)( 2016
:


:

:



.........................................................



)(
2016





.

:
.
.
.
.
.
.


* *
* *

 :

. 3752 : E-mail: acatap2@gmail.com - www.acatap.org / 3334876

1991 :

2016/6/1

: : 25 :
35 :
5



.........................................................



)(
2016

.........................................................

11 .................................................

.
27 ....................................

.
47 ...........................................

.
65 .....................................

.
) ( 79 .....................

105 ................................................................

.

137 ......................................



.........................................................



)(
2016

155 ......................

169 .......................................................

. .

181 .......................................

.

" " 211 ........

223 .....................

249 ..............................................................

.................. 2016

263

267...............................................

271...........................................



.
:



.

.




.
.

.





.
!

 

...........................................




)
(
2015

.




.


.





.

.

.

10



 

 
 
 
.

.
.



""
.


.


.........................................................
 
   )( 2016

.

.


.
" " language planning

linguistique

1959
planification
. .


.
language planning

planification linguistique " "
amnagement linguistique " "
) (1977
. "" ""
.


.

12

 ..............................................................................................

 

 

.





. .

.

... " -

" .

.1

"

" .2

1

: :
: 2014 .318

Christiane Loubier : Lamnagement linguistique,

.Office de la langue franaise

13


.........................................................
 
   )( 2016

.1 "
.

.2

" " ""

:
.
) (
.
. .
. /
: ...

Audit Linguistique
1

:
2008 .223

: .221

:
2009 937- :

936 .

14

 ..............................................................................................

 

 




.

.

:

.


.

.

.

.

:
.2009

15


.........................................................
 
   )( 2016

.
:

.1



.

.

.

) ( ) (


.


.

.

16

 ..............................................................................................

 

 


.

.

.


.1

:


.
...
.
:


.

.2

: 1997 4 .209

.214/210

17


.........................................................
 
   )( 2016



.

.2




.

2




.
1

:
.1998

: : 43 .

18

 ..............................................................................................

 

 


.

1 " "


.

.

350



.



.




Lapierre Jean-William, Le pouvoir politique et les langues, PUF 1988.

19


.........................................................
 
   )( 2016
.

- .


)( .

.
" "
- .




.

:




.

20

 ..............................................................................................

 

 


.3


:

)
( .

.

.



.




.
.


.

21


.........................................................
 
   )( 2016


. :
.1

.
.2
.


:
.1 .
.2 .







.


535
445

22

 ..............................................................................................

 

 

65 8.3
.




.
:

.
.

.

/

.

23


.........................................................
 
   )( 2016





. .


.



.

.

.





:

.1
.2

24

 ..............................................................................................

 

 

.3

.


...

25

2016 (
 
   ).........................................................

- Cabr M.T : La terminologie, Thorie, mthode et applications, Les Presses de
- lUniversit dOttawa, 1998,
- Will Kymlicka : La citoyennet multiculturelle. Une thorie librale du droit des minorits,
Montral, Boral, 2001.
- CALVET, Louis-Jean & DUMONT Pierre : Lenqute sociolinguistique, LHarmattan, Paris,
1999.
- CALVET, Louis-Jean, 1993, La sociolinguistique, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris.
- CALVET Louis-Jean : Les Voix de la Ville Introduction la Sociolinguistique.
- Urbaine, Payot, Paris. 1994.
- FISHMAN, Joshua A, Sociolinguistique, Labor, Bruxelles, 1971.
- Boyer H : lments de sociolinguistique, Paris, Dunod, 1996 Langue et identit. Sur le
nationalisme linguistique, Limoges, Lambert-Lucas, 2008.
- Mackey W. F : Bilinguisme et contact des langues, Paris, Klincksieck, 1976.
- Maurais J. d, Politique et amnagement linguistiques, Gouvernement du Qubec, 1987 Conseil
de la langue franaise.

26



    
 
 
 
.







.

)(
.

)( 2014 2015
2015


.........................................................      )
( 2016
15
.




.

)(



.
.

.


)(




2003

28



 .................................................................    
 
 




.








.

450 400.
. 600 700

29


.........................................................      )
( 2016
750 1100
.
350 1100
250
.
.

:




600
.

:

.
)
( :

1983 .173

2002 .25

30



 .................................................................    
 
 

.

:



.

1553 1626




: .
.



.
1

1984 .85

.127

31


.........................................................      )
( 2016




.



1847
1882

.

1866

1920


1901
1919

.

32



 .................................................................    
 
 

:









.

33


.........................................................      )
( 2016
....




!

.



.


:
"

34



 .................................................................    
 
 

.
!".



..

.

... .
.
.




.

1 85 2 2010 .358

35


.........................................................      )
( 2016


)(

:







.



.

.


.

.1982

36



 .................................................................    
 
 


..
.

.



.

1988 .88

37


.........................................................      )
( 2016
:




%60 %76

.

)( %26
.%4

.1983

.1988

.1982

38



 .................................................................    
 
 


.



.

Ren Maheu
:



.

2010 .132

2008 .49

39


.........................................................      )
( 2016






.

.2012

40



 .................................................................    
 
 



.

2010 .165

41


.........................................................      )
( 2016

1



.



)
( .



.



1

2014 .4

42



 .................................................................    
 
 

. ) ..(

.

.
!
!




.

1

.2

.78

2 .68

43


.........................................................      )
( 2016



.

:
.1


2000
2016
.

.2
)



( :
.
.3

44



 .................................................................    
 
 


)( .
.4

.
.5

.
.6 )(

.
.7

.
.8
.
.9
.
.10
.
.11
.

45


.........................................................      )
( 2016

.1
.1988
.2
.1983
.3 .
.4 .1984
.5
.1988
.6 85
.2010
.7 .
.8 .2014
.9 .2002
.10 .2008
.11 .2010
.12 .2012
.13 .1983
.14 .

46

       

 
.
-

. .
. .




language attitudes .

.

.

.

.........................................................    ) ( 2016

.

.


.


. :

.


.


.
.

.8

48

language maintenance

 .....................................................................................  
"

" .1
2

.


" ".3

.4

J. Fishman " "

) (1972 (1982) Gumperz .

Joseph

) (2004 .
) (2003 1999 1996 1994
.



1
2

.NAHIR, M. (2003) Language Planning Goals 439

.JOSEPH, J. (2004) Language and Identity 12

Suleiman, Y. The Arabic Language and National 3

1434 .30-23

.Identity

49

.........................................................    ) ( 2016

" " .1

) (2004 :

.

2 .

)(1991

:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
.5 .3

) (7-6 :2003

.4 :

Suleiman, Y. The Arabic Language and National 4

.JOSEPH, J. (2004) Language and Identity 8-7

.Identity

SMITH, A. (1991) National Identity. Harmondsworth: Penguin 14

Suleiman, Y. The Arabic Language and 7-6

.Books.

.National Identity

50

 .....................................................................................  
.
.

. 1(1988) Edwards
:
.
. :
. :
.
.

) 2(1980

" ".
.3

EDWARDS, J. (1988) Language, Society and Identity. 1

FISHMAN, J. (1972) Language and Nationalism: Two Integrative 87

. :

.Oxford: Basil Blackwell

.Essays. Rowley, MA: Newbury House Publishers

326 .13-1

51

.........................................................    ) ( 2016

.
.

.
.




diaglossia


.
""
.1

" :

.

FERGUSON, C. (2003) "Diglossia" in: C. B. PAULSTON 350

and G. R. TUCKER (eds), Sociolinguistics. Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell Publishing, pp.343-

.358

52

 .....................................................................................  
!!!"

)" :(2003

".2

" "
. )" :(1949-1890

... " .3

. ) (2006

Suleiman, Y. The Arabic Language and 10-9

GERSHONI, I. and J. JANKOWSKI (1995) Redefining the 119-118

. 45 2013 .30

.National Identity

.Egyptian Nation: 19301945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

53

.........................................................    ) ( 2016

1

. ) (2003

.2
.

:
.

.


) ""
"" .
" "Englishization .
.

.
.


" :
"" .
1

IBRAHIM, Z. (2006). "Borrowing in modern standard Arabic". Available on-line:

.KAMEL, W. (2003) Research in Modern Arabic. Cairo: Alam Al-Kutub

.www.inst.at/bio/zeinab_ibrahim.htm

54

 .....................................................................................  

...

".1

. :
.1 )() : battery(

.2 ) : skyscraper (.
.
.

