1) Cc ch s nh gi mc nhim nc thi: COD, BOD,

SS, nng P, nng N, pH, nng KL nng. Cc ch s

ny nh hng g n g n vic chn pp x l nc thi?
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BOD (nhu cu sinh ha) l s miligam oxy m vi sinh vt cn dng

oxy ha nhng cht nhim d phn hy c trong 1 lit nc
thi.
BOD c ngha biu th lng cht thi hu c c th b phn hy
bng cc VSV.

COD (nhu cu oxy ha hc) l s mg oxi cn dng oxi ha ton

b cc cht nhim c trong 1 lt nc thi .
COD cng cao , nc thi cng nhim nng.
Ch s COD tnh n c cc cht d phn hy ( khng c)v cht
kh phn hy ( cht c) c trong nc thi.

SS (cht rn l lng) hm lng cht rn l lng ( kch thc 10200micromet).

Cc cht rn l lng dn n hin tng lng bn t nc thi v
lm tng iu kin pt ca VSV k kh khi nc thi c thi vo
mt, sinh ra mi hi

Cc cht kim loi nng: Cu, Hg, Fe, Zn, Cd, Cr, nhim vo ngun
nc t cc hot ng CN.
Chng l nhng cht c. Km hm s pt ca cc VSV, lm cho
nc thi kh x l bng PP sinh hc. Chng cn c kh ra khi
nc thi trc khi x l bng PP sinh hc

Cc cht dinh dng : l cc hp cht ca Nit , photpho, carbon:

l nhng cht dinh dng cho VSV pht trin.
Nu cc cht ny c thi trc tip vo mi trng th dn n
s pt ngoi mun ca rong , to, hoc nhim ngun nc
ngm.

Hm lng oxy ha tan: Nng bo ha ca oxy trong nc

20 C l 8-15mg/l.

nh hng ca cc ch s n pp x l nc thi:

Nng ti thiu cc loi c c th sng l 3mg/l. Nu nc

thi cha hm lng COD , BOD cao s lm cho cc VSV pht trin
tiu hao ht oxy trong nc, lm c cht

BOD > 0,5 COD

c.

nc khng c x l bng pp sinh hc

BOD < 0,5 COD nc thi cha cht c phi kh c trc

khi x l bng pp sinh hc.
pH thch hp: 6.5 - 8.5
Nng cc KL nng v cc cht c hu c phi di mc cho
php.
T l cc cht dinh dng thch hp cho VSV pht trin l:
C:N:P = 100 : 5 : 1
Nu thiu N, P th phi b sung bng phn m v phn ln.
2) Trnh by cc pp c hc x l nc thi:
- B lng ngang:
Cu to: hnh hp ch nht, c hai hay nhiu ngn hot
ng ng thi, c mng thu nc vo, thu nc ra.

Hot ng: Nc chuyn ng t u ny n u kia ca

b.
Trong b lng, mt ht chuyn ng theo dng nc c vn
tc v v di tc dng ca trong lc chuyn ng xung
di vi vn tc .

ng dng: x l cn th c trong dng nc thi (sn, ct).

B lng ng:
Cu to: b cha hnh tr (hoc tit din vung) c y
chp, ng knh nh, chiu cao ln.

Hot ng: dng nc c a vo ng trung tm, i

xung di. T y ng trung tm, dng nc dng ln theo
chiu thng ng.
Trong qu trnh dng, nhng ht c t trng ln hn nc s
lng xung y, dng nc dng ln trn qua mng chy
trng c thu gom ti ng thu gom.

ng dng: dng cho cn kh lng, nng cao.

B lng ngang + b lng ng: giai on lng 1.

B lng theo phng bn knh:

Cu to: hnh tr, c ng knh ln hn nhiu so vi chiu

cao. C ng phn phi trung tm, gin gom mn. Phn y
th dc thu gom bn.

Hot ng: nc thi c a vo ng phn phi trung

tm, qua cc ca phn phi, nc thi chy t tm ra thnh
b.
Trong qu trnh ny, cn c lng xung y cn nc
trong th chy trn qua mng v c thu gom chy qua
b tip theo.

ng dng: lng cn kh lng, nng thp. Dng trong

cng on lng 2.

B lng ct:
Cu to:
B lng ct ngang: b mt hnh ch nht, dng nc thi
chy dc theo chiu di b.
B lng ct ng: hnh lng tr ng, nc thi c dn
vo t di y v ra khi b b pha trn.
B lng ct c sc kh: tng t b lng ct ngang, bn
thnh c cc u sc kh nn lm cho nc thi chy thnh
dng xon.

Hot ng: vn tc dng chy phi ln cc ht hu c

nh khng lng c v nh ct v cc ht v c b
gi li trong b. (v 0.15 0.3 m/s)

ng dng: lng cc ht ring l, cc ht v c kch thc v

t khi ln (d > 0.2 mm, p > 2,65). Dng trong lng loi 1.

