Gradelski Bibliography 1

National History Day Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources
Articles and Letters
Komarowski, George. Enigma. Received by Mia Gradelski, Norwalk, 24 Sept. 2016, Connecticut.

I sent a letter to George Komarowski, my grandfather who has many primary sources
such as letters and transcripts from World War II. Many of his friends were related to the
cryptologists such as Jerzy Rozycki, Henryk Zygalski and Marian Rejewski involved
with cracking the Enigma Code. He lead me to contact the Polish General Staff's Cipher
Bureau in Warsaw where these cryptologists studied. This information was used inside
my website to provide background of how the cryptologists had the certain skills in
cracking the Enigma machine.

Interviews
Author Details on Jenny Robertson. Scottish Book Trust-Jenny Robertson.
Found at: < http://www.scottishbooktrust.com/profile-author/110307>
I emailed the author, Jenny Robertson who writes books ranging from children to adult
books based on Polish heritage and history. I found her from the Scottish Book Trust
Website which is a composition of many European writers who are involved in learning
about European history, specifically in Eastern Europe such as Poland and Ireland. Inside
her books she describes the hardships of World War II especially for Poles and the impact it
had on families. This let me have a better grasp of understanding how the Poles were
frustrated and had the smarts to decipher the Enigma Code.
Marek Grajek. Found at <Mjg@Interia.eu>
I interviewed Marek Grajek, a Polish researcher who specifically studies World War II
breakthroughs made by the Poles involving the Enigma Machine. He was involved
(among other things) in the 2015 Enigma challenge. In my interview with him, he gave
me a copy of a narration to the movie accompanying the Enigma exhibition currently
travelling in the US. In that text I found basic information on the importance of Polish
codebreakers work on German Enigma. This helped me retrieve information from
museums around Europe which I was unable to visit and I contributed these elements
fitting the concept of my website and gave me the illustration material.
Paul Reuvers. Found at < Info@Cryptomuseum.com>

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My interview with Paul Reuvers, the Curator of the Marek Grajek in Poland lead me to
email further museums and Marek Grajek from Poland. Paul lead me to other sources
such as finding good references from the Polish region of Wielkopolska. As the Polish
codebreakers came from that region, I learned they organised Enigma exhibitions in
many European countries over the past years. In 2011 they were in the Netherlands and
Paul helped them out with an Enigma machine. They in addition had references to
primary sources which lead me to read real letters from the time. Lastly, he lead me to
contact the General Maczek Museum in the Netherlands where they hosted the Polish
exhibition.
Wanda Smigielski. Wanda Smigielski Secretary General Maczek Museum.
I interviewed Wanda Smigielski, the Secretary of the General Maczek Museum located in
the Netherlands. She helped me get lots of information regarding the Poles contribution t
the cracking of the Enigma machine and led me to many additional sources from the
museum website. She contacted many colleagues of the General Maczek Museum and
found the site, www.cryptomuseum.com where I found more about the Enigma machine.
In this chapter, History of the Enigma I read all about the Polish Breakthrough.

Videos/Films
Enigma Code Mathematicians. Https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LU2s28-tN08. Youtube, 14
Sept. 2009. Web. 2016.
This video had lots of primary sources that I observed while watching this video such as
real photos from Polish workers. In addition, the real footage from laborious
mathematicians trying to crack the code from World War II gave me a different
perspective on how intensive the work was in order to defeat the Germans.
Enigma Secret, director. Polart Video , 2006.
This film gave me insight by looking at real footage from World War II on how the Poles
created the Polish CIpher Bureau and the operations that the three cryptologists
performed and their roles in cracking the German Enigma machine. I learned their impact
of their discoveries that had on the course of World War II which I emphasis greatly
throughout my website. I explain the frightening times that occurred during this time
period.
War Documentary Breaking the Codes , director. Found at < www.digitcomtv.com>
This was a film that used rare archive footage and exclusive interviews from a series of
videos from World War II. It is based on the Poles strategies in breaking the Enigma

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machine made by the Germans. I learned the battle plans of the enemy commanders and
the vital factor in achieving victory. Inside this film, I saw the exploits of American and
British codebreakers from real time.

Books/Articles
Alan Turing, Enigma, and the Breaking of German Machine. Alan Turing, Enigma.
Cryptanalysis of the Enigma.
Inside this PDF file, I got to read real manuscripts, letters and photographs from World
War II. I became more familiar with the logistics of the Enigma machine and how it was
reinvented and cracked by the Poles. These sources were very useful because I posted
many of them of my website displaying how the code worked and which countries used it
against the Germans.

