Hy Ne Uoesele, E. Hardin, The nolation of acleat vests ina nined rock Gniincaretteldfonditione. teqoires thet, the thernely Mechanical and tydraulie ‘propertiee of vointe. ste (atten and Aansteen, 1938)" and" niwricsl podete GWoegete "I908) Muba"et” ats 1960) "demonstrate the Dporeibility” af signiticane shear dieplactoent slong Gelete exgoned Wy an excavation. Bais pracese Te Bahancod by sndsstrople stecre distributions by trent oasing snd by ayaseie Tosting from thereat sala ac ony lh ‘ouphoess= Steet theres quakes HEN GU secongtty etobitiey oft) ina a7 ability may. be ephonted around the veporitory and Shaft,” According to the present studies ¢ nireiticent Model studies of flow tas soush Joint replica sheared. at very lou atrese tepscted hy taint 3719" Indicated thie” seine! pemeabiliey could. inceevee a2 ste ne order ef gnitaie tn fe fist 2 an of thde ta the next my of rhene-eisplacenstt. “Altheugy Ue thee Meth eedced al senteti teva at nfluence on repseitory sealing requirenenta. The effect of teqperature on joiat perseabslity nas ot ben an area of extencive esearch eitheugh this Getucteney is copidiy being atjusted. Fests by Nelson Cin95) en cieghe fescuuren in sundstone gubjested to's Felatively low confining prestuce (Oo) APs) sadtested Initial inceenscs io perasbility cw G0", followed by STuntticaat redgeetoat when ineseasing the (engorature Turther te fo0rc, tavsita texte conducted tn Strapa rantee by Londetcin and seilte (97H) welag eater Etapesstares et 10°C snl 38°C indicated » 20% reduce ion im Joint pemmebilivy, despite the reduced vise ‘ely’ there vit to coupling of peeneabslity ararore= tents “With the “TullSucate: and Clnessealea heater Sperinents, “and ‘no posssbitity of "contrelling ‘the otal novaal Stress acting scroue the josnts during of norwal stress or aperture have heen videly #0 hese: appears to be consiJerable siacrepants tothe Interpretation of results Some authors ecg, Mithers 22nd faa Preprint: spoon et 41. 187%) ave suggested that the cabie law (Geog Kranz etal. “1979)" and Naish (i981)) howe Sspliiged the neasured” flow "redactions caused By ortiossty and coughness, by 8 nosifseation te the Ine ot etteceiee stress Gis). "At prestoc, the fata tnae sx toe Tintbed 2 Sisceee! aa) the definite conctuone. 2 He often ough, eth artificial Practores “ia tapical. teat Configuration) with secthered antural jotate ef Git ferent ranghaess, since the degree of aperture closure inter. «given: stress Devel. sill. vary" ta each ease Recent wot (lartomy 196la) wagerte that scale depen Sent jolme perwesbtLity wil probably ot bes siget leant faccoy under condivicns of pore normal cLovarey bat Cill be chnerved shen ehvsrlbg curs, This a fue to! the scale-dnpendent dilation that secure wen Joints. of ditterent Length are whcsredy oe shown inn iajor test progesn reported by Banaie (1880) rechaniealeipdenulsc. tort dats. prompted Teera. Teka Current ta! Block teaty performed undee cayvract fh the Office of Suelear latce [rolation, The site te Ieeated' In pelts, stout 150 metres sndecground ta Seat a4it tthe Colavads School of Mines experincntal sine {9 Taste Springs The 23242 neteoe block is located in the floor of the test adit Taadiog is applite on four vertical Fides ith atjsckes The toe ie atinched te the ‘Surrounding ‘rock ‘mare. “The sertical tidew of the Esso wore Tord by Jive Gelling. “tbe Guise eecpectedetichitie "oith) bee aligmens ao ‘The surtace of the block ft igstrumented with sone sao lpaiea of Whittemore Wolly for rocueding