qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwerty

uiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasd
fghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzx
Trainee Manual
cvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq
Report Writing Skills

wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui
3/9/2009

opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg
hjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc
Development Pioneers Company for Consultations

vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq
wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui
opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg
hjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc
vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq
wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui
opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg
hjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbn
mqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwert
yuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopas
dfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklz
xcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwerty
 
  

A p is a s , fmal  m wi  vy fa al, sa h-bas
ifmai. This ifmai is f s as basis f makig  isis a akig a i.
May a ami is iplis will ask y  wi ps a pai laly s i s, T,
bsiss sis a s ial sis – b y may als b ask  wi lia ps 
sa h ps i h sbj s.

A his iiial sag i is  ssay  laify sm f h ky iff s bw a p
a a ssay. Claiy f xpssi, s spllig a gamma a a saig f
h vis f a ami wiig a ssial  bh. Th a, hwv, sigifi a
sylisi iff s highligh i h bx blw.

Report Essay
Ds ibig a p ss Aalysis

F s  fa s,  psal viw Allw y  msa y ias

a agms  s

ysmai psai f fa s Y vlp hyphss a his

bas  h fa s

Us f gaphi s  ps Gaphi s  gally s

ifmai

Highly s  fma  la Taiial ssay s  gis
a qi kly  mai hms a a hgh s f paagaphig
fiigs wih la asii maks.

Us f haigs, sb haigs, Cis ps

mbig a bll pis

Th basis f a i Th basis f fl i

Rps a b p gh haphazaly. f hy a hy will fail  m hi
bj ivs a y may fail y assigm. This a b v m by f sig  h way
y appa h y p, i ss  h mal sags y   wk hgh a h
s bf ay aa is gah a ay if s ma.

Th fllwig is a lis f sggs sags y a s  map  y w p wiig

p ss.
 . Dfi h pps f y p
. Dfi h as f y p
. Dfi y s s f aa
V. Gah a aalys y aa (mi mappig  )
V. D i  y ky  mmais
V. D i  h ky pis  i l i y p
V. l  aa  spp hs ky pis
V. D i  h bs  f y pis
X. Ppa abls a gaphs
X. D i  h bs s  f y p
X. Wi a af
X. Ei a -af i
X. s a abl f s, i lig all appi s

Th fllwig s is lk  bak w sm f h ky asp s f sm f hs

pis.
 
 2 Ppaai

Preparation - establish the purpose of the report

Y will b wiig a p f a as.  is mpig  a h il f h assigm
a bliv ha y laly sa all h a s f i. Th bs ps a s
ha a la a ppsfl, s i is impa  ask yslf

• Why am  wiig his?

• Wha am  yig  say?

• Hw shl  b sayig i?

A p sally falls i  f h fllwig agis

Informative - pss sams f fa  a piis.

Persuasive - yig  bai appval fm h a.

Explanatory - asws giv qsis a givs a  lsi.

Operational -  s a v a givs vi  f wk ai .

Think about the audience for the report

Wh a my as?

• Wha  hy kw alay?

• Wha  hy   kw?

• Ca  mify my syl  si h ai ?

• Wha lvl f ail will    g i?

Y will, f s, b wiig f y l s, wh a’ likly  b ily iga

f y pi . Hwv, y   shw hm ha y ally  sa wha y
a wiig ab. Y   sik a bala  bw sig paisig a givig
h impssi ha y a pi hig y p x lsivly a a xp i h fil. A
g gal l is  wi as if y w iig i  b a by a mmb f y
 lass a ivsiy xplai all familia ms  hs whi h a b fi i m
ha  way, ii aig h way i whi h y will b sig h m.

Aalys y p il

• Usa h p -la ws i y il.

• B s y kw wha y a big ask  .

• Know the terms of reference and any specific instructions.

Y   kw h s p f y p. Wha gia  has y  giv y 

i? Wha limiais  y i  imps  y sa h? s f mak h
misak f la kig f s i hi p wiig; y ms aw h s p  p
lgh.
 
 3 Rsa h

Rsa h – vsiga h sa h maial

Y   xpl i ail wha i is y hav b ask  ivsiga. Th

mplym f iff sa h mhs is h pimay mas f a hivig his.  is
bk w i h simpl m haisms.

Cll i f lva aa

Y will b ll ig aa fm a vaiy f s s, whi h migh i l

Bks Wb-bas maials Tlvisi

Nwspaps L s viws

Lia Rviws Fil viws vys

Cas is F s Gps Jals

Evaluation of data

This is wh h x f y saig will b s. A a a isighfl

valai, wi i h is ssi s i, will la  high maks.