"Book Review: Alan Turing: The Enigma | The Code Book | Codebreakers | The 39 Steps | From
Russia With Love." WSJ. Wsj.com, 09 Nov. 2012. Web. 30 Sept. 2016.
Inside this Book Review, it lists many primary sources dating back from pre World War
II, 1915. They explain the partnership with the British and Poles with the machine against
the British. I learned about The 39 Steps by John Buchan in 1915 who lead the
inspiration of going against the Germans in secret messaging and how it was pioneered.
Even though my website is mainly focused on the Polish contributions, it was engaging
to learn about the secret ciphers and who pioneered this spying thriller.
Chen, C. Peter. "Enigma Code Broken." WW2DB RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Nov. 2016.
This website was one of the most frequent source I used for primary documents, photos,
letter etc. On my website I use many of the sources I found on my research page and in
addition to the timeline. I learned more about Polands effects as a country and how much
pressure they had to crack the Enigma code to save Europe.

Christensen, Chris. Mathematics Magazine. Polish Mathematicians Finding Patterns in

Enigma Messages, Mathematical Association of America, pp. 247273.
I found this book online from The New York Public Library which goes into depth about
the mechanics of the Enigma machine and how it was a grueling process. This book is a
composition of many articles, some written by cryptologist, Marian Rejewski. This
source helped me understand how Bletchley Park in England recruited certain

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mathematicians to work with the Poles against the Germans.
Enigma, De Overwinning Ontcijferd. Enigma, De Overwinning Ontcijferd., Crypto Museum,
http://cryptomuseum.com/events/2011/maczek/index.htm.
I found this website from my interview with paul Reuvers, curator of the Polish exhibits
online at Crypto Museum. He lead me to this article to read about the role the Enigma
machine played during World War II. This lead me to further research another museum he
offered me to contact, the General Maczek Museum in the Netherlands. There I got to
research the Polish Exhibition they hosted in 2011. The Crypto Museum site has lead me
to compare many different types of machines ranging from the British to even the
Russians.
Kozaczuk, Wadysaw. Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was
Read by the Allies in World War Two. Frederick, MD, University Publications of America,
1984.
This book was written by Wadysaw Kozaczuk in 1984, a relative of one of the Polish
cryptologists. Inside his book he has manuscripts of interviews that the cryptologists had
with reporters during World War II. This source helped me immensely with gathering real
interviews. This source let me learn about the mechanics and how the code was read by
the Allies in World War II which I explain often in my website.
Krzysztof Gaj: Szyfr Enigmy. Metody Zlamania [Enigma Cipher. The Methods of Breaking],
WKL, Warsaw 1989.
This is a historical book written in Polish by Wydawn. Komunikacji i aacznoi during
the time of World War II from 1939- 1945. Inside his book, he explains the methods the
Poles had to have to decipher the Enigma code by the British. This source was very
useful because it gave me further information regarding the frustrating process of the
mathematics and probability used to crack the code. Not only this book needed to be
translated to be able to read in English, it let me use a different perspective of writing into
my website from a Polish authors point of view during World War II.

Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America. The Polish Review Museum, The Polish
Review. Found at <http://www.thepolishreview.org/>
This is a Editorial Office located on 208 E. 30th St. in New York City. I was
recommended to contact them by Wanda Smigielski from the Maczek Museum. They
gave me insight on peer-reviewed scholarly articles, published without pause since 1956

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by the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America. I was able to read these articles
dealing with all aspects of Polish culture, as well as, on occasion, translations of
important Polish literature.
Sabrina Schnhart, Armin Mller, Laszlo Bszrmenyi, Stefan Podlipnik. Scherbius' Enigma.
Scherbius' Enigma. Found at < http://cs-exhibitions.uni-klu.ac.at/index.php?id=282>
I was sent a photo from a relative of Arthur Scherbius, who was a German electrical
engineer who patented an invention for the mechanical cipher machine who was German
during World War II. It was fascinating to learn about the importance of cryptography
and what the purpose of it was for the Germans in the war. My website is based on the
Poles ideas and achievements, but it was interesting to research the start of the cipher
machine and why Geran Arthur Scherbius had a purpose for the military and civil
intelligence of this machine.