steota tna/oe ‘Gisplacanent"serose: Joints, four Teal strain Tefornstion oceursing’sevoas the block at hele fe fegistered” with horizontal OCDT "red. extensometers Defornatione within ehe Block are soniteved sith APB Doretole extensoneters; Stress levels ave_nonitored sing. a veriety of iastronente, “Four vertical holes fre tsed for cresschele dynamic modulus Setsvaitat ion ‘ats ‘sequtaition is aceaplished ty nesas of 2 temp ter" controlled syeton ubich stores the, endings oa nogoctie tape and it" sopplenented by nontsl renings A unique feature of the test fartlity t6 the tine ot ‘henters. eroreing the “centee of the becky steam ‘schematically In Figure 1. “The nine baveholee conteda +S. Rock Mechanics Symposium, Boston, 1981.Coablnation. of" heaters and latjacks "hat peinitted Reoperotuce nthe range 124-2400" At the highest ‘he block was xubjecced ta a variety of Lond and tone esters pots So-Cetsite ta the tes'matia shun fo Fromme Line of hesterey she pos the nean Joint Teeguenty a Schemitic view of test Block shoving the The major mioerelized diagonal Joint (Figure D) ctmsen for pecnesbility testing was Subjected to pure foenal stre onder the equal Blassal esd cyclen hier’ the te aniaxial teste the joint wee sohjected fo piogertional hear aad nnmahsttensy ith + shear SQMARY OF BLOCK STHUCTURE xD JOINT PROPERTIES Joint mapping in the oof and valls of the vest ait ‘Shevaunting ‘the black eovesle! thece ete af Stgutcicant joints (iver conesmuiey 92 wares). Each Satrtcenty dipping vest icals fhe wean spacing ot the" three! sete if shou achenaeicaiiy ta Pigase The block size inden USM" 1978) Uy. appeoainately WS cm, the ‘valunsteie. joint, cout. appraniastely a8 SJosnta/a® Coedsun size Shocks), and the SGD apecosches Toot. Siguificane horizontal oe subshectsoatll eines not in evidence. Thete. ave probably at Teast Bi plactece” inceciockes Wha ec oct mth the Page 2 FIGURE 2. Teat mstrix for the present series of Meck 1. Byuat biaxial, cyete bo 6.9 H 2 NSS uatawsal, ‘eyele o'@-d oe 3. EM uhioniel) cycle to 6.9 are CIENT) Uo Egaat"bidadal, Tons £5 629 Hea 6! lua bisntal! eyete, seve (wexrane 8. Equot bisxtat, unload, 1786 tscues) 5. Uheencined, 88°C) and/S2°0 cycle ren imtecproting the teat results ond attempting the Joloting that can be esed in numerical nadol op, Satie of the tat af dlogenal jointey sbich sere the Tittle “estence” of iteratien ‘or weathering. The eoehtge ft the lacs ey eee ta iso necgured doer longer bate leagths.. ual eet nation of the lat roughness cocffieteat (IHG) sting orton ‘aod. Choubey'e E1917) act of prefilen, wat Puppleneated with telf-weight tilt ‘tests ef ototed Pieces af drill core Gigere 3). These coree wore Sbtained fon the permesbstity test toler, soieh vere Guilled doom the plone. e€-the major diagonal. jolute Fe price eens ‘ee rt nerd to iar eet G58) : Beet ‘The compressive strength of the joint valle (008) vag essured ith "4 Scheidt hemar. The dtagensl eines proved to be markedly wesher than the otbet tooFIOME 3. Characterizing the iazonsl Joints ¢ritLed {ram the three porseobitity tect helen, Ply P2 sod PS Joint setsy due to alteration. These velues were 3 steengih sod deformity ste Tisted below ¥ Diagonal jointe sees a 6.710.025 Feak friction, angles (0"), for the diagoast joints ShiGh “ie losded Se chase daring the uniowla) tere, sre piven by the folloving eqiotion (Sarton aad Cl eg, 1977) 6° = JRC top (1E8/0,"9 + o ‘ese parameters are used to aadel the compete shear BreeeldLeplaceaeat ard dilation Schsesor, ef J