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Formulae & Tables PDF
Formulae & Tables PDF
Page 1
Page 2
Contents
Length and area ....................................................................................................................................................4
Surface area and volume.......................................................................................................................................5
Area approximations.............................................................................................................................................6
Trigonometry ........................................................................................................................................................7
Co-ordinate geometry .........................................................................................................................................10
Geometry ............................................................................................................................................................11
Algebra ...............................................................................................................................................................12
Sequences and series ..........................................................................................................................................12
Number sets notation .......................................................................................................................................13
Calculus ..............................................................................................................................................................14
Financial mathematics ........................................................................................................................................16
Statistics and probability.....................................................................................................................................18
Units of measurement .........................................................................................................................................26
Common quantities, their symbols and units of measurement ...........................................................................28
Frequently used constants...................................................................................................................................33
Particle physics ...................................................................................................................................................34
Mechanics...........................................................................................................................................................36
Heat and temperature..........................................................................................................................................41
Waves .................................................................................................................................................................41
Electricity............................................................................................................................................................43
Modern physics...................................................................................................................................................45
Electrical circuit symbols ...................................................................................................................................46
The elements.......................................................................................................................................................51
.
Page 3
h
C
Arc / Sector
Triangle
a
Perimeter = 2a + 2b
Area = ah
= ab sin C
When is in radians:
Length of arc = r
Circle / Disc
Area of sector =
Length of circle = 2 r
Area of disc = r 2
1
2
r 2
a
Perimeter = a + b + c
Area =
1
2
ah
1
2
ab sin C