Th sv aiial valai iia a

Ahiy

Wh is spsibl f h wk? Wha a hi qalifi ais a ass iais, a a
y vify hm? s h a way f vifyig h lgiima y f h gaisai, gp,
mpay  iivial? s h ay ii ai f h ah’s qalifi ais f wiig 
a pai la pi ?

A a y

Ca y h k ay f i hgh liabl s s? s i wll f ?

Obj iviy
s h vi  f bias i h maial? f s, y   amai ally j  i, b b
s ha y a awa f h bias) f h is ay avisig  h pag, is i laly
iffia fm h ifmaial ? (f wh havig f  wb pags)
C y ( h k pbli ai a a visis)

A hs pi s s ssflly ass, wih laly ps agms a aqa
spp  sbsaia hm?
Ds h wk pa h s s, sbsaia h maials y hav a,  a
w ifmai?

Cvag

Ds h wk pa h s s, sbsaia h maials y hav a,  a
w ifmai?
s h ag ai  iifi a apppia f y s?

Appaa  (f wbsis)

Ds h si lk wll gais?

D h liks wk?
Ds h si appa wll maiai?

Rlva 

Hw m h s will  mak f i?

Ds i asw my qsis?
s i likly  pv a sfl w aa f ivsigai?
  i 4 Wiig a g p

Th gal s  f a p is as fllws

• Til pag
• A kwlgms
• Cs
• Absa   smmay
•  i
• Mhlgy
• Rsls f fiigs
• Dis ssi
• C lsis a  mmais
• Rf s
• Appi s

Always h k wih y  wha h p shl ai a hw i shl b

ps.

Title page

This a i l h il f h p, y s a y s mb.

Acknowledgements

This pag givs y h ppiy  a kwlg hs wh may hav hlp y i
ll ig h ifmai f y p. This may i l libay saff, ppl y may
hav iviw  bsisss.

Contents

Th s pag liss all h mai s is f y p, i a sqial , wih
pag mbs.

Abstract or summary

A absa  smmaiss h s f h p a i ls h pps, mhs,
s p, sls a  lsis a  mmais.  is f asi  wi his  
h p is mpl.

Introduction
A g i i shl pvi a bj iv, s p a lva  f h wk. 
shl als pvi a vviw f h p s h a kws wha  xp  a
ii as h lvl f ivsigai a h limiais f h p
Methodology

Th mhlgy s i lls h a hw y a mla y aa; i y s a

qsiai  ay  iviws? Wh w h pai ipas? Wha maials w
s?

Results of findings

Th sls s i is h visal psai f y fiigs. Tabls a gaphs wih
a mpayig aaiv shl highligh wha hy shw a illsa h ky sls.
Thy shl la  mms ma i h is ssi.

Discussion

Th is ssi s i is a ppiy f y  big y ias gh a is ss
ky mg hms fm y aa. s s  is qally impa f h a 
sa y aalysis.  is a g ia  sbivi y ifmai i lgi al
paagaphs.

Ask yslf

• Wha i y fi?
• Wha is h sigifi a ?
• Wha pblms i y  ?

 s  b gais a ps a bala  viw (a ii al assssm).

Conclusion and recommendations

Th  lsi sms p y fiigs a is ssi pis f h a.  is impa

  i l ay w ifmai. Of ass ia wih h  lsi a
 mmais; alhgh his is  ivsal.  is impa ha hy a wi wih
a f s  h f; b alisi ally pa i al a sp  a h pi i h is ssi.

References

Alphabi al lisig f f s i h Hava fma f all s s i i h p.

Appendices

A appix ais ay aiial ifmai s h as iviw qsis, saisi al

aa  fa s laig  h gaizai.
 
 E Ch kig y wk
 is avis ha y lk a y wk afsh bf fial sbmissi. f pssibl lav i
f a fw ays h m ba k a assss i as if sm ls has wi i a y
hig ab h sbj . Y will b m lii al i y assssm f is laiy a
wha is a is’ qi.

f im s  pmi his h a sm mm misaks ha a b qi kly h k.
Ths a shw blw.

Cmm pblms

1. Faulty introduction

Rmmb ha i h i i y shl b i ig h  f h p. A

mm misak is f ss  s h i i  i  h sbj  f
is ssi – his is la. , f xampl, a p  h s f mps a h
Uivsiy f Wals, Nwp wl hav a i i xplaiig h s p f h
p a wha is  fllw.  wl  xplai wha a mp is,  wha h
Uivsiy f Wals, Nwp is.