Goetea, esin) "other fecent ork by tandie LAD) ee"Tshoun that JCS and JRC size conceal the. nornad Stisfocse sed closure of jeints- “Consequently, the Slat ferocalsy eset Ging she "vriou’ tod The tyo netse cube of rock uae {aslated from the Contimuousr Anelvais shoved that. or deforastion in the elastic cangey the upper 80 of the block vould be Sssentialy anotfected ty's continuous bases te- Sonn Page 3 developed on ihe’ diagonal joints. tend to, eforn the iste eared gga fils into hata Sins ianeirena tees pace eens Solara tae te toe BeVESDLGU SE US coon ate ta pette vith the shear eerength of the diagonal Jointey ‘Seuming the Wiock vas bounted by frictionless base! ‘he measured shene diaplacenents experienced by the seajordtagonel joint Guelog the AS aud Ee uniaatel 10hd'psthe are shown ie Fighee 5» The Nes tent ie the feo sheariag fvent, snd Se te restated by ae initial Shear stiftacte of 408 HPe/em This ineseaaey capi Se"chete deepiacenents approach 0.2 am” brapite the Sechanical conseeetnte, Jovot pesmesbtiity JOINT PERQEABILITY AS A FUNCTION OF STRESS Jotat conduct‘oity was nonitered by injecting water ‘he tion, isgonel ovat. Thy woe dine tile Cothially Sotm the josnt (Figure’ 1). “ihe flow section anata depth interval of 66-109 ch. Flew sates vere fonitored atthe Natton of parallel boreholes drilled Such stue of the vrrtical injection haley. Sele Wee T Cie" 1:5" Ge from the injection haley bole hos 2 ae sesgei Sf del. Sse Seat ti ems nox thai aut ea wns oe foe Wote Wo. 2 in te depen 2H “Serna tose thie Toleoes aot ach eenananiy cy he lasted fron the core’ sralyria thet 1 section of je injection interest (05-103. em) Se non-conductia thd # aection of obserstion tole Nev 1 [100-109 Fling outeide the Bieehotes locally. Thly teams at thet ncosured flow vatae say be some 10-18% Teee than epreveneative for the joint s6 4 shole Etablene was" sstoned to be oppeeniesvely Liotaey and Epil eh nberion pecs aided tthe i, s'the Snbsent teats vere 0.14, 0:36 and O.ac ae G0, B8 and 30 pet. Figure 6 sunarises the results of the first three sfertuees.(e) and permeobittises (et/12) can be cal> (iluted: fron the faitewiag well nove equcion for THacae flow betueen porsitel plates eg @ where aPhiy Shholuce Wiscosity (1.z6xt0—8 go.secy CE et ‘The pemeabitity of the joint vben (4 was vistuatly ntonded by diag four stats eaurd the sides of the iecky saw equivalent to that of socu sal apere tise (e) of binT microns. Each of the three. snbtent ead pathe eaiced thie to between 27-7 ond 100) mice Page 4 Save eicrana:" tye. relationahip, between these theor” frieal sooth wall aperture charges, and the change of Seal’ joint aperture weeauved Saving the serious oad the theeeetical aaaoth wall apertare (e). (i aseron = Toot a) bene torte Stress Dependency of Joint Feeneabilsty Rock Temperature = 12% = K (ettsen) _(dercre) Prevslot cia (Gecevty ree a6 ne eee 1 so 1 Biaxial 8 Da is é ‘ aa ie 5 waienil cas a Ba 23 365 ‘niaxial ae oeblocks "he rock temperature ne the pecnesbttity test Joceted. sO ang 7 cron the neater plane. Teeny Sy “vig tock teuperatve. of S80 the Seat Iiater” increases this. to 74°C. Cooling to near™ nbdene tenperatare’ (19°C) took 53 asp Testun “found “that the. calculated “trootheesll Fog Bettees “Cre noe eae the “rocky comsined vith the slaw flow rater, dere FE FONE 7, Biaxial toading at, elevated conporstore Bite the effec of cubed "pdnothermonchonteal ‘The est musik shove in Figure 2 indicates tne sequence of "hydrothermenecbanicel Renta. Gp. t {throuph 