Cch xc nh ngc trai t nhin, ngc trai nui v ngc trai gi

Khi quan st vin ngc trai, c 3 kh nng xy ra: l ngc t nhin, nui hoc l
ngc gi.
1. Cch xc nh ngc trai t nhin hay ngc trai nui
Ngc trai nui v t nhin c v ngoi rt ging nhau nn rt kh phn bit, tuy nhin
pha bn trong, chng c cu trc v thnh phn khc nhau. Thng thng phn
bit, thng da vo nhn v lp ngc. Ngc trai t nhin c nhn rt nh, nhiu khi
khng th quan st c nhn, cn cc lp ngc th rt dy v c cu trc ng tm.
Ngc li, ngc nui c nhn rt ln v lp ngc thng mng, ranh gii gia nhn v
lp ngc rt r rng. Nh vy phi quan st su vo bn trong vin ngc mi xc nh
c ngc l t nhin hay nui.Ca i vin ngc: khng nh ngc trai l nui hay
t nhin, ta phi ph mu (ca i vin ngc) quan st cu trc bn trong, tuy nhin
vic ph mu l iu bt c d v phi c php ca ch hng.
Hnh phim tia X: Ly tng t chp phim X quang kho st xng b gy, phn
xng cn tia X nhiu hn nn sng ra trn phim, gip nhn thy r xng.

Hnh 1: Hnh phim tia X gip xc nh cc vin ngc trai. Bn tri l ngc t nhin, thy
cu trc cc lp ngc ng tm, khng thy c nhn. gia l ngc nui va c nhn
ht trn to v nhn m mm. Bn phi l ngc c nhn m mm. Bn phi v tri thy
hnh ch nht mu xm l l khoan x dy.
Nhn hnh ht trong ngc nui th c st hn v t trong sut hn cc lp ngc vy
quanh. Do ranh gii ca nhn trn cnh hin ra kh r trn phim tia X (hnh 1,
gia).
Trong khi , trn phim tia X, ngc trai t nhin lun cho thy cc vng ng tm ca
nhng lp ngc (ging nh cc vng tng trng ca cy), khng c hoc c mt nhn
rt nh (hnh 1 bn tri).

Trng hp nhn ngc trai nui khng phi l ht m l m mm c cy vo th

vic phn bit gia ngc nui v t nhin s kh hn, v c hai u khng thy c nhn
dng ht trn cnh.
Mu m lp chong c cy vo loi nhuyn th kch thch to ngc, li mt
hc nh bn trong vin ngc. Khong trng ny cho php tia X i qua ti a, cho nn
trn phim tia X, khong trng hin ln bng mt hnh nh, dng khng u, mu ti
hoc en v thng gia vin ngc. Ngi c kinh nghim c th pht hin hc
trng ny. Nu thy khng r hc ti th nn chp vin ngc mt s phng khc
nhau. Nu nhn thy r hc ti, c th kt lun l ngc trai nui bng m mm (hnh 1
bn phi) v ngc t nhin ch c cc lp ngc.
Ngoi phng php hnh phim tia X, xc nh l ngc trai nui hay t nhin th c
th s dng thm cc phng php ngc hc c bn:
Tm nhn bng lp conchiolin st nhn ht bn di l khoan vi knh phng i 10
ln v nh sng mnh.

Hnh 2: Bn tri l s vin ngc trai t nhin, phn trng l cc lp ngc rt dy bao
xung quanh mt vt th l nh mu nu, phn mu vng bn ngoi l lp chong tit ra
vt liu to v bao v ngc. Bn phi l s cc lp ngc (lp x c), gm nhng
lp cha tinh th aragonit (cacbonat canxi) v conchiolin (cht sng hu c) .
Ch pht hin nhn ht trn bng cch tm lp conchiolin hu c mu nu (hnh 2)
lun nm gia nhn ht v cc lp ngc trong ngc trai nui. Nu khng thy c
nhn ht, cha th kt lun l ngc t nhin v:
- C th l vin ngc nui cy m nn khng c nhn ht.
- Lp ngc kh dy lm cho bn nhn xung di khng thy c nhn ht.
- Lp conchiolin gia nhn ht v cc lp ngc qu mng nn kh thy.
- C kh nng lp conchiolin ny l mt trong cc vng tng trng t nhin nn cha
tm thy c lp conchiolin st nhn ht.
Kim tra s lp lnh. Xoay vin ngc di ngun sng mnh. Bn nhn xuyn qua lp
ngc ca vin ngc nui nhn ht, c th thy cc vng bng trn mt nhn ht bng