When is in degrees:
Length of arc = 2 r
360
360
Area of sector = r 2
s ( s a)( s b)( s c) ,
where s =
a+b+c
.
2
Page 4
Sphere
r
r
h
Curved surface area = 2 rh
Volume = r 2 h
Surface area = 4 r 2
Volume =
4
3
Cone
Frustum of a cone
h
r
1
3
r 2 h
Volume =
1
3
h R + Rr + r
Volume =
1
3
Ah , where A is the
Page 5
Area approximations
Trapezoidal rule:
Area
h
[ y1 + y n + 2( y 2 + y3 + y 4 + L + y n1 )]
2
or
h
[first + last + twice the rest ]
2
y1
y2
y3
y4
yn
Simpsons rule:
Area
h
[ y1 + y n + 2( y3 + y5 + L + y n2 ) + 4( y 2 + y 4 + L + y n1 )] , (where n is odd)
3
or
h
[first + last + twice the odds + four times the evens]
3
Page 6
Trigonometry
1
Definitions
sin A
tan A =
cos A
1
cot A =
tan A
1
sec A =
cos A
1
cosec A =
sin A
(cos A, sin A)
A
A (degrees)
90
180
270
30
45
60
A (radians)
3
2
cos A
4
1
3
1
2
sin A
tan A
not
defined
not
defined
3
2
1
2
1
3
2
1
2
3
2
Basic identities
cos 2 A + sin 2 A = 1
cos( A) = cos A
sin( A) = sin A
tan( A) = tan A
Page 7
tan 2 A =
2 tan A
1 tan 2 A
cos 2 A =
1 tan 2 A
1 + tan 2 A
sin 2 A =
2 tan A
1 + tan 2 A
cos 2 A =
1
2
(1 + cos 2 A)
sin 2 A =
1
2
(1 cos 2 A)
tan( A + B) =
tan A + tan B
1 tan A tan B
tan( A B) =
tan A tan B
1 + tan A tan B
Page 8
A+ B
A B
cos
2
2
A+ B
A B
sin
2
2
Area =
ab sin C
a
Sine rule:
1
2
a
b
c
=
=
sin A sin B sin C
A+ B
A B
sin A + sin B = 2 sin
cos
2
2
sin =
opposite
hypotenuse
A+ B
A B
sin A sin B = 2 cos
sin
2
2
cos =
adjacent
hypotenuse
tan =
opposite
adjacent
Page 9
Co-ordinate geometry
Line
Slope: m =
Distance =
y 2 y1
x 2 x1
( x1 , y1 )
( x 2 x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 y1 ) 2
( x2 , y 2 )
x + x 2 y1 + y 2
,
Midpoint = 1
2
2
Equation of a line: y y1 = m( x x1 ) or y = mx + c
Area of a triangle with one vertex at the origin =
1
2
x1 y 2 x 2 y1
bx + ax 2 by1 + ay 2
,
Point dividing a line segment in the ratio a : b = 1
a+b
a+b
ax1 + by1 + c
a2 + b2
Page 10
Circle
g2 + f 2 c
( x h)( x1 h) + ( y k )( y1 k ) = r 2 or
xx1 + yy1 + g ( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c = 0
Geometry
Notation
AB
Vector operations
v 1 = x1i + y1 j , v 2 = x 2 i + y 2 j
AB
Scalar product:
Distance from A to B:
AB
Vector from A to B:
AB
OA = a
v 1 v 2 = x1 x 2 + y1 y 2
= v 1 v 2 cos
Norm:
v = x2 + y2
Page 11
Algebra
Roots of quadratic equation: x =
b b 2 4ac
2a
Binomial theorem: ( x + y ) n =
r =0
n n r r n n n n 1
n
n
n
x y = x + x y + x n 2 y 2 + L x n r y r + L + y n
r
0
1
2
r
n
a b
:
Inverse of matrix A =
c d
1 d b
, where det A = ad bc
det A c a
Sn =
n
[2a + (n 1)d ]
2
Tn = ar n 1
Sn =
a (1 r n )
1 r
S =
a
, where r < 1
1 r
Page 12
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, L}
W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, L}
Z = {L 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, L}
p Z, q Z , q 0
Q=
q
R
C = a + bi a R, b R, i 2 = 1
Page 13
Calculus
Differentiation
f (x)
f (x)
xn
ex
nx n 1
1
x
ex
e ax
ae ax
ax
cos x
a x ln a
sin x
sin x
cos x
tan x
sec 2 x
1
ln x
cos 1
x
a
x
a
x
tan 1
a
sin 1
a x
1
a2 x2
a
2
a + x2
Product rule
y = uv
Quotient rule
dy
dv
du
=u
+v
dx
dx
dx
u
y=
v
dy
=
dx
du
dv
u
dx
dx
2
v
Chain rule
y = u (v( x))
dy du dv
=
dx dv dx
Newton-Raphson Iteration
f ( xn )
x n +1 = x n
f ( x n )
Maclaurin series
2
f ( x) = f (0) + f (0) x +
f (0) 2
f ( r ) ( 0) r
x +L +
x +L
r!
2!
Taylor series
f ( x + h) = f ( x) + hf ( x) +
h2
hr
f ( x) + L +
f
2!
r!
(r )
( x) + L
Page 14
Integration
Constants of integration omitted.
Integration by parts
f (x)
f ( x)dx
x n , (n 1)
x n +1
n +1
1
x
ex
ln x
cos x
sin x
cos x
tan x
ln sec x
a x (a > 0)
1
2
a x
1
2
x + a2
(a > 0)
(a > 0)
sin 1
ex
1 ax
e
a
ax
ln a
sin x
e ax
udv = uv vdu
x =b
y 2 dx
x =a
x
a
1
x
tan 1
a
a
Page 15
Financial mathematics
In all of the following, t is the time in years and i is annual rate of interest, depreciation or growth, expressed as a
decimal or fraction (so that, for example, i = 008 represents a rate of 8%)1.
Compound interest: F = P(1 + i )
Present value: P =
(1 + i )t
R=A
i (1 + i ) t
(1 + i ) t 1
The formulae also apply when compounding at equal intervals other than years. In such cases, t is measured in the relevant
periods of time, and i is the period rate.