8) performed following the three aabsent ests The three variables: flow (or aperture), ek Comers are, and total novel rest show remathable Interde> Petdence, os abuan in Figure 7. "The tightest snc Sa Spdeture of" 30,6. sicrons aenieved at anbtent Fenperature (12°C) aed’ ualer total gonmal stress of ESSA wos reduced to 1603 want 61-80 und G0°901 pm BU 1.68" “Than tncreneed teaperstave ene reduced Joint peraesbiitey byte ecdee oF magoitude. from 5 sareye tee dey This cnerhable cedaction of flow aperture (shih could tot possibly be sehicved s¢ sabient tenperstare Page 5 without exceptionsMly high etsess levels) ie intery Sp ae ngewe sn ot the ppc ee wall ions toned thetedtenperaurey boas) he spot eegaare ‘Siete ante! at elemts Ceapetnture' and pressure partially recrente formato Sitoat ‘maintained by: peerenre ‘alone Surteg coeliog Pengy ae tlhe Bagh shen strange of the ght ‘established untsl the aperture rebounded from 16.1 tc {2.2 hm, ehseh occorredsemeshece between 3009 HPs Sint O'sha!Goonts 20 and 21 Se'Figure 9) The Gaversion of the Lead eyele at 14°C (points 16, a land Ta) Gs fureher evidence thie tempetstare. ay ives ete poverfulsrflucnce on aperture. (e) that Prossuce’ After unloading to 3-48 Hay» selogténg te U'S'hra use ingutricient to sreclesc™ ibe one tothe fer of flow ita is insufficient to. invalidate i Simple of Experimental Seatter From ‘ree Betr of Flow Bate Bien The ingh sequence of heated flov teste sheen in Figs Ure 2 Moe. 9 to 10) vere conducted on the unconfioed ile of ue “endiog utrins The stating point wat 42.2" pm. This’ aperture increared Yo 48.2 gm at So.se,prenmiy ue the thera expansion the fntinate’ contact "with ite wating. helf due tov the fisence of coafinenent. The apertuce (a) setuteed te Tra ae S50C A toad “egele te: 2c MP tequal Basal “436% stgoced,sunticitdy tier fit, ued the aperture” te rebound te 36.5 pm TE erate. ght“ hyircthsimnechanical™ osute Tenperatare ahd pressure Twists quite lostcel the enitions dee ehich ovnte sere femed sre tsasl™ ‘onPARISON WITH REGORTED nATA Witherspoon et a. (19798) considered that the four thick carves shorn 'th Figure 8 seve potential evidence OFS! Seale effect en ttctuce perweabilliy, Owe Slee inblewe dts for the astacal nine Sota leat agreement vith the Protect Support to\thiz seale effert hypothesian pects. Ehiet of these tr the attemt to cinpare artic fictaty ‘womeathered tension eacensen (Uvat 1976 and Uitherpaon et al.) W997) “ath natural weathered Joints.” Enodis (1980) hse shave tage jovne apertures Tend to be lecger wen Joists are eesthered, Sith TerJOT OF FRACTURE PEEMEABTY oe + TOTAL Nonmad sess, OyiMt) FIGIRE 8. Cuaparison of sahient and heated flow teste Coated by Witherspoon et al (19798). ” JES values. In addition, the closure measured under a Elven level of worl steer 4s found to depend on the ‘olime sf 308) Jat" aa’ the Initial aperture, testhersd Sten atthe sane neakey unless their proportion. CM, StS) aze'mched. “Teajeratave “antentag® oa alse tnt te tine joiat would not sem Likely to exhibit ale ferent peimesbilities sf susjectes to the seme norm ssa" pathey ‘lace pure. aovasl clonwre is Tikely ts {end on the praperties oF the eral? steeply Inet land sever, when shearing of the Joint is an added 8 a Scattered Cam Ce ome The igus’ 5, ahich Siloptaten the esent develope of {Bhen roe soe joint Corton, th). fnieniag Bee ete Sh Pathe tte aeniey Figuce 8." the setstuciat fracturee vere goneested at reronsbiy floe-tested at nearly the sane sobieat cone Eseiona ia the Labesater ‘he surah Bri"Tlovatedtenperatote and preseures” Oat” ceaults Show that” sen Joints are flourtertad St elevated Lipestive "and geeuey nat iog of the Joint wie age 6 es of the same joint. (Bendis et aly 1982) SaKe ven floe-test ing an artifieia fracture at ite form ROUGHNESS AD TORTUOSLTY EFFECTS In many of the joint or fracture permeability teste Stats, ‘suoth walt aperture (0 Seelued it apen,soicontacting, sooth poral bu ofan couivalent joint sith sn hindered flew ‘etioes hte hle o moran tere AL Ay totay"tees of Joka fo, auatysis of contact area npasuceneats by Teal Cisne), "Enrton ad Chosbey (77) and bandia” (380) Snaicates “that 3'urinple Betinacs of -Ay/hy both for torel "Sosire i isiced sister of aear ts 58 AaiRe ® 9g! 8S 6 here 9,' fs the eftective nosmal stress applied This single nodel predicts Lioeas Socrenses in contact Ecenulation by Kalan ted Greseataugh (79) stone would reset in about 209 reduction of perme Shifty for our altered mineealized Joints ven tested Unger to equol biawsal stress of 6.9 RPa.” The’ conbie= en "ee Reang ity. od ronaacer enlte i sperture (E)."'By similar rearoningy changes ia 2 Parameter (Gey AI) "will not be ef ‘equal magaicee. Results Tor t/oe measured’ in the peeteat Mock tees Bre" cenpored with Ee reyorted ta the Heeratate Inexpressed an the ratio Te, Tessita black tent ree tires “BSStfaeiany HS 2 uetanialy Bo © uotarial Figuce 10, The nean value of sE/te for one biaxist fette wae 3.0, for e mean walus of = 80 pm ‘he flow losses due to tortuosity and roughness and terpreved ‘rane et ats (2979) and Walsh 981) a5 Sppiy to flow gheough feactarad rocks. The foregelng Srldeae shot 1/02) for seh Sheree” ove tuld Attecent article. oy Witherepmin et als (10704) has ftgrted tht the" tie ow fe“) ee hold even Tor Telosed", rough feactucer doen toe 2 ym Thee Sanelustons ‘are contrary te. the above findengey and tiy:have bea) fafluonced by th mahemstical technique hed to estinate the true. spectaresy shich cere ft ‘oxctustons 1. ® mineralized joint in gneiss, loaded sormlly ie an '2'e8 bisctally lowded block, wasted a fears oid feauction ie. pemcabllity shen lenled from 0 6.9 Ra under absent croton (20k Brouced# thirty-fold reduction” ta pereeabilsey” tise effect om Joint peenenbilicy shen the jolt ie 2. Ue appears important to test joists at elevated tapocature during” repository” characteriretions ‘ince the nating of jolne tally may te avtificial united by anbiter casting 3. Uianian toadiog of the Mock caused 0.25 wn shear Alsplacenent of the cest joint. This caused mts lent” Sperture steals (dilation) to. inctcase. the emmeabllity feu percent. The continue baee af the" block prevented furties shears aliotion and 4 Conparivon of aeasured changes in joint aperture eae 1 (at) vith calculated changes in the encoth watt reane (Ged lovicaes that Ele ®t tor roothy sincralied ofa eet She resulting joint dilation seem likely te enhvace Eocy. Outside this sone the thermsl pulse 2rghe Ive" a Gosttive effect in reducing. eine perse= Je toned ack ent on Funded by DOE thou the The projet nad act havea sme sitoat te Dra Mage tutsd and tae stidegta, and hee A Sodbury Teaptnent. 