 2) 2 ‘wher 8 au ndisted in Fig 62 snd tho appli couple Ms counter- a aera tin nm ey Ma ola at etre ous weg erase na which a wee tote, Secetiely THER r 9 h S L SSE gic Ta fat Na rch nds 02, a ’ locks "The stresses are = a 4 Bie Ta= eas), mu 2 © ‘ln a= Ta cone} ‘oe 24 ~ €08 Ba) 88, Concentrated Forc Acting on @ Beam. ‘The problem of strom tstrtion nn boa suieeted tothe action of «concentrated free [Sof great practin intrest. Tt was shown before (Art. 22) that in fentinuowsly loved ens of narrow rectangular ers setion the Fre datibution i obtained with sutisfuctory accuracy by the anual ie Alemeatary theory of bending [Near the point of spiiation of = onentrated force, howeree ater fue loal perturbation is stan dis Ka —p fetion ould be expected and y {eter investigation ofthe prem a, lemecosary. ‘Theft study’ ofthese lea stresce was made expesi= saentaly by Carus Wikon.' Experimenting with retangule Bam ff glass on two supports (Fig. 69) leaded at the mide and sing polarized light se page 182) be showed that a the pot, where tbe Fond is applied, the tees dtrbution approaches that produced ins somiifnto pate by & normal concentrated foes. Along the coat Section AD the norm erat , does not flow nearly and a the Print D, oppo to A, the tense sues Ie aml than would be frpected from the ceoentary beam theory. These rele were ‘xpnined on th basi of eorain empiicl sumptions by GG BSokex® The aystem represented in Fg 64 aa be blained by waper- Dosing two systems show ia Fig. 6S. ‘The radial eompremive recs ‘ction the weeions mn, np and py ofa serait plate (Pig. 65) fare removed hy equal rd tena sree acting on the sero the Feetangular beam support at wand p (Pig. 65. The sromen in tis beam shoud be superposed en the strees i the semiingte te inorder to get the ease dace by Stokes Th ealeuating the strnes nthe Inam, the elementary beam onmuln wil be sppilod. ‘The bending moment af the middle cose ection AD of the bum is tained by taking the moment of the eae $e, tte 0.6, ey, Bateman Phe Pgs” a.100 rigour oF BLasTicitY tne Pend sbecting he moet la hal dtd ee va ie he ma, ae cy see elect the iy dst! oe fr 0 ‘Ti ae th eae atin eh gon seg canc aim pont 4 i) or wing set Smal fceF/sand ver fe PP 47 [Nee spplied at A (Big. 6), ‘Then the tending moment, the moment shout the point, ee, nd the correeponding tending sss ae! HGS BG) irate tele trons ‘To thew bending steaes the uniform dntributed [Pibec paced ty the tense foree Pe could beaded. ‘The normal cece ner the ros econ AD, ax cbained in this elementary Way, eo BG deta “This coincide with the formals given by Stokes soe we ta Ph re onl in fh ae -Atwiter approximation is obtained if we oborve that a continuously tstrbted load sapped to the bottom ofthe beat (Fi, 68) a Ege (8). The intensity af thi load atthe pont D, rom Eq. (4) ‘Pec. Substiiting this Ia G6) aed combining withthe value of hove, we obtain, ae @mcond approximation, (G-2)» @ Ph (mw ae t we te ~ fe) ‘Thee streaes should be superposed on the tress 2. 0 a aH ° for serine plate, inorder to obtain te ttl etree long {a setion AD. “A comparcoa with a mere avorate solution, given elo (etl, ge 106), shows that Es (2) and gv theses with very god ceuracy at all pont except the point Dat the bottom of the bey ‘which tho eareetion to te snple beam forme eve a we PIP P BZ tlh = - oom? hile tho more accurate sltin snes only ~0.19(P/0 ‘Theft atempt to get. a more ssourate ton ofthe probes was made by J. Bousinesq" He wd Famant’e otion oe Art 3) for the semi-infinite pate. ‘To anna the meres over the boundary mp ig. 6}, he euperipose an eral and opposite rystem of setae sud ues gain the Famant solution, eoners the bea ae emi Infinite pate extending above the line np. This ernetve tytem Introduce extra stresses over the top ofthe Dear, which gain canbe femored by repeated aplication of Flamt's tlio, ead so 0, "This prooesis too slowly convergent an dil not lento ssaisfactony ‘A solution of the problem by means of tegunometic scien was binned by LNG. Fon Heapplidthissltion othe car of con ‘enirated lands and made ealeaatons for sever partilar eases AR. 23), whieh ain goed agreement with nae reat investigations ERG Tom Roy Su), A wl D6, 10081a riony oF HuasricrrY Further prog i the elation of the problesa wes inde by Th ae Chunerng an init beam load at equal intervals bY TaD ancestral oes tng inthe upward and downward diet, cg canoe ty, bn spliied the solution of the two-dimensional Non aad obtained for several ens expreions forthe deletion problem og shown i this agnner that te clementary Beroul- Sea ncory of bending x very accurate the depth of ce bea it Bae arson wth ie length. Te was shown aly that ee or- sal in cemearing force at given by Rankine’ and Gruhot's eo~ ‘eit cy (oc pg 2) smal exagzrated and should be ‘Binnie to abot O70 of te value? aan saind dy othe ran roto nd of he ratrs na he we Sana onde Rd oF Ea vey ng onan aes he eatin ted opps ope singe So ma sie aT nan ag toms Seater sige vemos ieee ” ene Ay [teem tan ha ated mete @ i Tae ine ene met gan Sin ssaeescmase, Teche eee Sethian mernccGnmnen tes SS em aul Sire ane cmemargartga rae etc Jaci cio ca ema RSS hee win ae th tte ace eoie ees ree eee vo tng 2 rk Conencae ian resi her Becca to {TWO.DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS IN POLAR COORDINATES 108, fo eae weg [ea | wo t thee ye : 4 cao g LLL106 ‘rapoay ov masricity aa Scenes. So Fa atte SEMEL cs Ea ey lw nn ~F ont 4 Heb tee tT ts ap 2s Cae Cer eine e er ar = he l a eet ern AD ns thebd hae aed SSS cape te lta fm a) a) ‘agi een a cu Ronen the area, cuatro te dfn of th am ub ee rites rc be tat Poon ae Beh Se iti eh reno ein om ey te {TWODIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS 18 POLAR COORDINATES. 