Ho Huu Son -Chuyen Nguyen Tat Thanh Kon Tum ‘Si Bam (Chi didn) D4 Bue Dong - Letucn Hoang: = Trin 8 Hing - Nguyén Thanh Hing TAI LIEU CHUYEN TIN HOC Quyga 3 @ NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VIET NAMMUC LUC (CHUYEN bf 8. HINH HOC TINH TOAN I. Mt sé khai nigm co ban... Il, M@ts6 bai todn co ban... UL. M@t sé bai todn théng dung khéc ... CHUYEN BE 9. Li THUYET TRO CHOI 46 AT 1 Mt s6 khéi nigm, Il. Trd choi té hgp can biing.. Ill. Trd choi hai ngudi cé ting diém bing 0... CHUYEN bf 10, THUAT TOAN MO PHONG TY NHIEN GIAI BAI TOAN TOI UU TO HOP 128 1. Bai todn t6i uu td hop Il Thugt toan di truyén va tinh toan tién hod IIL, Phuong phép tdi wu héa dan kién...... 129 so 134 HUONG DAN GIAI BAI TAP...Li THUYET TRO CHOI 1. Mt s6 khai nigm 1 Vi tri La tp théng tin vé tro choi tai timg thoi diém. Nhiing vj tri chia dung nhiéu kha ning din t6i chién thing cho ngudi nao di t6i duge né goi la nhting vj tri 06 loi (cho ngudi choi chiém duoc Ioi thé). Nguge Iai e6 nhiing vi tri chira dumg nhiéu kha nding din 16i thét bai cho ngudi nao di tdi né goi la nhitng vi tri khéng c6 Igi (nguidi choi bi vio thé hit toi). 2. Lugit choi La nhimg quy dinh cho phép ngudi choi thye hign cde phép bién ddi chuyén tro choi tir mt vj tr hign tai toi mt vi tri khée. Mot bude di hop Ié la mot phép bién di theo ding lugt choi. Vj tri két thac la vj tri tir né kh6ng thé di chuyén tiép, 3. Tré choi doi khéng La trd choi hai ngudi, khi mét ngudi choi duge Igi thé thi ngubi choi kia sé gbp bat Ioi. Nhiing tr choi nay chia lam hai logi: trd choi cé théng tin day dii va tro choi ¢é théng tin khéng day du. Sy phan chia nay dya trén co sé ngudi choi c6 biét day du moi théng tin vé vj tri hign tai cia 46i phuong hay khéng. Ching han, cdc trd choi véi thong tin day di nhur ci card, cd tuémg, cds quéc té; ede trd choi véi thong tin khdng ddy di nhu trd choi dénh bai (ngudi choi che du nhiing quén bai khéng cho d6i thi biét) 4. Trong moi trd chai, qué trinh choi cé thé duge bidu din duéi dang cdu tric cdy c6 huéng (461 khi 18 8 thi c6 huéng) goi la cay trd choi. Nut cita cde cay nay bigu dign mOt vj tri trO choi (nit gde 1a vi ari khdi dd, mit 14 18 vj tri két thiic). Cung (i; f) trén e@y thé hign m6t bude di hgp 1é chuyén tir mot vi wi # dén vi tri ké tiép. 46IL. Trd choi t6 hyp can bang 1. M6 ta Tro choi té hop cn biing a tr choi 46i khang thoa man nhimng didu'kign sau C6 hai ngudi choi (ngudi di dau ki higu la 4, ngudi kia la B); (C6 mot tap hitu han cdc vj tri 66 thé xay ra X (céec trang thdi) cia trd choi. ‘C6 quy tuat choi Q. Quy lugt choi ap dung cho hai ngu’i choi la can bing nghia 1a m&i ngudi choi dén Iuot minh déui c6 quyén chon mot phép ‘di chuyén hop Ié tuy y. Hai ngudi choi lan Iuot, mai lan thyc hign m6t phép di chuyén hgp Ié. Trd choi két thic khi dat t6i vj tri két thic. Thong thudng quy dinh ngudi di chuyén duge cudi cing 1a ngudi thing, ngudi nao dén lugt ma khong thé di chuyén duge nfta thi thua (m6t sé tro choi ciing c6 thé quy dink nguge Iai). Néu trd choi khéng bao gid két thic sé cé mét théng béo rit tham. Cé thé bé sung thém diéu kign nao 6 dé trd choi két thic khdng cn théng béo rit thim nhu: Trd choi sé két thie khi-4a cé dit mot sé lan di chuyén nhdt dinh (ké ca trudmg hgp cdn bude di chuyén tiép, ...) ma khéng ddu ‘thi nao thing thi hai dau thi La hoa, a) Tap P, tap N va céch tim Dé thudn tign cho vige xdy dug thuét todn (gianh thing) cia trd choi, ngudi ta dua ra khéi nim tap P va tap N. Dé 1a hai tap thoa man cac tinh chat sau: (a) Tat cé cdc’vj tri két thite déu thude P. (b) Tie méi vj tri thuge N ludn cd tt nhdt mot di chuyén t6i vi tri thube P. (©) Tit mai vj trl thuse P, moi di chuyén déu 161 vj trl thudc N. ® C—O gO S @ 47Tix dinh ngbia trén, dé dang suy ra thuét toén gidnh thing nhu sau: Thudt todn gianh chién thdng cho ddu thi A khi ban dau A nhgn vj trl thuge N la: ddu thitA luén di chuyén t6i céc vj trl thupe P bude du thi B chi co thé di tdi vj trl thuge N. Néu ban dau ddu thi A bj nbn vj tri thude P thi A can kéo dai trd choi ch dén. mOt thdi didn nav dé wong qué trinh choi do B v8 ¥ sao cho A e6 duge vi tri thude N thi din dén 4 luén di vao vi tri thuge P (vay trong trudng hgp nay 4 thing phy thuge'vao sy v6 ¥ cia B). Ta cé thé tim tap cdc vj tri thuge P va thude N bing dé guy nhu sau: Bude 1. Gan P = @. Gan N = ©. Nap cdc vi tri két thc vao P. Bude 2. Tim cdc vj tri c6 thé di chuyén dén mot vj tri ndo dé thude tp P, nap ching vio N. Bude 3. Tim nhimg vj ti chi cé thé chuyén dén cée vj tri thuge N, nap ching vio P. Bude 4, Dimg tim kiém. b) Mot s6 vi dy Vi dy 1, Trd choi Lam rdng va phan chia. Phat biéu: C6 hai chiée hop, mot h6p dyng m quan cd, h6p cdn lai dymg n quan cd (m,n © N*), Hai du tha Win lugt choi. Mi lin dén ligt choi cia minh, déu thd dé dy hét quéin cd trong mot hp rdi dem céc quan cy trong hop cdn lai chia vao hai hép sao cho mdi hdp phai cé it nhét m6t quan. R6 rang trd choi két thc Khi m&i h6p cdn mt quan, Dau thi ndo duge choi lugt cudi sé gidnh chién thing. Hay tim.céc vj tri thuge tp P, ede vj tri thudc tap N. Phén tich. Trong trd choi nay, mi vi tri choi LA mOt cp sé thé hién sé quén cd ‘trong hai hp. Vj tri khdi du la (m, n). Chiing ta s® chimg minh tap {on", )] mt va nf a5 nguyén 8) 1a tap cdc vj tri thude P va tép {(m', n’)| m' hodc n' 1a 56 nguyén chin} la tap cde vi tri thuge N. That véy: ‘Trude hét, thy vj tri két thie 1a (1, 1) € P. 48Bay gid gid sit (m', n’) € N thi hoc m’ chin ho§e n’ chin, KhOng mit tinh chét tng quét, gid sir m’ chin. Tir vj tr{ nay, chiing ta chon phép chuyén Ja: lam rong ‘h6p thir hai (chia n') va chia m’ qudn 06 trong hOp thir nhdt thanh hai phn voi 6 quan cd trong ca hai phn déu 1é cho vao hai h6p, di t6i vi tri (5, m’ — 8) v6i s? la s6 18 (1 Ss 0 do begin nguoidi Af c=0 then breakj Af C mod mi <>) then thuatthang else keodai; end; Af OK then writeln(‘May thang ') writeln('Ban thang"); readin; END. ‘Sau day 1a thuat todn Igp trinh trd choi d6i khang gianh thing cho may khi tién hanh trd choi gitta ngudi va may tinh: 1. Thé hign giao dign chon ddu thi di truée; (bidn OK = True 18 ngudi di trade; OK = False 1d may 6i trade) 2. OK := False; 3. Teo vj tri ban dau; 4, Thé hign vj tri ban du; +S. While (chica 1a vj trt két thiic) do begin IfOK then Ngudi di; « If (Két thiic) then Thodt khdi while; If (la vj orf thug P) then May di kéo dai tré choi else May di theo thudt thar End; 6. If OK then thing tin Ngudi thing else thong tin May thang; Trong méi chuong trinh con Ngudi di, May di kéo dai trd choi, Méy di theo thudt théng du cé chung ndi dung 1a: Thé hign bude di va vj tri sau khi di, 48: gid tr) bién OK. Rigng trong chuong trinh con Méy di theo thudt théng con tuy thude trd choi, dau tién cn tim bude di gianh thing cho thich hgp. SIVi dy 3. Tro choi Trit dan. Phét biéu. Cho tap S gdm htu han céc sé nguyén duong, goi la tp tri, Trén mOt coc 06 N quan, hai ddu tha lan lugt choi, mdi lin chuyén di s quan khdi coc (s € 5). Dau thi nao duge chuyén lain cuéi cing thi théng. Viét chuong trinh théng bdo cho biét dau thit di dau ¢6 chic thing khong? Input: Tép vidu3.inp gbm hai dang: © Dang thir nhit ghi s6 nguyén duong N; © Déng thit hai ghi céc s6 nguyén duong trong tp trirS (sip ting dan). Output: Tép vidu3.ou nhu sau: Néu du thi di ddu chée thing thi ghi s6 4, néu khong chic thing thi ghi 6 0. Phan tich, Xét trd choi tri din véi tgp trix la S= {1, 3, 4): Trong trd choi nay, mi vj tri cla tr choi 1a mot s6 quan con trén coc tai timg thoi diém. Chiing ta tim tép P ca trd choi nay: C6 ding mét vi ti két thie 1a 0 46 1a vj tri P. Do dé cdc vi tri 1, 3, 4 sé thude N vi tir chung 6 thé chuyén t6i 0. ‘Nhung vj tri 2 thugc P vi tir 2 c6 duy nhét mt phép chuyén dé I (a vj tri cia N). Cdn 5 va 6 phai thuge N vi né cé thé chuyén dén 2... Ching ta s® mé rong két lun bang quy nap va tim duge P = {0, 2, 7, 9, 14, 16,...} la tép ede sb nguyén khdng im khi chia cho 7 cdn du 0 hofe 2. Con N chita eéc s6 cdn gi N= (1,3, 4,5, 6,8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15,...} Nhdn xét. Khi lap trinh, 48 tim duge céc vi tri P vA N trong trd choi nay chiing ta 6 thé ding phuong phép dénh dau trén mang mot chigu 4. i Jofa]2[3]4]s]e]7][s[o]iofar]i2]isfia[is |i Piw[p[y|w[y[wle[yle[w [yl [vle lw |e am|tfolifofofofofifofrfofofofofi]ofi V6i vi tri i thuge t€p P thi ghi nhan Aff] = 1, néu i thude tap N thi ghi nbgn Afi] = 0. Ngoai ra céc s6 thuge tip trir'S dugc lua vao mang mét chiéu S (gia sir c6-m 86 thude tép tri). Ban ddu khdi tr} Af] = 1; sau d6 xét ede vi tr ftir 1 dén n. ‘Voi mi vi trl i, ching ta. duyét tht ca ede vj tri c6 thé di tiép theo tir i, d6 1a cde vi tri - S[/].( ti 1 dén m), néu thdy tit c& cée- vj tri # — S{/] déu thuge tap N (nghia 1a A[i — s{/]] = 0) thi vj tri i chinh 1a vj tri thudc tp P. Nguge.lai néu cb 32.‘mot vj tri trong cde vi tr - S[j] 18 vj tri thude P thi két lugn ngay vj tri (1a vi tri thude N. Rs PRUDAN DAS TH const fi = ‘vidas. inp’ fo = "vidu3. out’; max = 100000; var nym : longint; 2: array(0..max) of longint 5: array(0..max] of longint f,g : text; Lt Longint; function 1a P(i : longint): boolean; var J: longint; begin le_P i= false; for j:c1 to m do AE i-s(3]>=0 then Af a[i-s(j]]=1 then exit; Ratnietecoes end; BEGIN assign(f, fi); reset (£); readin(£,n); mis OF while not eoln(f) do begin ne (m) 5 + read(f,s(m))7 end; btose(e): for i:-0 to n do ali] t= 0; a0) i=. for i:=1 to n do . Af a[i}=0 then 4 La_P(i) then ali}: assign(g, £0) ; rewrite (9): Af a[n)=1 then write(g,0) else write(g,1): close(g): Ex. 32. Téng Nim va trd choi Nim ‘Dé cé thugt chién thing trong nhting trd choi d4i khdng ta clin xéc dinh duge tap P va tap N. Cong vige nay c6 thé duge giai quyét d& dang hon nhé khéi nigm téng Nim. a) Téng Nim ‘Téng Nim cia hai sé nguyén khong am 1a két qua phép cOng khdng nhé cia hai 36 6 trong hé co s6 2 (cén goi la cong theo médun 2). Vidul 86 14 hé thép phéin viét dudi dang co sé 21a 1110.) 86 55 hé thép phan viét duoi dang co's 214 110111) Téng Nim cia ching la: 111001 g) (a 57 trong he thép phan) Vay 14@ 55 = 57. Thuong ki higu phép todn cong theo médun 2 la ® Vide2 86 3 hé thép phan viét duéidgngco sb 214 May ‘86 5 hé thép phén viét duéi dangco sb 214 101 86 8 hé thép phan viét dudi dang co's 214 1000.) ‘Téng Nim cia ching la: 1110g) (la 14 trong hé thap phan) Vay 3@5@ 8= 14, . ‘Trong ngén ngtt Igp trinh Pascal ki higu phép todn ® (tinh ting Nim) la xor, trong C/C++ 1a. Phép toén @ c6 tinh chét két hop, giao hon. Bac biét: 0@a=a,a®a~0, do db néua®b=a@cthi b=c. Co thé tgo ra téng Nim cua hai s6 nguyen khong am x va y bang eden 1ep dang, nhu sau: Tai 6 giao diém cia cOt x va dong y ghi x@y; d6 la sé nguyén khong dim nhé nht chura cé trong tap céc sb A c6 tgi cde 6 (x,y) voi I < x! Onén 16 la vi tri N. C6 thé kidm tra thdy vi tri (4, 12, 8) la vj tri P. Dinh If cdn 4p dung véi trd choi Nim e6 s6 ege ‘Tir dinh Ii suy ra chién thuat gidnh thing trong tro choi Nim chudn nur sau: Gia sit vi tri ign tai 14 (x;,¥, 9-4%,) trong tg véi tng Nim la fu hon. g=x Ox, O..84, >0. 