Page 16
k =1
Ak
=
(1 + i )Tk
j =m
Rj
(1 + i)
j =1
tj
where:
M is the number of advances
Ak is the amount of advance k
Tk is the time in years from the relevant date to advance k
m is the number of repayments
Rj is the amount of repayment j
tj is the time in years from the relevant date to instalment j.
Page 17
x
n
From list: =
( x ) 2
n
f ( x ) 2
f
Sampling
The sample mean x is an unbiased estimator of the
population mean . The adjusted sample standard
( x ) 2
is an unbiased estimator
deviation s =
n 1
of the population standard deviation .
Hypothesis testing
Tukey quick test:
Significance level
Critical value of tail-count
Standard deviation
t-test:
t=
-test:
pq
.
n
1%
10
0.1%
13
X
s
n
k
5%
7
and the
i =1
(Oi E i ) 2
Ei
Page 18
Probability distributions
Binomial distribution:
n
P (r ) = p r q n r
r
= np
Binomial coefficients
n n
n!
= C r = C (n, r ) =
r!(n r )!
r
n
Some values of C r :
= npq
Poisson distribution:
P(r ) = e
r
r!
, = np
=
Normal (Gaussian) distribution:
f ( x) =
( x )2
2 2
10
10
15
20
15
21
35
35
21
28
56
70
56
28
1
1
1
36
84
126
126
84
36
10
10
45
120
210
252
210
120
45
11
11
55
165
330
462
462
330
165
12
12
66
220
495
792
924
792
495
13
13
78
286
715
1287
1716
1716
1287
14
14
91
364
1001
2002
3003
3432
3003
15
15
105
455
1365
3003
5005
6435
6435
Page 19
1
2
z1 1 z 2
e 2 dz
-3
-2
-1
1 z 2
1
z1
000
001
002
003
004
005
006
007
008
009
00
05000
5040
5080
5120
5160
5199
5239
5279
5319
5359
01
02
03
04
05398
05793
06179
06554
5438
5832
6217
6591
5478
5871
6255
6628
5517
5910
6293
6664
5557
5948
6331
6700
5596
5987
6368
6736
5636
6026
6406
6772
5675
6064
6443
6808
5714
6103
6480
6844
5753
6141
6517
6879
05
06915
6950
6985
7019
7054
7088
7123
7157
7190
7224
06
07
08
09
07257
07580
07881
08159
7291
7611
7910
8186
7324
7642
7939
8212
7357
7673
7967
8238
7389
7704
7995
8264
7422
7734
8023
8289
7454
7764
8051
8315
7486
7794
8078
8340
7517
7823
8106
8365
7549
7852
8133
8389
10
08413
8438
8461
8485
8508
8531
8554
8577
8599
8621
Page 20
z1
000
001
002
003
004
005
006
007
008
009
11
12
13
14
08643
08849
09032
09192
8665
8869
9049
9207
8686
8888
9066
9222
8708
8907
9082
9236
8729
8925
9099
9251
8749
8944
9115
9265
8770
8962
9131
9279
8790
8980
9147
9292
8810
8997
9162
9306
8830
9015
9177
9319
15
09332
9345
9357
9370
9382
9394
9406
9418
9429
9441
16
17
18
19
09452
09554
09641
09713
9463
9564
9649
9719
9474
9573
9656
9726
9484
9582
9664
9732
9495
9591
9671
9738
9505
9599
9678
9744
9515
9608
9686
9750
9525
9616
9693
9756
9535
9625
9699