.
:


"

...
" .2

. . 655 2013.82 :

. 45 2013.29

55

.........................................................    ) ( 2016

ballistic missile

cruise missile

" " " "

. .

.

)(2002

.1

.2
.
. .
) (
3

.

) (2006

. NEWMAN, D. (2002) "The European 1

influence on Arabic during the Nahda: lexical borrowing from European languages (tarib) in
19th-century literature", Arabic Language and Literature, Vol. 5, No. 2, p.1

.NAHIR, M. (2003) Language Planning Goals 427

.184

56

 .....................................................................................  
.

. .

. "" "" ""

""" "" "" " "" 2005
" " "" ) (
"" ) (" "" " " "
.1

:
.

.2 :
deep freezer
democratic

video

stereo

motor

IBRAHIM, Z. (2006). "Borrowing in modern standard Arabic". Available on-line:

www.inst.at/bio/zeinab_ibrahim.htm

NGOM, F. (2002). "Linguistic borrowing as evidence of the social history of the Senegalese
speech community". International Journal of Sociology of Language, 158, 37-51.

57

.........................................................    ) ( 2016

model

camera

battery

jeans

plastic

hamburger
pizza

supermarket
cement

. .
:
/

computer

bank

cafeteria

coffee shop

cocktail

power steering

radio

bus

academy

telephone

furniture

58

 .....................................................................................  

can

brand new

Ice tea

geology

physics

.
.
] [v )( .
.
. ] [p

. emphatic sounds
)(
"" ""

" "post" ."battery
.

" "philosophy "" " "physics ""
.
.
" "stereo " "static

""strategy

"" "" "" .

""
"".

59

.........................................................    ) ( 2016

. .
. .
"

" .1

Franco Arabic


.
) (

ma sha2a Allah

) ( in sha2a Alla.

.
" "
. .

.

BAKHTIN, M. (1981) The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. 304

Ed. and trans. M. HOLQUIST. Austin: University of Texas Press.

60

 .....................................................................................  

.



.

.

.
.

) Nahir (2003

.1
:

.

. 112 2008

.NAHIR, M. (2003) Language Planning Goals 423

61

.........................................................    ) ( 2016

.
.
.

: "
.
" .1 :

.2 :
.



.
.


.

1
2

.NAHIR, M. (2003) Language Planning Goals 433

.NAHIR, M. (2003) Language Planning Goals 435

62

    .....................................................................................

. 1434 .83-82 : 2013 655 ." " . . 1435 . " " . .2013 45 .
: . .326
: . .184

- BAKHTIN, M. (1981) The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Ed. and trans. M. HOLQUIST.
Austin: University of Texas Press.
- CRYSTAL, D. (1997). A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers
Ltd. 4th edition.
- EDWARDS, J. (1988) Language, Society and Identity. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
- FERGUSON, C. (2003) "Diglossia" in: C. B. PAULSTON and G. R. TUCKER (eds),
Sociolinguistics. Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell Publishing, pp.343-358.
- FISHMAN, J. (1972) Language and Nationalism: Two Integrative Essays. Rowley, MA:
Newbury House Publishers.
- (1980) Social Theory and Ethnography: Language and Ethnicity in Eastern Europe in P.
SUGAR (ed.), Ethnic Diversity and Conflict in Eastern Europe Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio,
pp. 6999.
- GERSHONI, I. and J. JANKOWSKI (1995) Redefining the Egyptian Nation: 19301945.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- GHOSH, N. (2001) "Fixing the Language, Fixing the Nation". Jouvert, 5 : 3.
http://social.chass.ncsu.edu/jouvert/v5i3/ghosh.htm. College of the Humanities and Social
Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
- GUMPERZ, J. (ed). (1982) Language and Social Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
- IBRAHIM, Z. (2006). "Borrowing in modern standard Arabic". Available on-line:
www.inst.at/bio/zeinab_ibrahim.htm

63

2016 (     ).........................................................

- JOSEPH, J. (2004) Language and Identity: National, Ethnic, Religious. New York: Palgrave
Macmillan.
- KAMEL, W. (2003) Research in Modern Arabic. Cairo: Alam Al-Kutub.
- MESTHRIE, R., J. SWANN, A. DEUMERT and W. LEAP. (2000) Introducing
Sociolonguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
- NAHIR, M. (2003) "Language Planning Goals: A Classification" in: C. PAULSTON and G.
TUCKER (eds), Sociolinguistics. Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell Publishing.
- NEWMAN, D. (2002) "The European influence on Arabic during the Nahda: lexical borrowing
from European languages (tarib) in 19th-century literature", Arabic Language and Literature,
Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 1-32.
- NGOM, F. (2002). "Linguistic borrowing as evidence of the social history of the Senegalese
speech community". International Journal of Sociology of Language, 158, 37-51.
- SMITH, A. (1991) National Identity. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
- SULEIMAN, Y. (1994), Nationalism and the Arabic Language: An Historical Overview in: Y.
SULEIMAN (ed.), Arabic Sociolinguistics: Issues and Perspectives. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon
Press, pp. 324.
- (1996), Language and Identity in Egyptian Nationalism, Y. SULEIMAN (ed.), Language and
Identity in the Middle East and North Africa. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, pp. 2537.
- (1999), Language and Political Conflict in the Middle East: A Study in Symbolic
Sociolinguistics, in Y. SULEIMAN (ed.), Language and Society in the Middle East and North
Africa: Studies in Identity and Variation. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, pp. 1037.
- (2003) The Arabic Language and National Identity: A Study in Ideology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh
University Press.

64


    
  


.
-

" : "

.

.
.


.
.

.

  .........................................................     )
( 2016

.


.

. . 1

.

.
.

.

.32
1

" : " "

" )(
2002 .

" : " 1956 .

" : " 1986 .

66

   
 .......................................................................  
 

.1

.


.

.2

.


.
.3

.
.
Caroll, J. B.: "Language and Thought", New Jersey, 1964
2

" : " "

" )(
2002 .

" : " .
1999 .

67

  .........................................................     )
( 2016

.

.1

.
.21

.

.

.3

.154
1

" : " "

" )(
2002 .

" : " "

" 1985 1987 .

" : " .1980

." :. " 1971 .

" : " 1971 .

68

   
 .......................................................................  
 

.
.2

.
1838 .
1908 "
" .
1923

.2

1919
. .
.

.
.3

.
.4

1

: 1984 .

) ( 1983 .

69

  .........................................................     )
( 2016

.

86 .
.

".21

.5
.
.6
.
.
.7
1970 " :

".43

.1 . 5
1

" : "
15 1985 .

" : " 21981 .

" : " 1975 .

" : "

" : " "

411992 .75-47

" )(

2002 .

70

   
 .......................................................................  
 

) (O-Level
.
!
.


. :

) (



%70
.

.1

.2
. :
.
.
1

" : "
421992 .65-41

71

  .........................................................     )
( 2016

.
.
. .
- -

.

"

" .1
.


.


.

.

.
1

" :
" ) / ( )
(.

72

   
 .......................................................................  
 

.
.
.


.

.


1976 .1

.

. attack
angle of attack .

.
.

.

" : "
.1976

73

  .........................................................     )
( 2016

.

.
.
.
1 432

.5

.

.


area
.
. .
1

" : -" 392005 .

" : -" 7
2000 .

" -" ) (
41978 .

" -" 1982 .

" " 4 2005

74

   
 .......................................................................  
 

aeroplane/airplane
.

.
:
.1 : ) (air
)( .
.2 : .

1
. ) (helicopter )
(.

(
.3 : . )
( ) (turbine

)
.

)( ) (.
.4 :
.5 : )( )( .
.6 : )(
)( . )( .
.
.7 : ) .(spacecraft
1

" : " 1974 .

75

  .........................................................     )
( 2016

.8 : ) ( ) (atom )(
.

.
.

.
) (airframe
) .(aircraft structures aircraft
) ( "" .


.

.
) (beam )(

. )
( .
)( . )

" : "
2002 .

76

   
 .......................................................................  
 

( )
(.
) (buckling )(
( .

)
)( )
( . ) (
.


.
.
.

.

.

)

( .

.
.

77

  .........................................................     )
( 2016

.
:

. : ! :
.

: .

.


.


.


.



.

78

 
  
) (
 
.

-
" :
"

) (

.........................................................    )( 2016

.

:




: :
:

1

.

1849 :


1 : ) (
1985 2 .87

80

 ............................................................................................................ 
 