55Cé thé chimg minh sé tén tai thanh phin x, ma x/=g@x, F(x) X.. Céc dinh thude F(z) duge goi 14 nhtng dinh c6 thé t6i tir dinh x. Néu F(x) rong thi x la dinh ‘két thie, M6t phép di chuyén hop Ié la di tir dinh x t6i m6t dinh 'thuge F(x). Trd choi t8 hyp cAn bing cé hai ngudi choi duge m6 phéng trén 43 thi G=(X,F) v6i dinh xult phat x, ¢ X va tuan theo céc quy tic sau: (1) Ngudi choi thé nhét di truée va bit dau tir dinh x, 5 56(2) Hai ngudi choi lan lugt thyc hign phép di chuyén trén 46 thi; (3) Tai vi tri x, ngudi choi duge di chuyén dén bat ki y € F(x); (4) Ngudi choi no dén lugt phai nhén dinh két thic 1A ngudi thua. LMR SEO SP PSPS NISSEN OSI nh 9.3 ‘Vi dy trd choi trir sé véi tp trir la (1, 2, 3} bit du véi ope 6 m= 10, 06 thé md t4 nhu mot dé thj c6 huéng (X, F) nhu sau: Tap X= {0, 1, ..., 10}. Ham F c6 cdc gid tri cy thé 1a: F(0) = 6, F() = (0}, F(2) = (0,1) v8 F(a) ={x-1,x-2,x-3)n2x>2}. b) Ham Sprague-Grundy . ‘Ham Sprague-Grundy (SG) cia mét 48 thi G = (X,F) duge dinh nghia nhu sau: mdi dinh x cita 4} thj dugc gin mét sé g(x) la sé nguyén khéng 4m nhé nhdt khéng nim trong tap cdc gid tri g()) cia c&c dinh y téi dugc ti x g(x) = min{n 20: Vy € F(x),n # g(y) }. Dinh x néu Ja dinh két thie thi g(x) = 0. Oi khi cdm ding ki higu: g(x) = max(g(y)|¥y € F(x). Khi trén 48 thj tr choi xc dinh due ham Sprague-Grundy ching ta s® xéc djnh dinh x la bat Igi néu g(x) = 0 va la dinh c6 Igi néu g(x) > 0. That vay, vi: ® Ngudi nhan inh két thiic (6 g(x) = 0) thi khéng cé phép di chuyén tiép theo nfta nén thua (thuémg quy dinh 1 thua), © Néu nan dinh x c6 g(x) =0 va khéng la dinh két thic thi moi céch di eu dén dinh y 06 g(y)>0 chwa Id dinh két thie; nén ngudi tip theo vin cin di tiép duege. Vay nhin dinh x ¢6. g(x) = 0-va khéng Ia dinh két thic'thi di tha chua thua, ‘© Néu nhén dinh g(x) > 0 thi luén tn tai mOt dinh y ¢ F(x) ma g(y)=0 ‘bude d6i thi phai nhén, cit tiép tue nhw thé cudi cing bude déi thi phai nhfin dinh két thie va thua.Vi dy. Trong trd choi Trit dén voi tap trir la $= {1, 2, 3, ... a} thi dé thj trd choi 6 ham Sprague-Grundy la g(x) = x mod (a+ 1), ©) Téng tro choi . Gia sit chiing ta 06 m 48 thj td choi 1a Gi = (Xi, Fi), G2= (Xa, Fads «os Gu Xm Fr) ‘Néu m&i lugt di durge chon choi trén mét trong n tro choi nay thi chiing ta t8 hop ‘ching thanh d} thj wd choi moi la: G = CX, F) gol la dé thj tng cua cae dd th thanh phan: Gi, Ga, .., Gre Kt higu G = G, + Gr + ... + Gy, BS thi G 06: Tép dinh, X 1a mét tich Desc X= Xi xX x...x Xq gdm tt cd cde’ b} x = (x1,X2, «4 a) VOI x) €X,i= 1,2, ...5n. Voi mdi dinh x © X, tap ede dinh theo sau x la: F(R) = Fy 25 0005 Xn) FCB) (82) X02 in} U G1) F200) XK (ig) Uo (a) Gta) 9 Flt) Do mét phép di chuyén tir x chia ding mét phép di chuyén tir x, t6i mot diém thude F(x) nen 66 thé Vidi: FOX) = (Cyn %p-1.4). ate q) 1 € FD}. Vidy. Trd choi Nim ba coc, c6 thé coi nhu téng ciia ba trd choi Nim mét coc. ‘Ching ta cdn mét phuong phép tinh him Sprague-Grundy trén dé thj téng cée trd choi khi biét ham Sprague-Grundy trén timg dé thj trd choi thanh phan. d) Dinh If Sprague-Grundy Néu g, la cdc ham Sprague-Grundy trén dé thi ctia tré choi thanh phiin Gs v6i i= 1, 2. ... n. thi dé thi téng etta ching la G=G,+Gr+ + Gy 88 66 heim SG le: 1, 2, 1 Xn)™ 8101) B BAR2)® ... © SolXn) : Vi du 1. Ki higu G(m) la tro choi sri dén mét coc véi tap trir 1a Sy= {1, 2, .... m} 6 thé trir bét tir 1 dén m quan trén coc, ta ki higu ham Sprague-Grundy cia trd choi may la g(x) thi ga(x) =x mod (m + 1) vA 0 < g(x) Sm. Cho ba trd choi trir din trén mt egc cy thé la: trd choi G(3), véi s6 quan trén : mOt coc la 9; trd chai G(5) vii sé quan trén mét coe 1a 10 va trd choi G(Tvéi 56° quén trén mt ege 1a 14. Xét trd choi ting G = G(3) + G(S) + G(7) c6 vi tri khéi dau 1a (9, 10, 14). Ham. ‘Sprague-Grundy ctia vj tri khéi dau la: 588(9, 10, 14) = g3(9) ® gs(10) ® gx(14)=1 © 4 © 6=3. ‘Mét phép chuyén t6i wu la: trong trd choi G(7) chuyén dén vi tri 13 vi g(13) = 5 nén g(9, 10, 13) = g3(9) © gs(10) © gx(13)=1 © 4 ® S=0. ‘Sau day 1a m6t sé vi dy vé nhiing trd choi cé tén 1a Ldy va phan chia 1a nhing trd choi trén céic coc ma phép di chuyén la ldy bot quén khdi coc hodc phan chia mot coc thanh nhiéu coc khéc ring theo nhting diéu kign nao 46. Vi dg 2. Tro choi Kayles Phat biéu, Hai nguisi choi trd tan béng (bowing). Trude bai ngudi 1 mot hang qua bowing ma qua thir hai da bj danh 46. Gia sir cd hai ngudi choi thanh theo dén mite cé thé lan dé bat ki mét qua bowing nao hodc lin dé hai qua bowing bat Ki canh nhau. Hai ngudi Jan luot lin bong. Quy dinh ngudi lan dé qué bowing cudi cing sé thing. Phan tich. Khi dénh 46 mét ho&c hai qua bowing 6 cdc dau hang chinh la phép lay di khéi coc (hang) mét hoge hai quan. Khi danh dé m§t hoc hai quén (6 gitta hang) chia egc thanh hai thi dé la phép phan chia coc. ‘Ching ta hay tim ham Sprague-Grundy cho trd choi nay. Chi cé mét vi tri két thic 1a ege rng, vay g(0) = 0. x| Cac dinh y ké tiép x Cac gid tri e() a) 0 0 10 0 H 2/1,0 1,0 2 312,1, (1,1) 2,1,1@1=0 3 4) 3,2, (1,2), 1) 3,2,182=3,1@1=0 1 5} 4,3, 3, 1), 2, 2), (1, 2) | 1,3,3 ® 1=2,262=0,102=3/4 Khi +272, cde gid trj g(x) bit ddu tun hoan véi chu ki 12, day gid tri g(x) sau duge lap mai: x |... [72] 73 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 80 | 81 | 82] 83 a} f4}1}2;sfifa}7{2f;ifsfat7]. 59Vidy 3. Trd choi Treblecross Phat biéu, Trén m6t hang 6 n 6 vudng 44 tréng. Hai ngudi choi lan hrot ghi vao mét 6 trong khéng ké véi 6 da 06 X, Ngudi ghi chit _X cudi cing 14 ngudi thing. Tinh ham Sprague- Grundy cija trd chai nay. Phan tich. Trd choi nay o6 thé mé té nhur trd choi trén mét coe ma c6 thé bé bét ‘che quan trén coe hoc chia coc think hai coc. ‘Néu n= 1 c6 diing mot phép chuyén t6i n= 0. V6i n> 1. Mét phép ghi X vao 6 & mét trong hai ddu déng 14 tuong img logi trir hai quan & dau 46 khdi coc. Dat X tai 6 céch 6 6 m6t trong hai ddu véi khodng céch 1 mOt 6 thi tuong duong loai trir ba quan & dau 46 khdi coc. Dat X tai 6, ‘khdng phai 6 & hai dau (va khong phai tai 6 ké 6 X da c6) tuong duong logi trir ba quan 6 diu 44 khdi coc va chia coc thinh hai coc méi. Véy quy luét di chuyén trong trd choi nay 1a: (1) Néu ege chi c6 mt quan thi logi bé quan nay; (2) C6 thé logi bd hai quan; (3) C6 thé loai bé ba quan; (A) Chia coe 46 thanh hai egc c6 tong s6 quan gidm di 3. Gia sir 44 tinh duge gid tr} ham Sprague-Grundy ciia céc c9c 0, 1, 2, .... 9. Bay gid can tinh g(11). Véi quy luft trén, tir cge 11 s€ di t6i coc 9, cge 8, hai coe (1, 7), hai coe (2, 6), hai coc (3, 5) va hai coc (4, 4). Coe 9 cfing c6 thé coi nhur, hai ege (-1, 9), ge 8.coi nhu hai coc (0, 8) va quy uéc thém g(-1) = 0 thi ta 6 thé dé viét cng thic tinh g(11) la sé nguyén khéng 4m nhé nhit chua c6 trong. cdc $6 g(a) ® g(b) maa+b=11-3=8. a |-1]o]1]2[3]4]/s]6]7]s]9 aa} 0 fol1]1]2fo{3{1]ifof3 a)| 3 [oft{i]3fof2fifa 6 [9 [s[7]6]s]4]3]2{a Vay cfc gid tri ma g(a) ® g(b) (voi a + b= 8) la: 3, 0, 0, 0, 1,0, 1, 0, 0 nén (II) =2. 60& ‘TREBLECROSS.PAS ™ Tinh gid tr] him Sprague- Grundy ‘ crt var g/c : azray[-1..1000] of integers nyk i integer: procedure tinh(m: integer); var i, 5, kt integer: begin 1b jte meds while ice} do begin clg(t) xor g{31] ss ine (i); ects); do ine(i): . n= 100; 0; write (gi-1 1p weite(g(1} begin fillchar(c, sizeof(c),0); tinh (k)? write(gikl:4); end: reading END. Vi dg 4, Xét td choi Nim m@t ege véi quy luét chuyén it nhét 1d m@t quan va nhiéu nhdt 1a nita sé quan trén cge (At-Most-Half). Viét chuong trinh xay dung ham Sprague-Grundy véi trd choi nay. Input. Tép vidus.inp gdm 10 ding mBi dong la m6t gid tri cba n (1 sSSS 8S SSN Ss ss NIN ss sis[w ss s[wls Bang a) Vi tr ban iu :SG = 4 Bang b) Vit sau ki lat: SO= 0 Gi6 tri him SG img v6i trang thdi ban diu cia bing 14316 6 = 4, day la vj tri (N;.c6 thé di chuyén dén vj tri P bing cach lgt bin ding xu tai bin géc cia hinh chi nhét (3,3), (4, 4). Gid tri him SG cia vj tri méi 1&3 12 126 12 = 0. d) Tich Nim Tich Nim la phép ton c6 ki higu la thoa man nhang tinh chat s x@0=08x=0, x@1=1@x=x, ich Nim lién quan dén 36 6 dang 2” goi la sb Ferma dang lu thiva 2. Gié ti Ferma véi n = 0,1, 2,... tong img 1A 2, 4, 16, 256, 65536. Dya vo sf Ferma, tim két qua phép tich Nim nhu sau: 2 ex xx voi mgix <2” 2 2a Saat" 2 @2 = Bat Moi gid trix Ion hon 0 dbu ob gid tj nghich ddo. Vi dy nghjch dio cba 218 3 vi 2@3=28(26 1) =(282)9(281)=362=1. Vide 2816 =32, 16816 66 sa ruutu.runce en)24817 = (16@8)®16@1) = (16016) @ 681) @(8@16) O80!) =24@16@ 1288 =128; 8 (2® 4) = (2@5)@(4@5) = (28184) ©4084) 1©2)0(264)@ 184) @(44)=2080406=8 Trong truéng hop ching ta khéng thé phan tich x thanh téng Nim cia cde sb ahd hon thi cd thé phn tich x thanh tich Nim cua ede s6 nhé hon. Vidu2 : 8@8=(204)(204)=2820484=386-(201)8(4@2) =(2@4)®2.82)@(194)(1@2)=8030402=13, 38 (5@6)=38=30(204)=(302)@4=104=4, Cé nhidu tr choi cé thé giai dya vio tich Nim, Vidy 3. Trd choi Tartan Cho hai trd choi It xu mgt chigu la G, va G,. Trd choi Tartan la trd choi Iét xu trén bang hai chiéu hay la tro choi tich G,xG, cia cée trd choi Gy va Gz duge mé td nhw sau: néu mot Iugt di ding lugt trong G, 1a céch lat ede dng xu tai .%_ Va mdt lugt di ding lugt trong G, 1a cfch lft cde ding xu +p thi cach Igt céc déng xu tai cée vj tri (x,,y,), f Th 14 mot céch di hgp 1é trong tra choi tich G, xG, . Giai trd choi nay, dia vao ink If sau: Dinh Tartan Néu gi(x) va gy) 1a ham Sprague-Grundy ctia tré choi Gj va Gz thi ‘hdum g(x,y) ctia 6 choi G)xG2 6 gid tri la: g(x,y) = g,(x)® g,(y). 58) Xe Vi dy 4. Tro choi tich G = G,xG, v6i G, va G Ia céc trd lat xu mot chigu ‘Twins (mi lin Igt ding hai xu). Lat mot ding xu bat Ki tai (x,y) 1 mot phép di chuyén trong trd choi tich G, xG,: lat déng xu x trong G, va lét ding xu y trong G,. Tacé ham g cia trd choi Twins la: g(x) =x, x21 (chit $ bdr ddu tie 1), ‘V6i vj tri nhu bang a), ta tinh gid tr] SG cua vj tri nay bing tich Nim nhu sau: 076 (A, 3) trong G; «G,= (trd choi Twins) x (trd choi Twins) twong img véi vi tri 2 trong Gy va vj tri 4 trong Gz: nén c6 g(1, 3) ='gi(2)@ g2(4) = 2@4 = 8, tuong tu 9(3, 2) = 21(4)@ go(3) = 43 = 12, g(4, 4) = g1(5)@gx(5) = 55 =7. Do dd vv tri cia bang a) c6 gid tr] 1a 8@12@7 =3 46 1a vj tei NV. Mét céch di chuyén dén vj tri P 1a lat lign tiép bén déng xu tai vj tri (4, 4), (1, 2), (1, 4) va (4, 2) sé 6 him SG = 1@10@15=4 khi 46 bang a) thanh bang b) va vi tr bang b) 6 SG=8@1204 Bang tich Nim ‘Vj tri bang a) c6 SG = 3 | Vi tri bang b) cé SG = 0 Chi: ¥. V6i bai toan téng quat, khong dé dang thyc hién duge céch di chién thing vi sé lugng vi tri y di dén due tir mai vj trix 06 thé rét lén. Vidu 5. Tr® choi G= G, xG, voi G, vA Gz du 18 te choi Mock Turtles. Vi tri ban dau chi cé hai 6 c6 xu ngita (N) cn cdc 6 khéc la sp (S). Tim di chuyén tdi uu, SR Ay asd AS Buéc 1. Tinh gié tri SG cia vi tri ban diu: Dya vao gid tr} SG cita trd choi Mock Turtles: ey 2X Ue RD * lax+1 néu 2x Ia bit chin. 68x |o12345 6 7 8 9 oN 12134 ae [124 7[alii[is 14 16 19 21 22 25 26 28 va bang tich Nim, c6 thé tao bang SG cho tr choi G=G, x G, nay nhu sau: Co thé thy ring hai 6 ngua la 6 (0; 1) co SG = g1(0)®@ gx(1) = 182 =2 va 6 (4, 5) 66 SG = g1(4)@ gx(5) = 8@ 11 = 9, suy ra SG cia bang la 2@9=11. Suy ra, bude di chién thing 1a bién ddi 6 (4, 5) sao cho SG tir 9 thanh 2. Tuy nhién khéng dé dé tim ra cdch bién ddi nay (c6 176 céch khée nhau), Buc 2. Bién bi 6 (x, y) = (4,5) sao cho SG tir 9 thanh 2: Tai 6 (4, 5) c6 SG= 18 »2 ma (¥,,¥2) = (8, 11) trong 46 v1 = gi(x), v2= go(y). Ta cdn tim (uu) ma trong G cé u; 1a gid tej cba vj tri méi sau di chuyén tir vj tri x, trong Gz 6 uw, 1a gid tr cia vj tri méi sau di chuyén tir vi tri y voi uy, tir 11 thanh 10 (trong G2), Dé chuyén gid tri ham g; tt 8 thanh 3 (trong G,) cO thé lat xu tai 0, 1 va 4 vi 69g,(0)® g,(1)=1@2=3. Dé chuyén g» tir 11 vé thanh 10 (trong Gz), ta + gtxutgi 1, 4vaS vi g,()@g,(4)=288=10 Do 46 trong trd choi G= G,xG, clin di chuyén 9 dng xu tai cée vi tri ‘thudc tich (0, 1, 4} x {1, 4, 5}. Sau di chuyén sé t6i vj tri nhu bang sau: 012345 o{sjs]s s[N|N 1/S|N|S-s|NIN 2|ss sss 8 a|ss sss s a|s[n|s sinis ‘Kiém tra Iai ta st thdy ham SG tai vi tri nay bang 0. Téng quét gidi bai todn Tartan. Gia sit ching ta dang dimg tai vi tri (x,y) cia trd choi tich G,xG, voi SG la g(x,y) = g,(x)@g,(y) =~ Ki higu vi = gi(x), v2 = gx(y) va v = (v,,¥;). Can di chuyén dén vj tri méi c6 SG Ia u = (u,,u,) trong 46 u1 = gy(x’) ma x’ Ia vj tri sau x trong Gi, u2 = go(y’) ma y Ia vi tri sau y trong Gz. Thue hign cée bude sau: Bude 1. Tim e&p (t,t) s40 cho: (1m ® )® (uy Bvz)@(v, Say) = Bude 2. Tim tip M, trong G, bién gid tri g\(x)=¥, thanh gid tri-u, voi u, x}. Luu ¥. Tro choi nay danh chién thing rat dé ding cho ngudi thir nhit (la lay hét moi quan ngay tir phép di chuyén dau tién). Nhung vige tinh ham ‘Sprague-Grundy c6 ¥ nghia phuc vu cho trd choi tng ma At-Least-Haft la ‘m@t trd choi thanh phan, 9.15. Trd choi Wythoff Trén ban cd vua kich thuée 8x8 4at mgt quén hgu. Hai ngudi choi ‘v6i mdi lugt di 1a di chuyén quan héu voi s6 bude tuy ¥ theo huéng thing xuéng, ngang sang trdi, hoc i chéo xudng géc tréi-dudi. Khi quan hu di dén géc tréi-dudi thi tro choi két that, Tim ham Sprague-Grundy cia tro choi ”9.16. Tim phép chuyén t6i un ti vj tri ban du cho tré choi tSng-ci ba trd choi: = Tro choi chiin-Ié v6i ege 18 quén; + Trd choi At-Least-Haft v6i coe 17 quan; = Trd choi Nim chudn mét e9¢ 7 quin. 9.17. Trd choi Grundy Trd choi nay c6 phép chuyén hop I la chia mét coc thanh hai coe c6 kich ‘thwée khée nhau. Ngudi nao cé phép chuyén cuéi ciing thi thing (rd rang 6 hai vj tri két thie la cge 1 quan va coe 2 quén). a) Tinh gid trj ham Sprague-Grundy cho trd choi nay khi coc ban du c6 Kich thuée n quan (véi n= 1, 2,3, .... 