9761
9545
9633
9706
9767
20
09772
9778
9783
9788
9793
9798
9803
9808
9812
9817
21
22
23
24
09821
09861
09893
09918
9826
9864
9896
9920
9830
9868
9898
9922
9834
9871
9901
9925
9838
9875
9904
9927
9842
9878
9906
9929
9846
9881
9909
9931
9850
9884
9911
9932
9854
9887
9913
9934
9857
9890
9916
9936
25
09938
9940
9941
9943
9945
9946
9948
9949
9951
9952
26
27
28
29
09953
09965
09974
09981
9955
9966
9975
9982
9956
9967
9976
9982
9957
9968
9977
9983
9959
9969
9977
9984
9960
9970
9978
9984
9961
9971
9979
9985
9962
9972
9979
9985
9963
9973
9980
9986
9964
9974
9981
9986
30
09987
9987
9987
9988
9988
9989
9989
9989
9990
9990
Page 21
Degrees of
A = 0995
freedom
00000
1
00100
2
00717
3
02070
4
04117
5
06757
6
09893
7
13444
8
17349
9
21559
10
26032
11
30738
12
35650
13
40747
14
099
0975
095
005
0025
001
0005
00002
00201
01148
02971
05543
08721
12390
16465
20879
25582
30535
35706
41069
46604
00010
00506
02158
04844
08312
12373
16899
21797
27004
32470
38157
44038
50088
56287
00039
01026
03518
07107
11455
16354
21673
27326
33251
39403
45748
52260
58919
65706
38415
59915
78147
94877
11070
12592
14067
15507
16919
18307
19675
21026
22362
23685
50239
73778
93484
11143
12833
14449
16013
17535
19023
20483
21920
23337
24736
26119
66349
92103
11345
13277
15086
16812
18475
20090
21666
23209
24725
26217
27688
29141
78794
10597
12838
14860
16750
18548
20278
21955
23589
25188
26757
28300
29819
31319
Page 22
099
0975
095
005
0025
001
0005
52293
58122
64078
70149
76327
82604
88972
95425
10196
10856
11524
12198
12879
13565
14256
14953
22164
29707
37485
45442
53540
61754
70065
62621
69077
75642
82307
89065
95908
10283
10982
11689
12401
13120
13844
14573
15308
16047
16791
24433
32357
40482
48758
57153
65647
74222
72609
79616
86718
93905
10117
10851
11591
12338
13091
13848
14611
15379
16151
16928
17708
18493
26509
34764
43188
51739
60391
69126
77929
24996
26296
27587
28869
30144
31410
32671
33924
35172
36415
37652
38885
40113
41337
42557
43773
55758
67505
79082
90531
10188
11315
12434
27488
28845
30191
31526
32852
34170
35479
36781
38076
39364
40646
41923
43195
44461
45722
46979
59342
71420
83298
95023
10663
11814
12956
30578
32000
33409
34805
36191
37566
38932
40289
41638
42980
44314
45642
46963
48278
49588
50892
63691
76154
88379
10043
11233
12412
13581
32801
34267
35718
37156
38582
39997
41401
42796
44181
45559
46928
48290
49645
50993
52336
53672
66766
79490
91952
10421
11632
12830
14017
Page 23
A
2
That is, the table gives the value of k for which P ( t > k ) = A .
