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Smart Grid Seminar Report
Smart Grid Seminar Report
com
2013
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1 . I ntr oduc ti on
A smart grid delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using two-way
digital technology to control appliances at consumers' homes to save energy,
reduce cost and increase reliability and transparency.
It is capable of assessing
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consumer equipment and behavior in the design and operation of the grid.
Tolerant of attack: A grid that mitigates and stands resilient to physical
and cyber security attacks.
Provides power quality needed by 21st century users:
A grid that
A grid that
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2. S MART GRI D
Generating
plant
Transmission Line
Substation
Distribution
System
End User
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A smart grid includes an intelligent monitoring system that keeps track of all
electricity flowing in the system. It also incorporates the use of superconductive
transmission lines for less power loss, as well as the capability of the integrating
renewable electricity such as solar and wind. When power is least expensive the
user can allow the smart grid to turn on selected home appliances such as washing
machines or factory processes that can run at arbitrary hours. At peak times it
could turn off selected appliances to reduce demand.
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For the functional scope of the Smart Grid architecture[2], eight functional
scenarios have been defined. A short description of each case is provided in the
following subsections.
The key idea of this is a variable price profile given to the customer day ahead
before the delivery by a retailer. This profile is considered fixed after
transmission to the customer and, as such, the customer can rely on it. The price
profile will look different for each day, reflecting market conditions that vary
from day to day. These variations will likely further increase with expanding
generation from fluctuating sources like wind power and photovoltaics.
Generally, this concept allows for integration of loads as well as of generation
units at the customer site as it is up to the customer which devices are allowed
to be managed according to the variable tariff. To enable in-home energy
management, a suitable domestic system is required together with an automatic
home management device coupled to an intelligent meter.
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As one important measure for realizing this potential, the action plan states that
awareness must be increased in order to stimulate end-customer behavioural
changes. A timely display of energy consumption is expected to have positive
effects on energy savings. Personalized and well targeted advice on how to save
energy can further help exploit the savings potential. A portal or display that
combines information about present and past consumption, comparisons to
average consumption patterns, and precise suggestions how to further lower
consumption, which are tailored personally to the customer, is expected to be
the most effective way of realizing the targeted increase in households energy
efficiency.
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Taking the previous function one step further, the BRP uses these VPPs to,
additionally, bid actively into the reserve capacity markets.
The main principle of this is to allow the operation of a grid cell in island mode
in case of higher system instability in a market environment. The scenario has
two main steps, the first occurring before a possible instability and involves
keeping a load shedding schedule up-to-date. The second step is the steady
islanded operation. The transition to the island mode is automatic and neither
end users nor the aggregator interferes with it. The system manages the energy
within the island grid and it is considered that all nodes within the islanded grid
will participate in the system.
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The most important concept of this function is to support the black start
operation of the main grid. It is assumed that after the blackout the local grid is
also out of operation. The main goal is to start up quickly in island mode and
then to reconnect with the upstream network in order to provide energy to the
system.
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3. Smar t G ri d An d i ts Need
Understanding the need for smart grid requires acknowledging a few facts about
our infrastructure. The power grid is the backbone of the modern civilization, a
complex society with often conflicting energy needs-more electricity but fewer
fossil fuels, increased reliability yet lower energy costs, more secure distribution
with less maintenance, effective new construction and efficient disaster
reconstruction. But while demand for electricity has risen drastically, its
transmission is outdated and stressed. The bottom line is that we are exacting more
from a grid that is simply not up to the task.
POWER SYSTEM
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2. Efficient
Capable of meeting efficient increased consumer demand without adding
infrastructure.
3. Accommodating
Accepting energy from virtually any fuel source including solar and wind as
easily and transparently as coal and natural gas: capable of integrating any
and all better ideas and technologies energy storage technologies. For e.g.as they are market proven and ready to come online.
4. Motivating
Slowing the advance of global climate change and offering a genuine path
towards significant environmental improvement.
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Tec h n olo gy
The bulk of smart grid technologies are already used in other applications such as
manufacturing and telecommunications and are being adapted for use in grid
operations. In general, smart grid technology can be grouped into five key areas
I.
II.
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III.
Smart meters
A smart grid replaces analog mechanical meters with digital meters that
record usage in real time. Smart meters are similar to Advanced Metering
Infrastructure meters and provide a communication path extending from
generation plants to electrical outlets (smart socket) and other smart gridenabled devices. By customer option, such devices can shut down during
times of peak demand.
IV.
Advanced components
Innovations in superconductivity, fault tolerance, storage, power electronics,
and diagnostics components are changing fundamental abilities and
characteristics of grids. Technologies within these broad R&D categories
include: flexible alternating current transmission system devices, high
voltage direct current, first and second generation superconducting wire,
high temperature superconducting cable, distributed energy generation and
storage devices, composite conductors, and intelligent appliances.
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TRANSFORMER LOSSES :-
Transformer losses
Iron losses
(constant losses)
Copper losses
(variable losses)
a) IRON LOSSES
The loss of power consumed to sustain the magnetic field in transformer
steel core. It is also known as iron losses.
Magnetic losses = hysteresis loss + eddy current loss
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b) COPPER LOSSES
The total power loss taking place in the winding of transformer is
called as copper (Cu) loss or electrical losses.
Cu losses =I12R1+ I22R2
Now, that we have learned the number of losses in T&D sector so also lets
have a view to reduce or conserve this losses. The major percentage of losses
occurring in T&D sector are only transformer losses. It contributes to 40% of
losses inT&D system. So, it is sole responsibility to reduce them.