13). b) Xét trd choi Grundy véi ba coc ban dau c6 sé quan la 5, 8 va 13. Tim ‘cbc phép chuyén ti wu du tién néu 6. 9.18. Tr choi Kayler C6 13 quén bowing siip thnh mét hang, nhung quén thi hai d& bj ha 43 (xem hinh vé). ry a) Chimg t6 vi tri nay 1a. b) Tim phép chuyén chién thing. Khi 46 quan bowing nao s€ bj ha? 9.19. Trd choi Rims MOt vi tri cila trd choi Rims 1a mot tp hw han cham tron trén mat phiing cé thé bj ngiin céch béi mét vai duémg vong kin khong cit nhau. Mot phép i chuyén 1a vé-mdt vong kin di qua mét vai chim tron nao 46 (it nhdt 1a mot diém) nhung khong cat cfic vong khéc. Hai ngudi choi lin Iugt thye hién di chuyén, nguai cé phép chuyén cudi cing la ngudi chién thing. 8) Chimg t6 trd choi nay 14 mt dang ciia Nim; b) Vi vi tri cho nhu hinh vé, tim phép di chuyén chién thing néu cé. 159.20, Tro choi co Dawson 16 Cé hai hang quan tét den va tring 46i dign nhau, céch nhau mt hing tréng. Mét quan tdt chi c6 thé di lén mOt 6 tréng phia trude hdc bude phai bit mot quan ca di phuong 4a 6 6 ké chéo bén trii hoge bén phai cia 6 chira quan t6t nay. Tim cdch choi dé ngudi choi sau sé thing. Vi dy, Néu Tring di tir 8 03 dén 6 a2 (ki higu 03-22), Ben di bl-a2 bit quin Tring 6 a2, Tring di b3-a2 bit quén den tai a2. C6 hinh anh nh hinh (@): mot cap quan t6t bj loai va dai hot di Bay gio dén tugt Den di. Gia sit Den di f1-f2, Tring ¢3-f2, Den ¢l-[2, Tring g3-£2, Den gl-f2. C6 két qué nhwr hinh (b): hai c&p quan t6t bi loai va d6i hugt di. abedefgh abcodefgh Do véy tr choi nay c6 thé coi la tro choi trén mot hang ¢6 7 6 vudng dé trng. Hai ngudi choi lan higt ghi X vao mOt 6 tréng khéng ké vai 6 da co X, Nguddi ghi cht X cudi ciing thing. Tro choi nay c6-thé m6 ta nhur trd choi trén mot coe e6 thé bo bét cde quan trén.cgc ho’c-chia cgc thanh hai cgc. Néu n = 1 c6 ding mét phép chuyén_ tdi m= 0. Voi n > 1. M@t phép ghi X’ vio 6 6 mot trong hai dau dong 1a tuong img loai trir hai quin 6 diu d6 cia coc. Dit X tai 0 céch 6 & mot trong hai diu khoang cach mét 6 tong duong logi trit ba quan khdi coc. Dt X tai 6 khong phai nhur hai loai trén (va kh6ng phai tai 6 ké 6 Xd’ c6) ‘twong dong logi trit ba quan khoi coc va chia coc thanh hai ege méi. Véy uy lugt di chuyén trong trd choi may la: (1) Néu.cge chi 6 mot quan thi logi b6 quain nay;(2) Cé thé loai bo hai quan; (3) Cé thé logi bé ba quan; (4) Chia coc dé thanh hai cgc c6 tng s6 quan gidm di 3. Hay tim bude chuyén chién thing khi n = 18. 9.21. Lép chuong trinh tfnh tich Nim eta hai s6 x va y. 9.22. Tra chot It xu Twins Cho day m+ 1 déng xu danh s6 tir 0 dén n, ddng xu n ngita, cdc ddng xu khéc sap. M6t lugt di 1a 1@t dng xu ngita thanh sp va mét déng xu khéc tuy ¥ 6 bén tréi dang sp thanh ngira. ‘Xéy dung him SG cho céc vj tr cla tr choi nay. 9.23. Trd choi Igt xu Ruler Cho mot hing gdm n déng xu, danh sé tir 1 dén n, dng xu n dang ngita, cén cfc déng xu khdc thi sip. M6t lugt di la lat dng thoi mét sé déng xu véi dilu kign cde dmg xu la lién tiép va dng xu bén phai nhdt dang ngita bj lat thanh sp. Xay dung ham SG cho céc vj tri trong trd choi nay. 9.24, Trd choi Grunt Cho mét hang gim n + 1 ddng xu, danh sé tir 0 dén n, déng xu n dang ‘ngita, con cdc déng xu khdc thi s4p. Mét lugt di 1a 14t bén déng xu c6 vi tri di ximg qua vj tri chinh gitta cia déng xu bén trai nhdt va ddng xu bén phai nhat. Xay dyng ham SG cho céc vj tri trong trd choi nay. 9.25. Trd choi Turning Corners Ban cd vudng kich thuée n x m duge chia thinh cée 6 vuéng va dénh toa 46 nhu sau: 6 géc trén-phai c6 toa 46 (0; 0), hodnh 46 tang dan tir tréi qua hai, tung d6 ting dan tir trén xudng dudi. Trén mdi 6 vudng oé thé dat mét dng xu (ngira hodc sp). Hai ngudi choi lin Iuot, Mt lugt di la chon. ‘mt hinh cht nhgt nhé trong ban cd c6 géc phai-duéi la (x; y)-ma déng xu tai 6 nay dang ngita va ba dng xu ¢ ba géc cén lai cia hinh, chit nh§t nho nay dang sip. Sau 46 ngudi choi cin lgt ding xu dang ngita thanh sdp va bba ding xu 6 ba géc cin Iai cha hinh chit nhét clin iét think ngta. Ngudi ‘chat nao sp auge ddng xu cud1 cung thi théng cuge. Lép trinh cho biét trang thai ban dau cia ban cd 1a N hay P? Néu trang thai 1a, hay tim mot bude di chién thing. Input: Tép Bai9_25.inp chita trang thai ban dau cua ban cd: © Dong dau tién 18 s6 nguyén duong n; 7* Tiép theo lan + 1 dong thé hign ban cb, mbi dong c6 m + 1 s6 0 hode 1 (s6 0 thé hign ding xu sdp, s6 1 thé hign déng xu ngita). Output: Tép Bai9_25.out = Dong dau ghi sé 1 néu trang thai ban dau ca ban ci 1a N, ghi s6 0 néu trang thai ban dau la P. = Néu trang thai ban dau la N thi dong thit hai ghi toa d6 (x, y) & géc phai- dduéi cia hin cht nhat nhé trong bude di chién thing. Hen ché: n < 21, IIL.Trd choi hai ngudi cé tang diém bang 0 J. Mota a) Dang chién thuat M6 hinh todn hgc don gin cua trd choi Hai ngudi choi cé ting diémi bang 01a bé ba (%, Y, 4), Trong dé: © X la tap khong rdng, goi la tap chién thuat cho ngudi thir nhét; © Ya tép khéng rng, goi la tép chién thugt cho ngudi thtt hai © 418 him lugng gid c6 gid tri thive, xéc dinh tren tp XKY (mdi phan ni cita tap 1a c&p (x, ») ma xeX va ye ¥); voi mbi e&p (x, y) xée dinh duy nhdt m6t gid tr] A(x, y) la mét sé thye. i. Trong trd choi nay, voi mi cap (x; y) ham Iugng gid diém cho ngudi thir hai 1a gid tri 48i cia ham lugng gid diém cho ngudi thit nbft néa chi cln quan ‘tim t6i him lung gid tinh diém cho ngudi thir nhdt (1a A). Hai ngudi choi phai chon déng thdi chién thugt cua minh; ngudi thir nit chon x e X'va ngudi thit hai chon y € ¥. Sau sy Iya chon cia hai nguvi, néu A(x, y) > 0 thi ngudi thit nbdt thing A(x, y) diém tir ngudi thir hai, nguge lai néu A(x, y) <0 ‘thi ngudi thir nhét phai tra [A(x, y)| diém cho ngudi thir hai. b) Chién thuat cin bing bé minh hog cho chién thugt can bing, chung ta xét tro choi Chdn-Lé nhu sau: Quy uée goi ngudi thir nhét 1a La, ngudi thir hai la Chin. Gia sir tap chién thuat cla ngudi thir nhdt la. X= {1, 2}, tap chién thuat cia ngudi thit hai la Y= (1, 2}. ‘Hai ngudi déng thoi chon: ngudi thir nhét chon x © X, ngudi thit hai chon y € Y; Bnéu x * y le thi nguéi thir abit thing A(x, y) = =x +y diém, nguge lai néu x+y chin thi nguOi thir nhdt nbn sé diém la ~( + y) nghia la mat (x +y) diém, Vay hi tinh diém cho ngudi thi nhat thi bang diém (x, ») nhu sau: ‘Nguoi thit hai chon y bing 1 2 . ft] 2 - Ngudi thir nhét chon x bing 2,8 4 Gia sir ngudi thir nit chon chién thugt “1” véi tan sudt 3, chon chién thugt “ véi tn suit 2 (ching han trong 1000 lan choi, ngudi thir nhét c6 600 Lin chon “1” va 400 lan chon™2 a) Néu ngudi thit hai chon “I” thi ngudi thir nhdt se mét axd diém va sé duge 3x2 diém trong mgt lin. Vay trng binh mot dn chon ngudi the anhdt thu dirge sx2-2x30 (aim. ) Néu nguoi thir hai chon 2 thi ngudi thir nhdt durge a3 diém va mat a2 diém trong mot lin. Véy trung binh mt lin chon ngudi thir nhét thu duge gxdnand i 1.2 (diém), 5 Nguoi thir nhét véi sw Iva chon nhu trén, sé hoa khi ngudi thir hai chon “1” va sé thing 0.2 diém khi ngudi thir hai chon “2”, Vay big chién thugt ngudi thir ohdt chon “1” voi tan aut 2 » chon “2” véi tin sult 2 > ngudi thir nhdt lun thing, bat ké ngudi thir hai an “1” hay “2”, xét ae hop téng quat: 79Gia sir tdn sudt chon “1” cia ngudi thir nhit 14 p, chon “2” 1a 1 — p thi gid tri trung binh tra vé cho ngudi thir nhdt khi ngudi thir hai chon “1” 1a 3(1 -p)- 2p =3 - Sp ‘va khi nguoithit hai chon “2” la 3p — 4(1 — p) = 7p - 4. Vay cdn chon p biing m6t gid tri nao 46 sao cho ngudi thir nhat dat durge diém ‘cao nhét ma khong phy thuge vio cdich chon ca ngudi thi hai. Ta xét cde dé thj v = 3 - Sp va v = 7p — 4 trén doan (0; 1]. Gid tr) ca v thé hién gid tr] tra vé ngudi thir nhét. Hai dé thj nay giao nhau tai diém (p; v) = (3:4) ‘inh 94. Md phing td chot cn bing Biém (% 3) 1a didm thé ign ngubi thi nt thing 5 ciém Khong phy thuge vao a chon cia ngudi thir nai Céch choi cia ngudi thir nhat chon “1” véi xée sudt — 3 chon “2” voi xe sult [> nh thé goi la chién thuat can bing. Caich choi dat duge chién thang (tinh trung binh) khong phy thudc vao adi phwong choi nhue thé nao dud goi la chién thugt cin bing hay chién thudt MiniMax. M@t sé khdi nigm khéc trong trd choi hai ngudi cé ting diém bing 0: 80* M6i chién thugt trong céc tap chién thugt X hode Y 14 nhting chién thuat thudn tuy. Té hop ede chién thugt thuln tuy véi céc tin sudt khdc nhau ta eb mét chién thugt hén hop. Tét nhién mdi chién thugt thudn tuy x € X cling c6 thé xem lA mt chién thuat hn hop néu coi nhu chién thygt thuan tuy nay duge chon véi tin sudt bing 1, céc chién thugt thudn tuy cdn Iai duge chon v6i tan sudt bing 0. * Tro choi hai ngudi cé téng diém bing 0 v6i mé hinh toan hoe (X, ¥, A) goi ld c6 61 han khi va chi khi X va Ya eéc tp hu han va tn tai him Luong gif A. + Trong céc dinh Ii co ban vé li thuyét 7r6 choi hai ngudi cd téng diém bing 0 ‘Von Neumann cé djnh Ii ndi tiéng sau day: Dink li Minimax ° V6i tré choi hai ngudi cé tong diém béng 0 va cé gigi han thi: () Ton tai mot sé V hitu han (goi la gid tr] eita tr6 choi), (2) Co mor chién thugt hén hop cho nguci thi nhdt ma gid tri trung Dinh dat duge cita ngudi thit nhdt it nhdt la V, bdt ké nguoi thie +ai di nue thé nao. 3) Cé mor chién thugt hin hgp cho nguedi thit hai ma gid tri trung inh nguoi thit hai phai tra nhiéu nhdt Ia V, bdt ké ngudi thit nhdt di nluc thé nao. Néu V= 0 thi ta néi tr choi d8 hoa. Néu V> 0 thi ta néi trd choi dan wu tién (66 loi) cho ngudi thir nhét, <0 thi trd choi danh wu tién cho ngudi thi hai Vi dy. An va Binh ding mét sb quan bai Ti lo kho dé t8 chite trd choi. An cé quan At den (s6 cia quan At coi nhw 1d 1). va quan 8 46, Binh 6 quén 2 46 va quan 7 den. Hai ngudi ddng thai chon mét trong hai quin bai cia minh, Néu hai quan bai dugc chon cia hai ngudi la cing mau thi An thing, ngugc lai thi Binh thing. Sé diém dat duge 18 téng céc s6 ghi trén hai quén bai. Tim him 4, gid tr} 1d choi va chién thugt hn hgp ti uu cia trd choi. Binh chon 240 [7 den At()den| -3 | 8 eas__[ 10 | -15 ‘An chon x ruta rmnoe 81Phén tich tré choi trén quan diém ciia An, Gia sit An chon “At (1) den” véi tin sudt p va chon “8 46” véi tin sudt 1 — p. Khi 46: Néu Binh chon “2 do” thi gid trj trung binh tra vé cho An 1a -3p + 10(1 — p) = 10 ~ 13p. Néu Binh chon “7 den” thi gid trj trung binh tra vé cho An la 8p — 15(1 — p) = 23p — 15. Thuét tdi aru cho An Ia chon p sao cho: 10 - 13p = 23p- 15 > p 2 Khi dé An ohén duge trang binh it nhét cing az dim. Phan tich tré choi theo quan diém cia Binh, Gid sit Binh chon “2 46” voi tan sudt p va chon “7 den” véi tin sudt 1 —p. Khi 46: Néu An chon “At (1) den” thi gid trj trung binh tra vé cho Binh la 3p — 8(1 ~ p) = 11p — 8. Néu An chon “8 46” thi gid tr} trung bink tra vé cho Binh la -10p + 15(1 ~ p) = 15 ~ 25p. Thugt 1t6i wu cho Binh lA chon p sao cho: 11p ~ 8 = 15 — 25p > p-B Khi 46 gid t 5 tra-cho Binh la nghia la Binh phai tra trung binh nhiéu nhat 1a 2 diém cho An, Trd choi nay lu6n wu tién cho déu thi‘An. Gid tr trd choi IA &. 