v x c le sng hay lp lnh. iu ny ch c th thy c khi lp ngc nui kh

mng v b mt nhn ht phi bng, nh snh mi c th xuyn qua lp ngc v phn
chiu c tr li khi tip xc b mt ht nhn. Trn th trng gi cc vng lp lnh
ny l im nng, v chng c v sng hn b mt ca lp ngc.
Tm cu trc nhn song song v un dn. Dng ngun sng nng v hi t chiu
thng vo vin ngc. C th nhn thy c cu trc dy un dn song song ca nhn
ht bng v s, d nhin l ch c th nhn thy c khi lp ngc nui mng.
2. Cch xc nh ngc trai gi
Ngi ta ch to ngc trai gi thay th c hai loi ngc trai nc ngt v nc mn.
Chng thng c lm bng thy tinh, cht do, sp hay v s v c ph bn
ngoi bng nhng cht liu khc nhau (hnh 1) nhm lm cho ging v ngoi ca ngc
nui v t nhin. Kho st v kim tra bng nhng phng php ngc hc c bn l c
th phn bit c ngc gi vi 2 loi kia.
o chit sut: Ngc trai t nhin v ngc nui u c cu to t ccbonat, do
chng th hin tnh lng chit i vi chit sut k. Cn thy tinh, cht do v sp l
vt liu khng cu trc (v nh hnh) nn khng c tnh lng chit.
Quan st qua l khoan di phng i 10 ln. Vi ngc gi bng nhn thy tinh, c
th khng thy s khc bit gia nhn v lp ph ngoi. Ngay ra l khoan, lp ph
ca ngc gi c th b ta cnh, cn ngc trai nui v t nhin th ra l khoan rt sc
nt.
Quan st b mt phng i 50 ln. Thy trn b mt ca ngc nui v t nhin c
cc rnh dng bc thang v cc rnh ny chng cht ln nhau, nhn ging nh cc si
ch gii phu. Khi b mt ngc gi th u v mt.
Th bng c rng. B mt ca ngc nui v t nhin th khng u, cho nn ta c
cm gic ln cn hay th nhm khi dng cc rng ca cn v c nh vo ngc trai. Vi
ngc gi th c cm gic trn trt do mt khi th. Phi ht sc cn thn khi th bng
phng php ny v kt qu cha phi l kt lun cui cng.
Mt ghi nh na, vi ngc trai gi c tn thng hiu ni ting l Majorica, s khng
phn bit c chng bng hnh phim tia X, v ngc ny chn sng vi tia X v do
khng c ranh gii gia nhn ht v lp ph.

Hnh 1: Cc dng ngc trai nhn to lm ti Vit Nam ca cng ty Can Phu Bnh
Chnh. Hnh a: Ngc lm bng v s; b: Ngc bng thy tinh; c: Ngc bng cht do; d:
Cc kiu hnh dng v mu ca ngc nhn to. Hnh a, b v d nhn rt ging ngc trai
Vic phn bit gia cc loi ngc trai c th ni l iu khng th thc hin c i
vi ngi tiu dng. Do ngi bn ngc trai phi bit mnh bn loi ngc no: gi,
nui hay t nhin. Trng hp khng bit, ngi bn nn nh cc c quan gim nh
xc nh l loi g trc khi bn gip cho ngi mua an tm khi mua ngc trai, nh
vy ngi bn s c tng thm uy tn.
Ngun: Vin qu Vng v Trang sc Vit