- -

. .

1

.

.2

" " 1984

1

:
) ( 781411 791191/ .66

: :
..1981 .18

81

.........................................................    )( 2016

1

francophone

*Francophile



" "


.

20

francophile et francophone
francophone

:
Francophile

" ".

82

 ............................................................................................................ 
 

:

philosophia

1




.2

.


16 1976
8

35/76

1976/4/16

3
.

1

: : 84
14191999/ .64

: .236

:
http://www.infpe.edu.dz .58

83

.........................................................    )( 2016

.






.

84

 ............................................................................................................ 
 

1


.


15
2

: .54 53

22 1437 4/ 2015.

85

.........................................................    )( 2016

1


.

:











2

.1

: .

: : : .40-39

86

 ............................................................................................................ 
 

2
.





.

""

3

.

.
1

: :
2013 .17

: : : ) ( 2
1426 .52

: .36

87

.........................................................    )( 2016

" "




.
...

.2






.
1

:
2014 1 .82

88

 ............................................................................................................ 
 

.3










1

: .187

89

.........................................................    )( 2016

.

.





.2

:


1

: : ) ..(1402 1982/
.60

: .302

90

 ............................................................................................................ 
 




- -

.
1

.1

2


...

: .353

: :
) ( .1408 21988/ .11

: :
1419 841999/ .30

91

.........................................................    )( 2016

.1

. .

...
.2

) (
" "
) (a, e, i, o, u, y

: : .88

: " "
25/24 2012 12/11 1434
) ( .25

92

 ............................................................................................................ 
 


:

.1

.2



.

3


4

:
) ( 781411 791991/
.96

: ) ( 4
14031983/ .6

: )( 1981 2 .8

: : .11-10

93

.........................................................    )( 2016

.

1

:
.

.3

.

1

: .14

:
) ( 2008 1 .410

94

 ............................................................................................................ 
 

.
.

.

:




.

.2

.1

: : .13

: : ) ( 1
2013 .76

95

.........................................................    )( 2016

.

" "Motivation
"
" ...
.

1

.

.
) (


.
)
( . -
) ( :

2
1

:
) (" " 1
2013 .475-474

: .475

96

 ............................................................................................................ 
 
.

.2


" :
" .






.

:





...
1

: .404

97

.........................................................    )( 2016

.








.

.

1

.

:

.



1

:
2014 1 .196

98

 ............................................................................................................ 
 
:
.
.1

. ""

"".2

:





1

: :
) ( 2003 1 .179

: : :
) (1986
1 .288

99

.........................................................    )( 2016

.1

:






.

.


1

: : ) ( 6
2013 .10

: : :
) ( ... 1 .34-33

100

 ............................................................................................................ 
 
.

.




.
1

: :
1419 841999/ .24

101

.........................................................    )( 2016

102

103

104


* 
 
.

( ) ( .

)(

.
:

Global Language Monitor
Internet World State
Internet Live State
Netcraft Web Server Survey
Pingdom
SIL International
UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages
Wikipedia

6500 3000

10,000.

*

.2015/10/28


 .........................................................    )( 2016
2500 200

.

%75 5 %20 400

%5

6000.

: )(

.



) (1
)(

2015
.

:1

106

 ......................................................................................................................
 
1997 186
2008 940 2015.

75 600 .


) (2 ) (content

%68

%7

%2

%2

%2

%3

%4

%6

%6

           


"

:2 ) (content

)

( %78

).(3

107


 .........................................................    )( 2016

%49

%22

  "

%9

%9

%11








%

:3

.
.

.


.
.

2000

5000 .

) (

) ( 2004 .

108

 ......................................................................................................................
 
10

.

.







.



) (1 -

-
)-(.
) :(1
)(

25

30

32
40

60

80

Oxford

50

Longman

55

)(

200

)(

250

109


 .........................................................    )( 2016

)(

) .(4
1954 IBM 60
:

.
.





.

:4

110

 ......................................................................................................................
 
1966

Automatic Language

) Processing Advisory Committee (ALPAC

. :

.


Systran
.
1980 IBM




.
.
IBM .

1999 NSF=National Science Foundation

2002 )( )(

Language Weaver 5000

.

111


 .........................................................    )( 2016

.
( )(:
)

" : : :

.


:

] [

" ..
.



.
:

.1 :

. .

112

 ......................................................................................................................
 
.




.

- -
.

:
.


)) = (Green Onion Leaves (
) (leaves ) (leaf )(to leave
.
:

.2 :

: .
.

113


 .........................................................    )( 2016
:

...

...
.
:

. .
.

.3 :

.

.

114

 ......................................................................................................................
 

.4 :

) ( .



.



.




.

:



.

:
. :

""

. : . :

" "

115


 .........................................................    )( 2016
.

) (2 ) (
) (
.
:2

+
-

.

.

.1 ""

90 .
.

Systran
""

2007 " " .

116

 ......................................................................................................................
 
.

200 .

.2 ATA

1992

" "
1995

. 2002 .

46
.

.
2000 ATA ""

2003
.

2002 " " .

.
...
" ".

.3 CIMOS

117


 .........................................................    )( 2016
.
" "

.
2003.

" " 150,000

" " :

:

.

" "Translate-Net

HTML .
"".

.4 Systran

- -

1968
" : " .

XML

)(...

30

118

 ......................................................................................................................
 
13 ) (
52.

2009
.

.
.

"" : Google Yahoo
ECE AOL=America Online
EAEC GM Xerox.
.5 WorldLingo

15 ) :

(.

.6 " "Ajeeb

""

.
"" " "tarjim

2001 .

150,000 .
""

119


 .........................................................    )( 2016


.

" " .

.7 ""
36
.
.

.8
Qickwiz Technologies Corp.

.




mouse.
Bable Fish .9

Alta Vista
.
1000 13
.
"" Systran
.
Free Translation .10

120

 ......................................................................................................................
 
"" .Systran

.
13,000

.
:
http://www.systranet.com/
http://www.babelfish.altavista.com/
http://www.freetranslation.com/
http://www.tranexp.com/
http://www.almisbar.com/
http://www.ajeeb.com/
http://translation2.paralink.com/
http://www.worldlingo.com/
http://www.wordreference.com/
http://www.reverso.net/text_translation.aspx?lang=EN
http://www.itranslatoronline.com/

:

) ( .
:
Yesterday, I went to my school early

1
Google

Babylon

Al-Wafi

121


 .........................................................    )( 2016

There are many schools in this city

Google

Babylon

Al-Wafi

Let's not lose the weekend

3
Google

Babylon

Al-Wafi

High definition

Google

Babylon

Al-Wafi

Stress can be friend or an enemy

5
Google

Babylon

Al-Wafi

Mr George and I are great friends

Google

Babylon

Al-Wafi

122

 ......................................................................................................................
 

He has to wear a coat

Google

Babylon

Al-Wafi

He has a coat to wear

Google

Babylon

Al-Wafi

.
...




.
: ""

"" "".
:

.1 "
" .

123


 .........................................................    )( 2016
2009 :
: " "XML and the second generation web

17 2001.

: "Muscle, Genes and Athletic Performance" :

17 2001.

:

"" "".
"" .

"Computers, of course, are not that smart; they need to be told exactly what things
are, how they are related and how to deal with them".

"

".

"
".

"

124

 ......................................................................................................................
 
".
""

"

".
""

" ,
".
""

" .
".

"In the 1970s and 1980s muscle specialists focused on demonstrating that the ability
of a muscle fiber to change size and type also applied to humans".

"
".

"
".

" 1970s 1980s

125


 .........................................................    )( 2016
".
""

"

".
""

"
".
""

" 1970 1980

".

"People with visual disabilities gain a free benefit from this approach to publishing".

" ".

" ".

" ".
""

" ".

126

 ......................................................................................................................
 
""

" ".
""

"
".

"On your mark. Get set. BANG! The runners are away".

" . . ".

" . .! ".

" . .! ".
""
! ".
" . .
""

" . .! ".
""

" . !BANG . ".

127


 .........................................................    )( 2016

"?"What will athletes be like in an age of genetic enhancements

" "

" "

"
"
""

" "
""

" "
""

" "

"As people age, they lose muscle fibers but they never gain new ones".

" ".

" ".

128

 ......................................................................................................................
 

" ".
""

" ".
""

" ".
""

" ".
.2 " " :
: .

" " "" "".

"Anxiety is a normal emotion that engages our fight-or-flight response".