2. Tro choi ma trn a) Ma tran lugng gid Trd choi hai ngudi cé téng diém bing 0 va cé6 giéi han véi dang chién thugt (& ¥, 4) cdn duge goi la tr6 choi ma tran. NEU A= (1,35 ny Hm} VAY = O1,.92, 4 Ya). Ham lugng gid A c6 thé bidu dign bing mt ma tran dang: ‘trong 46 A(x; ; y;) = ay la gid tr} ham lugng gid tai dong i, ot / (ngudi thir nhét chon chién thugt nguyén thuy x, va ngudi thir hai chon chién thugt nguyén thuy y,). Oi khi ma tran A duge viét don gidn la A(ay)moun Voi i= 1m; j 82 sec ranutuarmnoe (onQuy dinh: Ngudi thir nhat chon hang i (i= 1, 2, ..., m), ngudi thir hai chon ¢6t/ (= 1, 2, ..., m) thi ngudi thir hai phai tra cho ngudi thir nht sb diém ay ghi tai giao cia hang va e6t 4% chon. Vay gid tri nay 1a diém thing cho ngudi chon hang, la diém thua cho ngudi chon c6t. Mét chién thugt hdn hop cho ngudi thir nat 1a vecto p = (p1, pa, :--» Pm) gdm céc tan suat p; (i =1, 2, ..., m) c6 tong bing 1. ‘Néu ngudi thir nhdt sir dung chién thugt hn hop nay va ngudi thir hai chon c6t (hi gid trung binh tré cho ngudi thi ude 1a 5 pja, . Twong ty chién thuge hn hop cho ngudi thirhai la vecto q = (q1, ga, =» gx) gdm cdc tan sudt g, (j= 1, 2,...7) 06 téng bing 1. Néu ngudi thir hai str dung q va ngudi thir nhét chon hang i thi gi tr trung binh tra cho nguai thir mht la 3°,4). Liu ¥. Trong tinh toan, thay vige biéu dién vecto p bing biéu dién mét ma tran Ps £6 kich thude mel, d6 la ma tin p=|?? |. Ma tran chuyén vj cia p la ma trim Pe P=(P, Py Pq) vaciing c6 thé biéu di&n vecto g = (91, G2, «+ gn) thay 4 bling ma trén q = * (6 kich thude mx1 . Ma trén chuyén vj cha né 1A ma tran. 4 6 kich thude Lxn, 46 lama tring” =(4, g) da)» b) Biém yen ngya Phan tir ay cia ma trén A duge goi 1a phan tk yén ngya (diém yén ngya) néu thoa man hai digu kign: = ayla phn tir nhé nbdt trong hang i © ay la phan tir lon nhét trong cot j. R6 ring, néu ay la diém yén ngya thi ngudi thir nhdt sé luén thing it nhdt 1a ay bing céch chon hing i, ngudi thit hai c6 thé gitt cho sy thiét hai cla minh khong qué ay néu chon c6t/ . Do dé ay la gid tr} cia tro choi. 83431 Vidya. A=|3 5 2 061 Ma tran A 6 diém yén ngya la a33 = 2. Do a6 chién thugt t6i wu cho ngudi thir hat 1& chon hang 2 va cho ngudi thir hai ld chon ct 3. Gia tr} cia trd choi bing 2 ‘va vecto p = (0, 1, 0) la chién thuat hén hgp téi wu cho ngudi thir nhdt va chién thu§t tdi wu cho ngudi thit hai la vecto q = (0, 0, 1). ¢) Giai trd choi trén ma tran 2x2 ab Cho trd choi ¢6 ma tran lugng gid a(i ¢ ). git ent my cing thyc hign nhw sau: © Tim diém yén ngya. © Néu cé diém yén ngya thi ding diém yén ngwa dé xAy dimg chién thuat ti uu. Néu khdng cé diém yén ngya thi ding chién thuat can bing. Gi sir A khOng c6 diém yén ngya. Khi 46 c6 thé chimg minh: (fare boxe ord, dea a ay voi moi J =1,2,..4 m (khi d6 ta cfing néi hang thi & bj chi phdi boi hang thir #). Ta néi hang thir cila ma trim A = (a,) chi phéi nghiém ngat hang thit k néu ay> ay véi ‘moi j = 1, 2, ..., n. Tuong ty, ot thir j cla 4 chi phéi (hode chi phéi nghiém nga) c6t thit knéu a, < au (hoge ay 4] én day dé dang tim duge gid trj tro choi lav. 6 thé t6 hop cia hon 2 hang (hoge e6t) sé chi ph6i mot hang (hog c6t) khéc. 13°53 Vidg. Xét matrin A=|4 0 2 2]. 3735 To hap ede e6t 1, 2 vi 3 véi ef tin suit cho mai cbt la chi phbie6t 4, do 46 6 thé xoa ct 4. . Lucu y. Khong phai moi trd choi ma trén déu cé thé rit gon bing ludt chi phéi. Vi. dy, ma trén c6 diém yén ngya thi khong cé hing hoa c6t nao bi chi phéi. ©) Giai céc trd choi ma tran 2xn va mx2 L6i gidi cdc trd choi ma tran dang 2xn va mx2 c6 thé minh hoa bing 48 thi. 2315 Xét te choi véi ma wan A= . week nna 6 16 3 Gia sir ngudi thir nhat chon hang 1 vi tin suét p va chon hang 2 véi tin sudt 1 — p. Khi 46: néu ngudi the hai chon cét 1 thi gia tri tra cho ngudi thir nhdt la 2p + 4(1 — p)= 4 ~ 2p. Néu ngudi thit hai lan Iuot chon e6t 2, 3, 4 thi gid tr] tra cho ngudi thir nhdt tuong img la: 3p + (I= p) = 1 + 2p, p + 6(1 ~ p) = 6 — Sp va Sp. Xét che dé thi cba v= 4 - 2p, v= 1+ 2p, v= 6 — Sp va v= 5p trén [031]. Fink 9.5 87Voi mbi gid tr} xc djnh cia p, ngudi thir nhét c6 thé nhén duge mét gid tr) 1a gia tr] nhd nhdt trong bbn gia trj cla céc ham v néu trén trong img v6i p, khi 46 kh6ng phy thude vao céch chon cia ngudi tht hai. Gid tri nhé nhat nay 1a gid tr} ciia mét ham e6 46 thj la duémg dim chay trén céc duémg thap nhat trong bén dung trén. Diém cao nbét trén duimg dam nay e6 hodnh 46 p=>. Didu dé 6 7 nghfa la khi chon hang 1 véi tin sudt p~> thi ngudi thé nit nhgn duuge gi tri Jon nhit trong ed gid trj t6i thidu e6 thé phai nhén, gié tri nay kh6ng phy thude 7 ‘vao cdch chon cia ngudi thir hai, Gid trj lon nhdt dé Ia v,.. = i Qua 46 thi, ching ta cing nhan thdy gid tri 3 chi la hoanh d6 giao diém cia Ot 2.va3, nghia la cbt 1 khéng tham gia vio tim p. Bidu nay cé thé I gti vi c6t 1 bi chi ph6i bai che o9t 2 va 3 v6i cing ti1¢ 4. Ngodi ra edn thy p=5 chi 7 ‘hoanh 46 giao diém cia hai duémg img véi c6t 2 va 3 nén chi cin xét ma trén: ( 3) (mic du 48 thj cia c6t 4 c6 tham gia vio duémg dam, tir 46 eting c6 thé 3 tinh dirge p 3. qelvay a. Véy chién thugt t6i wu cia ngudi thir nhdt 1a ) 7 (33) vv chién thugtt6i wu cba ngudi thi hai 1a (o: 5.2 3. Nguyén Uf trung lip a) Tinh gid tr] trd choi Cho trd choi ma tran yoi ma trén lugng gid 1d A(@)) man. Néu ngurdi thit hai ding chién thugt hn hop t6i wu 18 p = (P1, Pa, «1 Pm) Va ngudi thir hai sit dung edt j thi gid trj trung binh tra cho ngudi thi nat 1a Spa, Néu V la gid trj trd choi trong chién thugt t6i mu p thi: So p,a,2V Vy 2p q). ‘Tuong ty khi ngudi thir hai ding chién thudt ti uu g = (91, g25 .-. Qn)o gud’ thir dt chon dong / thi gi tr tr choi ma ngudi thir hai phai tré a S.a,q, thoa man: 88Lag, sh Vi=1,2,.0m. Q) Khi ca hai ngudi cing ding chién thugt t6i wu thi veVdq,- S455 (Ena = Eda, Le, (Se } Soren Suy ra V = Ed p04, (3) do dé V 1a phan tir duy nhét cia ma tran 1x1: p"Ag. Trong nhiéu céng thite tinh toan ma tran, dé don gin ki hiéu, quy woe phan ti duy nhat ctia ma trén 1x1 thay cho chinh ma trn. Do 46 : = pa, ay =AGs,»,) b) Binh If can bang ‘Nguyén Ii trung lép duge thé hign qua dinh Ii sau day goi la dinh Ii cén bing: Dink tt Cho tr6 choi ma trén véi ma trén liegng gid lat A(a,)mm néu ngudi thie nhdt ding chién thudt hin hop t6i wu p= (Bi, Pa ns Pm) Vd ngueoi this hai ding chién thugt hén hop t61 wu q = (Qi 2.» qn), id tri tr6 chor dat adieoe Ia V thi Spa, =¥ v6 mot cory 6.4.70 a va Ya,q,=V v6i moi dang i cé p>0 (3). 89Nho dinh 1 chién thuat ‘chimg minh Ta ching minh (5): Gld st c6 dong & v6i px>O ma Ve Saya, thi theo 2) eb ¥>Ya,g, 6. Suye0 DV +t DAV tent Dal =VEED, =V. Din ti 7 0 véi moi i= 1, 2, 3 nén c6 hg gdm ba phuong trinh Sa,¢,=V vagit q+ a= 1. Nhung do ma trén A la ma tr§n d6i ximg nén hé nay tuong ty hé (1) trong dé ey 4) han thdy céc g, du duong nén chdp nhin dugé hé (1) va suy ra cde két qua tim thdy 1a chp nhfn duge. Védy 2. Trd choi trén ma tran vudng mxm c6 cée phan tir trén duémg chéo chink 1a cde 86 duong dj, dz, ..., dy, cde phan tir con lai 1a 0 thay p, boi gy suy ra -( da 0. 0 aff or oh 000d Ap dung dinh li cn bing c6 thé gidi trd choi nay nhur sau : Gi sir chién thugt ti uu ‘dn hop ctia ngudi thi nbét 18 p = (Pi, par .... Pm) cha ngudi thir hai 1d qm). Néu q, du duromg, chiing ta ¢6 he: ped)= V voi moi i= 1, «4 m. Suy rap, =~ (a) véi moi i= 1, ... m. Cong timg vé cée ding thie eta hé (a) ta 6: Do ma trén d6i ximg nén suy ra q, = (b) voij=1,...,m Do V> 0, p> 0 voi moi i= 1, .. m va. q> 0-véi moi j= 1, due cde két qua nay. Védy 3. Trd choi ma tran tam gide. Trong tro choi nay ma tran trd choi c6 dang: cdc phan tir 6 phia trén (hoc dudi) durémg chéo chinh déu bing 0. Xét mot dang oy thé: mnén chap nhgn 1123 4 O01 23 T oo 1 2 0001 Néu g, ddu duong, ta 06 hé (4) $p,a, = Dm =v ay [2th = 0 © : wie 3p, -2P. +P, = V 4D, + 3p) -2p, + Py =V. Suy rap, = 3V; py= AV; pe= AV. Do 46: 1 = pi + p+ ps + pa= 120 va tit oped baad 46 din tis Vat va pa( 1, " mo? ( SSspitst | 6 thé 18 chién thugt t6i wu cho ngudi 1243 3) “it * thir nhét. Do cée p, déu duong nén twong ty tit h 34,9, =¥ (5) eting suy ra 1 1 1 ras esa ‘trong két qua céc p, va g, déu duong nén két qua nay durgc chdp nhén. Vi du 4, Trd choi trén ma tr di ximg hi. 4 14 trd chai han ché, c6 ma trén Iugng gia la ma trén vudng mxm va bio dim ay —ay v6i moi i,j = 1, 2yuo m. Tr choi Gidy-Kéo-Btia 1a dién hinh cia logi nay. Trong trd choi Gidy-Kéo-Biia, ngudi thir nhét va ngudi thir hai ddng thdi chon va hign ra mOt trong ba vat: gidy, kéo hoge bia. Néu hai ngudi chon vat nh nhau thi gié tri tra vé 1a 0. Néu hai vat chon 1a khéc nhau thi : Kéo thing Gidy, Bua thing Kéo, Gidy thiing Bia, Néu gid trj tra vé cho ngudi thing 1a 1, c6 ma tran Iuong gid nh sau: ) 6 thé 1a chién thugt ti wu cho ngudi thi hai. Do ‘Ngudi thir ha Gily_Kéo Bia Gidy | 0 T-1 [1 Neudi thirnhdt [Kéo [1 [0 | -1 Bia | —1 | 1 [0 92Ma trén nay déi xing bi, nén trd choi thudc logi déi ximg. Céc phiin ti trén dying chéo chinh bing 0 (diéu nay cling ding cho mt ma tran déi ximg bu bat KG vi ay= ay nén.ay~ 0 v6i moi i= 1... m). Dé dang giai céc"hé (4) va (5) duoc két qua: p: (Foy) oa eit cts aV=0. (Cé thé chimg minh téng quét: Trong tr choi han ché c6 ma trén di ximg bi thi gid tri trd choi bing 0. Mot chién thugt tdi wu cia ngudi nay ciing la chién thudt t6i wu cua ngudi kia. ©) Cac bat bién Dink nghta 1 Gia sir G = (X, ¥, 4) 1A mOt trO choi cé gidi han va g 14 mét phép bién déi 1-1 cia ¥ lén ¥. Trd choi G 1a bat bién dudi tic dOng cia g néu voi mbi xeX, thi co uy nhét mot x’ sao cho: A(x, y) = AG’, 209) voi moi ye Y. Vi dy. Xét td choi G = (X, Y, A) trong 46 méi chién thudt nguyén thuy trong X va ¥ la chon mt c§p s6 nhu trong bang sau : Céc chién thuat nguyén thuy Y cha ngudi ad | 03 1 0 CChién thugt nguyén thuy X eta ea nguoi thir nhét 2 2 3 1 2 4 Tap Y= {G, 0), (2, 1), (1, 2), (, 3)}, phép bién d6i g duge dinh nghia nhu sau: (3, 9) = (0, 3); (0, 3) = G, 0); 2(@2, 1))= C2); (1,2) = 2D. 931a 4nh xq 1-1 cia ¥ lén ¥ va trd choi G la bat bién dui téc dong cia g. Ta cé thé kiém tra diéu nay, ching hgn x = (4, 0), y = (0, 3) thi A(x, y) = 0 va 06 duy nhét x’ = (0, 4), e() = (3, 0) ma AG’, gQ)) = AG, y). Tong ty 06 thé kiém ‘ra véi moi gid tri khdc ola x va y. Bb ae1 Néu tro choi hitu han G=(X, ¥, A) la bdt bidn didi hai phép bién adi 1-1 1a g, vag, thi G eiing bdt bién duedi phép bibn abi gg duege xée dinh sao cho g2.8iV)=8A8i))- Bé dé2 ‘Néu tr6 chai hitu han G=(X, ¥, A) bdt bién debi phép bién adi 1-1 g thi G cing bdt bién dudi phép bién déi g' (g" la phép nghich dao ctia g duge dinh nghia: g.g"= g'.g=e (e(y)=y vdi moi ye). Do dé cée phép bién di g én Y lam tré choi bat bién 4a tao thanh m9t nhém ghm t hop nbn cée phép bién 46i. Phin tit don vj ciia nhom 1a phep bién 461 dng nhat e. Tap @ gdm cdc phép bién déi Z twong img trén X ciing tao thanh mOt nhém voi phan tir ddng nbit la @ ma 2(x)= x voi moi xeX. Dink nghta 2 ‘MOt trd choi hiru han G = (X, Y, A) la bat bién trén nhém cae phép bién doi néu né bit bién voi moi phép bién déi g oa yo, nghia la: AG, y) = A(E(2), )) voi moi x EX va voi moi y €Y xay ra vi moi ge g. Dink nghta 3 ‘Trong trd choi hitu han G = (X, ¥, A) bat bién trén nhém g (nhém cdc phép bién 440i 1-1 cia ¥ lén ¥), mét chién thuat hén hgp q = (q(1), 4(2), .