18. aise ‘nade to Tarra ek't field crew Ncowierily those of BEE ce aM BANDIS, 8.4 1980, Experimental studies of cole et Soints, PhDs Theste, Unie. ot Lowisy 38 EANDIS, $., LIMSDEN, A, HARON, ¥., 1961, Eapert= ental’ studies at scale effects do the shear bedewiog ff rock. Jolmtay tat. J Rock Meth. Min, Sel BARTON, Xd CAOUBEY, Way 1977, The shea steength of cock joante an theory and practice, Back Nechentesr Springer, No. 1/2, pp. 1 BARTON, Nand HANSTEEN, fH. 1979, Very Taras pen openings ae shallow depth! Seforontfon mugottyies fon {imeed” wodels "and FE, “analysis,” Bese. tik Rapid Hacruatiep anf Tunnetiag GnferenceyAtlaty Ghee BARTOW,» 1982, Some scale dependent properties of ei ted ON, NE ha aan le te Bxperinontation, Geophysical” Research Latiees Cin pres) a ARTO, H.4 1980, ModeL1 ig cock joint behavior from Snessti block tests inplitatione: fer muctsar waste repository design (in preparation Tor OMI): DAMIELSERy 8.V., 1971, Joint peeability, thesis (ia Norveian}, Horvegion Technical University, Tranela HEIL, F., 1972, Mater and air Leakage theovgh jolets in sock sjecinera, (in Noreegian)y Flellapretseiags? hate, Bergaetaniag ste WHle pp. STE aE [Sm 1978, Suggested methods Cor the quaetitative eng ete te neh Reng gc a eek Mechs hin, Sei. sod Gecmehs Ahstes, Val. 15, 3p. 5055 aetheodgh a slngle Cractarey Ph.D. Thosis, University of BRUNE, RL, FRAMKEL, 4.0. ENCELOER, T. and HOUR, Cy 19155) Toe pecnemility of hole ont Jointed fey Bate Tn ett Moms, Land STULL, W978, Lovee aca geen ernst conductivity test, Laveeace Becteley Laboce= MAME, To, 1971, Jaesitu tydraulic parameters ie Jointed Fath “thet acasurenent and inespretacion, fn."'5. “Thesiey Inpecial College, "Londons ii 7p HFLSDM, RAL, 1075, Feactare perneability ie porave serbir ih, etna sof file aplenty . Sed WYDIM, "3-Wy yy EYeatie. aed Cratapert proper Hiss Scitaad Gvonths Jbsteey Nei. Ty pyr 25S SHARE, J.C., 1970) Fluid flow eheeugh GLasuzed media, PRD. Thesis, nperial College, London, 181 7p 1.0.5 1978) Ae interactive graphics based rock onsccay Ph.D. Thestey tas. of Minnesota age 8 Yoiné, (Cr dod eoss-anivi) Dome, ib40, dares ina? LSE, Jb an ROEEIAUGH, M4.» 29795 A new nde) piggy "Soatat of Rephgcel tuserehy Woe ty SSISH, 48.5 9M, Effect of pore pressure and cone ining prestuce uh feactuce.pereeabeliey (in press) ITHERSHOOR, PAs, AMOK, CM. and GALE, I.E. 1977 Strevscfiow behavior of > fault sone with Aud’ iajee iow" and withoraval,, Mineeal Eepiocering. Report Ro 15, taiversity of Calitormta, Fertcley MLIWENSOOR, PAL, SANG, JL8.¥=, IMAI, Ks and GALE, J:Eiy 4798, Validity ef catie tow fon fui How sm a ‘folmable’‘eock.traeture," Lawrence Berkeley Labora Conyy iBe9589, S402), 38 py ITIRSROON, Fetes AMICK, CMe, GALE, 3.8. an 1A gtr feactures, Lawrence Rerkeley Laboratory, LALS7hy Skea Se e :sive clnRacrEnazariog oF JOINT #ERGABILITY sive ig ATED Shook TeST Ty M. Worgele, E. Hoedia, D. Lingle, MiNGonca iad hs Bartow salt Lake 3iy, Bian fo ineteunented § a? dock of jointed geeiss was Sieat and elevated eaperatares using Catjais eed ¢ ty" Fores Tox tran eaperinortal Sait of the 3H nine 12 feleeado, 8 parte the Ga propimat Cor cvake Tag. eter cesnspore, and’ chersal properties af rock formal” closure eycles undee eyiel Vania)” loadings Taig MPa (000 ped) Conbited shene” anormal Sloouse, and. shear” reversals vere sch cheervstion hole drilled down the pane of Me Join TSC jn'tne’fiow tort tection af the block. v febient 12%C) uecontined joint ae stun, perm ‘Induced by 9 faccae cf four under oraal street of Gr9"hra at, 12°C. ben cengeratare (16°C) and oral Siieat (6.9 sa) sere: coupled, the reduction factor fat Thisty, and when only temperature was increased Beis ipa, Ge perneabiliey war rednced by a fortor SE fen, NMoasuvedchangos 1a Joint aperture (AE) cone ‘Slatentay occeeded the saloulated changes ia theoret= Toa ycture Ge) used in the: ble Flow Taw for