108 t sek aN | o106 rmbony oF BLAsTiC!®Y ‘emsrnny SeSyaos ldtonal carver of tho water Bin can Be repent iyi la a i tak © in whi nnn sumer factor vrng hme he gh of be an. ere ‘atl i Glare gen ig fh I nen that a rm toes 8 tance gost han Bla he ph te Ho the wna crete Lowy Scans — {TWODINENSIONAL PROBLEMS IN POLAE COORDINATES 107 “the copending alin he de ‘E(@- ste fs) © Bi ain a ctl by ng the coment hor, veseno nn dE 0b -iby-B) om om meer is @y—em)] ow ‘Tetons Mahi ral hoy pgs) ir or ic ior mals ees 7, Stresses in a Crelar Disk et us begin with the simple eae a of two equal and oppite frees ef Pocting long odiamtor A (Pig y 12). Assuming that each of the é ores. prduees a. simple radia sre dltibtin [Eg (6) Weems fn what fora sould be appbed ie ‘tthe erarference of the di a der to mitt auch tress ie ‘wibution AL any point AF of he ‘Stounfereneo weave compresionsin the dietionsfr and sequal to Ps‘where di the diameter of the dik, we conclude that the two pinipl Circe at A are two eal compremive stress of magnitude 2 ed Flee the sume compressive strom acting on any plane through M perpendivular to the plane af the dia, and normal compretive foroes ibe constant intensity 2/4 should be applied to the ereumference the dak in order omit the sumed pai of spl ai ores ietone, the boundary ofthe disk ere from exter foros, the ste at ay pont therefore obtained by saperposing a uniform tension the blave a the disk af the magnitude 2P/d on tho above two simple Fadil sro dtibaions. Let ox consider th stres onthe horigontal Siametraleeton of the dink at N- rom symmetry it ean be con ‘aed that there wil bono shearing etre on this plane. ‘The nora ‘tren produced by the two equal ruil compronions ix 2 ESE cot Jnwheh the ditense AN, and # Ue ange been AN andthe Serial daneter.”Superpsing on this Uform ten, 27/e te tll oral ‘ro the horizontal plane at cog , 2P Come ong tho fact that 4 On eri we id wy, aw — «-El-@te] © ‘The maximum compesv strom log the diamete CD ea the en ratte dak where _@ enki [At theo of the dancer the compre sre, aie. \Gonler now the cn oe od opps fr ating slog chord AB Gig), hauning sin reseed dtebtoos ‘hang rom tod 3 thst pase anger to th ice {eenc ts obtained by aperpg the to al compresions Wet yg 2 singin the ton aad, rape “Thonormal AY to the tangent a. ite diameter ofthe dik; besos [MAN and ABN are rightangled tangles and the anges which Ue normal MO makes with rand rare r/2 ~ fand/2 ~ 6 repectively, ‘The normal and shearing trees oman cement of he Boundary at AF sve then on Basten (Go) -Ferton 4) ° ‘The equations un besimplied me observe that, from the tangle MAY and MBN, radeinty on Subeitting in Ba. (), we ind @, , on E anon, From Fig 73 it may ben tata (6 onan constant eran Chebounag., Home wf dried cmpese foes the inoty 2a (2 ca bead oo unary ee tote ie aso mal cdot, To a the stato for ack ie bday inten valor conpreston cay cecum to spe oe ‘hove to dale rede dss Do tae a heey ivfatan Seca c armas aoe ce Ee A tn neh omits ey ce Tne sat Seis aah ca est es edging 2a, ada ‘itn bai re sa nga egetno rupouy oF EuasticrrY seen, tom henge ANE 7 = da as 6) wen in eo ‘a in ect a eM tana erly sl ne a ann) © Ang tity tt ng te , ® Renn (a) Ato which the mr and ing mponent or ” ® roasts ta psc A ‘ie “crt aoe ee ania se a i yf oat faa -Shawsn o ” tn ya in lh ay can eel Bah te Sa mn ut ned oer ato WO-DINBNSIOWAT, PROBLEMS IN POLAR COORDINATES 111 enna texte fr wih neat 0, em He The Peon id an he moment me ne ete in eri, ene ht Hehe Rete ate "th ae sine ym fhe tems ‘Barren eee sa owt Stns boundary ofthe dis worm comprenion Br lt he ae sda boa 5 Any ff ao compen ‘ite my pt eek Phase ss ni da a a ce ees Sao ele cit see args ee ie Seating scree es ea na a ty ta of in oT i the boa fe dk fo Eine mre ag ah he ‘Ain dbo the ates f tino ws i Pgh, Tse Iter ‘se yc eel hg a cad ‘oon te tier " : te om ese ee te eat ty is oe © er "Sere iter example donee by 3. Mihi be eres38, Force ata Pout ofan Insite Plate. If» force P acts ia tho se plane oom infite late (Bg 70a), the stress tribution ean mashed by superpestion of ystems which we have already saat oe anor, however, coprtrut a solution by spe per sae gn cals or a sein at shows In Fi. 766 pasion Aha the vertal placentae the same in both aa re, Ahehorieontaldplscments along th aight boundaries a est Wie in the ca 700 this duplaeemen aay from the pint. 0 nthe ese Te ts toward the pint ‘The maiden TR aacements abo ees, rom Eq. 1), 8 ay © ae? » “Thin diteence in the hvinntl placements mayo lint by ana the case TO and Ge wth the eases TL and 76 fa whe Canin sac long the sigh boundaries, ‘The dieplacenents esi frre ea be obtained fom the problem of bending of & aan scowm ia Fig. H6-_-Making the inser radius of thie bar SORTASE the otter rans neon ndetniely, we rie a TWODIMANSIONAL PROBLEMS IY POLAR COORDINATES 118 theca fennel. The dpe slang sig ‘icf tls nthe dtm othe tring