-- 9(”)) cho ngudi thir hai duge goi la chién thudt bdt bién dudi nhém go néu: q(e(y)) = 4) voi moiy € Yvavéi moi ge @ Dink it Néu tro. choi hitu han G=(X, ¥, A) bdt bién didi nhdm gp thi tén tai mt chién thudt bdt bién 16i wu cho céc ngudi choi.Vidy 1. Tré choi ghép xu Hai ngudi choi ding thoi chon va hign mot mat cla mét déng xu dang cim (ddng xu cé hai mat: sip va ngiza). Nguoi thir nit thiing néu hai mat xu ca hai ngudi giéng nhau, ngugc Igi thi ngudi thir hai thing. Ma trén luong gid la 1 -r ae 1 7) ‘rong tr choi ghép xu, X= = (1, 2} vaACL, 1) = AQ, 2)=1 con A(1, 2) = AQ, 1) = -1 Neudi thir hai Neita | Sép ‘Nguoi thir ahdt [Netra] | —1 Sip | -1 | 1 ‘rd choi ghép xu G(X, ¥, A) a bat bién dudi nhém jo=(e, g), trong 46 e la phép dng nhat con g la phép bién d6i sao cho g(1) = 2; g(2) = 1. Chién thugt hn hop (GQ1), 4(2)) la bat bién dudi nhém go néu q(1) = q(g(1)) = 42). Do q(1) + 9(2)=1 + ta mgt chién thugt cho ngudi thr ha nén da goi ¥ ring q(1) = q(2) = 2 Twong ty p(1) = p(2) = ; 1a m@t bat bién duy nhat va'do dé efing la chién thugt cho ngudi thir nhdt. Vi dy 2. Tré choi Gidy-Kéo-Bia la bat bién dudi nhém g = {e, g, g*} voi a(gidy) = kéo, g(kéo) = bia, g(bia) ~ gidy. Do dé: q(gidy) = g(g(gidy)) = g(kéo) = q(g(kéo)) = g(bua). Vay chién thuat tdi wueé tan sudt + ‘cho mai loai gify, bia va kéo. Vi du 3. Trd choi Colonel Blotto Phat biéu. Ngudi choi thir nhdt 14 dai t4 Colonel Blotto c6 bén trung doan cdn chiém hai tram. Ngudi choi thir hai la dai té Lieutenant Kije cé ba trung doan. ‘fing muén chiém hai tram nay. Méi bén déu muén giti nhidu trung doan nhdt 42 chiém mot tram va cdc trung doan cén Iai ding 48 chiém tram kia, Gid trj tra vé 95cho ngudi choi nhu sau: sé dugc mot diém khi chiém duge mot tram va mét diém khi bit duge mOt trung doan cia déi phuong (khi sé quin giri dén dong hon sé bat duge toan bé cde trung doan cia déi phuong). Néu hai bén giti cing mét s6 lugng trung doan t6i m6t tram thi cé hai cing phai rit lui va khong duge diém nao. Colonel Blotto cdn quyét dinh phan bé lye lugng cia minh nhu thé nao t6i chiém hai tram? Phan tich. Co nam chién thugt thudn tuy ma Colonel Blotto 6 thé thyc hign la X= ((4, 0), GB, 1), (2, 2), (1, 3), (©, 4)}, 6 day (m1, m) tutong ting voi chién thudt giti m; trung doan di chiém tram 1, giti m2 trung doan di chiém tram 2. Lieutenant Kije c6 bén chién thuat nguyén thuy, ¥ = {(3, 0), (2, 1), (1, 2), (0, 3)} ‘Ma trn gid tr] tra vé- duge thé hign qua bang sau: Chia thst aguyén thay cha Kip Cama 5 that a4 [21] 0 nguyen TPs [ett thay aTz[2 fz ota afofs fi Bias) ofi42 [4 Bang a) Tide ring ma trdn 5x4 nay khéng c6 cde dong va et bi chi phi. Tuy nhién, 06 ‘mt bat bién trong bai todn nay lim cho vige gidi né don gin di khé nhigu. Ditu nay lign quan t6i tinh di ximg gitta hai tram can chiém. Xét nhom go=(e, g} ma (G3, 0)) = (0, 3); 9((0, 3)) = G, 0); g(@2, 1)) = (1, 2); a1, 2)) = @, 1) va nhém tong, }, trong 46 ¥ ((4, 0) = 0, 4); F((0, 4)) = 4,0) FG, =, 3) E(1.3)=G,); F@2)=@,2. Cae nhém tuong duong cho Kije 1a {(3, 0), (0, 3)} va {(2, 1), (1, 2)}, Do 46 chign thugt q 1a bat bién néu q((3, 0)) = 9((0, 3)) va g(@2, 1)) = 4((1, 2). ‘Tiong ty céc nhém tuong dung cia Blotto la {(4, 0), (0. 4)}, (@3, 1), (1,3)} va {2,2}. Do dé chién thugt p cho Blotto 1a bat bién ‘néu p((4, 0)) = p((0, 4)) va PG, 1) =P, 3). 96‘Ching ta c6 thé giam cdc chién thugt cua Kije thinh hai phan ti: ~ G,0)*: sir dung cde chién thust (3, 0) va (0, 3) véi tm sudt $ cho mBi chién thugt; + @, DM sit dong ebe chiém thutt @2, 1) v8 1,2) v6i thn aubt cho mb chién thugt; Tuong ty ching ta c6 thé gidm céc chién thugt cla Bloto thanh ba phn tir ~ 0): dung cde chién hut 4,0) va (0, 4) vi tn subt cho mdi chign thugt; = G. DY sit dung efe chign thugt @, 1) va (1,3) vi tin out 1 cho méi chién thuat; - (2,2): khi sir dung chién thugt (2, 2). ‘Voi cfc chién thuft nay, ma trdn gid tr tra ve duge thé hign qua bang sau: G.0*[@, 1° Go| 2 [1s Gt] oO 1s @2 [2 | 2 Bang b) Ching ta gidi thich vé gid tri cia 6 6 géc trén-trai : Néu Blotto diing céc chién thudt (4, 0) va (0, 4) v6i tan sudt 3 cho mbi chin thuét va Kije diing ede chién thult @, 0) va (, 3) eting véi thn sult 2 cho mBi chién thuft thi bin 8 & bén 6c cm bing a) (bing gid tr td ve) xult hig véi tin sult + cho mBi 6, dod gid tr tra vé cho 6 & géc tri-trén ciia bang b) Ia trung binh cong cua bén sé: 4,0, 0, 418 2, Gié tr tai cdc 6 khéc cfing tinh tuong ty. TA TUbu ra Ge (9) 97Bay gid ching ta giai bai toan véi bang b). Chi y dong 2 06 thé duge gian ude boi dong 1. Sau dé gidi trd choi trén ma trén 2x2 dé dang suy ra két qua. Chién Chién thuat hn hgp t6i wu cho thuét hin hop téi wu cho Blotto la (Ge 18 4 Kije 1a (48), Gis hoi ta i u(33) Gil tt choi la > Quay vé ma trén cho @ bang a), chung ta tim duge chién thuét t6i wu cho Blotto a (go ‘va chién thugt t6i uu cho Kije la } Gia tri tro choi la 9 4. Gidi tré choi han ché a) Chign thuat Baye ‘Néu ngudi thir nbat sir dung chién thudt p va ngudi thir hai sir dung chién thudt q thi gid tr] trung binh tra vé ngudi thé nhat sé la : E {Ean = ¥payg,= 0" 49. ‘Néu ngudi thir nhat dy dodn ngudi thir hai da chon mét chién thugt cy thé q, thi nigudi thir nhdt sé chon hang i sao cho 3°a,, dat gid tri lon nhét khi 46 gié tr] trung binh tra vé cho ngudi thir nhét perl Saf. hode cdch tong durong la ngudi thir nhdt sé chon chién thuat p sao cho p’Aq dat gid tri lon nat, gid tr tr vé cho ngudi thir nhét sé lamax {p" Ag} . C6 thé ching minh ofS, | =max{p" Aq}. MBi chién thuat p 48 p"Aq dat chrge gid tri 1én nhdt dugc goi la chién thudt déi phé t6t nhat (hay chién thudt Baye) cla ngudi thir nhdt chéng lai chién thudt q 98 rerautu_nnoe (on)cua ngusi thir hai. Trong tr choi han ché. tuén tén tai chién thuit nguyén thuy Baye chéng lai mdi chién thudt y cia ngudi thir hai, Tuong tu, néu ngudi thir hai dy don ngudi thir nba thoi chién thuat eu thé p thi nud thi hai s8 chon e6t 7 sao cho 5° pa, dat gid ti ho mht hoe h tuone duong la ngudi thir hai sé chon chién thudt q sao cho py dat gid tri nhé abit. Tone nte6 = in| Sa } Min{ p! Ag} MBi chign thust g d& pq dat gid tenho nh duuge gol chign thust dbi pho t6t nhat (hay la chién thuit Baye) eta nguii thir hai chéng lai chién thudt p ctia gud thir a Sir dung chién thudt Baye [a mot trong eae eich dé choi wo choi, Tuy nhién e6 thé sinh ra digu bat Iyi (nguy higm) khi ddi th choi mot chign thudt 15t hon chi thuait mai ban dyr dodn dai that sé ding, b) Gid tri trén, gid tri dudi Bay wid gid si 0 choi quy din : ngudi thir hai phat thong béo sy ua chon chién thudt hin hop q trrde Khi ngirii thir nhét tua chon chign thudt cua minh Swe quy dinh nay ‘ao thuan loi cho newt thir nba. Néu ngudi thir hai thong bao chon q thi ngudi thir nhdt sé chon chién thudt Baye chong lai g clia ted choi 66 ‘va nguOi thir hai sé thua trung binh mgt long La max p' Ay}. Tuy nhién, néu ngudi thir hai bigt digu nay thi nguOi thir hai s8 chon thong béo g sao cho mas {p!stg} dat gi ti nho nhit, Gia tno nhit ea max p! Aq} voi moi g ki higu la F va duge 03 1a gid tri trén cua trd choi. Vay = Min}MaxS 4,4 | =n tos») Gia wi én TF 1a sy thigt hai trung binh nho nhat cua nguoi th hai khong phu thuge vio each chon chién thu ctia ngudi thir nhat, M6t chién thudt g dé 4 tri nho nhat duge max {p' Ag} dat la chién thudt Minimax cho ngwoi thir hai. No cue tiéu hod sur thigt hai t6i da cua news thie hai 99.Phan tich tong ty cho trudng hop trd choi quy dinh : ngudi thir nit phai thong bio chign thuat hn hop ma ngudi thir nhit d& chon la p true khi nguéi thir hai twa chon chidn thudt cia minh. Khi dé ngubi thir hai s8 chon q sa0 cho gid ti phai tré 1a p"4q dat gi tri nbo nhit, Nhung agudi thir nhit néu bigt tinh hudng nay th ngubi thir nt sé chon p sao cho Min(p' 4q) dat due gid tr on a va gid tri trung binh ngudi thir nhat dat due la 1 =Mas{win{ Sra, -mfin( oa) Dai luong 1 goi la gid ti dudi cua 16 choi, N6 la gid rj lém mht ngu thir nnhdt dat durge khéng phy thuje vao sit Iya chon chién thugt cua ngudi thi hai Mot chién thugt p sao cho Min(p' 4g) dat duge gid tj lin nhit goi ta chién thudt Minimax cho nguisi thie nbd cng Iudn ¢6 chin thudt Minimax. Véy tong trd chart han ché, ngnsi thir nhét Jani §: Néu quy ludt choi yéu edu nguisi choi II edn thong bio mot chin thugt hin hop cua minh truée khi ngudi thir nhét chon chién thuft thi chera hin d& la thu loi ‘cho nguisi thir hét vi ngudi thir hai c6 thé thong béo mot thugt Minimax. Ching ta thita nhan nhiing két qua sau: Dinh Wi1 Méitrd chor han ché du e5 yi tr trd cht va ed hal ngieot chot dé ‘6 chién thudt Minimax. Dink 2 Gid tri diedi thi nho hon hode bang gid tri wren: V-sV. - Néu V. 0 hai trén ma trdn A’. Néw V la gid tri tro choi trén ma tran A thi gid veh tri 76 choi trén ma tran A le V ©) Gidn ude vé bai toan lap trinh tuyén tinh By ai ching a hay xem xéttrd choi trén quan diém eis ngudi thir nhit Nauwbi thir nhét mudn ehon p ~ (pis pa Pa) sao cho in [Sn } dat gid tr Ui nhat. C6 thé co dy lm bl ton: tim py. pos Pr 80 cho im mut Min{S ne} ari tn mt vine bude eee eso) V6i moi /= 1, 2, .., m. C6 thé chuyén bi todn ndy v8 bai toén tuyén tinh bing céch them bién v thoa rang bude : v =Min} > ‘pa, + vaccd ging owe dai v (eang tn cing t6¢ trong ring bude méi nay) Bai toan dura vé: Chon v va pi, pr, .-.. Pm S40 cho v dat gid tri lin hit véi voi moi i= 1, 2. ...m. Day la mort bai todn tuyén tinh. Dé gia bai ton nay chiing ta e6 thé giai bing mot thuit ton don gin la thudt toa dan hi ‘Tuong ty, xét bai todn trén quan diém eta newdi thie hai tuyén tinh tuong ty, é fa bai foiin sau 12 din t6i bai ton Chon w va qu. 2s dy S80 cho w dat gi tr nho abit véi ede ring bude lorMot ch kha chuyén bai todn vé dang e6 thé Lap tink tuyén tinh la: Gia str > 0, at x, = 22 thi ring bude pit prt +P Lthanh xy y+ 2. bay Lim dat gid wim nhét wong duong + dat gi tr nho mbit. Ching ta loai Khoi bak todn va 66 bai toan méi sau Chon x1.82. -1. tm $20 cho xy + x2 +... + Sw dat gid tr] nho ahdt voi eae rime Dees tsdsas 1sDise vi bude O voi moi /= 1.2... Sau khi giai xong bai toin nay, Loi gidi cua bai toin chuin la l ——— va chién thudt 161 wu cho ngudi thir nat sé 1a vx, voi tx tnt Sy ” d) Thuat ton don hinh dé giai tro choi han ché ‘Thuit toan don hinh giai tr choi han el co diém yén ngya va cin thye hign thudt toan nur sau: fue diing khi ma tran wo choi Khong, Khong con thu gon duge bing luat chi phi. Cae burie Bude J. Cong thém mot hing sé vdo cae phan tur cua ma tan 110 choi dé moi phan tir déu durong, Cin ghi nhé s6 nay dé cudi cng s& wir gid ti tim duge cho s6 ny dé e6 gid te te choi trén ma trdn ban diy, Bude 2, Tg0 bang c6 gia sé -1 6 civ 6 thude ding cudi (dong m+ 1), vi gia sé-+1 6 cae 6 thuge edt phai (cot n + 1), gia s60 6 woe phai-dudi (dong m+ 1 cot +1) TT T =| 102Burée 3. Chon mot 6 bén trong bang lam diém edt, gia str do la 6 thude dong p Ot g (p goi la dong chit, ¢ goi li edt chdt, s6 tai diém chét poi la si chdt), €6 nhitng de diém sau: + Gia s6 6 Ot chi la Alm + 1 q] phai la sé am: + $6 tai diém chét la Alp : gl phai duong: +Tisé ee pent . ia s6 én dong chdt vi s6 cht la rh phai ho nh Alea v6i moi sé duong Alp : g] thude cétg. Bude 4 Thay d3i gia tri ede phan ui cua bang nhu sau ALpsi]Ali + Thay sé tai ede 6 Ali si] J #p vas # @) boi fie) Ae. lea] Alpsa] + Thay ese sé 1c dng p (it 6 cht) bai thutong gia d6 va 86 tai 6 chad. + Thay cée sé tai cite 6 thude gitta sO tai 0 dé va sé tai 6 chdt, eg (oe 6 chit) be s6 Ubi etia thong + Thay s6 tai 6 chét boi nghich dio eta no. °6 thé minh hoa nbu saw ina i a) lier) d i | 1 ’ p ri |o p A = = 4 4 > | ‘ | iep| |r : isp a | — * ~ a | = — tos Trude bude 4 ‘Sau bude 4 | Busse 5. Thay nhiin cua et chét va nh’n cua dong chdt cho nhau (nghia Ia p va g di ché cho nhau). 103Buée 6, Néu con s6 am trén dong m + 1 thi quay vé bude 3. Bude 7, Nguge lai, dra két qua ra: a) Gié tri trd choi v 1A nghich dao ciia sé 6 gée phai-dudi. Néu 6 bude 1 da trir mi 6 cho mét hing sé (dé dé tinh toan) thi phai céng thém hing 86 nay vao v. Nguoc lai, néu bude 1 da cong vio mdi 6 mot hing sé (48 céc s6 déu durong) thi 6 bude nay phai trir v cho hing sé nay. b) Chign thugt ri uu cia ngudi thir nhét duge xay dug nhur sau : Tai thoi diém cudi cing, cdc bién cla ngudi thi nhat cén lai trén cét trai sudt 0, cdc bién cla ngudi thir nhat nim & trén dong trén cing ciia bang sé nhén gia tri tai dang cudi cling thude cing cot chia cho gid tr tai g6e phai-duci sé c6 t ©) Chin thuat t6i wu cia ngudi thir hai duge xy dumg nhw sau: Tai thdi diém cudi cing, céc bién cia ngudi thit hai con lai thude dong trén cing sé ¢6 tin sudt 0, cac bién cua nguoi thir hai thuge e6t bén tri cua bing sé nhan gia tr tgi cOt bén phai cing ding chia cho gid tri tai g6e phai-dudi. Vidy. Xét ma tran tr0 choi Ma trén nay c6 phan tir nhé nhét 18 -2, do dé cn thye hign bude 1 chuyén vé 418 2.3. 