degrees of
freedom
A
2
-k
Significance level
20%
10%
5%
2%
1%
02%
01%
002%
001%
1
2
3
4
3078
6314
1271
3182
6366
3183
6366
3183
6366
1886
1638
1533
2920
2353
2132
4303
3182
2776
6965
4541
3747
9925
5841
4604
2233
1021
7173
3160
1292
8610
7070
2220
1303
9999
2800
1554
1476
2015
2571
3365
4032
5893
6869
9678
1118
6
7
8
9
1440
1415
1397
1383
1943
1895
1860
1833
2447
2365
2306
2262
3143
2998
2896
2821
3707
3499
3355
3250
5208
4785
4501
4297
5959
5408
5041
4781
8025
7063
6442
6010
9082
7885
7120
6594
10
1372
1812
2228
2764
3169
4144
4587
5694
6211
11
12
13
14
1363
1356
1350
1345
1796
1782
1771
1761
2201
2179
2160
2145
2718
2681
2650
2624
3106
3055
3012
2977
4025
3930
3852
3787
4437
4318
4221
4140
5453
5263
5111
4985
5921
5694
5513
5363
15
1341
1753
2131
2602
2947
3733
4073
4880
5239
Page 24
degrees of
freedom
20%
10%
5%
2%
1%
02%
01%
002%
001%
16
17
18
19
1337
1333
1330
1328
1746
1740
1734
1729
2120
2110
2101
2093
2583
2567
2552
2539
2921
2898
2878
2861
3686
3646
3610
3579
4015
3965
3922
3883
4790
4715
4648
4590
5134
5043
4966
4899
20
1325
1725
2086
2528
2845
3552
3850
4539
4838
21
22
23
24
1323
1321
1319
1318
1721
1717
1714
1711
2080
2074
2069
2064
2518
2508
2500
2492
2831
2819
2807
2797
3527
3505
3485
3467
3819
3792
3768
3745
4492
4452
4416
4382
4785
4736
4694
4654
25
1316
1708
2060
2485
2787
3450
3725
4352
4619
26
27
28
29
1315
1314
1313
1311
1706
1703
1701
1699
2056
2052
2048
2045
2479
2473
2467
2462
2779
2771
2763
2756
3435
3421
3408
3396
3707
3689
3674
3660
4324
4299
4276
4254
4587
4556
4531
4505
30
1310
1697
2042
2457
2750
3385
3646
4234
4482
40
50
60
1303
1299
1296
1684
1676
1671
2021
2009
2000
2423
2403
2390
2704
2678
2660
3307
3261
3232
3551
3496
3460
4094
4014
3962
4321
4228
4169
80
100
1292
1290
1664
1660
1990
1984
2374
2364
2639
2626
3195
3174
3416
3390
3899
3861
4095
4054
1282
1645
1960
2326
2576
3090
3290
3719
3891
Page 25
Units of measurement
Base units
The International System of Units (Systme International dUnits) is founded on seven base quantities,
which are assumed to be mutually independent. These base units are:
Base quantity
SI base unit
length (l)
metre
mass (m)
kilogram
kg
time (t)
second
ampere
temperature (T)
kelvin
mole
mol
luminous intensity
candela
cd
Page 26
Prefixes
Prefixes are used to form decimal multiples and submultiples of SI units. The common prefixes are:
Factor
Prefix
Symbol
Factor
Prefix
Symbol
1012
tera
1012
pico
109
giga
109
nano
106
mega
106
micro
103
kilo
103
milli
centi
deci
10
10
hecto
deka
da
10
10
The symbol for a prefix is combined with the unit symbol to which it is attached to form a new unit symbol,
e.g. kilometre (km), milligram (mg), microsecond (s).
Page 27
Symbol
SI unit
Symbol for
SI unit
absorbed dose
gray
Gy = J kg1
acceleration
m s2
m s2
activity
becquerel
Bq
amount of substance
mole
mol
amplitude
metre
angle
radian
rad
degree ()
minute (')
second ('')
angular velocity
rad s1
rpm
area
metre squared
m2
atomic number
capacitance
farad
F = C V1
charge
coulomb
C=As
Page 28
Quantity
Symbol for
SI unit
mol l1
Symbol
SI unit
concentration
critical angle
density
kg m3
displacement
metre
dose equivalent
sievert
Sv = J kg1
electric current
ampere
V m1 = N C1
electronic charge
coulomb
C=As
energy (electrical)
joule
J=Nm
energy (heat)
joule
energy (kinetic)
Ek
joule
energy (potential)
Ep
joule
joule
energy (food)
enthalpy
joule
focal length
metre
force
newton
N = kg m s2
kW h
Page 29
Quantity
Symbol
frequency
SI unit
Symbol for
SI unit
hertz
Hz = s1
half-life
T1/2
second
length (distance)
l, s
metre
magnetic flux
weber
Wb
tesla
T = Wb m2
magnification
mass
kilogram
kg
mass number
mol l1
molarity
moment of a force
newton metre
Nm
moment of inertia
kg m2
momentum
kg m s1
permittivity
F m1
periodic time
second
power
watt
W = J s1
pascal
Pa = N m2
pressure
P, p
bar = 105 Pa
Page 30
Quantity
Symbol
SI unit
Symbol for
SI unit
refractive index
resistance
ohm
= V A1
resistivity
ohm metre
m s1
W m2
speed
sound intensity
sound intensity level
u, v
I
knot = 0.514 m s1
bel (1 B = 10 dB)
I.L.