" ".

" ".
""

" ".

129


 .........................................................    )( 2016
""

" ".

"Eat dinner before hitting the sack".

".
"

" ".
""

" ".
""

" ".

"A sneeze is nothing to sneeze at".

".
"

" ".
""

130

 ......................................................................................................................
 
" ".
""

" ".

"That night, you eat a healthy, balanced dinner and feel on top of the world".

".

"

" ".
""

" ".
""

" ".

"Most respiratory infections are transmitted hand-to-hand from infected to
susceptible people".

"
".

131


 .........................................................    )( 2016

" ".
""

" ".
""

" ".

"Anyone who suffers from hay fever is well aware that repeated sneezing can drive
you nuts".

"
".

"
".
""

"

".

""

" ".

132

 ......................................................................................................................
 

"There's no question that people who are fitter will experience fewer episodes of
"back pain.

".
"

" ".
""

" ".
""

" ".

:
:




...


-


.

133


 .........................................................    )( 2016

134

 ......................................................................................................................
 

" .1 : " .
" .2 " .2004
.2008
" .3 / "
" .4 "
(1) 2 .2010
" .5 " : .
" .6 " : .
" .7 " .
" .8 : "
1425 .
" .9 " .
" .10 " 26
1.2010 2
" .11 " .
" .12 "
.2009
" .13 : "
.2008
" .14 " .2010
" .15 "
.2001
" .16 " .
" .17 : " .
" .18 " .2001 1
" .19 : "
.

135

2016 (    )......................................................... 



20. "Statistical Machine Translation", Alona Fyshe.

21. "Statistical Machine Translation", Bonnie Dorr, Christof Monz.
22. "Machine Translation", Julie Conlonova, Rob Chase, and Eric Pomerleau.
23. "MACHINE TRANSLATION: A BRIEF HISTORY", W.John Hutchins.

136

      
*

: .

" "
.

.

:
""
.1

"" .2

Sabri-Fabrice Sayhi, Traduire dans le domaine de :

lconomie cologique : les difficults terminologiques , Traduire, 227 | 2012, 35-46.

mohamed-20x@hotmail.com :

" "Les sciences sociales

... ][.

][.

  .........................................................    )( 2016

.

.
1 .

-
.
.

.

.1


:

.
.

] [
1

" :
) -7( ) .(2012
Genevive Bordet Dbora Farji-Haguet
John Humbley ][.

138

 ..............................................................................      

.

.
: "
"la thorie de lconomie cologique
"

lconomie cologique

"applique .

Ren Passet ean-Paul Delage Fabrice Flipo.1

"" . .

"
" "Dveloppement durable et territoire "cologie et politique
" ) "Etopia ( .

Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen

" La dcroissance, entropie, conomie, cologie 2

Le

"Dveloppement soutenable "Franck-Dominique Vivien

1

Jacques Grinevald] Ivo Rens[ )

][.

( ][.

139

  .........................................................    )( 2016

" 1Ren Passet ."Lconomique et le vivant

2CEECEC .

3TEEB
.
!

" " "Mouvements 4"Mauss "

"Silence .

) (
1

][.PASSET Ren, 1979. Lconomique et le vivant, Paris, Payot :
"Civil Society Engagement with Ecological Economics" " Engagement de la socit civile avec

"lconomie cologique

) ( .

][.

"The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity" "lconomie des cosystmes et de la

"biodiversit

) ( CEECEC
][.

Revue du Mouvement anti-utilitariste en sciences sociales.

) ( ][.

140

 ..............................................................................      

.

Ecological Economics

- -

:
) (

"

lInstitut de cincia i tecnologia

"ambientals .

-
.

" .2" 1

" "soutenabilit .

.

" "soutenable " ."soutenabilit
"soutenable " "sustainable" "sostenible
1

" "La soutenabilit " "La durabilit

][.

141

  .........................................................    )( 2016

" "durable
" ."Les sciences environnementales

" "durable
" "sustainable
"" "" . ""
"

dveloppement

."durable

"" ""
" ".1

:
.
" "

.
) (sustainable ) (sostenible
.

"" ""
.
.
1

][.

142

       ..............................................................................

MARCHAL Aurlie, 2011, conomie cologique : principes de base , :
dans Etopia n 8, http://www.etopia.be/spip.php?article1741, consult le 28 octobre 2011.

143

  .........................................................    )( 2016

1Brundtland )
( .
" "
.

.3
: .

" :2 ][ "mtabolisme social

" " "empreinte hydrique " "passif environnemental

"dette cologique .

" "empreinte" ."dette

"" 1992 Mathis Wackernagel William Rees

3
. "" "
" .
Commission mondiale sur lenvironnement et le dveloppement de lONU, 1988, Rapport
Brundtland, Notre avenir tous, Montral, ditions du Fleuve.

][.
DUCHEMIN Eric, 2001, Mathis Wackernagel et William Rees, notre empreinte cologique ,
dans Vertigo, http://vertigo.revues.org/5230, consult le 4 novembre 2012.

144

 ..............................................................................      

. " "
. -
:

. "

capital

"naturel" 1"biens et services environnementaux

.
" .2"montarisation de la nature

lconomie

.environnementale

.4
)"
" " justice environnementale " "empreinte environnementale
"
("dette cologique " "cologique
"environnementale .
1

][.

MERINO-SAUM Albert et al., 2012, Que peut-on apprendre de lconomie cologique ? ,

dans La vie des ides, http://www.laviedesidees.fr/Que-peut-on-apprendre-de-l.html, consult le
6 avril 2012.

145

  .........................................................    )( 2016

: .

:
.
:

"

indicateurs

"biophysiques

.
.


.

""
. " "l indicateur

.

"
.
"le capital naturel

" "
" " ] [
] [ ) ( .
.

146

 ..............................................................................      

.5

.
.

"

justice

" "environnementale "exportation de dchets toxiques

" "dcroissance .

"" .

" "agrowth") "acroissance ""acrecimiento

( . ""
""
.

Serge Latouche "

Petit trait de la

"dcroissance sereine

""

:1

] ...[.

147

  .........................................................    )( 2016

.

.6

" " .

" ."externalit

" " 1

.
-

)
(.

" ."incommensurabilit
" "incommensurable

.
MARTNEZ ALIER Joan, 2009, Hacia un decrecimiento sostenible en las economas ricas ,
dans Revista de economa crtica, n 8,http://www.ecologiaradical.com.mx/VB/Biblioteca/Hacia
un Decrecimiento Sostenible en las Economas Ricas.pdf, consult le 10 septembre 2011.

148

 ..............................................................................      

) " "dcroissance

( . ""
.
:
) (
" "montaires .1

.7

) ( .
""

:


.

] [
] [ .


.
:

MERINO-SAUM Albert et al., Op. cit., p 6.

149

  .........................................................    )( 2016

" "Lempreinte hydrique1 "

" " empreinte eau " "empreinte de leau

empreinte sur

" "leau ."empreinte hydrologique

.

" " " "

" ".

.
:
. .
" "analyse des flux de matire :

" " "valuation des flux de matire

comptabilisation des

."flux de matire "

exportation de dchets

"toxiques " :

dversement de dchets

"toxiques " .""ransfert de dchets toxiques

)"" "" ""(

.

"
" (GNEHM Felix,
_suisse, 2012, tude de lempreinte hydrique https://www.deza.admin.ch/ressources/resource_fr
209748.pdf, consult le 9 mai 2012).

150

 ..............................................................................      

.8 -
" " "
"appropriation humaine de la production primaire nette
:

. " (HANNP) :

"Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production)" (MFA

."Material Flow Analysis

-
) (

.1

.9


.

.

][ .

1

.


: ][.

151

  .........................................................    )( 2016

.
.

.

. .

: " " "
" "." dcroissance soutenable

Franais

Espagnol

Anglais

acroissance

acrecimiento

agrowth

indicateur

indicador biofsico

biophysical indicator

biopiraterie

biopiratera

biopiracy

dette carbone

deuda de carbono

carbon debt

dcroissance

decrecimiento

degrowth

puisement des

agotamiento de los

depletion of natural

ressources naturelles

recursos naturales

resources

dette cologiqu

deuda ecolgica

ecological debt

empreinte cologique

huella ecolgica

ecological footprint

biophysique

)(

entropie

entropa

entropy

bien environnemental

bien ambiental

environmental good

justice

justicia ambiental

environmental justice

environnementale
1

.
.