1|, ma tran nay khéng 6 diém yén ngya va cing khong 043 thu gon duge bing ludt chi phéi Thye hign buée 2 c6 bang sau ma tran: 4 ul4a]its x2 x 104Thue hign bude 3 chon duge 6 chét (thuge mst ct tuy ¥ vi cc 56 thude dong cudi cling cia bang tai cde ct ys, y2 va ys du am), cOn dang cia 6 chét pha theo quy luat 44 néu trén, Két qua chon duge 6 chét 14 6 (x) 591). Thue hign bude 4 va $ ¢6 bang sau mio} > {2i5 a [a [?|a |] 2 [a]? ale l« ih fia] {fa ‘Thyc hign bude 6 thay phai quay vé bude 3 chon 6 chét méi la (x2; y9). ‘Thye hign bude 4 va 5 c6 bang sau: vi fox fxs | nm] 03 |-o1/ 23 [0.2 x] 0.2] 04 | -1.2) 02 x5 | 08 |-1.6] 7.8 02 o1 [03 | or [os Thye hign bude 6, chuyén sang bude 7 143 oa clia ma tran duoc céng thém 2). Gi tri tro choi 1a 2 (phai wir di 2 vi ban di cde phin ti Chién thudt 161 wu cho ngudi thir nhat la = (0.25 ; 0.75 : 0), Chign thudt 161 wu cho ngudi thit hai la g = (0.5 ; 0.5 ; 0). 105S. Dang mo rong cita tro choi Dang chign thugt ctia rd choi la mét cach chudn myc dé didn ta m8 hinh todn hoe cia t6 choi. Tuy nién, 6 mot sé digu thit vj Khie cua trd chat lai bj bo qua trong in hinh dom gin nay. Do dé. bay wis ching ta dé cp t6i mot ma hinh toan hoe hie bin dén eie Khai nigm co sé chua duge dé cp tong dang chign thuat t6 choi, M6 hinh méi nay goi la dang mé rng cha to choi. O diy dé ep t6i ba Khai nigm co 80: cay thd choi, bude di ngdu nhign va tap thang tin vé trd choi. a) Cay tro choi Dang mer rng eva trd choi ka md hinh ding dd thi ¢6 hudny dé m6 ti ted cho’. DB {hi 66 hutdng [a eap (7 4) trong dé T la tap khong rng ede dinh. Fla mot ham sao cho vGi mdi x © Te6 tp con Fix) € T (goi Flv) li tap eae din theo sau), Khi ddimg dB thi e6 huréng dé biéu din tro choi thi tép dinh bigu dign cée vi wi cua ted choi, F(x) 1a tap ede dinh e6 thé t6ittrx sau mot phép di chuyén (mdt bude di hay Ta mot ligt di etia mot nguci choi). Dudmg di tir dén nla day y= ve Ne one Sy” Ah MAL, Ha inh theo sau eta dinh x. Vi A= 0. Véi gid dinh trén, tro choi két thiic sau mot s6 hau han bute di sé c6 xde sudt bang 1. Gia dinh nay cing tao ra tang gid tr tich lu tra vé la hau han khong phy thuge vo nhiing trd choi nio da duge chon trong khi choi. Goi M/ 1a sé 1én nat trong cae gid tri tuyét déi cua cic gia tri tra vé tai cée giai doan (Mf = max oi" |) thi ting tich luj chi doi tra v8 cho ngudi nay hode neudi khie : M 1a hoi ty (6 gidi han) boi vi Mf +(I-s).M-+(I-s) A+. =e Newoi thir nhét mudn téng tich 1uy nay lon nhdt con nguéi thir hai mudm nho nhit. Ching ta m6 ta trd choi may la , («: +O PMG 118.‘Chi ¥ rang tong eée xd sudt cho méi thanh phan trong ma tran 1a nho hon 1, phan xac suat cn lai la s\!? 1a xée sudt két thite tro choi. Sau khi c6 wid tri tra vé no sé quyét dinh ngdu nhién la tro choi due két thie hay giai doan khdc sé duge choi tip theo. Do dé khdng c6 gidi han cho dé dai tia trd choi, day La tro choi v6 han, Do niiing diéu phi tap ngu én, véi ted choi ngdu nhién ngudri ta thudmg db cp t6i chién chudt 161 wu tinh, DO la cée chién thuat chi r3 cho ngudi choi mot phan bo xae suat cho cae Ira chon cia ho chi phy thude vao tro choi G“” hién dang choi tai giai dogn & khéng phu thude vio m ai doan hodc céc giai doan di ‘choi qua, Dinh li sau phat biéu vé su tén tai caa chign thudt tinh ti uu: Dinh li (Shapley 1952) Méi 1r6 choi G™ cé gid tri v(k) Id nghiém duy nhdt cua hé phucong trinh: vk) = aaa oS necro foi MGi nguedi choi cé mot chién thudt tinh 164 wu sao cho tai giai doan k sir dung duge chién thuat hén hop cho tro choi e6 ma tran: 4%4)= (42S LAD). v6, 92) 09D Wi dee Ket td choi ngdu ubicu obi 66 Gt tagany a nia sete G= 5 46 2426 sos Trén quan diém ciia ngudi thir hai, edt 1 ¢6 vé t6t hon e@t 2 v6i phuong dign gid tr] tra vé ngay (la cde s6 1), nhung c6t 2 ¢6 ve lam cho tro choi két thiic sém hon (v1 xc sudt thye hign lai G nho hon). Vay chon cae cot nhu thé nao? Gia st ring moi chién thugt tdi uu la thye thi duge nghia a trd choi khoi diém yén ngya. Ching ta sé kiém tra lai diéu nay khi tro choi da két thite dé c6 thé nhin thay gid sit la ding. 91 3 04292 gas 4 ast yas d+ 5 = v=5V2 ov > 0) 2 tay aay ‘Thay gid tri nay cia v vao ma tran ; 3 | ta duge: tedy 242s 5 J iva a41J2 2 2 12 240 Tir dé tim duge chién thuat t6i wu cho ngudi thir nhat trén ma tran nay la V2-12-V2) va chién thudt tdi am cho ngudi thir hai la +! v2 2 2°2 } Do tin tai cée vecto tin sudtndy nén gid a ban du lading va cé chién thuat 16 tru, gid tr) eta trd choi ngdu nhién nay 1a f) Loi gidi gan dung Voi mgt tr choi ngfu nbién nhiéu trang théi, -hé phuomg trinh wk)= vata snr) tg thinh hé kha phic tap gdm nhing phuong. tinh khang myén tinh dang thai. Ching ta khéng hi vong gidi duge hg nay trong dang téng quit. Tuy nhién, ¢6 mét phuong phép gidi bing cach lap di lap lai két qua gan ding nhi in. Phuong phap nay cling chinh la co so dé chimg minh dinh li Shapley da néu trén do d6 duge goi la phuong phap lap Shapley Bau tign chiing ta tao mot dy dodin vé két qua goi 18 vp = (Wa(1). V9(2). sn Vo(N). Bat ki dur doan nio cing durge. 120Ching ta 06 thé ding dy doan ban dau ta vp = 0 = (0, 0, ... 0). Sau khi nhgn durge vq chiing ta dinh nghia dé quy v).1 bei dang thite sau: vat Fala ¥ 29,0) Voi k= 1.2... Vi dy, Xt rd choi ngau nhién chia hai trang thai tuong img 1a hai tro choi Gi" va G® fign hé véi nhaw bur sav: ea (tso30" 04046") 1+04G" 340sG" » (0+05G” “Lona Dang (0: 0) Li dy doan ban ditu, tim durge v1 = ( 40 (=e iC), (} :} Lap pan ot: =r Tigp tue tim dura ede két qua sau: v3) = 2.0210] 9) = 1.99 val) = 2.0220 | v4(2) = = ma Ws(I) = 2.0324 | v4(2) = 1.9974 val) = 2.0225 | ve(2) = 1.9974 Sai s6 én nhét mac phai cia vs nhiéu nhat 1a 0.0002 (vi xée xudt dimg tro choi nho nat 14 0.5 nén sai s6 so v6i két qua ding sé giam theo him sé mi e6 do hoi tu it nhdt 14 0.5"), Chigm thuat t6i wu khi ding a tri ve la d dang tim thay = Voi trd choi G'". chién thudt t6i uu cho nguoi thir nhat 1a p"" = (0.4134; 0.5866), cchién thuat t6i zu cho nguivi thir hai 1A g!"= (0.5219; 0.4718), ~ V6i tra choi G, chién thudt t6i wu cho ngudi thir nhdt lap = (0.3996; 0.6004), chién thudt t6i uu cho ngudi thir hai lag”! (0.4995; 0.5005).Bai tap 9.26. Toi pham B lén tau tir Ha N6i vé Hai Phong dé trén sy truy nd cia cong an 4. Cong an c6 thé én tau nhanh, bit B tai Hai Phong. Tai ga Hai Done, B-cé thé xudng dé tau thoat, Tuy nhién céng an A ciing biet diéu nay va cé thé ciing xudng tau tai Hai Duong dé truy tim, Sau day La bang Iuong gid tri cho cong an 4 trong ké hoach truy tim ti pham B. B xuong ga Hai Duong | Hai Phong F Hai Duong | 100 =50 A sudng ga . Hai Phong 0 100 ‘Tim chign thudt hn hop ti wu cho A va B, gid tr 6 choi bing bao nhiéu? (0 2 9.27. Giai tro choi ma tran co ma tran Ione gia 1a A = l ) voi 11a sé thye ' tug §. Ve d5 thi cua v4” La gid tri tr choi phu thude r 9.28. Giai trd choi trén cée ma trin sau bang cach giam bot cde hang va e6t bi chi phi dua vé ma tran 2»2 5410 ono 1 aft > 2 by] 2 6 7 o-143 + - 1212 9.29, Naw ta chimg minh duge két ludn sau: “Véi mot trd choi da cho, cae chign thuge (pr. po. «ns Pm) V8 (Gi qo) tuomg ting 18 ede chién thudt t6i imu cho ngudi thir nhat va ngudi thir hai néu gid tri trung binh nin dutge it nat cia ngudi thir nhdt bing gid tr] trung binh phai tra nhigu nhét cia guts thir ha Chimg 16 ring chién thudt (8 2% x) va a-(# 3 3.0) uu cho nguis thr nhét va ngudi thi hai trong twong tmg la chién thuat tro choi ma tran nhur sau: Tim gid tr eta tro choi9.30. Tri choi Mendelsohn Hai ngudi choi déng thoi chon mdi ngudi mot sé nguyén khong vugt q mie nao dé. Chang han: Hai nguéi chon sé nguyén trong pham vi tir | dén 100, Néu hai sé bang nhau thi gid tr tra vé 14 0, néu chon lon hon d6i this | don vi thi thang 1, néu chon lon hon d&i thi 2 don vj hode nhiéu hom thi thua 2. Bang gid titra vé cho ngudi thir nhdt (chon dang) nhur sau: TT273 74 [5 1 fo] -t]2]2 Z|[T|o[ae 3] -2[7 [eo | =| 4/2) 2]7 [0 spap-2p-2pt fo Hay tim cach loai bo nhimg ding va c6t bi chi phd, sau a6 sir dyng dink Ii fin bang tim chien thudt t6i uu cho hai nguiyi choi 9.31, Hay lap trinh tinh ma tran nghich dao cua ma tran kha dio 4 biét mot sé dinh nghia nhue sau: * Ma trin don vj cap m la ma tran mxm e6 cde phan tr trén due chéo chinh bing 1. cae phan tir c6n lai bing 0. Vi du ma train don vi cap 4 (1 0 0 0) o100 oor) 0004 Ma tran nghich dao cia ma trim vudng A(ay)anm 18. ma tein B¢b, yom S80 cho 4.B= BA ip m). Ki higu ma tran nghich 4440 ctia ma tran vusng 4 la. Dé tim ma tran nghich dio cia ma tin kha dio 4 6 thé ding cée phép bién doi so cap nhw nhau bién déi déng thoi ma trin 4 vi ma trin don vj J. Khi 4 than ma tein don vi thi ma tein [thank ma tran 4”. Céc phép bién déi so edp trén ma trin la: nhin cae phan tu cia mot hang véi s6 & khac 0 (inh thie etta ma tran tang k Hin), di ché hai hang cho nhau (dinh thite cua ma trén déi du). Cong & Hin hang #1 véo hang i (dinh thite ctia ma tran khong déi), Dinh thite ctia mt ma trin vudng A(dy)y.m durge ki higu la det(d) durge tinh theo cong thite dé quy sau © Néu la ma trin eap 1: A=(ay)) thi det() = ay, (718 ma tran don v© Néu la ma tran vudng cdp 2: 4 thi det) = aynazs ~ az1.ar> © Néu 4 lama trin vudng cap m (=1)"aydet( My) + (-1Y"Faadet(Moa) +... + (1) "dine Min) trong dé M, 14 ma trn sinh ra tir 4 sau khi bé dong / va e6tj (j= Lam deta) 18 mt hang). Néu ky higu C, = (-1)"%det(M,) thi det() =a, Oi i chon trong [1..... m]. S6 Cy, goi la phan bit dai sé cita phan tt ay. Ki higu C’ta ma tran gdm cde phan bit dai s6 C, (nim 6 dong i, e6t/). CC" la'ma trdn chuyén vj cia ma tran C thi ma tein nghich dao etia ma tran A la Gi Gy G @ geet 1}, de(a)~ det(a) Co Caw + idu kign dé ma trén 4 c6 ma trin nghich dao la det(4) #0. Dinh lé Gita sie ma tr A Us Kha do vis 17411 0 (nghta 1a tang ede 96 hang ita ma tran 4 lis Khe 0) va t0n tai chién thud p va q sao cho p > 0 va q > 0, thi tro choi wen ma tran A sv ¢6 gid tri ‘i 1 1 _ 1) 4 chiéw thud ti wu p va g ma: p'=VI'A", g-VATL, 6 day I-| | va Pert 22 -1) 9.32. Xettrd choi co matrin| 111 | (3 01 a) Kiém tra xem ma tran c6 diém yen ngya hay khong? 'b) Ching 16 t8n tai ma ten nghich dio. ¢) Chimg t6 ngudi thir hai cé chién thuat t6i uu vei trong sé duong cho mdi cét. 124a 4) Vi sao trong trd choi ny Khong edn ding ding thie g =A 7 dé tim chign thudt t6i wu cua ngu thé hai? 9.33. Nguoi thir hai chon mot s6 j € {1, 2. 3. 4} va ngudi thir nhét 6 gang phong doan sé ma ngwéi thir hai da chon. Néu doan ding thi thing ¥ diém ta ngudi thir hai, nguge lai khéng phai tra gi. Lap ma tan tro choi td choi. (07 2 4) 9.34, Xét tro choi trén ma welt 4 8 2]. Qua kinh nghiém choi ro 93 -1 6} choi nay, ngudsi thir nhat tin ring ngudi thir hai sé ding chign thudt 4) Tim chign thugt Baye phan img lai chién thudt g néu ten, b) Gia sir ngudi thir hai dye dodin ding ring ngudi thir nhit sé dung chién anne thudt Baye dé chéng lai chién thuat g =| —:- :=| ela minh. Ha) at Bay’ 8 I a ga(tebits2) % hhudng din cho nguéi thir hai tim chién thugt Baye chéng lai ngudi thir . . 2 aki ng tht nt phin Ging Ii cién tut g (2 Q ) os 9.35, Giai td choi véi matinds.s=|-3 0 4 6-4 9.36. Trd choi v6i déng bac Neudi thir hai chon mét trong hai phong dé déu mgt dng bac. Newoi thie nhét khOng biét phong déu ding bec va thir tim. Néu ding bac déu o phong 1 va ngudi thi nhét tim & phong 1 thi xée sudt tim thay la $ Néu dng bac du ¢ phong 2 va ngudi thir nhit tim 6 phong 2 thi xée sult tim thiy 1a. Néu tim duge dng bac thi ngudi thir mht duoe dng bac do, ngugc lai thi ngudi thir hai durge. Hay vé cay trd choi va giai trd choi9.37. Tim dang chign thuit ti wu cia tr choi vei ely 10 choi sau Sau dé gidi tro choi niy 9.38. Viin co ban két thiic tro choi bai Tang quat hoé van co han ki quan bai thing la mét s6 tuy ¥ p. 0