ae tn ‘teu rom, r ‘The consent interation D mat now be ajo mato make che {Tepncement routing from (a) and (@) vanish "Then PD P © Wh he anette ol of aperponing ne 70, 7,70, ‘The is un infinite plate losded at a point, Fig. 76 mer “The es dictation nthe pat no aly obtained by sper. pouing tbe trons ns smn plat pred by «nal fod Prat the unary Ge Ar 3) onthe tess ne carved acne tin th onl ct nto "iin th ie teasing the agi # in is 6 and 6 and ong Ea (0), the ‘stresses in the curved bar are, for @ 3s in Fig. 76, cane _ Deco _1=2P ened _ Dio _1=rPemee Combining twit stresses (06) elealate fr the oa P/2, we obtain Aho following tee dition in the nite plates mrPeat Pout +1) Pome Cages ets Powe Pe Sede By caing tf th pate th pint (Fg. 76) mal elonent ‘ovine tae era poet te ers ‘igh nl onary chet hea ys X22 [cont —nain rds =P 122 [Genin d+ reser a= 0a rapony or xLAsricirY se, the foros ating on the boundary ofthe eyindieal lement rept £5 MoloalP apie atthe point ©. By using Baw (1) the oe repeats Cartesian coordinates, are found from Eas (7): Pot = Betty an + paar weit a ene (+) +2049 in rom tn neni ot on et So Se el Se “kat "Rt ftv hee Swe rile ah eu ern Lf) tbat nee apa gt) ects ol eed et pn ind arn ee oye Pa tsp he fas toning tens ret Set icp tesa ens ent pete ie eager elytwrtacesom n= ween (uted) = aye arent th comps te 7a hl me Br Oy Sti hme ca = Ele t n cost 04 (= 9 ant + BOL 9) st Beet Buta 9 cate C430 aot oy = 849) it cot Byte 6 +29 +00 + atin pet ‘tcanbescen thatthe sree componente decree rapidly, miners, aesreeeglaie when +s largem cmpaion wth Such rut PLL eete in necrdanoe with alt-Venants repli we have feo forces in equrnanappliod very nea to each ote. ee ty ste dnrtions euch at gives by at (8), [FWODIMBNSIONAL PROBLEMS IN POLAR COORDINATES. 118 ‘ue ean obtain the solution of the problem shown in Fig. 78. The ‘Nrem component for hens are 2-9 &, anno aren tan 20 =n Bsn a ‘The same ste dstbation expreed polar coordinates o os F want n aemang ane on ‘Thin olution can be made to agree with solution (8 for a thik eine er subelited othe action of iekrnal prerare tthe outer diameter of the eyinde ake ” sein et fn the se nnaner We can get x sluton v4 phe] torte cue stom in Ty Toe The en ‘onpanente ae! Grou aw to we oy ‘Thay represent the sienes prada by & ; couple Mapped atthe aia (Fi. 70). “ay be * Etat tn ine nay grip {ai te pte wena cone. Thera tig test a natant antenna xp poacaeare oacenny 2B elenict town ena wre par he een wre ‘nse ndash ih of apt ate ce the er mtn pray alse us ea {AE Ibo the ot ty a cat we lan og, Mat Mek a, 14a min a a Sota ci i Ma Sah, So, vo By tee cea1 same ca go stop i ese a E ee ioe Se ia, cla Min guar boundaries, we bala the flowing © ® uaping Do 6 (ene a ya asic ° was_DyevAd—Do, aecrenBrecn — @ [fens eedaon 1 Wea aan a8 eg 1 arveattn tt @_fatemn Si ee onthe panne obtain etl Ea) en stem of a) a (oem ci nay te ala eae ated 7m {ng i cet ccmene The ran in hess ine tren (1 coo nee ea embatin erin Fei sees samy) a 0 ad i er ltiing ot fr Pre na) ano oD sa ea rn inte fom Bint pom fed he flowing manatee he exis fr the ‘insane ed eet gigi Mowe 3 ‘oe terme mn rh in he a i in, gate es © Brant lan ith a. and ate olen date Pe era eee "ote ima rhiri n myi ( e SE eee dsm ie mot na wanted ay em at ha stants an depend ws Doo tice mpc ng aly depend on tect poe "tecnica sntats y Ses ud even half By (2) 00 8 8, Tsp oe a ifice ba) Tinat orn spid to theboundary =. Teisoompocet fm 3 [fovea nysn a= its =D ‘oy cident th sin dons septa lg independ ines oan teal rea af ho epi etiey mice, oman tthe sarasota,ene ten rt panne by” Fron rd Ca aattomt Ri ioe Sesto ape ‘enact fe new inary abe Qu meee Te tec vw ron sre yo opel etch ng pti Lh gi oe Rey ye mae ae @O rating a tee 8 a Too rename tn (ave wt td, Te “Sree Sy Se rte Freee eka ofthe ttcnee doped n the ttialdpieement &*” A um ae RUG Fon, a tome, Adena, nein er LN Hey Poona eT a gn br AT Mol Pi el Ss 238, NE se AE my "aon ea ahage Ga pean, na 3.5. Gone, Pra Pa ten Conard Mech, 18, WO-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS 18 POLAR COORDINATES. 121 (or en he rena cn by pt (Aaa The dala enya 3 a oa hae etal peat etn nen paving Go Pra a0 1, Areatns of the Case Slaton in PalatCiodinate be Sint EAS ple ings mee! San yn nected at fren be ame by supe aa a pee re fe \epter wik the sre leased sor sud Sak comet he wa etree imenbenk,BalPapch F iny 91 od Pi, Ma th, kee ea epider Wi WnAPWODIMENSIONAL PRORLEMS 19 POLAR COORDINATES. 128 2 rrusony oF Bl ning ‘Toei op 2 cnet nhs man net re iene we DY ay rsh nck Lect al tthe over eg ofthe eve =e eee “hesge Lede sag he Pee T oa ai saectermaonetine cole Snes i poae meses Tierney comet lin Sweet 0 cance she en aca eS cadet Th rw eft i ec oe Mach Fostangarbtens Pog oman ct fly” Ruin tn p18 84, Som ‘ore ‘un, Jt ‘i tnse tcp rn Bi (8) he ral ay a ang aly he ri SIREN Pte een an i on se ag STC ean cena Fein FDA ee FP et Mn + Bens (0 + A ‘eect ci ined inc ernie © 80h on ab dein + noe Be st pcr GobD Hime henna » SLE hea atari ce ee eiCa ein C4} raat fon) « w(t be finan sb my a Taw Sess ie ogatone on = (44 fen) -Ea-man o (6 —fun) eons 1. Vet a a A. 28 se Pe Geant) rome 28 an meee jun bente hn) fan Senseo) 2) Se eee va loge Mah Phy 0,3 re fannie apr ox bs en ‘Ron, doen vol war bar wed ae fond 6.1, Rn Qu 7M tnd pg Mo rp 8 18,“atte