152

       ..............................................................................

environmental

pasivo ambiental

liability1
environmental service

passif

environnemental
servicio ambiental

service

environnemental
exosomatic

exosomtico

exosomatique

export of toxic waste

exportacin de

exportation de dchets

residuos txicos

toxiques

externality

externalidad

externalit

human appropriation

apropiacin humana

appropriation

of net primary

de la produccin

humaine de la

production

primaria neta

production primaire

incommensurable

inconmensurable

incommensurable

material flow analysis

anlisis de los flujos

analyse des flux de

nette

de materiales

matire

natural capital

capital natural

capital naturel

relational good

bien relacional

bien relationnel

social metabolism

metabolismo social

mtabolisme social

sustainable

sostenible

soutenable

water footprint

huella hdrica

empreinte hydrique

[ ]

"" " responsabilit environnementale"

. ] [

153

2016 (     ).........................................................  

- GEORGESCU-ROEGEN Nicholas, 1995. La dcroissance. Entropie- cologie- conomie,

nouvelle dition, (premire dition : 1979), prsentation et traduction de MM. Jacques Grinevald
et Ivo Rens, Paris, Sang de la terre.
- VIVIEN Frank-Dominique, 2005. Le dveloppement soutenable, Paris, La dcouverte.
- PASSET Ren, 1979. Lconomique et le vivant, Paris, Payot.
- LATOUCHE Serge, 2007. Petit trait de la dcroissance sereine, Paris, Mille et une nuits.
- MERINO-SAUM Albert et al., 2012. Que peut-on apprendre de lconomie cologique ? ,
dans La vie des ides, http://www.laviedesidees.fr/Que-peut-on-apprendre-de-l.html, consult le
6 avril 2012.
- BONAUTI Mauro, 2002. la conqute des biens relationnels ,
dans Silence n 280, http://kropot.free.fr/Silence-decroissance.htm#SOMMAIRE, consult le 2
fvrier 2012.
- MARCHAL Aurlie, 2011. conomie cologique : principes de base , dansEtopia n
8, http://www.etopia.be/spip.php?article1741, consult le 28 octobre 2011.
- DIEMER Arnaud et al., 2007. Lcologie industrielle : quand lcosystme industriel devient
un vecteur du dveloppement durable , dans Dveloppement durable et
territoires, http://developpementdurable.revues.org/412, consult le 2 novembre 2012.
DOI : 10.4000/developpementdurable.4121
- MARTNEZ ALIER Joan, 2009. Hacia un decrecimiento sostenible en las economas ricas ,
dans Revista de economa crtica, n 8,http://www.ecologiaradical.com.mx/VB/Biblioteca/Hacia
un Decrecimiento Sostenible en las Economas Ricas.pdf, consult le 10 septembre 2011.
- TEEB, 2008. Lconomie des cosystmes et de la biodiversit : rapport de miparcours,http://www.teebweb.org/Portals/25/Documents/TEEB%20for%20Business/TEEB%20f
or%20Bus%20Exec%20French.pdf, consult le 23 fvrier 2012.
- CEECEC, 2010. Le manuel du CEECEC : lconomie cologique de bas en haut
,http://www.ceecec.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/FRENCH-HANDBOOK-FINAL.pdf,
consult le 20 dcembre 2011.
- DUCHEMIN Eric, 2001. Mathis Wackernagel et William Rees, notre empreinte cologique ,
dans Vertigo, http://vertigo.revues.org/5230, consult le 4 novembre 2012

154

    

 
    
 
.

:
1949
.1



)(
)( )( .
1973
: .
192 .
.2 :
1969

57

......................................................... "! % # )( 2016

)(
.


1963 .2001

. 53 .1

. .
.3
)(

1960

:
.
.2

""

""




""

%40 .
2014/12/8


.
.

156

 ..............................................       

.


) ( .
2011

.


.
" :
.
".1

)
(

.
!
1

) : (2012 .194
1992
.

157

......................................................... "! % # )( 2016

.
.


.

.

.
:
.1 :


:

.

158

 ..............................................       

.
.1

) ""
""( .
.
%20 .

.2

) .3 - -

1960


(.
-

:
2002 2009 .1991:
) : (2014 .

" : " ) :
.(2007

" " " " .

159

......................................................... "! % # )( 2016

1



:
.
) .
(.
.

"".
.



.

) . 101

1

" "
.1962

160

 ..............................................       

(.
) (
. %35
. .
.
.


.
.


.1
.2

:
/


.
1

: ) :
1435 2014/( .3

161

......................................................... "! % # )( 2016

1085
.
1917 .
"" 1948
.
.

)86-26705-646/ 65 86/ 685 705(

) (
)218-170833-786/
198 218833-813/( .
""
) (
. :
.1 .
.1

.2 .

162

 ..............................................       

.1

105 .2
.3 . :

.
.


.3

.
. : )(

.
400 .

:

.

) : (2009 22
.

: ) :
(2003 :- :-.

163

......................................................... "! % # )( 2016

.1

. .
.

.
.

.
.

.
.
.


.
.

.
1

en.widipedia.org.languages-used-on-the-internet :

164

 ..............................................       

.
:







.


.
.

165

......................................................... "! % # )( 2016

166

167

168



       * 
 
.
.

"" " "langue" "language .

. ""

"" "langue "" 1

" .2 .

.
"" " "langue " " parler 28/.

.
- 180795/

"" . "

5 .812 ...809

.195

.4

.195


.........................................................
 
    )( 2016

" 1" " 2 ""
"" ""
.
" " " "

"" " ".3

.

"" " - "
.
"" . "
" .4

" :
".5

""
"" .
"
" .6 " : ""

"
1

1 .187, 36, 28

2 .191

2 .50

:.

39, 3 .3/

170

 ...................................................................................................

      
" .1 ) 316929/(
" " .
" " . .
"" "

" .2
" " .3" " 4" ".5

23 8/9 . ""
" "grammaire ""

" " .6

"" 7
.
""
"" 310/ .
" " ""
1

.5/1

.167-166/1

.110/1

.263/1

.264/1

.491/1

.481/2

171


.........................................................
 
    )( 2016

"" 1 :
2

- -
.3

""

4

" ".5

"" .
- "" "" -
.

" " " " "
" " " .6 " " .7

: .
.
1

- .78/1

.371/1

.3

: .34/1

.128

228, 1 293 263, 2.477, 1

.13/2

172

 ...................................................................................................

      
- -
.1

" " .2 "

" 3 " " .4

: .
" :

" " " " " .5

"" "" "" "" ""

""
- " " "
" .6 :7

.10/2

.252/1

.240/1

.117/1

...258-78-74-27/1

.60-27/1

"


. . "".

173


.........................................................
 
    )( 2016

: - :

%100

%86

- :

%65

- :

%13

.%4

.1

"" "
" " "
.
.
""

.

" " "
" .
.2

696/1
: .

- .1960

174

 ...................................................................................................

      
* ""
" :

. .1 )

( "" . ""
) 385 1004/( "

".2

"" " "langue" ."language

28/.3

.
""

.4

.
" " " " " "
*

"".

.42/2

.33/2

"" "" 564

"" .
4

162-161/1 .299/5

175


.........................................................
 
    )( 2016

) ( )154770/(
) 213828/( :
... .


410/

....1

.
.

"" .2

.3



. " "

" .4 ""
" - - ...

.5 .
1

- - .1956

.48/1

.1

.3/1

.54/1

176

 ...................................................................................................

      

1 /
/ .2 " "
" " .3

.4

. ) 324
936/(

.5
: )

(.6

39/
.

250845/ . "

.140-139/1

126/2 308-193-24 : .148

.64-69-79-81

28-8/1 11-10 .

.20/1

.41/1

177


.........................................................
 
    )( 2016

" .1
) 4151025/( "

"
" .2

" .3 "

.
" .4

5

" .
" :

" " " " " " " "

" " .6 " :

" . " "
.
" " " "

186/2.250/1

.22/1

.136/2

.191/16

.3/1

4/1...

178

 ...................................................................................................

      
.1
"" " "langue
" " "" ) .(Linguistique
.
" " ""

.2

.1060/1

.21-13-8

179


.........................................................
 
    )( 2016

180

         

 
.

-

. " "
.


.

.


)( .

.........................................................    )( 2015

.

:
)
(
) (.




.

182

 ...........................................................................        

.


"" .



.




.

.

.
.



.

183

.........................................................    )( 2015

.