3) Cc pp ha l x l nc thi: ng t keo t, hp ph, trao

i ion, tuyn ni, siu lc.
Yu cu: nguyn tc, ha cht s dng, cch thc tin
hnh, ng dng.
-

ng t keo t:
Nguyn tc: tng kch thc ca cc ht rn trong nc
bng cht ng t keo t lm cho chng d lng hn.

Ha cht s dng: cc cht khi tan trong nc to thnh cc

ion dng ha tr 2 tr ln.
Ha cht c ngun gc v c:

Phn nhm: phn n Al2(SO4)3.18H2O (mang tnh axit =

phn chua), phn kp KAl(SO4)2 hoc NaAl(SO4)2 (mang pH
trung tnh).
Phn st: FeSO4, FeCl2, Fe2(SO4)3, FeCl3.
Lng s dng phn nhm hoc phn st:
200g/m3 nc thi.

100

Ha cht c ngun gc hu c: cc polyme c cha cc

nhm amin, amid.
PAM (PolyAcriamid): (CH2CHCONH2)n
PEI (PolyEtylenImin)
Tinh bt cation: sn phm ca tinh bt sau phn ng vi cc
nhm amin, amid.
Lng s dng: 1 5g/m3 nc thi.

Cch thc tin hnh:

Trc khi vo b ng t keo t th nc thi cn c ha
trn u vi cht ng t keo t. Thi gian khuy khong 3
5 pht.

Sau nc thi i vo b ng t keo t, vn tc nc

khong 0.6 m/s

ng dng: dng tch nhng ht rn c kch thc qu

nh dng keo hoc ha tan.

Tuyn ni:
Nguyn tc: khi to bt kh trong pha lng lm cho cc ht
k nc s bm vo bt kh v ni ln trn v c gt ra
ngoi.

Ha cht s dng: cc cht dng lm gim sc cng b mt

ca nc, tng kh nng to bt. Cc cht nh: cht to bt,
x phng, cresol, ...

Cch thc tin hnh:

Hiu sut ca qu trnh tuyn ni ph thuc vo lng bt
kh cng nhiu cng tt, kch thc bt kh cng nh cng
tt (ti u: 15 - 30m), nhit nc cng thp cng tt.

ng dng: tch cc tp cht khng tan nhng kh lng,

thng l cc cht c tnh k nc ra khi nc thi.

Phng php hp ph:

Nguyn tc: s dng cc cht c din tch b mt ring ln

hp ph cc cht c hi c trong nc thi.

Ha cht s dng:
R tin, d kim: than tru, than ci, tro than, t st, ...
Cht lng cao, t tin: than hot tnh, silicagel, keo nhm.

Cch thc tin hnh: c 2 cch

Ha trn cht hp ph vi nc thi nhim c. ng dng
khi nng cht c l ng k, hiu qu hp ph cao. Sau
phi lng lc tch ring cht hp ph ra khi nc
thi.
C nc thi i qua mt lp chiu dy lp hp ph c nh.
ng dng khi hm lng cht c thp. u im: khng
phi tch lc cht hp ph khi nc thi.

ng dng:
Kh c nc thi.
Tch cc cht nh: phenol, benzen, akyl, axit sulfonic, thy
ngn, asen, ... ra khi nc thi.
Kh mi hi nc thi.

Nhc im: chi ph cao.

PP trao i ion:
Nguyn tc: l qu trnh cc ion trn b mt cht rn trao
i vi cc ion c cng in tch ca cc cht bn trong
nc khi chng tip xc vi nhau. Kt qu l ion cht bn b
gi li cn ion ca cht rn th nh ra tan vo nc.
Cc cht rn c kh nng trao i cation th gi l cc
cationit, mang tnh axit.
Cc cht rn c kh nng trao i anion th gi l cc
anionit, mang tnh kim.
Ha cht s dng:
Cc cht trao i ion c trong t nhin: t st, mica,
hydroxit apatit, ...

Cc oxit kh tan hoc hydroxit cc KL: Al, Cr, than , ...

Cc cht cationit nhn to: cc ht nha trao i ion RCOOH, R-HSO3, R-HPO3.

Cc anionit th cha cc nhm OH

Cch thc tin hnh:

Khi cc cationit b bo ha th ti sinh bng cch ngm
chng trong dd axit c nng 2 8%.
Khi cc anionit b bo ha ti sinh bng cch ngm chng
trong dd kim c nng 2 8%.

ng dng: loi ra khi nc cc KL (Zn, Cu, Cr, ...), cc hp

cht ca As, P, CN- v cc cht phng x.

PP siu lc:
Nguyn tc: l qu trnh lc dd qua mng bn thm thu
di p sut cao hn p sut lc thng thng.

S dng cc mng siu lc c kch thc ch cho cc phn t

nc i qua, cc cht tan b gi li trn mng lc.

ng dng: lc nc bin, nc ct, ...