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25 KVA
685-466W
63KVA
1235-844W
100KVA
1760-1196W
1) BY USING ENERGY EFFICIENT TRANSFORMERBy using superior quality or improved grades of CRGO (Cold Rolled
Grain Oriented) laminations, the no-load losses can be reduced to 32%.
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Amorphous transformer
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ENERGY C ONSERVA T I O N I N T R A NSMISSI ON LI NE:Transmission losses can be reduced as follows:1) BY REDUCING RESISTANCE -
Losses are directly proportional to I2r in conductor. So, if we reduce R from this surely
the losses will be reduced. For this we can use stranded or bundled conductors or ACSR
conductors. And even this method is been adopted and also successful.
ACC
ACSR Conductor
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AWRENESS IN CONSUMERSThis is one of most important and useful/helpful for energy conservation. This can
be done by asking consumer to make use of energy efficientequipments,by giving
seminar about energy conservation and make them aware and understand about the
happening and there advantages and disadvantages etc.
Effective use of smart grid technologies by customer helps utilities
ENERGY C ONSERVA T I O N I N D IST R IBU T I ON SY STEM :This is done by considering following points:1) BALANCING OF PHASE LOADAs a result of unequal loads on individual phase sequence, components
causes over heating of transformers, cables, conductors motors. Thus, increasing
losses and resulting in the motor malfunctioning under unbalanced voltage
conditions. Thus, keeping the system negative phase sequence voitage within
limits, amount of savings in capital (saving the duration of equipment )as well as
energy losses. Thus, to avoid this losses, the loads are distributed evenly as is
practical between the phases.
1) POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT-
Low power factor will lead to increased current and hence increase losses
and will affect the voltage. The power factor at peak is almost unity. However,
during off peak hours, mainly (11 am to 3 pm ) the power factor decreases to
around 0.8, this may be due to following reasons,
Wide use of fans.
Wide industrial loads.
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SMART METERS
A
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Today s g ri d
1) Self-heals
2) Motivates &
includes the
consumers
3) Resist attack
Vulnerable to malicious
acts of terrors natural
disasters.
Focused on outstage rather
than power quality
problems. Solve response in
revolving PQ issues.
4) Provided power
quality for 21st
century needs
5) Accommodates all
generation and
storage option.
Sma r t g r id
(Modern grid)
Automatically detects &
respond to actual &
emerging transmission
&distribution problems.
Focus is on prevention.
minimizes computer
impacts.
Informed involve &active
consumers. Broad
penetration of demand
response.
Resilient to attach &natural
disasters with rapid
restoration capabilities.
Quality of power meets
industry standards &
consumers need. PQ issues
identified &revolved prior
to manifestation. Various
levels of PQ at various
prices.
Very large no. of diverse
distributed generation &
storage devices deployed to
complements the large
generating plant.
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HACKER-
Not simply a single component .various technology components are used are
software, system integrators,the power generators.
Future
In the new future, will not be any vast development.
Risky because of financial developments and regulations.
In the long run, attitudes will change, wide spread usage of the smart grid
from every business to every home just like the internet.
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RELIABILITY
Renewable resources, while supplementing the generation capability of the grid
and addressing some environmental concerns, aggravate the reliability due to their
volatility. Demand response and electric storage resources are necessary for
addressing economics of the grid and are perceived to support grid reliability
through mitigating peak demand and load variability. Electric transportation
resources are deemed helpful to meeting environmental targets and can be used to
mitigate load variability. Balancing the diversity of the characteristics of these
resource types presents challenges in maintaining grid reliability [7].
Reliability has always been in the forefront of power grid design and operation due
to the cost of outages to customers. In the US, the annual cost of outages in 2002 is
estimated to be in the order of $79B [5] which equals to about a third of the total
electricity retail revenue of $249B [6]. A similar estimate based on 2008 retail
revenue would be of the order of $109B. Much higher estimates have been
reported by others. The reliability issues in modern power grids are becoming
increasingly more challenging. Factors contributing to the challenges include:
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The grid being operated at its edge in more locations and more often
because of:
Insufficient investment and limited rights of way
Increasing energy consumption and peak demand creating contention for
limited transfer capability
Aging infrastructure
Maximizing asset utilization driven by modern tools for monitoring,
analyzing and control
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CONCLUSION
With the increasing world population, thereby increasing demand, and depleting
resources the need to be smart and efficient in our energy usage has become an
imperative. Implementation of Smart Grid concept would go a long way in solving
many of the present energy issues and problems. The whole network needs to be
upgraded to meet the requirements i.e. at transmission as well as distribution level.
Researches are going on to find the optimal solution and new technology to make
all the desired characteristics possible.
Smart Meters, Smart Homes, Smart City and so on would constitute the Smart
Grid. As the new technologies would be invented and existing ones boosted up to
meet the desired specifications the Smart Grid would become a reality and change
the whole energy pattern throughout the world.
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Resources of information
Articles
Energy Conservation Through Energy Management
- byProf. S. P. Rath (IEEMA magazine, January 2008)
WIRELESS Transmission Of Electric Power
- by Syed Khadeerullah(Electrical India magazine, January
2008)
Magazine of Electrical India 2010
Websites:www.nima.com
www.howstuffworks.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.xcelenergy.com/smartgridcity
www.schneider.com
www.powersmiths.com
www.renewableenrgyworld.com