strain
stress
J kg K
Pa = N m 2
temperature
kelvin
temperature
t,
degree Celsius
change in temperature
kelvin
tension
newton
thermal conductivity
W m1 K1
Page 31
Quantity
Symbol
SI unit
Symbol for
SI unit
time
second
torque
newton metre
Nm
m s1
volt
V = J C1
W m2 K1
velocity
voltage
potential difference
u, v
V
U-value
volume
metre cubed
m3
wavelength
metre
weight
newton
N = kg m s2
work
joule
J=Nm
Youngs modulus
Pa = N m 2
Page 32
Symbol
m
NA
k
me
eV
e
F
G
mn
0
Planck constant
proton mass
proton-electron mass ratio
speed of light in vacuo
h
mp
mp/me
c, c0
Value
6.644 6565 1027 kg
6.022 1415 1023 mol1
1.380 6505 1023 J K1
9.109 3826 1031 kg
1.602 176 53 1019 J
1.602 176 53 1019 C
96 485.3383 C mol1
6.6742 1011 m3 kg1 s2
1.674 927 28 1027 kg
4 107 N A2
8.854 187 817 1012 F m1
6.626 0693 1034 J s
1.672 621 71 1027 kg
1836.182 672 16
2.997 924 58 108 m s1
8.314 472 J K1 mol1
Page 33
Particle physics
Class
Leptons
Symbol
electron
stable
stable
neutrino
muon
tau
pi meson
(mass of electron = 1)
< 10
+
207
3500
Mesons
Baryons
Mass
Name
Mean life
Year of
discovery
1897
1956
2 10 s
12
1 10
1937
1975
273
2.6 10 s
1947
264
8.4 1017 s
1947
1947
K meson
K K K
970
proton
1836
> 1032 y
1897
neutron
1839
960 s
1932
lambda
2183
2.6 1010 s
1947
sigma
2327
~ 10
1953
chi
+ o
2573
~ 1010 s
1954
omega
3272
~ 10
10
10
1964
Page 34
quark
u
s
t
d
c
b
up
strange
top
down
charmed
bottom
antiquark
u
s
t
d
c
b
Page 35
Mechanics
Linear motion with constant acceleration
v = u + at
s = ut +
2
1
2
at
v = u +2as
u + v
t
2
s=
average speed =
Relative motion
distance
time
sbc = sb sc
vbc = vb vc
abc = ab ac
Momentum of a particle
mv
v1 v2 = e(u1 u2)
Conservation of momentum
m1 u 1 + m2 u 2 = m1 v 1 + m2 v 2
mv mu
Page 36
s
r
Angle in radians
Angular velocity
v = r
Centripetal acceleration
a = r 2=
Centripetal force
F = mr =
F=
F = ma
W = mg = Vg ;
Period of a satellite
T2 =
Moment of a force
M = Fd
Torque of a couple
T = Fd
v2
r
mv 2
r
Gm1m2
d2
g=
GM
R2
4 2 R 3
GM
Page 37
Centres of gravity
Hemisphere, radius r
3
8
r from centre
1
2
r from centre
1
4
Triangular lamina
1
3
x + x 2 + x3 y1 + y 2 + y 3
,
from base along median = 1
3
3
r sin
2r sin
3
Moments of Inertia
Centre:
1
3
ml 2 One end:
4
3
ml 2
Centre:
1
2
mr 2 Diameter:
1
4
mr 2
Page 38
Centre: mr 2 Diameter:
Diameter:
2 2
mr
5
2
I b = I c + m bc
IZ = I X + I y
Hookes law
F = ks
a=s
1
2
mr 2
T=
s = A sin ( t + )
2
v = ( A 2 s2)
Simple pendulum
T = 2
l
g
Compound pendulum
T = 2
I
mgh
Work
W = Fs =
Fds
Page 39
Ep = mgh
Kinetic energy
Ek =
Ep + Ek = constant
Mass-energy equivalence
E = mc 2
Power
P=
1
2
mv 2
W
= Fv
t
Percentage efficiency
power input
Youngs modulus
E=
Stress
F
A
Strain
l
l
Density
m
V
Page 40
F
A
Pressure
p=
Pressure in a fluid
p = gh
T = A pcentroid
Boyles law
pV = constant
t / C = T /K 273.15
E = mc
E = C
E = ml
E = L
Waves
Velocity of a wave
c = f
Doppler effect
f =
f =
fc
cu
1
2l
Page 41
v
u
Magnification
m=
Power of a lens
P=
P = P1 + P2
Refractive index
n=
n=
Diffraction grating
sin i
real depth
=