0. ty 1 aun) 1 Hay tim gid tri 0 choi va chién thudt tdi wu cho ting ngudi, Luu y. Voi poe thi co diém yén ngua. Khi két thie cha ¥ ring p< BEB, cid tat eda aga tha ng phy huge vio 9.39, Giai hé tro choi gdm cde ma trén sau: fo G\ 2) aG . G, G} 0 126b) Giai tr choi ma tran sau: 9.40. Trd choi dé quy f G2 5 Ree Giai wo choi :G =|) |} trong 46 quy uée Q la gid ti tri vé kh rd choi kéo dai v6 han. 9.41, Xét ba tt choi c6 quan hé voi nhau sau day: an (8 &G) ig g fe) ola 6 af a-(% 3) a-[% }) G&G s Gia str tro choi két thie vi khdng ¢6 ma trin tro choi ndo chita digm yen gua. Hay giai trd choi. 9.42. Giai trd choi ngdu nhién: G 9.43. Cho tro choi ngiu nhién cé hai trang thai sau day: 224050") Gay fA 0 “lo 4+0se”} “(24056 440.56" a) Dang dinh Ii Shapley tim chinh xae cae gid tri v(1) va (2) ca hai td choi G'” va G néu gid sir cae trd choi may Khi ket thie tra vé due cae eit 6 GY ) Viet chuong trinh thye hign lap Shapley dé tim gid tr trO choi o giai don & (nhap tir ban phim) la vy = (y4(1); ve(2)), bat dau voi dy doan cho giai doan khéi tri 8 vy = (v0(1) = 0; v9(2) = 0) va so sénh véi gid tri ding tim duge tir edu a), 127Chuyén dé 9 9.1. Ding phuong phip phan tich newge, xét tir dau. Vi ti 9.2. a) P={p € X. p mod 2 =0} +b) P= tp © X. p chia 9 c6 du la 0, 2, 4}: © P= we X.p chia hit cho 3} 9.3. a) Di chuyén tigp theo la chiém 6 (3: 1). ) C6 (ching minh bang phan chime), 94. Goi ¥. Biéw din s6 thé dudi dang nhj phn, mdi lan di theo thuat thing la Jogi di 61 bén phai nhét cua biéu dim nhj phan eta sé the hign tai. Neu s6 N ban dau khéng phai fa tug thira etia 2 thi ngudi di dau ludn thing, newoe tai neu thir hai c6 nbiéu kha ning thang, tri két thie dén vj tri khoi hdc la vi tr mg vdi sé quan bing 1, day la vi tri P. sf ibonacet thi ngudi di di 98 thing theo thuft sau; m6i Kan edn chon sé hang nho nhit trong phan tich s6 the hign tal thanh téng ede s6 Fibonacci phan bigt khong ké nhau (nu cin phan tich duge, nguge lai ti Ky ton bS coe), uit ton nhue tr Nim chudin ba coe, chi thém bude sau: Néu B di chu bing cach tang thém x quan vao mot eoe nao dé thi A lai rit diing x quan d6 ra khoi coe nay 9.7, a) C6 thé coi trd choi may 1a mOt hinh thite tré hinh cua trd choi Nim: Réia dime 6 6 n coi nh twong tg mét ege €6 n quan. Mét phép di chuyén ria: lat nia ria i 6 x, Kem theo lat nguroe lai mét ria 6 ben tii 6 x 1a 6 y (y <0) Néu rua wi 6 y dang ding ma bi dit ngita Iai thi tuomg duumg v6i vige di chuyén hét quin tai hai ege x va coe y. Néu rita tai 6 y dang nim ngita lai due 181 thnh dig trén bén chan thi twong dong véi v xod ege x va thém coe y. hay 66 thé cof nhur di chuyén x — ae Khoi coe x dé con y quan, b) Hinh vé tuong ing véi mn RE RESTLESS AILEY AB Trang thai ban dau la (3, 4, 6, 8, 10) c6 téng Nim bing 3 (khéc 0) nén nui di diu sé thing. Do tng Nim cia 3, 4, 6,8 bing 9, do d6 edn lat rik 10 va Gp ria 9 thi chiém duge v te mai e6 tong Nim bang 0 (9 © 9 ~ 0), 149Cae ria dang bo bay git 18 3, 4, 6, 8, 9 Wo thanh mot vi tri P (téng bang 0). Gia str ngu6i thir hai di 3.4.5.6.9 BB RGA DAES RAR REG AB ADAG Téng Nim bay girl 13. nén chi c6 mot phép chuyén t6t cho vi tri na lat up 9 va 4 (nghia 1a bo di 13 quan). Trang thai méi la (3. 5, 6) ¢6 tong, Nim bang 0: RG AG LQABARQLQ AG AB AB OS fr ludn. Mot bude chuyén trong Nim thinh mot bude 1ét ria nhr sau: Ching ta giam coe toi m@t kich thude nhé hon bing céch lét ngira mét nia va Jat Gp mot ria nur phép diu tién (ngiza 10, dp 9). Néu loai hai coc v6i cae kich thuoe hign dang co chung ta phai lt ngura hai ria (vi dy buse di kin ther hai cua ngudi thir nhat da lat 9 va 4). Dé loai mOt coc, ching ta chi cdin natia mOt ra thich hop vi du do 4, 6, 8, 10 c6 téng Nim bing 0 (la mét vi tr P) nén burde daw tién nguis thie nhat cing c6 thé chi cin lot ngta ria 3 ép bing cach lat ria 8 vi ‘cde rita dang bo lai 1a 9.10. a) S= {1.3.4} oN 2 1 4 1s 6 17 8 b) S'la tgp cde s6 nguyen t6 le O123 486789 1 1 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 ayfooorl12223 03 6 143 03 471 ©) Ship efe sb nguyen tb4) S'la tap cdc s6 Fibonacci 012345678 9 0 1 2 13 14 15 6 17 18 Oo 3.456789 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 9.16. Ta ki higu ham Sprague-Grundy ciia trd choi téng 1a g, cla cée 1rd choi thanh phan lan lugt lag", gg Ta c6: 151(18. 17. 7)= 218) © g(17) @ (1) = 8 @ SO 7=10>0 nén (18, 17,7) la mot vi tri N. Pheép chuyén ti wu la chuyén t6i vj tri (6, 17, 7) vi £6. 17,7) = g'%6) ® 717) ® (7) =2 © 5 @ 7-0. 9.17. Hai vi tri két thie 14 ee 1 quéin va coe 2 quan. Céc gia tri ham Sprague- Grundy cho 119 choi nay khi eve ed hich tude nho e6 thé tinh duge Khon, khé khan, nhung khi At nhiéu thoi gian, Day gid tri nay c6 tuan hoan khéng? Diéu nay dén nay chua 13! 9.18, Gid tri him Sprague. h thude Ln thi vige tinh toan ri indy ctia tr choi Kayler g(y + =). y 1a ede boi cua 12,2- 0.1.11 oft f2]s|4]s}6]7{slo]io}n » 0 foltf2[3{r[a{sl2[i fal 2 [eo 12 falil2{7[1j4/3f2[ifale | 7) 24 [atta istsia[7[2 |i [al [7 36 [ali f2ia{ifal7fai [ale [7 48 [afi [2[siilal7[2|ifa|2 [7 oo [4fi2[siifal7[2ii[sle [7 2 lable iat hfel2 [7 Khi x = 72, ede gid tri bat dau la tuan hoan voi chu ki 12, cdc gia tri cia dong cudi bang trén duge Kip mai 9.19. Choi trd Rims ta e6 thé coi nhur choi theo Nim nhieu coe. Vi dw: Minh bén ve vi ti (3, 4, 5) 6 gid tri Nim la3 @ 4 ® S=2 la vi wi N. cin chuyén dén vii P (1.4.5) vil @ 4 ® 5=0, Diéu nay ¢6 thé thue hign bing céch ve vong tron qua hai trong ba chdm ngoai cing. 1529.20, Gid tr hm Sprague-Grundy ciia tro choi c& Dawson (N= 18) oft }2}3[a[s]e]7]s]o] io] i [i2]i3[ia}as]ie| isis Poon ofsfifilols/3 f2 [2 fa fo fs [2 fo [3 9.21. Him tinh tich Nim eta hai sé x va y ‘function vichain(yx Tongintr begin - if xcy then C= tichnin (xy) e: if y-0 then t i= 0 else if yo1 then t i= x else Af Eoc(x) then ix-2, 4, 16, 256, 65536,.} begin Af xy then © = (3) div 2 else end xy: ese fx khang i lup hita dang forma } Begin tim 1, <2 nho hom hode bing x ma x! xor x2 alin dy while x1-2<=x do x1 = 2¢x1; x2 2X xor x1; AE (x20) then {hdng tim dage x1, x2 max=¥1 vor x2 begin fim x-x.x2) 1 I tia om 2) Lice do Af focmac[i]>-* then ei r= foomae [i]s 225 x ehdy v1; ll theca 2 mn chia fl cho a thia dang ferma ni hon} fbity $10.x = x1.x2, yx= yxE x2} if (random(1000) mod 2 - 0) then © a= tichnin(tichnim(y, x2), x2) else end else tyy. (xd tose tichnin iy, x end; ond: ay tichnim(tichnim(y, x2), xL)7 Yoyenl + yex2 xor tichnim(y, x2); 1539.25. Trong tro choi lat xu bin gée Turning Corners, g(x,y) =x @ y. do d6 gi tro choi nay cing la mgt ciich dé tinh tich Nim. const max = 100; type ming = array(0..max, 0..max] ef integer; var g : mang: n,x,y : integers vot aeray[0..maxtmax} of integer; function 29(x,y : integer): integer: var aby) begin Hillchar(v, sizeofiv), 0}; for a:=0 to x1 do for b:=0 to y-1 do vigixsb) xor glary) xox g{a,/bl] i> 1s i i= 0; while viiJ-1 de ine(iys nim 154 fillehar(g, sizeof ig), 01+ g(1,a) r= a for y:2 ton do gil,y) for x1-2 ton do gix,1) for y:-2 ton do for %:-2 ten do alxry) i=s9(xey)7 for s:-0 ton do for y:=0 ton do begin Af yon then writeln(glx, 71 else write(alxryl:4)7 end; readin; 1549.26, Chign thst 16 wu cho cdg an 4 ti dig 6 Hai Duong v6i tin suit p dig ¢ Hai Phong véi tin sudt 1 p 3 Chign thugt ti uu eho t6i pham B la dig 6 Tai Doug vai tn sud 2 .aang 6 Hai phong voi tin suit 2 9.27. Néw ($0 thi ay, la diém yén ngya, Nguoi thir ndt chon hing 1 theo chién ‘hut t6i uu Ta (1; 0), ngudi thir hai chon c6t 1 theo chién thualt ti ula (1; 0) Gia tr rd choi la v= 0, Néu 0 1 khong o6 diém yén ngya, Khi dd p dng ce cng thie tinh p.g vv fe nae a mi Vay gid te to choi li wi 150 wi Oersi vei 131 1B thi nhur saw 1584 9.28. a Ho 156 so4 3 -1 1-2 -( ’ Ma triin 2x2 khéng c6 diém y 1 4 nngya. Tinh p Suy ra chién thugt hén hop téi uu cua ngudi thi aha la:_p 3.5 chién thudt 161 uu cia ngudi thir hai la q =[0:2:0:2 uu ca ng lag ( #5) oo 7 1) 007) 0 oy vj2 6 4 7fs]2 6 4}[ } 6 33s} lo 33 2ay, voi moi (tir ma trin 33 chuyén thanh ma tran 2x3 vis j71,2.3) Gia sir ngudi thi abit chon hang 1 v6i tn sudt p. hang 2 véi tin sude 1 —p Khi do néu ngudi thir hai ln lugt chon Ot 1, 2 va 3 thi gid tri nguoi thir hit nan durge tuong ting La: v= 1p +2(1 ~p)=2 + 8p; v= 6(1 —p)~ 6 ~ 6p: Tp +41 —p)=4 + 3p. Vé ba duong thing va thiy duong dam thép nhat chi nim wén dé thi img ¥6i 661 1 vi 2 (giao nhau tai diém ( 3.2 } do d6 thi ct 3 nim hoan toan 7 phia trén duémg dim nén cing c6 thé ding ma trin chi gdm et 1 va 2 (i oO 2 3 (° ¢} eeu p Sve 2 70.29, «) Tinh oie neat vi 27007. Tinh Max} abt ati Vi=l Doon } 3.27027. ; 3) “ -( 18 chién thudt t6i wu cho ngudi thi nhat va ngudi thir hai, 9.30. Dong I chi phéi cdc dong 4, 5, 6, ..., c6t 1 chi phdi cde c6t 4, 5, 6, ... nén 6 thé logi bé cae dong 4, 5, 6, .. va cde cbt 4, 5, 6, Suy ra chién thugt p ( 0 -1 22 1 0 2 o - 21 2 =} -2-2 1 0 -1 -2 2-2-2 1 0 Ma tran 1a déi xing bi, gid tri tro choi la V = 0 va chién thuat ti wu ca hai P:-2p, =0 ngudi la nhu nhau. Gidi hé:4—p, + p, = 0. 2p,.~p,=0 7 ja chién thuat t6i wu cho hai ngudi. 000 400 2000 08 0 : ,,.|9 400 -6 thé thu gon v8 A= /& c6 ma tra 00 16] 0 thu 8 4=]0 08 ol * a tran 00 ou v0 16 nghich dao 1a: sax Tutu. rMN@e(00) 18705 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0125 0 Lo 0 0 0,0625, Gia tr) t0 choi 18 : 1.06667. Chién thuat ti uu cho ngudi thir hai 1k (0.53333; 0.26667; 0.13333: 0.06667), Chidn thugt t6i wu cho ngudi thir nat 1a (0.53333; 0.26667; 0.13333; 0.06667: 0; 0; ..) 9.34. a) Chién thugt Baye cua nguoi thir nhét phan sing lai chiga thuat Lit ; (4422.2) eda nguti thi ai 1p = (ors pais) s00 cho Aq dat is o=(bb:4:2) coa ne P= (pis ps ps) sao cho pag dat ei ; v7 2 (2 p' Aq = (pi prs ps) . piAg=(isprips)|1 4 8 2).) 0) oe 0.2 0.2 02 (o> + 9px: Thi Ape + 3pi 2p + Bps— pri Api + 2prt Opn). 04 = (0.2p2+ L8ps+ Lp + 08p2 + 06ps+ 04p1+ L6p2—0.2p3+ L.6p1 + 08+ 2499) = Gpi + 3.4p2+ 4.6ps). Vay gid ti v= 3.4py + 34pe + 4.6p, (1) tong d6 py + pot pa= 1 (2) va p20: pr> 0; p32 0. Thay (2) vao (1) ¢6 v= 3.4 + 1.2ps. hi py = 1s 0= 05 dip img lai chin thudtg eta ng thi ai la ehign thuat p Chién thugt Raye ciia ngurivi thir 0: 0; 1), 'b) Nguoi thir hai can ding chién thuat Baye dap img lai chién thuat (0; 0; 1) ita ngudi thir nh, dé la chin thugt nhim p"Ag dat gi tri nhé abt 158 saa.raruigu_rm vo 9)viAg=@:0;D)1 4 8 2 = :3;-1;6)] © | = q+ 3q0-3+ 4) 93-1 6/|* % 4 4% ee a ee Vay can chon q sao cho v = (9g: + 3g ~ 3 + qa) (3) dat gid tri nho nhat ding thai thoa man diéu kién : i+ gy + gut ga= 1 (4) va g,> 0 véi moi j= 1.2.3.4 Thay (4) vao (3) 66 v = 10gi + 4g2+ 2ga~ 1 2-1. Suy ra v dat gid tri nho nat khi gi = q: va qs= 1, khi dé ngudi thir hai khong mat diém ma con duge | diém (do ngudi thir nhat nhan gid trj tra vé 1a 1 diém). Vay a =(0;0:1;0) én thudt dap img lai ctia nguoi thir hai 1a o 5 2 9.38. Xét ma trdn trd choi As.s=|-3 0 4 |, kiém tra thy A khéng c6 diém 6-40 yén ngva va cling khOng thé rit gon bang Iuat chi pl Luot 1 Bude 1: Cong cdc pha tirewa ma Buée 2 tran véi x = 4, duge ma tran sau > baa aor lnfayt9 [21 . ulitatsfi ayo 6 B a fiofol4 |i 100 4 =1)-1}-1[0 Bude 3: Chon chét tai dong x3 e6t y1 (chita gid tri 10). Bude 4 : Thay déi lai cae gid tr} Bude 5. Thay nhan eOt 1 lay, va ca bang, e6 bing méi nhu sau dong 3 1a x5 cho nhau vy _[o [ys as [ae | os x {-o4[9 [04 [oe n[-o4] 9 | 04 [06 »{-o1[ 4] 76 fos x]-0.1] 4 | 76 Joo xs|o1 fo | os for wor [o | os for 01 |-1]-06) 01 [Joa [-1f-os[or 159Bude 6: Quay lai bude 3. Lucot 2 Bude 3; Chon chét la 6 thude dng 1 (nban x;) va c6t 2 (nhan y»). Bude 4: Thay dai lai cae gid tri cia bang, c6 bang méi véi gia tri gan ding hur sau x dn vs xi | 0.0444] 0.1111 | 0.0444 | 0.0667 x2 | 0.0778 | -0.4444 | 7.4222 | 0.6333 vi] od 0 oa [01 0.0556 | 0.1111 | -0.5556 | 0.1667 Buée 5: Thay nbain e6t 2 1a y2 va dong 1 la x cho nhau © x » y2| 0.0484 / 0.1111 | 0.0444 | 0.0667 mal 0.0778 | 0.4444 | 7.4222 | 0.6333 yi] Od 0 oa [on 0.0556 | 0.1111 | -0.5556 | 0.1667 Bueée 6 : Quay Iai bude 3. Luot 3 Bude 3: Chon chét la 6 thude dong 2 (nhdn 1a x2) c6t 3 (nhan 1a ys). Bude 4 va 5. % x % yn | =0.0449 | 0.1138 | -0.0060 | 0.0629 3s | 0.0105 [0.0599 0.1347 [0.0853 yi | 0.0958 | 0.0240 | -0.0539 | 0.0659 0.0614 [0.078 [0.0749 [02147 Bud 6, Bude 7: Gid tr trd choi 1a 0,6713. Chién thudt t6i uu cho ngudi thir nhat 1a p = (0.3636; 0.3497; 0.2867). Chign thudt t6i wu cho ngudi thir hai la g = (0.3077; 0.2937; 0.3986). 1609.36. Luu ¥ ring “Ngudi thir nhdt khong biét déng tién duoc dau & phong nao” do dé hai vi tri ma ngudi thir nhat 6 thé chon dé di chuyén trong cay 1a cing mét tap théng tin. Ki higu Dy va D; 18 cde chién thuit nguyén thuy eta ngudi thir hai, wrong img la dau ding bac & phong | hoac diu ding bac & phong 2. Ki higu 7) va 7: 1a cde chién thuat nguyén thuy cia ngudi thir nbét, twong immg Ia tim déng bac & phéng 1 hoae tim a phing 2, Theo dé bai c6 cdc phan bé xéc sudt nh trén cd Khi nguoi thit nhat thye hign 7;, néu ngudi thir hai thure hign Dy thi gid tr amtiet avdla S13 Khi nguoi thet nhac thye hign 72, néu ngudi thit hai thye hign D> thi gid tri 1 1 travéla 1 ave Das Bang gid trj tra vé cho ngudi thi nhat 1a { [ofp nl+}o 2 [r]° Thuc hign chién thudt can bing: Goi tin sudt thuc hign 7) lap, thye hign Ts p_i-p 2 lt -pthice: 2 suy ra p= P 27g MYM pas Vay chién thudt can bang tdi wu cho nguiri thir nhat Li (2: 3) Gia tr) tro choi 1619.37, Bang tinh gid tri trung bin tra vé cho ngudi thir nht : af ag of a a1 32ey 13420 1342001 3°73 373 3°73 5) Las2o=1 | tor20=0 | 13420-1 3x35 3°t5 so5 ©) Las2o-1 | Lae2o=r 373 373 Vay 06 ma trin t8 choi li Y dg ef eg afar 3 ofio12 elt 1-4 Dong (a) bi chi phéi boi dong (b) nén c6 thé loai bé dong (a). Cét (eg) bi chi phéi nghiém ngat boi c6t (ef) nén 66 thé logi o6t (eg) Cart (a) bi chi phéi nghiém ngat béi té hop céc cét (dg) va (ef) voi tin sudt 0.5 cho mdi et, Dan t6i ma trén 2x2: dg of bo 1 e tal Dé ding tim duge gid tri trd choi la i Chién thugt t8i uu cho ngudi thir Chién thuat ti wu cho ngudi thir hai 1a (0: 9.38. Voi ngudi thir nhdt : Ki higu Dar cuve 1a d, Kiém tra la k. Nguoi thir nhat 6 hai tap théng tin, Trong méi tap théng tin c6 thé tao ra mét Iya chon. 162trong hai Iya chon. Do 46 ngudi thi nhdt c6 2x2 chién thudt nguyén thuy. Dé la cic chién thuét sau : (4d): Dat cuge bat ké quan bai nhén duge Ta quan bai thiing hay 1a quén bai thua; (@; R) : Dat cuge véi quan bai thing va kiém tra véi quéin bai thua; (k; d) : Kiém tra véi quan bai thing va dat cuge v6i quan bai thua; (&; B) : Kiém tra v6i quin bai thiing hoe thus, Vay tap céc chién thugt nguyén thuy la X= ((4; &), (a: B, (k; ‘Ching ta 4a chira trong X moi chién thudt nguyén thuy ké ca tt ln x4u. Neubi thir hai chi c6 mOt tap thong tin, Do 46 ¥ = (g; c} v6i ki higu g la Goi, ¢ la Chét. ‘Negudi tht hai sir dung g hoc c néu ngudi thir nhdt vira ding dat cuge (4; Ma trén gid tr trav cho nguoi thir nhét nhu bang sau: D}. Cot g (epi) Cot 2: € (chy) Dong 1: (Att exeve; dit cure) = (Aa) | p(t +8)+ (1 —pX-1- 6) | p.1+ (1 —pyt Dong 2: (dt curve; kiém tra) = (4:R) | p.(1 + 6)+(1—py-1)_ | p.1+(1—pyt-ly Dong 3: (hiém tra: it cuge) = (k:) | p.1+Q-p)(-1-6) _ [pl+(—p) Dang 4: (kiém tra: kiém tra) = (kk) | p.1 + (1 —p)(-1) pA+(~p)C1) Dong 3 bi chi ph6i béi déng 1, nén cé thé loai bé dong 3. Dong 4 bj chi phdi béi dong 2 nén cé thé lagi hé dong 2. Dn téi ma trim 4 kich thube 2x2 : Cot: g (oH) Cét 2: ¢ (ehd) Dong |: (dit curve: dat cuve) = (4:0) | pCi + 6)+ (1 —pX-1 8) | pl +p) Dang 2: (it cure; kiém ta) = (2k) |p +8)+(1- pl) _| pl +(1= pM) Khip=1 COt 1: g (oi) | Cot 2: ¢ (chdt) Dang 1: (dat expe; dat cuge) — Ya, | 146 P Dong 2: (dat cwge; kiém tra) = (d;k) 1+6 P 4 c6 hai dong giéng nhau, c6 hai diém yén ngya la A(1;2) va AQ:2). 163164 ‘Véy gid trj rd choi la p. Chién thudt t6i uu cho ngudi thir nhét la (x; 1 - x; 0; 0) voi 0 . ay Khi peo tro choi 1a 1. Chién thugt t6i uu cho ngudi thir nhét la (1; 0; 0; 0) va chién thugt t6i um cho ngudsi thir hai 1a (0; 1). (va p # 1) thi AC; 2) la diém yén ngya, do dé gid tri ; 2+b ote, 0). ‘Cubi cing xét trong hop p<. a6) (va p #0). Bang céc cng thite giai trd choi ma tran 2x2 tim chién thuat cfn bing ti (4p-00+5)-1 mu sé c6: Gia tri td choi la V= 246‘Chién thugt t6i wu cho ngudi thir nhdt 1a: ( pb s2-20tb-208-o9) (l= py(2+b)” =pya+b) 7) CChign thugt ti wu cho ngudi thi hai la: (35 5): 246 246 9.39. a) Sir dung céc céng thite tinh gid tr va cdc chién thuat téi wu cua trd choi ma trén ( 2) khong c6 diém yén nga: Po Tenb-d* Ta cé két qua sau: Trd choi Gr ¢6 diém yén ngya tai 6 (1; 2) nén 1a gié tri trd choi 1a 3, chi thudt cho ngudi thir nhdt la (1; 0) chién thudt t6i uu cho ngudi thir hai la (0; 1). Tro choi G2 kh6ng 6 diém yén ngya, gid trj trd choi 1a 3, chién thuét cho ngudi thir nhdt 1a (33) chién thugt t6i wu cho nguds tht hai fa ( 4) Trd choi Gs khéng cé diém yén ngya, gid trj tr choi la -1, chién thuét cho nui tht nbét la (44) hin thug 6 cho nguoi cht hai ta (4 4). Do ®t choi G xem hr cot voima én = (? 3) te chi 3-1, khéng c6 diém yén ngya, gid tri rd choi 1a 2, chién thuét cho nguai thir ). ahd 1a (3) chién thudt t6i uu cho ngud thir hai la ( b) Di cot I va cét 4 cho nhau, durge ma tran: G’ = cove Ge Sour BROS 165Trd choi trén G’ coi nhw trd choi G" = (¢ 3 ) ma af JuonG Giai Gy va Gy duage két qua: bari CChién thugt t6i wu cho | Chién thugt t6i ru cho Gide choi) biti nt nngui th: hai 27 3.2 nat (ore a 2 a-(32) =(2.1 G) 23 a= ( 3 ) nhat la p= ¢ Suy rated choi G ban dt 66 gid tr 1a = 22, chidnthust 6 ua cho ngubi thir nhét 1a: 7.2.7 5.9 o-(% 7 chién thugt t6i wu cho nguéi thir hai 1A 190 1669.40. Néu td choi He vs i att = Ya 7) ne hc von ta goi gidi han cua gid trj tra vé 14. Q. Néu 0 < Q <2 thi 6 (1; 1) la diém yén ngya, gid trj trd choi 1a Q. Néu Q > 2 thi 6 (1; 2) 1a diém yén ngya, gid tr} trd choi la 2, Néu Q <0 thi 6 (2; 1) 14 diém yén ngya, gid trj tra vé 1a 0. Néu ted choi két thie véi gid tri v, gidi diing thire v = vat(y }) ste suy ra v= 0 ho&c v = 2. Khi 46 chién thugt t6i uu cho ngudi thir 4 =) Chi 6 thé chon v = 2 nga Id cd chién thutt (1; 0), thugt nay nguéi thir hai luén Iuén chon dong 1, nhung khi 46 néu ngudi thir hai luén chon cét 1 thi trd choi khéng thé két thac (mau thudn v6i gid st). Két ludn: Trong moi truémg hgp gid tri trd choi la v € [0; 2]. 9.41, Chung ta hay gidi dng thoi cc trd choi nay. Goi gid tri cila ee trd choi Gr, Gz, Gy tog tmg Ia vy, v2 va vy. Néu Khéng €6 trd choi nao din téi ma tran c6 diém yén ngya ta c6: y 0 ae vat" 5 (a) = rat () v= Vall y, yy, |. WoW Gia sit chién thuat cia ngudi thir nhit 1a p = (p15 p25 ps). 1679.42. Day la trd choi ngdu nhién mét trang thé 9.43. a) ¥, = raf, 168 ‘Su dung nguyén li can bang c6 hé : + Pad + Pay a + PVs + Pye PMs + PM + PMs ‘COng timg vé ba ding thite trén c6 : 3¥= 1+ v2 ¥)PI+ Pa Ps) =B2M= Vat V5 © 4y2-2 7 Tir hg gdm (a), (b) va (c) suy ra 7v7 +4y,-4=0 =>, = (do 0