.







.




.

" ) (9
"
.

.

184

 ...........................................................................        

.







.





.

.


.



%90
.

185

.........................................................    )( 2015

.

.

.





.
.

186

 ...........................................................................        

.


. :



.






.




.

187

.........................................................    )( 2015

.

.

.

.

.

.

.



.


.

) (Gall

188

 ...........................................................................        

""




)
. ) (Gap
(
. :

. :
.


.

.



.
.

.

189

.........................................................    )( 2015

.

.

.



) (2000
- -
.

.
1966

190

 ...........................................................................        

.

.
)
( )
(

.



.
.

.

191

.........................................................    )( 2015

.

.







.

)(150

.
) - (
) A
(Z .

)( )( .



.


.

192

 ...........................................................................        

. ) (7-2
.
) (100
.

.
)( .


.

.

. ) (

" "
.
""
.




.

193

.........................................................    )( 2015

.


.



.

:

.1


.

) Excel (Word
100 .


.

194

 ...........................................................................        

.

.2

.

.
)(
.

.

.

.


.
)
( ):
(.

.3
IBM .
) (

195

.........................................................    )( 2015

.
.




.

)
(.

) (.

.4



.
) ( ) (G, F, E, D, C, B, A
%42 ) (64 .
.


.

196

 ...........................................................................        

.


) A (G .


.


.
) (G

. ) (G

.

.

197

.........................................................    )( 2015

) (G


.



.

) (G
.

) (



.






:

198

 ...........................................................................        

.


.






.

.


.
.

199

.........................................................    )( 2015

.

.


.
.

.
.

:
.1
.
.2
.

.
.3 .
.4 .

200

 ...........................................................................        

.5 .

.6
.





.



.

.1
.
.2 .
.3 .
.4
.

201

.........................................................    )( 2015

:
.1 :
.
.2
.
.3
.
.4

.
.5
.
.6
.
Deficiency
.7

Adsorption




.
.8
.

202

 ...........................................................................        

.


.

.
.
- -






.




.

203

.........................................................    )( 2015

) (
.


.
.
.


.

.

.


.

204

 ...........................................................................        

.
.

.1
.
.2
.
.3 .
.4

.
.5 .
.6 .

.

.
.
.7
.8
) ( ) (
.

205

.........................................................    )( 2015

.9


.
.10






.
.11
.

.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4
.
.5 .

206

 ...........................................................................        

:
:


.
:


.




.

.

.

207

.........................................................    )( 2015

.
:



.
:


.
:

.
:

.
:

.

208

 ...........................................................................        

.

. .
1919






.

209

.........................................................    )( 2015

210


 
 
" 
 

"
  !

.

-

.1
" :

.1"...

" ) (
: ...
. : ... :
".2

" ".3
:
1

.http://www.alkeltawia.com/vb/showthread

.3

.19-13

" ......................................................... % & " ) 

( 2016
. .
)(".

.2
" : "" 1
) (

".2

"

".3

: ...
.
)( .
.

.3
..." :

" 4

: ... :
.
1

.56

.4

.20

.56

212

 ....................
 
  " 
 

"

.4
" : ...

" 1
.
" :

:

".2

" ".3
.

.5
..." : " 4
"

".5

"
...

.3

.3

.22

.57

.3

213

" ......................................................... % & " ) 

( 2016
.1" ...
" ...

".2

.6
" : "

".3

"

... .4

.7


...
" ) (

" .5 .

: ...
" ... ) ( .
: " ...
1

.54

.22

.57

4 .5
5

.64

214

 ....................
 
  " 
 

"
".1
:

. :
" :

.2" ...

" : " .3
:

... )(
)( .

. :
" :
...

.4...
1

.22

.18

.6

.18

215

" ......................................................... % & " ) 

( 2016
" " .1
:

. :
" :

.2" ...

" :

".3
:

.6

.18

.6

216

 ....................
 
  " 
 

"

:
.
.
.
:
.
.

.8
" :

.1" ...

" :

".2
1

.18

.7

217

" ......................................................... % & " ) 

( 2016
: .
:

" :

".1

" :

".2

.9
" : ...

.3" ...

" : ".4
"

".5

.18

5 .12

.6

.1

.7

218

 ....................
 
  " 
 

"
"

".1

:
: .

.
: .

.19

219

" ......................................................... % & " ) 

( 2016

126 2 2005 -. ..
. .. 1418 -1998.
1367 2. 1948 -.
1403 1948 -. 1355 .

220

221

222


      

     
 
.

.



.





.

.1

 .........................................................      )( 2016

/

. /

.
.
.
)( .

.

.
/



252867/ 269883/ .
.

.

)( )( )(

224


 ...............................................         

.1

.

) (
.


.


.

.


.
)(

F. W. Robinsthe story of water supply. Ox ford university. Press 1946. Pp.116 118.

225

 .........................................................      )( 2016

2168 13,000.1



.2

.
/

.3

415-4141025-1024/
.4

4781086/


5

1 74 .
2 83 .
3 2.265
4 1948 .92
5 2 85 2.59

226


 ...............................................         

.


.

.1

/ .

)( .2

.3

- 2 .10

2 .1219
3

1956.82

227

 .........................................................      )( 2016

.

/

.
.

.
206 822/ 238 852/


.

213-207829-823/

1
216831/.

.


1 181 2 124 .

228


 ...............................................         

.







.

1
325937/
.

:
.


.

1500 750 .

1 1.523

229

 .........................................................      )( 2016

1
.

.




.

.2

.3

1 1324 149 1
.523

2 5.26
3 28 1.527

230


 ...............................................         

44 20 .

.1

.2

. ) (

3


.

1 - 276 2 233
.70 - 69

2 1 - 564 5.26
3 .205

231

 .........................................................      )( 2016

.


.
153
. .


.

/



.
367978/

232


 ...............................................         

.1


3921022/.


.

.
344956/

.

.

.2

:
.3

1 466 - .
2 1864.192
3 .538

233

 .........................................................      )( 2016

.
/
.
:
800
... .1

318931/

320932/

.2

.

.
.
367978/



1 .538
2 .84

234


 ...............................................         

.
370981/


.
/ .

.1

.

.

.


.



.
1

56 . 2 200 -
.466

235

 .........................................................      )( 2016

.2





.



.


. 169785/

.1

1 2.72
2 180 172.

236


 ...............................................         

.


.
.





234849/ .1

340952/.


.

1 2 82 - 230 19
.

237

 .........................................................      )( 2016

.1

3801001/ 2
.


.


. 571-567 . 5801185/



.

.3

.3

1

.212

2 2 288 .76
3

461 .

238


 ...............................................         

.




.


.


.

.1

.

.

.

1

.108

239

 .........................................................      )( 2016

1


.


.

.

.

.


) (.



.

: .

240


 ...............................................         

.

.1

.2

.3

.





.4
1

.85 - 84

4 1 102 .

5 393 .

4 1.102 - 101

241

 .........................................................      )( 2016

/




.




.

242


 ...............................................         

- - .1956 - .1963 .1885 - 1965.1966 - .1976
- .1964 - - 1882 .1982
)( .1972 - - .1964
- - .1953
) ( - .1955
) ( .1959 ) ( - .1975
) ( .1938 ) ( - .1966 ) ( - .1955
- .1964

243

 .........................................................      )( 2016

) ( - 1970.1971 ) ( . .1951
- - .1972
- - - .1954
- .1965 - - .1964 -
.1970
- .1952 ) ( 1959 1959 1969.1983
) ( .1967 ) ( 1289. ) ( . ) ( .1965 ) ( - . ) ( .1972 - . 1948 .1967
- - .1981
.1979
) ( .1964

244


 ...............................................         

) ( .1970 - .1985 - .1967 ) ( 1326.
) ( .1957 - 1965 . - - .
) ( .1963 ) ( .1965
) ( .1968
- .1967 )( .1967
- - .1993

- CF. Edward Gibbon-the decline and fall of the Roman empire-London 1902.
- jan Read. the moors in Spain and Portugal.
- F.W. Robins-The story of water supply oxford universty . press 1946.
- Montgomery watf-a history of Islam Spain.
- H. haskin . studies in the history of medieval science.
- vasiliev-history of the Byzentine empire.
- walt taylor - Arabic words in english.

245

 .........................................................      )( 2016

246

247

248



  
  
430-354 1039-965 /

.
-

.
5000
: .
:
.1 .
.2 .

.3
. :
.