sin r apparent depth
1
sin C
c1
c2
n = d sin
Page 42
Electricity
Coulombs law
F=
q1 q2
4 d 2
E=
F
q
Potential difference
V=
W
q
Ohms law
V = IR
Resistivity
Resistors in series
R = R1 + R2
Resistors in parallel
RA
l
R1
Wheatstone bridge
R 1 R3
=
R2 R4
Joules law
P = RI 2
R2
Page 43
F = IlB
F = qvB
Induced emf
E=
Vrms =
Capacitance
C=
q
V
Parallel-plate capacitor
C=
A 0
d
W=
Power
P = VI
Magnetic flux
= BA
Transformer
Vi N p
=
Vo N s
d
dt
1
2
V0
2
I rms =
I0
2
CV 2
Page 44
Modern physics
Energy of a photon
E = hf
2
h f = + mvmax
A = N
Half-life
T1 2 =
Mass-energy equivalence
ln 2
E = mc
Page 45
junction of conductors
Switches
push-to-make switch
push-to-break switch
two-way switch
(SPDP)
normally open
on-off switch (SPST)
normally closed
on-off switch (SPST)
relay
(SPST)
Page 46
Power
cell
photovoltaic cell
battery
d.c. supply
a.c. supply
transformer
fuse
earth
variable resistor
(rheostat)
potential divider
Resistors
fixed resistor
thermistor
light-dependent resistor
Page 47
Capacitors
capacitor
electrolytic capacitor
(polarised capacitor)
variable capacitor
diode
Zener diode
photodiode
light-emitting diode
(LED)
Diodes
Meters
voltmeter
galvanometer
ammeter
ohmmeter
oscilloscope
Page 48
Amplification
pnp-junction transistor
light-sensitive transistor
amplifier
(block symbol)
microphone
earphone
loudspeaker
bell
buzzer
piezoelectric transducer
aerial (antenna)
filament lamp
signal lamp
neon lamp
npn-junction transistor
Audio
Lamps
Page 49
Other devices
M
motor
heater
inductor
inductor with
ferromagnetic core
AND
NOT
(inverter)
NAND
Logic gates
OR
NOR
Page 50
The elements
Periodic table of the elements
1
18
He
1.008
13
14
15
16
17
10
Li
Be
Ne
6.941
9.012
10.81
12.01
14.01
16.00
19.00
20.18
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
4.003
Na
Mg
A1
Si
Cl
Ar
22.99
24.31
10
11
12
26.98
28.09
30.97
32.07
35.45
39.95
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Ca
Sc
Ti
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
39.10
40.08
44.96
47.87
50.94
52.00
54.94
55.85
58.93
58.69
63.55
65.41
69.72
72.64
74.92
78.96
79.90
83.80
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Rb
Sr
Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
Xe
85.47
87.62
88.91
91.22
92.91
95.94
(97.90)
101.1
102.9
106.4
107.9
112.4
114.8
118.7
121.8
127.6
126.9
131.3
55
56
57
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
Cs
Ba
La
Hf
Ta
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
132.9
137.3
138.9
178.5
180.9
183.8
186.2
190.2
192.2
195.1
197.0
200.6
204.4
207.2
209.0
87
88
89
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
Fr
Ra
Ac
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
117
118
(223.0) (226.0) (227.0) (261.1) (262.1) (266.6) (264.1) (277.0) (268.1) (271.0) (272.2) (285.0)
(289.0)
(289.0)
(293.0)
Page 51
18
He
1312
13
14
15
16
17
2372
10
Li
Be
Ne
520.2
899.5
800.6
1087
1402
1314
1681
2081
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Na
Mg
495.8
737.7
10
11
12
A1
Si
Cl
Ar
577.5
786.5
1012
999.6
1251
1521