or of hc en ter the pts ep 8 Pi ya does he SPE sae wns bom Ab oe nae npn 1 “Fae ro ald eomepand wt a ohn a eg "a ind eno rte igaemente nig (tn aie oe ee ae einen otoennen debut War tare eta spose to Stas from the fe "vey atin th pci ofa = +/2 her anton pe 28 see i nd lr ate neon ae ants eraluting te free alton that tho sre dtebtion (?) a a a apn sang» Pte ope ah i oe ee EA xe er nt hoa ail by mileage th tian of ane ae gee a ig i en, pa tint srr te resp ae he nner Sry of Cap 3 Tes GRE noce une orthe ein e. Come 0 bare) ete roy ret 9a regi to sy the mon on he pera Tes le of he ane SEUSS, $2 Bette the see comer out oe» re iene te Se di nce fe ap eee, ann, east Se he nor ies rr ers ‘ing mt, Shh te bn eH + 39) wom E(t rm st atin, 94) 62 (e417 wean){WODIENSIONAL PRORLAMS IY POLAR COORDINATES. 128 rimony oF suasricrry10 rnvony or muasticirY pieces eet tnoemfch mst Basa-nen tee tan te erent singed dlacemen, sa, pn om Ph 5 ogi semr esed (90 onal frm tf) he teen wf), oo ter ean ee fms ag Coach ean sp = (CHAPTER 5 ‘THE PROTORLASTIC METHOD 2 mam snes Mt Te ei te inh Sey, ae ent tS ap ae She a es ese dates mt \CetncE i C4 tml enw Sete Ss SS 3 ar rans Sesecae aii eer ir pone ae Sean tft HES ey pa eae as iSoatatcin teria Siem SOT SSESg i nate Se eect lg lg SSeS ip eg a See ieee Cerne iu a ch area ceca mais Sanat cote Wav an secisua eas Ty Eee aes deat ee wei logaienacresre eas SHES SIAN Signetoe a ie it es mai ai ie ae went tem somal cy TG cp oe de pralinerharmenrarn aerators SES a oe ee2 savory or stasricrry sit dvetions tanwverse to the diction of the ray. Dy seston From pee of ple reat coverd on one eda with Hack paint, or by fom ce ara Nc prom or Pon te obtain arson polarized bea of light i which transverse vibro- Si et perl te setae i de, tion anda ray ie plane of polarization Finis the Kindo ight used fionand rane invention of ates. We shall conser only onoetromstio ht E 1 | cep was & a OAS Figure 98 represents dugrammaticlly » pene pore ‘eat flight originate aL pees ‘Through a poacaer B, the, cing strat ll Mh moa the ia Soa he rh an eager ape polit Ao § 2 tre ge (Fig 1090300) User a my we ° te : Es me LN a os in Fg. 04, ahd represents» aall sercatof tho Ifa face of aE MT de dzcton the principle em ing ann ‘fatal aud eriaoatal for onvesines. "Army fight plain inthe Tra Fig, 0) ative rom P the dietion ofthe ay in Fi. 08 eee pape, "Th vibration i aimple ammonia my eveprosnted by the transverse“ dinpiacement om xt @ in the ietion OA, where p is 2 ines te rene, depending om ‘hcl et the gy and the time we ruorostasric serHon 13 “Th diplacement (a) in Ue plane 04 is resolved into components wih ampliidee OB © a ea «and OC ~ asin inthe planes Or, Oy Fepoctvely. The coresponding placement component are F = con econ y= asin wos at o ‘Te fst of the principal stromes es and ey acting atthe point 0 of the plata so change the elonities ith which the component re fronuztod through the pate Lat, std denote the veo Ia herpes Oz and Oy.” If ke the tickneo of the plat, tha times sled forthe to components Lo ravers the hikes are aed and © Sine the light waves are transmitted without chango af form, the Splcement, 2 of the ight leaving the plate at time # orerpond {othe aisplacomont of the igh entering the plate at a ine fear, fy = 90 wc nt — na stnecert—) © On eating the pt, hero, hes comport har pledge sere Nv tite! pene Ua fea ren mel a gn temper nde pt as gen mse Ker pha cee propo ot dfeee ate Pas cee Iera ropa be kan fe ate The lay ly ned nh oe an Bete 0) ° event war eng Git), nh npr deer Ti Worn depends ot re lel ad ‘Sopra al the mtr "Re alr 4 ten tino component ia nn nef pltn Ihara vet anso th ae elas Son npn tf em ee oh ttc fy dah e's a" We nw aera ens ew th ll seth tmpnet ane er may be repeal a B= aces ecosy, w= in wear (e—8) ace they real. he pace dilfernce in erasing fom AF ¢0 A. ere g denotes pt -+ eamstant. "Tp od lye in i oe sr"“the plas of polarization of A represented by mn in Fig. ef coe rnee Egat perpendisar to OA. The components ofthe fenreneeaty which are tanemited by 4 ar the component lene Dev ahich reusing Eat, —ycon a = —bevin 2a co ~ 8) sysin a = fon 2a oO, "Th csttant vibration along on terefore sin 2a sin § in (¢ - 3) a y- sin 2a foay ~ on = 8] time, The amplitude Is asin 2a in o 3 IU fotows ths some ight wl each the sreen une ether sn 2 = 0 Hi yan Da =O the dictions of the principal sree ox sn Eat perpen) tions of plains of P and Se Nee as tough such points of Mf wil be etne 4 bland The corey pocts a the eereen § wil be dark sued sual eon one or more curves, indicated by © dark Tae in eure called an “sii.” Very shor Hine band eine asco Pond A maybe drm at mumeros pont ant pall 1 eae) directions ofthe pincipal streses at tose eet lng P and im deren perpen ventions Pan Oy ie re stained. The abort lines then cover the eld sr eco ron ings ove 8 ages, nd iti posible to drow he rf once teach pant othe principal aes of sre. sare ares are ajetorie ofthe principal sree Meine 0, then & = 2a where n = 0, 1 2 When eee Stl streses ae eal Points where iia cour re Aarti and wil ofcourse be dark. Points st which cal iota Pend, o fing, of Sit onde, pint for whic peeing of thececond order and soon. These fringes are called ane nase, when site Thi wed, ey corpo to eromatcs (veal wave length an tercfor oscar band). Tt cxtnction of