You might also like

• The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  

  From Everand

  The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  Mark Manson

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (5810)
• The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  

  From Everand

  The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  Brene Brown

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1092)
• Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  

  From Everand

  Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  Chris Voss

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (843)
• • Magazines
  • Podcasts
  • Sheet music
• Principles: Life and Work

  

  From Everand

  Principles: Life and Work

  Ray Dalio

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (608)
• The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  Jeannette Walls

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1716)
• Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  

  From Everand

  Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  Angela Duckworth

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (590)
• Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  Jesmyn Ward

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1104)
• Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  

  From Everand

  Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  Margot Lee Shetterly

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (897)
• Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  

  From Everand

  Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  Phil Knight

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (540)
• The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  

  From Everand

  The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  Stephen Chbosky

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2104)
• The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  

  From Everand

  The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  Ben Horowitz

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (346)
• Bad Feminist: Essays

  

  From Everand

  Bad Feminist: Essays

  Roxane Gay

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1018)
• Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  

  From Everand

  Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  Ashlee Vance

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (474)
• Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  

  From Everand

  Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  Carmen Maria Machado

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (822)
• The Outsider: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Outsider: A Novel

  Stephen King

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1850)
• The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  

  From Everand

  The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  Siddhartha Mukherjee

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (271)
• The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  

  From Everand

  The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  Viet Thanh Nguyen

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (122)
• Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  Frank McCourt

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (441)
• Brooklyn: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Brooklyn: A Novel

  Colm Toibin

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (1946)
• The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  

  From Everand

  The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  Meik Wiking

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (401)
• The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  

  From Everand

  The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  Thomas L. Friedman

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2259)
• A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  Fredrik Backman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (4610)
• A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  

  From Everand

  A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  Betty Smith

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1929)
• The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  Garth Stein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (4203)
• Steve Jobs

  

  From Everand

  Steve Jobs

  Walter Isaacson

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (807)
• The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  

  From Everand

  The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  Sarah M. Broom

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (98)
• Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  

  From Everand

  Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  Gilbert King

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (266)
• The Woman in Cabin 10

  

  From Everand

  The Woman in Cabin 10

  Ruth Ware

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2521)
• A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  

  From Everand

  A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  Dave Eggers

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (231)
• Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  

  From Everand

  Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  Doris Kearns Goodwin

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (234)
• Yes Please

  

  From Everand

  Yes Please

  Amy Poehler

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1898)
• Fear: Trump in the White House

  

  From Everand

  Fear: Trump in the White House

  Bob Woodward

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (738)
• Wolf Hall: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Wolf Hall: A Novel

  Hilary Mantel

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (3811)
• John Adams

  

  From Everand

  John Adams

  David McCullough

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2409)
• On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  

  From Everand

  On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  Naomi Klein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (74)
• The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  M.L. Stedman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (789)
• The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  

  From Everand

  The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  George Packer

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (45)
• Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  Jennifer Egan

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (792)
• The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  John le Carré

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (104)
• Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  

  From Everand

  Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  Jay Sekulow

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (137)
• Little Women

  

  From Everand

  Little Women

  Louisa May Alcott

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (104)