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Ca
Sc
Ti
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
418.8
589.8
633.1
658.8
650.9
652.9
717.3
762.5
760.4
737.1
745.5
906.4
578.8
762.0
947.0
941.0
1140
1351
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Rb
Sr
Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
Xe
403.0
549.5
600.0
640.1
652.1
684.3
702.0
710.2
719.7
804.4
731.0
867.8
558.3
708.6
834.0
869.3
1008
1170
55
56
57
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
Cs
Ba
La
Hf
Ta
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
375.7
502.9
538.1
658.5
761.0
770.0
760.0
840.0
880.0
870.0
890.1
1007
589.4
715.6
703.0
812.1
89040
1037
87
88
89
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
Fr
Ra
Ac
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
380.0
509.3
499.0
580.0
Page 52
18
He
2.20
13
14
15
16
17
10
Li
Be
Ne
0.98
1.57
2.04
2.55
3.04
3.44
3.98
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Na
Mg
A1
Si
Cl
Ar
0.93
1.31
10
11
12
1.61
1.90
2.19
2.58
3.16
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Ca
Sc
Ti
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
0.82
1.00
1.36
1.54
1.63
1.66
1.55
1.83
1.88
1.91
1.90
1.65
1.81
2.01
2.18
2.55
2.96
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Rb
Sr
Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
Xe
0.82
0.95
1.22
1.33
1.60
2.16
2.10
2.20
2.28
2.20
1.93
1.69
1.78
1.96
2.05
2.10
2.66
2.60
55
56
57
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
Cs
Ba
La
Hf
Ta
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
0.79
0.89
1.10
1.30
1.50
1.70
1.90
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.40
1.90
1.80
1.80
1.90
2.00
2.20
87
88
89
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
Fr
Ra
Ac
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
0.70
0.90
1.10
Page 53
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
140.1
140.9
144.2
(144.9)
150.4
152.0
157.3
158.9
162.5
164.9
167.3
168.9
173.0
175.0
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
Th
Pa
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr
232.0
231.0
238.0
(237.0)
(244.1)
(243.1)
(247.1)
(247.1)
(251.1)
(252.1)
(257.1)
(256.0)
67
68
69
(259.1) (262.1)
Lanthanoid Series
Actinoid Series
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
70
71
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
534.4
527.0
533.1
540.0
544.5
547.1
593.4
565.8
573.0
581.0
589.3
596.7
603.4
523.5
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
Th
Pa
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr
587.0
568.0
597.6
604.5
584.7
578.0
581.0
601.0
608.0
619.0
627.0
635.0
642.0
470.0
66
67
68
69
70
71
Lanthanoid Series
Actinoid Series
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.17
1.20
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.00
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
Th
Pa
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr
1.30
1.50
1.70
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
Page 54
Page 55