ety thatrs— eon fge n = 2 has ice he vale ta Gage m1 ad won. ‘To evant the pina oe errs therfore neoenary to Kno the rd of the Mime inl the en diference repeated bythe ing o the Sst ‘ede, fringe ae joronzastic MErHOD 15 pt ony ogi ate Seal eda ‘Aw the ates is inereased it wil brighten, then darke wi a ee pe irri Gangrene setae a igi Te pra ag cr i te te oe ad tart ht may pack The wl one nga tn eval a hh emai dark throghout 1 ‘eae jot ‘Thie wil leary be the fags er onder Ci afi Sia Pticope. We have sen tat Ju Gael prvi fr chee ‘aim ofa the ecromenag ell a the aeomaies or fringe Figure 100 ouldtherfore show dasknes wherever the oientatons of the peocipal scan sae wit the oretatons of the olarier and analyze. Four 100 was actualy obtained In» czear parse, which 8 ‘reife of the plane polarinipe degnol to eliinate the S- ‘Gh Teiindicaetdiagranmaticaly a F986, which corresponds te'Fig o8e with the addition of two quarerrae plates Qry Qa, A ‘Guartconave plat ert pte having ro polarizing ase, which ‘Mtectthe ligt Hike w unformly sexed mode, introducing ® phase ‘itcence Avan in Bey (J) but the thickness of the quartercrave flate i choven so that ~ 9/2. Using Hq) with ths vale of & forthe ph Tearing Gy we oberve tat imple esl staid by ‘Guimcogt, now danotiag the angle between the plane of polarization (OP and one ofthe aes of Qn, as 8 dg, ‘Then we may wxito co a> Syome (v5) = Faun » re 2 coresponds othe “fart aie of the quarteromave plate, A pit mong with thew Gaplacement components (sways having {he Tor pcr eonetat for given pont slong the ray) moves in She Buch Hight i therefore deed a cieular polarized "Tho components (hare along the axes of poarzation fr. Using ‘forthe nage between = and the diction of in the model (Fig ‘a0, ns once moe forthe phase diferene eaused by the seve ‘Srmnts we have, for he Tight Feaving te model, due t= oly mew Seconpend, nm Sgsinsesy—a) gros Sqr oem @ sd forthe ght du to only sin pring, w= Speosteing =a) Being, m= Speman 3 Adding the components in Be () and () we find fr the gh ening the mode, n= Szoe¥, wn Syn 3) ® Sqonvs we Saat where 7 =v 8 ee ptr ad ane eat remap he a a te soe he tang he Senne le Be cer pin sleet mane eet fp eps ete cing les a 0 eH ae vel ort te nto) ts gro etc Stns” maybe dene ar ewe” Deasiog sep and a/-V by 6, Eqs. (#) give a ) = 8(corfcany” ain Suing") a n= bain (yr Tlanatet «™ i ace agenda tae ttt ve ping ero Qf tren diva mote rind to the seeen§, the othr extinguished, and the ested rel ine scream, srs tnt a teeta ‘Thus the clocks eer motion ean be reps Tang ‘oe represnted by componente cod, mening slong the axes of Qu, whee ¥ I agin of the f 2 . esi of the form p+ constant. identifying. with the ft ass of Qu we shall have‘ emwrgense wet ee eee ee oo having again changed by a constaot JE weno st the aml (2) 0 45 dg to Occ and '98¢), the components of the displacements (0) along it give One 00845 cof — 6 e848" cong = gro, Thus the clockwise circus otion seating Comsng tin ‘ame way the comfort rt of motion of Eqs. (0) and (m), ie, oe aim ~csing, y= ~econy o "7% Fad that the transmitted dgplacement slong the analyser axis be econ 45 in ¥ — 60085" sing { esriuna POLITE TIMIS DARA smouoTeck138 rusonr ov BoasticirY sd the anit is ths Vie Vining we ah emombering that denotes o/'/ and tha ai the ampitude non Heer No necount hasbeen ken of ote of on of ik tre rea, Comparing thi oul wth the ret) fr the plane aoe rear ae cece tha the fctrin as now abeat, and sere Pare Bethromatice appear tho cee, but 0 foci, arer,cheampltue 9 eaka zero, ‘Thos if there iso model rif the oe! unloaded, the sore dark Wo have dork etd eae. iP the analy ani troed through 90 deg with respect 0 it Anda ight eld and ght tings ting the pce of dhe eee aent ioges The same eect is brought about is the plane (erat apy ving te plriar an anelyer ass perl osteod fe ght aie, BT REENE ce protoeiatic Stress Determination. The phate: ti en han gilded epesinly important result inthe study ears et the boundaries of holes aod reentrant corer tn ouch cate the maximum srs ia at the bound {Sand dct pth opal meted ean aoe ea ‘Srenee vison a the five boundary. eee Wer hows hey as ced a eat by se grat on he iia a hw aman Cst top and bottom. The regular pac ‘that af tenting sa nie tight chan "The fingers ‘ark slong the op eg show ses dtibtin in eeepart (Qhe complete model continies above this oped, which i it Pa fugmmnetrys eating compre ares atte Inside repre ented by 15, and tens strean atthe oui represented by 67 Those values te in ery eee agrernen, proportion, with the thmoretin "exut-soluion” values inthe Inst ino of the table on Free 102,108 represat the eae of bending of «beam by a free aopled a the middle, "The density of ditibution of dak fringes lente high stems atthe pot of application ofthe lad. The ume fringes coming rom action diminishes asthe ntsc of ‘he er section fom the middle f the beam increases, This ede tovdecreas in bending mom "cure 104 reprsets the tees ditibution in plate of two dir: cnt widths suited Go centeally pple tension It wen that the faasimum sess occurs at the ends of the Sets, ‘The ratio of his asim sire fo the average ese the narower portion of the ‘hte called the urenseancentaton fcr, 1k depends on the rt Beran Rf the et tothe wid ofthe late. Several vases Sf the srew-topsntratin factor