4) Cc pp ha hc x l nc thi: trung ha, oxi ha, kt ta,

kh.
Yu cu ging cu 3.
-

PP trung ha:
Nguyn tc, ng dng: trc khi x l bng pp sinh hc th
nc thi phi c trung ha v pH = 6.5 8.5

Ha cht s dng, cch thc tin hnh:

Nu nc thi mang tnh axit v kim khng b nhim bi
cc cu t khc ngi ta trn chng vo nhau.

Nu pH < 5.5 th dng kim trung ha: NaOH, Ca(OH)2,

Na2CO3, ...
Nu pH > 8.5 th trung ha bng phn chua hoc HCl.
-

PP oxi ha:
Nguyn tc: nu trong nc thi c cha cc cht hu c c
c cao th cn oxy ha ct mch cc cht c .
Trong qu trnh oxy ha, cc cht nhim c hi cha
trong nc thi s chuyn thnh cht t c hn v c loi
ra khi nc.

Cc cht oxi ha thng dng: nc javen, H2O2, Ozon.

ng dng: ch s dng khi cht nhim khng th loi c

bng pp khc.

PP kt ta: nu trong nc thi cha cc ion KL nng th dng

ha cht kt ta cc ion KL nng , sau lng lc tch
cc cht kt ta ny ra khi nc thi.
Ha cht thng s dng: phn nhm, phn st, vi.
VD: Cu2+ + Ca(OH)2 Cu(OH)2 + Ca2+

PP kh: kh mt s ion KL v trng thi KL hoc ion c c

thp hn.
VD: Cr6+ rt c c kh v Cr3+ th bt c hn.
Cht kh thng c s dng: Fe2+, than C, ...

5) Cc pp sinh hc x l nc thi: hiu kh, k kh.

Yu cu: bn cht, u nhc.
-

PP hiu kh: bn cht l qu trnh phn hy cc cht nhim

hu c nh VSV.
Phng php hiu kh s dng nhm vi sinh vt hiu kh, hot
ng trong iu kin cung cp oxy lin tc. Qu trnh phn hu
cc cht hu c nh vi sinh vt gi l qu trnh oxy ho sinh ho.
t c hiu qu qu trnh phn hy sinh hc cn cung cp lng cht dinh
dng, oxi ph hp cho VSV nhm m bo cho qu trnh phn hy din ra n
nh.
S phn hy cc cht hu c do VSV hiu kh:
(CHO)nNS + O2 CO2 + H2O + Sinh khi + NH4+ + H2S + NO 3- + SO4 2Ch : Sn phm ch yu l CO2 v H2O (chim 60%), lng sinh khi ln gn
40%).

u im: khng pht sinh mi hi, hiu qu cao.

Nhc: pht sinh nhiu bn.

PP k kh: l qu trnh phn hy cht hu c bng vi sinh vt k kh to thnh cht

khng c hay d x l vi mi trng trong mi trng khng c oxi.
S phn hy iu kin k kh:
(CHO)nNS CO2 + H2O + CH4 + Sinh khi + Cc cht trung gian + H2 +
NH4+, H2S+ nng lng

Ch : Lng sinh khi VSV t (5%), Lng cht trung gian nhiu(70%), kh
metan (5%)

u im: c kh metan, t bn
Nhc im: hiu qu khng cao, pht sinh mi hi

6) Cc thit b x l sinh hc: AEROTANK (BOD < 700), UASB (BOD > 700).
Yu cu: v hnh, nguyn tc, ng dng.
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AEROTANK:
Nguyn tc: qu trnh x l trong aerotank din ra khi nc thi c
sc kh v ha trn vi bn hot tnh. Vic sc kh nhm cung cp
lng oxy mt cch lin tc v duy tr bn hot tnh trng thi l lng.
Bn cht ca phng php l phn hy sinh hc hiu kh vi cung
cp xy cng bc v mt vi sinh vt c duy tr cao.

iu kin ng dng: nc thi khng c, hoc c kh c, BOD

< 500 mg/l.

u im: thi gian lu nhanh, khng pht sinh mi hi.

Nhc im: ch p dng c cho BOD < 500 mg/l, lng bn sinh
khi nhiu, khng thu c kh CH4.

UASB:
Nguyn tc cu to b UASB: Hnh tr hoc khi hp ch nht, trong c
cha khi lng bn k kh ban u, khi dng nc thi li ngc t di
ln qua lp bn k kh, VSV k kh s phn hy cc cht hu c c trong
nc thi to thnh kh metan v cc cht trung gian, bn hot tnh.

iu kin ng dng: thng p dng khi BOD > 500 mg/l

u im : p dng c khi BOD > 500mg/l, lng bn t, c kh CH4

dng lm nhin liu.

Nhc im: thi gian lu lu hn aerotank, pht sinh mi hi.