Turing, Alan Mathison, and B. Jack Copeland. The Essential Turing: Seminal Writings in
Computing, Logic, Philosophy, Artificial Intelligence, and Artificial Life, plus the Secrets of
Enigma. Oxford: Clarendon, 2004. Print.
This book was printed by Oxford University which gave me insight on all the computing,
philosophy and intelligence that was seen during the time of World War II. In addition,
this book was filled with many primary sources with photographs and outlines of the
different mathematical formulas that were composed by the Poles who deciphered the
Enigma code. Inside this book, I got to learn about Alan Turing from Britain and how the
Russians and Poles worked together at Bletchley Park. This book gave me a great
overview of the cryptologists and specifically their mathematical computations.

Turing, Andrew Hodges Alan, Joel Feinberg (Editor), Russ Shafer-Landau (Editor), Richard
Swinburne, William James. "Books by Alan Turing (Author of Computing Machinery
and Intelligence)." N.p. n.d. Web. 30 Sept. 2016.
Inside this book, it shows many historical photographs and documents that Alan Turing
produced during the time the Enigma Code was being deciphered. Even though it mainly
discusses Alan Turings achievements and biography with real transcripts from the 1930s
instead of the Poles contribution, I wanted to learn about the British impact along with
Russia and Polands. Inside my website, I discussed very vaguely on Turings vision

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beyond wartime and his help he had with the Poles.

THE ORIGINS OF THE ULTRA-SECRET CODE IN POLAND, 1937-1938. The Polish

Review, University of Illinois Press on Behalf of the Polish Institute of Arts &Amp;
Sciences of America, pp. 7985.
This book described the impact the Poles had on cracking the Enigma Code. It explains
who the three main cryptologists were during World War II, Henryk Zygalski, Jerzy
Rycki, and Marian Rejewski. They got together by working with many women at
Bletchley Park and Alan Turing months before Poland was overrun by Nazi and Soviet
armies in September 1939.

Winterbotham, F. W. The Ultra Secret. New York: Harper & Row, 1945. Print.
Frederick William Winterbotham was an author who wrote The Ultra Secret and was the
man responsible for the organization, distribution and security of Ultra. This book lead
me insight on how the operation of deciphering the code was organized. It was designed
to intercept and decode German signals using the Enigma. I was able to read a special
copy of this book from the National Cryptologic Museum.

Secondary Sources
Books/Articles
Bury, Jan. The Enigma - A Polish View. The Enigma - A Polish View,
Found at <http://jproc.ca/crypto/enigs1.html.>
I found this article from a website which mainly discusses the Polish view on the Enigma
Machine and what their impact was to the rest of Europe against the Germans. It was
most useful explaining the pre-war codebreakers and how they influenced later
cytologists. This article explains in depth about the methods the Poles used. Inside my

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website, I dont explain the pre-war code deciphers as much as during World War II, but
it was interesting to have background knowledge on how the cryptologists got together
and got involved.
"Conditions for Polish Jews During WWII." Conditions for Polish Jews During WWII. N.p., n.d.
Web. 20 Jan. 2017. Found at:
<http://www2.humboldt.edu/rescuers/book/Makuch/conditionsp.html>
This article gave me insight on Polish lives specifically the main cryptologists from
Poznan University. I learned about their background by reading about Polish Jews being
liquidated into camps from their homes. I read further about their families and how it was
difficult to work on deciphering the code during these devastating times. I got lots of
information which I included into my process paper on how I learned about the colleagues
who cracked the code and how they began. Their work was done all on their own and with
the help of the British at Bletchley Park.
"Lest We Forget: World War II." Lest We Forget: World War II. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2017.
Found at:
<http://www.denverpost.com/2016/08/11/lest-we-forget-pilots-memorial-wings-over-rockies/>
This source gave me a general overview of how life was like during World War II and the
Poles motive in starting to crack the code. It was interesting to read about some survivors
and airmen that didnt survive and fought in the war. In addition, I learned about how the
Polish population was very quickly slipping away because of the Holocaust which was
approaching immediately into World War II lead by the Germans/Nazis.

McKay, Sinclair. The Evolution of the Enigma Machine. The Telegraph, Telegraph Media
Group, Found at:
<http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sponsored/culture/the-imitation-game/11158548/the-evolution-ofthe-enigma-machine.html.>
This article was helpful in letting me research a timeline on the evolution of Polish
history. It was interesting in learning about the decoding of how far in time it was
regarding World War II. In my website, I source the real dates and facts on the timeline
slide.