obtained experimentally” are given fn Fg. 105, Tt Soseen that the maximum ses rapidly nereesing wet ratio R/d ix decreasing, nd when Ryd = 0.1 the maxim ‘ress move than rine he average Cane stress Fgure 10 epee RPlees, & LCL A lia] LH rotaniaseats tho same pte submited to pure bending by a couple apple at heeod aud ating inthe mid lane o the pate Figue 107 gives the streeveoncenration factors for this exe “ts Determination of the Prinipal Streseez, ‘The oxinay poai- scope, to we have seen, deersiner ony the ference ofthe pencgal reson, and thee dtioa, When i regured to determine the prepa treme throughout the ods, o ata boundary where there Tknorn luding further messiremen, a caleltin, i equi TE yf sa i ROT ¢[} ep i eS ae “Many methods have bom weed, oe prope. Only brief seit Frome of then lhe ves ere ‘The ara of the prince sreses canbe found by measuring the change in the thence the plat* The decrease in thickness dus forth res ie bh a Bete) @ whence s+ qmay be calulatedf his measured at cach pint where Tnectrete ar fo be evaluated, Several spdal forms of extensometer have bow designed for this purpose ‘The patter of iatorerence fringe formed when a soli pled against an opin at, 0 8 0 ‘Tletmothod won gga eset, ' Se AC ech Pasay vl ora an ir with thickoe variations detersind bythe thickest ‘Grito inthe late, yields the reqed formation ins single photograph. "The diferent equston sisi by the sim of the principal saveaes, Eq, (0) of Pgs 2 alo sted by the defection af ‘mombrane of constant nso, wich sr a soap Bim, endif he boundary “hes ate made to errand the deletion represent ey ey ta 2 Cevain sede Tn many caer the boundary value fo x roglred forthe eonstoation ofthe membrane can be found Irom the photo flee fringe pattern. "The Inter gee og ep Ata fee boundary ne principal srs, sy oe aro, and o, + 2y ovomes the same as SPATE leo at boundary poat where the lading is purely normal {6 tne boundary ad of known magnitude, i constitutes one pineal "veel andthe photoastie meacuretent of the dierence ufos {odsermioe the rum, ‘The sate difeental equation ie eteed by the eece potential in low ofeueet through a plate, and this ean be ‘nade the bao a lectin tethod*Efetive niriea method Ihave bem developed a alteratves to these experimental procedures. ‘Thee ate dseused in the Appendis. The panepal stress ex also te determined by purely photoelastic cberetios, more daboate than thaws considered in Art. 42 and 48" 2 Three-dimensional Photoelastiity, The models wed in the crinary photoclatie et ar loaded trom tempers ar laste, So the fringe pattern diappenrs when the lead is removed. Since the ght mast pos throgh the whole tienes, interpretation of the frags patter fst only when the made! isn 8 stete of plane feess—the res eomponents then bing Yer aay niform through the thickness When this snot tho ease, sin threo-mensional "Hrs ditsbaton, the optical eet Sntgrlinvelving the ares ‘eal pointe along the a. ‘This duty has been surmounted by w method baked on ober ‘ions mad hy Brewster and by Clore Maxwell that gelatinous wate "ly suchas singly allowed to dry under ond, then unloaded, eal ‘permanent fnge pater inthe polatscope a though etl lnded td wll elaste, Resin such ae Bakelite and Totriteladed wile hat, ‘her cooled, have been found by Inter investigators to powes tho J. Dan Bato, ong, Ma Mahl 15610 cD Md pg Pg 3, eShelf rine tyus ruvony of siasricrry same property. ‘The explanation i tht thew materiale have the ‘Rrucure fw trong ean skeleton, or molosla nctwork, which x Unafeted by et, the space tng filed by « mas ef lonely bonded tolgoles whieh sltne om beating.” Wher the ho pelea loaded the late skeleton bear the oad and ie lstiely deformed without Findrace, On ooling, the eftened thse In which this skeleton in bedded becomes "sbue,” and elds the skeleton mort to the se deformation even when the load is removed. ‘The opie! eect. § lkewisesubetantally retained, sd i not disturbed by eating the einen into plese” A three-ntensonal specimen may therfore ‘beet ito thin lees apd ech lce eaanind inthe polarscope. The ‘ate of ere which produced the opseal elect in the lice sot plane ‘ras, butte ober companies ay ry af known to have no eect. fons ray alo the ivection, Ge, normal tothe aie. ‘The fringe Dttern shown in Fig 108 was obtained from such abe cut centrally from road shalt (of foreie) with » hyperbole grove? The rxcimom sre obtained from this pater ia within two o thre per ‘on ofthe theoretical value. Figur 109 shows anothar ring pattorn Hatin J Appi Pha wl, 295,120 Siento ‘HE puorontastie wErHOD Ms the are type, obtained fom (bake) model of a blt and nut fastening’ ‘The lower aut war a eonventional type. The upper one ta tapered lp and shows a lower siren concentration th Ye ventional out, nM le ott Mani A.) oh ACHAPTER 6 STRAIN-ENERGY METHODS 41, Strain Boergy. When suniform bar loaded in ple tension the fave thee dow oetaia amount ef work asthe bu streches. "Thus ithe element shown i= Fe te, FM nd ie eject to normal sree ara only have free en dy de Ti qutz_hich dos york om a extention LF ig, Thrcaton between these @ o {iro quantities during londing Ie Pe. represented hy stright Tine etch 1 OA in Fig, 1105, andthe work done during deformation given bythe aren ied deeds) ofthe triangle OA. Writing dV for this vrork we have