:

..........................................................   )( 2016

)
)( )(
(...
)( .
)(

.


.

.

.

.
) :
(... ...
...


. !

.
:

250



 
 ...............................................................................................................  
.1

) ( 1 ... :

... ...
.... :
: .
.2

2


. .

.3
Aldo Mieli .3

.4 E. Wiedemann

Heiberg.

1956-1884" " .George Sarton; Introd. to the hist. of science

) 1962(" "
1964 588 .

" " . 1962 638 .Aldo

.Mieli; La Science arabe

251

..........................................................   )( 2016

1 :
:
!.

:
.


.1
.2

.3

.4

.5 .

.6

.7 ) (
.8

22
36

29
19
13
6
6
3

.9

136

.
.
2

1970

: -
1

" " . " "

1941 267) (.

" " 581) 1970 (.

252



 
 ...............................................................................................................  
: -
... 56!
)
( .


.

.
.

.Alhazen
"" .

. " " .
.
.
. .
: : .
.

253

..........................................................   )( 2016

"" : :1 .
" " )1630-1571( .

:2
.
"
:
" :

.


: :



.

.
" "

.
)( :
...

...
1

" " .Max Mayerhoff; Legacy of Islam

)1956-1884(" ".George Sarton; Introd. to the hist. of science

254



 
 ...............................................................................................................  

.
: .
1 :
.

-
) (
) ( . )
( . )
(

( )
.

.


. ) Roger Bacon 1292(
-

) (.

" " . /485/

1942 . /394/ 1943.

255

..........................................................   )( 2016

!

1626-1561) Francis Bacon(

. /160/
. /80/
/44/ /31/
. "
.
"

. :
.1 .
.2
.
.3 .
.4
.

.5
.
.6
.

.7 )(

256



 
 ...............................................................................................................  
.
.8
.

.
.9
.10 .
.11
.
.12 .
.
.13 .
.14 .
.15 .
.16 .

:
.




.
" "

.

257

..........................................................   )( 2016

.
""
)
( .Vitelo
.
""
1320 . ""
1928.
:
: .
: .
: .
: .
: )
(.
: )( .

:
.

. :

258



 
 ...............................................................................................................  

.
)
( )(! .

.

. :
retina cornea aqueous .humour aqueous


.

. ) (
""
) 1272(
] 918-877[
.
" ".
...
) (
!

259

..........................................................   )( 2016

.

/15/ !
.
.

)( !
)( )( "
" . camera obscura
" " . " "
.
/1000/
!!
: )(

) ( .


...
!

260



 
 ...............................................................................................................  

.1 30/2 .2008 /1
.2 .160/1 : 1995 .

261

..........................................................   )( 2016

262


2016



.........................................................
 


)(
2016

264


...................................................................
 

"!



2016



 


2016
2016
2016-2015 :
:



:




51

.2016
.
: .

265



.........................................................
 


)(
2016

.
.
.
:
.
.

266

 
   

:

.1


.
.2
.
.3 word

) (CD

acatap2@gmail.com
20/ / ) 6000(
.
.4
20/1
.
.5
.
.6

.........................................................    )

( 2016


) ( .
.7

.
.8 "
"

.
.9

:
.
.
7 2000/./

.




.10
.

.11

268

........................................................................................................
 
.12


.
.13

.
.14 :

.
.15


.
.16
.
.17 /200/ .
.18 .
.19
:

269

.........................................................    )

( 2016

.3752 :
11) 3334876 : (+963
11) 3330998 : (+963
E-mail: acatap2@gmail.com :
www.acatap.org :

270

.1

1. Nuclear Physics Engineering

:. . - - 1991 : 232 : 12

.2

2. Nuclear Reactors Engineering - Part 1

:. . 1991 : - 208 : 12

.3

3. Nuclear Reactors Engineering - Part 2

:. . - - 1991 : - 186 : 12

.4

4. Nuclear Radiation and Protection

:. . - - 1991 : - 448 : 20

.5

5. Water Development guide in Arab World

: . - - 1992 : - 78 : 3

.6

6. Fiber Optic Communications

: - : . . - - 1992 : 608 :
18

.7

7. Digital Image Processing

:. & . - : . - - 1992 : - 728 :

20

.8

8. Applied Geophysics

: - :. . - 1992 : :
- 384 21

.9

)9. The Berbers are Arab in Origin (the Ignored Fact

: . - - 1992 : - 240 : 12

271

 .10
10. Physical Fundamentals of Technological Lasers
: . & . - :. . - 1992 : :
- 224 12

.11
11. Engineering Fundamentals of Technological Lasers Buildup
: . & . - : . . - 1992 : :
- 240 12

.12

12. Methods of Surfaces Treatment by Lasers

: . & . - : . . - 1992 :
- 264 : 12

.13
13. Treatment of Non-metallic Materials by Lasers
: . & . : . . - 1993 : :
- 256 12

.14

14. Methods of Social Sciences-Book 1

: - : . - - 1993 : 454 : 14

.15

15. Methods of Social Sciences-Book 2

: - : . - - 1993 : 200 : 10

.16

16. Medical Imaging Systems

: - : . - - 1993 : 336 :
18

.17

17. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics

:. & . - : . - - 1993 : 474 :

15

272

 .18
18. Mobile Communications Design Fundamentals
: : . 1993 : 480 : 20

.19 -
19. Advanced Electronic Communications Systems
: - : . - - 1994 : 448 : 15

.20

20. Electrification of Rural Areas

: - : . . - 1994 : 576 :
15

.21

21. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation

: . & . - : . . - 1994 :
- 984 : 30

.22

22. Tropical and Geographical Medicine

: & - : - 1995 :
- 1200 : 32

.23

23. Current Treatment in Dental Practice

: - : - 1995 :
- 624 : 25

.24

24. Electric Machines and Micromachines

: . - : . - - 1995 : 480 :
18

.25

25. Magneto - nuclear Resonance

: . - - 1995 : - 232 : 8
.26

26. Meat Conservation

: . - - 1995 : - 128 : 4

273

 .27

27. Differential Equations - Part I

: . - - 1995 : - 288 : 12
.28

28. Differential Equations - Part II

: . - - 1995 : - 176 : 8
.29

29. Analytical Chemistry

:. . - : - 1996 :
- 760 : 30
.30

30. Physical Chemistry

: & - : - 1996 :
- 1136 : 36

.31

31. Biochemistry Illustrated

: & - : . . & . - 1996 : :

- 304 15
.32

32. Biological Science - Part I

: - : 1997 :

- 620 : 25
.33

33. Biological Science - Part II

: - : 1997 :

- 704 : 25
.34

34. Advanced Physics

: . - : - 1998 :
- 616 : 20

.35

35. Operations Research

: - :
- 1998 : - 640 : 25

274

 .36

36. Analytical Chemistry of Food

: . - : . . & . . - 1998 : :
- 208 8

.37

37. Agricultural Chemicals and the Environment

: & - : . & . - - 1998 : 184 :

- 7

.38
38. Former Des Enseignants Professionnels: Quelles stratgies? Quelles
?Comptences
: - : . . - 1998 : :
- 276 10

.39
39. Mental Health Interventions with Preschool Children
: & - : . . - 1998 : :
- 340 12

.40

40. Preparing Students for the 21st Century

: - : . . - 1998 : 112 :

- 4

.41

41. Developing Quality Systems in Education

: - : . . - 1998 : :
- 388 12

.42
42. Reading Disabilities: A Developmental Language Perspective
: & - : . . - - 1998 :
- 408 : 13

.43

43. Teaching Science for all Children

: - : . . - 1998 : :
- 608 20

275

 .44

44. The Systematic Design of Instruction

: & - : . . - - 1998 : 392 :

15

.45
45. Quality Basic Education: The Development of Competence
: - : . . - - 1998 : 288 :
9

.46

46. The Management of Distance Learning Systems

: - : . . - - 1998 : 100 :
3

.47

47. A Source Book for Literacy Work

: . . - : . . - - 1998 : 220 :
8

.48
48. Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion
: . - : - :
- 1999 - 616 : 25

.49

49. Advanced Chemistry Volume 1

: : . 2000 : 952 ::
35

.50

50. Advanced Chemistry Volume 2

: : . . 2000 : 700 ::
28

.51
51. Magnetohydrodynamic Electrical Power Generation
: : . . & . 2000 :
268 : 10