2. Headings missed

Th s  f a p shl b vi hgh h s f mb haigs a
sb-haigs. ( as, h s  f a ssay shl b vi hgh h li f
agm i is . Essays hf   sally m wih haigs).

3. There are gaps between sections or headings


k lsly  h assigm sp iF a
. F xampl if y s ha 0G f h maks
a f a bibligaphy f h maial y sl i ppaig y p, mak s
ha y i l i.

4. You have mixed the formality of your language

Th pvis s i highligh g wiig pa i .  is avisabl f y  h k h

 f all y lagag a h k his agais y ai  f h p.

5. Confusion of References and Bibliography

References = Alphabi al lisig f f s i h Hava fma f all s s i i

h p.

Bibliography = This is a fh lis f f s ha y hav a a f  b f

assisa  i y pj . This s i shl ai s s ha hav b s
xsivly as pa f y pj  b hav  b i/q  paaphas i h
p.

When thinking about the report in its entirety:

. Ds i flfil h bif (assigm) giv?

2. A h aims la?
3. s h lagag la?
4. s i lgi ally s ?
E. s i isig?
6. A h  mmais (if appli abl) ma i kpig wih h ps
fiigs?
7. s h fil fma apppialy?

When thinking about specific sections you have written:

. s i s i lgi ally, wih h   haigs?

2. Ds a h s i fllw smhly fm h x wih liks bw?
3. s h sa h v
- Apppia a la?
-  a aalyi al ma?
- Wih x bk p wih blls, iagams a abls?
4. A iagams/abls s apppialy?
E. A iagams/abls f  a xplai i h x?
6. A h lgi al liks bw s s a bw paagaphs?
7. s h ifmai s i a h s i apppialy f ?
ABC’s of Good Report Writing
Pbably may iff fiiis, b  lik  kp higs simpl
Accurate
Th ms impa hig
f a fis a , hy will  bliv ayhig y say
  hi al  m, s a h h a - lially
a y s s - s a a y a b h k
Brief
Ms ppl ' hav limi im
Wiss a pii i a iia h a
Exampl - a ppsal  pfm a svi  (ARD)
May pa paagaphs a paagaph gps
 h sam gp f h h im - jmp  h
x s i
Evalai ivlv a h klis - fiv f s - vala
iivially a h mpa  s s
Th was  im  h lis - f f s s  z -
 h
Th im was i h ppsal b h pii ha
hi i -  vala sa halfway hgh h
p a saw i
Clear
B as bif as y a - b if h is a hi  bw bviy a
laiy - b la
EXAMPLE - Th by saw h gil wih h ls p…
ay xa ly wha y ma - ' waffl, ' pa lss h is
a sp ifi as   s
D' s slag,  jag, avi abbviais, a always fi ay
sal ms
EXAMPLE - bi-wkly, abl a p
Ogais y p
Us p s - sp , sp 2, …
Us liss
Us haigs
Us iagams
Display - readability
Lay  h p  giv h a hi bs ha 
D’ s  h p – s whi spa , li spa ig, fs
Us haigs, blls, pag baks
Us l – b b vy afl,  vy a s l

Information and Acknowledging Sources

Pi B - jalis a ppla hisia
Easy  a - ms  kw his sbj 
B miimal s s
f  wa  kw m - wh   g?
 f  wa  h k his fa s - wh   g?
Rg ay - aval hisia
Havi sbj 
N as asy  a - B wll  m
Es sa wh h g his ifmai - h f 
bk  h  m i h pbli a hivs
Bibligaphy - a lis f bks ha h f ,  ha a
ass ia wih his sbj 
Egiig sig p
Vy havy sbj  - aabl ly by ah gi
Claly sas assmpis, f s a habks s
as h s  f a h qai - hws all wk
O THE WORK CAN BE CHECKED

How to organise a report

AIM
a wha h p is ab - h ask  bj iv

BACKGROUND
Giv ay  ssay ba kg – s h s 

DISCUSSION
Dis ss all sis f h pblm - hik f h a

CONCLUSIONS
Daw  lsis (ha ms b spp i h is ssi

REFERENCES
Q s s, bibligaphy, glssay

APPENDICES
Opial sppig  ms – m ails

REMEMBER…

WHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, WHY, HOW