AY = bead dye @ {eisevdent that the same amount of work ie done op alluch elements, dot volumes ae the sume. We now inquire what becomes of this wwok-whst kind or kinds of energy st converted into? nthe cao of gu, adiabatic compression cane arise of tempers ‘ure. When an ordinary tel bat adabatinly compressed theres ftv malogou, but quite soll seo emperature, ‘The earsponding ‘tout of heat is however only very sal etion of he work done by tecompresive fore or ous purpose it smaicently scart {o dlavegard this small ition. ‘Then none of the work done is seco fr by est, and we say ny Chat all ove within the ‘Someat ag sath eneyy, Te acute hat the semest raion ‘anti and that no Knee energy is develped “The sane considerations apply when the doment has al i ompo rent fees my tyr tr ating oi (PG 3). Conservation energy resis tat the work done do not depead onthe order in ‘hich the ores are api, but nly onthe Mal magnitades, Other~ ‘Nn we could loud in ono nde, aod waloed In another order eore- sth sl st Say. tal testy ago Sere See pein! Hy." Chap. onding to Inner amount of work, ‘Thue net amount of work ‘Tol have been gained from the ment ina eomplte eyes. “The caleulation ofthe work done iinpee if the forces, trae, sf increase simaltaneonaly in the vame ratio. Then the ration Teteon each fore and the coresponding displacement el Hear, ‘vin Fig, 100, and the wok done by all he frees le av = Vydedyde ® where Verdes toa tant tata t titm rar) — ‘Th Voi the amount of work per wnt volume, or erin energy per nt ae tra re rr neve on me ee oh pourra anneseeet niet" Consent the fae aya he fe af ee SALE reais eles ik The free yon thts 2 dow work Hoa dy Te ta Woon sah tye Jeo arate « ig ok oe oe tnt as ty a ie pene JE oo twee ded de ‘tong wa th, omens of tet a he jan niin ‘oreo ar a yt ot en Wee Beater tn +b ue tee tn) + low tt] iesvae dy ide ty fre yd wok towers fe) dodge o ‘Tt et do th ent a Aerie wend htt al eco” NTN8 rawony oF muasricrrY {nt ar nd bol farsa nde 2 2 iy meats of Hooke awe, Ege. () and (8), wean expres V7 gven ty Fa (soa funtion of theses component only. "Then Tee dyer tet flows tem tee) A erecors Hypa tnt te (60 [Alternatively we may use Ee. (11) and express Ya fanetion of the firin components oay- Thon EPEC OEE HHT Ht 1a) OH) fn whieh etete Mating “This form shows at once that Va lays positive Tis cay to show thatthe derivative of Vax given by (8), with rect to any senn component gives the corresponding tress compo eat,‘ faking the desvative with respect to «and using Ra (, we nd wv For the case of poe stn, in which ¢, = t= p= 0, we have sro 88) eb 2, = ® 1 y Jerther 60 (toa “The total tsi energy of dafrmed laste Bay is obtained from, the tein esergy pe uit value Vs by intoration V = psd ay ae wo _sTRAIW-BNEDOY METHODS 9 "represents the total work done aginst internal foros dung lad ing, If re think ofthe body ax consitngof «ery lange number of patties interconnected by spring, it woul represent the work dono [i eetclng or contacting the sping ‘By using Bq (84) or (5) eas be represented ther aaa funoton of stes components of a8 ¢ function af stim components ‘The ‘palction of both thes forma wil be Useated in the flowing Th uy tna se sd pe it va of mai me Inver to bring hs theory into grunt wi th fas that trop ners ‘train wey rp bse fea bea ig en ped ‘rt he mney nooo partes dni sre a ‘She duno ha dition, an se yt tnd pein determing th "Wet hat ha aa ehne rope to the af the then sa open (by, Bi sma wr the tomato nase {ernie may ros nh enone nt we pr Prieta tanto ” Parerrwerers Fo MgMe Lge e tate ‘Sabtng thir (and ing the ey oon +e 1 A bat bed 6 sey et th rae ara ain eae ee Math. Mec. vo, 5,9. 390, 1025. 2 TSS eerie thn10 ravony op soasticrry {tatu egy fern (He rT the et fy a, Nn nd in on rm nd eo Sen ae in ker tab Cae ef SEIS tne i a stab sd Leas 058 » cite er i fl ‘Suthep stron very god agrocnent with ta ven by, Sane Yn is Beet of eon Acer 0 erie eapcreaieinatemreaan ieee veenht eave aceteree Se Sse eo cten {Dibeataneat tnt sal-oeiivtingdtrbationo fren on nm part fan ‘Gen det of sor ing oon ol br hee See Soe car Saree hysen i Semen mem feo Satint tome gat eae cetratae acls FEN meme tetera ne join Soe sie ect anton Deen SESS rae Peabo ioe Honea sterecaey nd yet le tan anytime te po Ste “Ge he pp by Wa 2 Ph al 36,9 81, 198 and Fh "S'S Gondor Pi Mons ri vo 2p 56 07; J Api Pn vo PR ar, Tila Wale Hate Ba” Move, x8; 3 Ce 2 ¥en fai Moa rn ARAF, , A sruaneenenay uernons ast por Thana natal bended to aii one, rear ppd tos Et puto ie rat eee tasks il pas lye et “8. Principle of Virtual Work, In the tlation of problems of stati it comatimes advantagrous to ue the principle of rua: SSrk Inthe caso of «partie, Us principle tater dt if patil ‘Sineoultirua the total work all foe aeting on the partis nny ital displaced vanishes Ana vital dspace of parle, fice to move in any diresion, any small displacement ean be taken Ib, are components of «veal placement in the 2, a directions and 2X, 27,32 re the sams of projection on the ate ‘lection of fore, ating om the partie the principle of Wil work 0, w2Y=0, wrza0 hee equations are stad for ny virtual placements BK=0, 37-0, 2-0 ‘hae me arrve at the known uatins of eum of «parti Tnapptying he pincipe cf vital work the acting forces ae considered constant during vetal dplscement. Ise