276

 .52

52. Organic Chemistry

: & - : -
- 2000 : - 1416 : 50

.53

53. General Chemistry - Questions and Answer

:. . - - 2000 : - 452 : 12

.54

54. Umweltschonende Energietechnik

: : . 2000 : 476 :

18 :

.55

55. Periodontal Instrumentation

: & : . 2000 : :
516 15 :

.56

56. An Introduction to Medical Statistics

: : . . & . & . :
2000 516 : 15

.57
57. The Internet for Teachers and School Library media Specialists
: & - : . - 2000 :
- 280 : 8

.58
58. Shaping Futures: Learning for Competence and Citizenship
: - : . . - 2000 : - 208 :
6

.59
59. Manuel de Psychologie de Lducation et de la Formation
: - : . - 2000 : - 484 :
14

277

 .60

60. Motivation et Russite Scolaire

: & - : . . - 2000 :
- 132 : 5

.61

61. Developing Logical Thinkers

: & - : . - 2000 : :
- 540 15

.62

62. Benzineinspritzung und Katalysatortechnik

: : . 2001 : 392 :
12
.63 63. Industrial Automation and PLCs PLC
: . 2001 : 224 : 6

.64

64. Taschenbuch der Stadtentwsserung

: : . . 2001 :
456 : 15

.65
65. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems
: :
2001 : 896 : 25

.66

66. SEDATION- A Guide to Patient Management

: : . 2001 : 920 :

27

.67
67. Artificial Neural Networks: Theory and Applications Part I
: . 2001 : 364 : 10

.68
68. Artificial Neural Networks: Theory and Applications Part II
: . 2001 : 424 : 12

278

 .69

69. Regenwasser Sammelanlage

: : . 2001 : 160 : 5

.70

70. Geometry

: : . . 2001 :
628 : 20

.71
70. Zoonosen Von Tier zu Mensch bertragbare Infektionskrankheiten
: . : . . 2001 :
688 : 15

.72

72. Education of the Gifted and Talented

: : . 2001 : 704 :

15

.73

73. Building Materials Testing

: . 2002 : 272 : 6

.74

74. Fundamentals of Statistical Quality Control

: : . . 2002 : 432 :

14

.75
75. GDA-Empfehlungen Geotechnik der Deponien und Altlasten
: : . .
2002 : 864 : 25

.76

76. Agricultural Sustinable Devalopment

: . . 2002 : 264 : 7

.77
77. Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for Performance
: : . . . :

279

 2002 748 : 21

.78

78. Lees Essentials of Wireless Communications

: : . 2002 : 344 : 12

.79

79. Telemedicine and Telehealth

: : . . 2002 :
424 : 14

.80

80. General Ophthalmology

: : 2002 :

696 : 18

.81

81. Classroom Assessment and Learning

: : . . 2002 : 340 :

.82
82. Pour une theorie de la Pedagogie: Recherches Contemporaines sur le savoir des
enseignants
: : . 2002 : 380 :
8

.83
?83. La formation continue des enseignants est elle utile
: : . . 2002 :
240 : 6

.84
84. The Adult Learner: The Definitive Classic in Adult Education and Human
Resource Development
: : . . 2002 : 336 :
8

280

 .85
85. Understanding Democratic Curriculum Leadership
: : . . 2002 : 192 :
5

.86
86. Transformative Learning - Educational Vision for the 21st Century
: :. . 2002 : :
400 9

.87
87. Adapting Early Chilhood Curricula for Children in Inclusive Settings
: : . . 2002 :
720 : 18

.88
88. Economics of Environment, Agriculture and Food
:. . 2003 : 640 : 14
.89

89. Principles of Salt Water Desalination

:. . 2003 : 232 : 5

.90
90. High Technology and Low-Income Communities
: : . 2003 : 428 :
9

.91

91. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy

:. . : 2003 :

1044 : 28

.92

92. Lecture Notes on Molecular Medicine

: : . . 2003 : 244 :

281

 .93

93. Regnerative Energiesystem

: - : . . - 2004 : - 414 :
7

.94

94. Engineering Economy

: . & . : . . .
. - 2004 : - 744 : 19

.95

95. Biotechnology from A to Z

: - : . . - 2004 : 544 :
13

.96
: . . . . - : . . :
- 2004 267 : 6

.97
97. Changing Approaches to Studying Adult Education
: . : - 2004 :
- 170 : 5

.98

98. Primary Preventive Dentistry

: : . - 2005 :
- 653 : 19

.99
99. Hochwasser-Handbuch: Auswirkungen und Schutz
: : . . - 2005 : - 423 :
23

.100

100. Langman's Medical Embryology

: . . :. . & . . & .
- 2005 : - 606 : 17

282

 .101

101. Digital Design

: . :. . - 2006 : - 552 :
30

.102

102. Clinical Pharmacology

: . . . . : . . . .
- 2006 : - 880 : 30

.103

103. Devenir Enseignant Du Suprieur

: : . . - 2006 : 190 :
6

.104

104. Gynaecology by 10 Teachers

: : . . . .

2007 : - 298 : 18.

.105

105. Obstetrics by 10 Teachers

: : . . - .
2007 : - 401 : 23

.106

106. Medical Information on the Internet

: : . 2008 : 223 :
9

.107

107. Basic Epidemiology

: . . . - : . - 2008 :
275 : 8 :

.108

108. Hydatid Disease Imaging Features

M. H. Bouhaouala L. Hendaoui : : . 2008 :

)(.

.109

109. Les Mots Voyageurs

: : . 2008 : 353 :

283

.110
: : . . 2008 :
222 : 6

.111

111. The Best Schools

: : . . 2008 : - 166 :
5 :

.112

112. Elsevier's Integrated Biochemistry

: : . . . . 2009 :
270 : 17

.113
: . 2009 : 279 : 4

.114
: : . . . 2009 :

226 : 12

.115
115. Textbook of prevention and detection of early lung cancer
: . . : . . . .
2009 : 416 : 14

.116

116. Clinical Dermatology

: : . . 2009 :
478 : 25

.117
117. L'analyse qualitative en ducation- Des pratiques de recherche aux critres de
qualit
: : . . 2009 : 278 :
- 8 :

284

 .118
2010 : 199 : 5

.119
: . . 2010 : 216 : 4

.120
:. . 2010 : 124 : 5

.121 )(
121. The Autistic Spectrum ,Characteristics, Causes and Practical Issues
: . . . . -
:
2010 : 502 : 15

.122

122. Food Chemistry

: : . . . . . . . .
. - 2010 : 1300 : 30

.123

123. Food Analysis Laboratory Manual

: . : . - 2011 :
260 : 17

.124
124. Probability, Statistics, and Random Processes for Electrical Engineering
: : . - 2011 : 792 :
20

.125

125. Rapid Review Biochemistry

: : . . - 2011 :
380 : 12

.126
126. Koenig and Schultzs Disaster Medicine Comprehensive Principles and
Practices
: : . . . . 2011

285

 35

.127

127. La Motivation Scolaire

: : . 2011 : - 253 :8 :

.128

128. Detection and Estimation Theory

: . . : . 2012
18.

.129
: . 2012 3

.130
: 2012 4

.131
131. Junqueira's Basic Histology - Text & Atlas
: : . 2012 555 : 18

.132

132. A Practical Guide for Medical Teatchers

: . & . : . & & . & .

2012 18

.133
133. Introduction to Natural Products Chemistry
: : . 2012 10

.134
: . . 2013 183 : 3

.135
: . . - 2013 : 401 : 10

286

 .136
: . . & . - 2013 : 531 : 10

.137

137. International Economics

: : . & . & . & .

2013 : 680 : 12

.138

138. Analytical Validation

: & - : . & . &

2013 : 256 : 10 :

.139
: . . 2013 : 336 : 13

.140
: . . - 2013 : 224 : 8

.141 -
: . . - 2014 : 590 : 15

.142 -
: . . - 2014 : 696 : 18

.143

143. Disaster Management

: : . 2014 :
368 : 11

.144

144. Effective Training

: . . : . 2014 :
672 : 25

.145
: . - 2014 : 400 : 9

287

 .146
: . . - 2014 : 192 : 6

.147
: . - 2015 : 206 : 5

.148
: . . 2015 : 274 8

.149
: . . 2015 : 340 9

.150

150. Principle of Macroeconomics

: : . 2016 : :
637 19.

.151
: . . 2016 : 360 7

.152

152. Product Design and Development

: : . . 2016 :
512 : 13

288

289

290