Other
Http://polishcenter.net/?author=4. "Enigma and Kosciuszko in the News." The Polish Center of

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Discovery & Learning. N.p., 20 Jan. 2015. Web. 20 Jan. 2017.
Found at: <http://polishcenter.net>
I found this site from searching for information regarding the Polish beginnings of
deciding to embark on this adventure of deciphering the code. Throughout this website,
there are many blog posts on what their discoveries looked like over time and especially \
during the war there were many. I learned the Germans manipulated and changed the code
every day during the war so it wouldnt be translated which gave about 69 billion
combinations to chose from. In addition, I learned about the recovering process of Poland
and how it suffered the most out of every country from World War I and was recently
annexed from Russia as an independent country.
MonPC. The Magdeburg Sting 1936. Magdeburg Sting 1936,
Found at: <http://www.minelinks.com/war/castle_doc1.html.>
This article lead me to more insight on one of the most important cryptologists of World
War II, Marian Rejewski. I learned about his success of deciphering the device used by
the Germans and how he partnered with the British and his intelligence so gained the
code name Ultra that contributed to the defeat of Nazi Germany. The website gives me
information about pre-war work which I contributed along with other cryptologists he
worked with inside my website.

Videos
Alan Turing's Nephew on How Poles Helped Crack Enigma Code. N.p., 15 Oct. 2016. Web.
This short video gave me the Enigma code perspective from Alan Turing's nephew who
briefly talked about how the Poles influenced the Germans and their mathematics saved
World War II. I include this fascinating interview on my home page of my website to
demonstrate how even the British thought the Poles had the most impact to the machine.
Century, By The mid 15th. "The Enigma Encryption Machine." Khan Academy. Khan
Academy, n.d. Web. 30 Sept. 2016.
This video was truly an interesting and fascinating synopsis of the real World War II
Enigma machine made by the Germans. I learned about both opinions on how the
Germans felt in the war against the rest of Europe. Khan Academy didnt only provide
historical facts, they showed videos and real footage from the time of the war.

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Deutsche Welle. "The Polish Enigma Crackers | All Media Content | DW.COM | 17.02.2015."
DW.COM. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Sept. 2016.
Through this audio recording, I got to understand about the pioneering work of the Polish
mathematicians before the British, specifically Alan Turing contributed to the breaking of
the Enigma code. Inside my website, I constantly try to inform readers that without the
Poles, Bletchley park and the French contribution wouldve not been evident during the
war.
Greatness, Polish. "The Enigma Machine Part I Polish Code Breakers." Polish Greatness (Blog):.
N.p., 01 Jan. 1970. Web. 30 Sept. 2016.
This website gave me insight on the Poles impact, legacy and achievements from World
War II and how they were the first country to start cracking this machine by influencing
Alan Turing in Britain. Since Im Polish, it was captivating to learn about the devotion
the Poles had to cracking this machine and learning about their sacrifices and courage
during World War II. Inside my website, I include many of the designs of the Enigma
code supported by real videos from the time.

"Polish Codebreakers Cracked Enigma Before Alan Turing." The Telegraph. Telegraph Media
Group, n.d. Web. 30 Sept. 2016.
This article is the most recent which was from the English newspaper, The Telegraph.
Inside it provides information on the background of the British and Poles. This article
lead me to be interested in watching the recent film, The Imitation Game which rarely
mentioned the importance of the Poles legacy and I think that shouldve been corrected.
Showell, Jak P. Mallmann. Enigma U-boats: Breaking the Code. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute,
2009. Print.
This book gave me a better view on how all the European countries worked together to
crack the code against the British. Before, most my research was only based on the Polish
achievements, but I learned more about Bletchley park and how the French even helped
contribute to the breaking of the code. Inside my website, I use this information by
explaining how the three cryptologists from Poland used their incredible mathematical
talents to cipher the code, which was explained throughout certain pages of the book.

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Testing, By. "Enigma- German Machine Cipher- "Broken" by Polish Cryptologists." The Polish
Attack on Enigma. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Sept. 2016.
This website helped me find lots of information which included documentaries and real
interviews that I thought were very useful in finding my information. I obtained lots of
additional facts on how the Germans were preventing other countries from deciphering
their code during the war and it was interesting to learn what their motive was and how
the Poles ended up collected intelligence information from the Germans which was
extremely enclosed.

"Virtual Bletchley Park by Tony Sale." Virtual Bletchley Park. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Sept. 2016.
This article gave me insight on the background of the three main cryptologists Jerzy
Rycki, Henryk Zygalski and Marian Rejewski all of whom were products of the
notable flowering of Polish mathematics in the 1920s and 1930s. It was useful reading
and looking at many different replicas of the enigma machine. In my project, I spend a
great deal emphasising the impact these cryptologists had during World War II to stop the
Germans from sending secret messages. This article goes into details about the
complicated procedure used to crack this code and their studies with the Zygalski Sheets.