of the free ating tna pon are elatiereseion, as reetone of are inthe ea of © Hinge tras, we ssuine that veal placements ze mall hat the dango ln magaltuds or dzcetioa of reactions ean be gle. “An laste bya ety wih te urface and boy free conta system of patie on each ehh ate ack of frees libra Tnany virtual dsplacoment the total were done by the for ont tice vanishes, ad therefore the total work dane by al frees ot the syst vanishes “A srl dieplacemen in Ue ca of asi oy anya basement compatible wih the condition of continuity of the material tnd with the condition fr the dxplacementa at the muface ofthe body if each eonditions are prseribed. If iis give, for lst, ‘ata crtin portion ofthe mare ofthe body, aya bin end os ‘eam is immovable o has given displacement, the virtual diplace- ‘eat for this portion mate tro, Tet us conser, av an empl, tho can of plane srs dstsibtion Ina plate, Denote by wand» the componente ofthe neal dplace- ‘ments duo to the loads and by tu and eth component ofa val Aloplacemeat fom the leaded postion of equlibius, "Thee later Geir, J Ait Phyecomponsats ae actrary snl quant stisfying the conditions of omit on eli deformation, bey ar ots neon Tor any systen of dspucrmnts cho work done nguinw the mt sation between the parses regu tothe strain energy sort, Uestrnn energy corepsnding to Ue placement, Me han sind # by Bu and bs, therefor, the work done ages te mutual felons Between the’ partes inthe diference between the era energy coreponding to + ty &- and the eran energy eore= ponding Yo 4 und The vieualdaplucements by, 4 produce Ue ‘hange in train componente a ete au fre = SE ‘The corresponding change in eran energy per unit volume from sepromion 69), ‘The chonge of she total stain enemy ofthe body ie then Jf 4¥ sed, in nish he inteontion ntaken over he whole ate othe plate wat cen ‘Ar lon stated this change im srsn eae mesare the work done apna! ch aval actions tte heparin In od oat the work done try the matual actions the slg must bo Tevered ene the work die by the orev ding the viel displacement 5p aV dey 6 In caleulating the work done by exer fore daring viet dim placement comideraton must be given the forse applied atthe Boundary of the lat and the body force. Desoting hy and P the orponenta ofthe boundary freee per unit are, the mere done by ‘hese fre othe veal Ueplaceents having composes band tsay be sien down at nee an I Be Pte ae @ 'n whieh the integration ten aang the boundary eof the pet, ‘Silay the werk done by the body forces SVC Bu +) ded @ Jn which and Y ar the componente af the bay fre er unit vlume ‘ofthe plate, ad the integrons taken over the whole an af the sPRAIN-RNERGY snerHons 18 lie. ‘The condition tha total work dane daring the viet dis ‘lacement vam, naw take he form, ron (Dy (eyed a), J nF da [fut Yo) dedy ~ ff Fede dy =0 (60) ‘Sas in apie be rc itl wrk, fee fo dS tua se ments eigen si ene ‘egal sigs iy (3), nd, cangie gu tween, oe ae WFP doa = 9000 + Yo dedy fe + Fo)4 =O OY the hid era rer reeset poi tr of rs ogo he ntitdeptleewnrf hoc nen fitness cuiaare Seo Staten to. Tho compe xpain othe dpe ‘age opi ning al fe ein an an bad ‘aay af thease for any wal apinement fan the pone ef un, “eth a otal sug the ema or pono squa ee oe total pti mero oe st a in psn equation slags (9 an nib tn dow fara te Sinema te dsb “he pple of tl wonky nl for Ending deformation of an elustic body geil ‘rely gen fre. To Hostete ti tpiaton he beth it ur coir ter sot ote the le toga whch ead nt ino “he find in ha dteton carve prety eile ati string AR sete by oen Setar ed ues B (ie 1) and indo by sda vera ond fins Wessun at We anfrnd t wee we tuned ht ron compen fr wml‘he intial ronson ofthe string lage that the eres intense oredaetondaionaletretching daring the dateton eon be neleta. ‘Then the Snr nin enrgy du othe daltons obtained by rnuliying the nal tee force S ty the nth of the ing de {othe dafction "Taking coordingto an shown in Fg IL, 0 Sd arntsneis Ye HG oo fan af ie eee onde enna £[)« 6 ‘oneple of viral won in tis ease give the felowing equation, naloges to Hy. 9} fone 8 [Qe ‘Calesatng the variation ofthe wood term, we Bad WoGa ans fegerns fier Integrating by part and taking ato account that at Ue ends f the ing ty = 0, we nd [Peed - [me ‘Subettuting into Ea, fy we obaia [62+ jmun ° o 2 [Shove "ols equation wil be eatin for any virtual dapacement oly is 9 obtsin the known diferent equation ofa verti loaded sting The prinepio af vu wor ea be ua not only fr etaahing 8 “een extn forthe detection tore, ae he exaapl given above, i bat alo forthe direct determination sf deetina ‘Take, for empl, Prismatic ar suppoteod at trends find loaded by fore P (Eig. 12) nthe most general exe the dl ie oo are of such ar an be ropresanted inthe frm of arigoometie ae sin dE 0 Substtting ths tn the wll-exows formula forthe srain enerey of Tending of paca! ha, we find 4 apain BE w= asin + arain Ey BLGe ew {et us caster n virtual displacement fom tenets defeton cures chtsinad hy giving to any couteleat a, in the sens (8) a verti Soy "Tha fy an © The eorespooding ange of tain enersy from Bay (8, Xa Bat BF ne ta, & nd the wok done by the external force P ung the viel place ‘emt (is P tag sin ME a S08 Tameka, Bll Potch nt Kie, 10, So ae 8 Teen, tenth Neri 44h Sock Reet SrrutuL POLITE De misOARA } THMISOARA