‘Tugas Operasi dan Kendall Sistem Tenaga EP-5172 ERIK JENJEN S / 23211051 PROBLEM 12,3 Diketahui jaringan berikut ini dengan meter-meter pada lokasi seperti diperlihatkan Gambar 12.22. h jane X= 0.25 X3 = 0.50 X24 = 0.40 Xse= 0.10 toad 1 toed 2 l palit bust Bus 2 Ms oy M24 My Buss aus (Reference) =4 Error Pengukuran 013 = 0.01 My, = 72.4 om = 0.01 My =21.2 on = 0.02 a. Apakah jaringan ini observable? Tentukan persamaan least-square dan coba inverse [H'R"H]. b. Misal kita mempunyai pengukuran di keluaran pembangkit di bus 3 dan dimasukan ke dalam set pengukuran. Anggaplah hasil pengukuran sbb : Ms pen= 92 MW dengan o= 0.015 Ulangi soal a) dengan memasukan hasil pengukuran tersebut. . Misal pada sisi bus 2 saluran 2~4 (Mz), anggap hasil pengukuran sbb : Mz=50MW dengan o= 0.01 ulangi dan tambahkan soal b) dengan memasukan hasil pengukuran tersebut. Jawab: :Apakah Jaringan observable? ita bentuk matrik H, dengan :‘Tugas Operasi dan Kendali Sistem Tenaga EP-5172 ERIK JENJEN S / 23211053 1 Miz = fia = = (0, — 02) = 40, — 40, 12 1 Miz = fis = — (0; — 83) = 20, — 263 13 1 Max = far = = Cs ~ 01) = 203 - 20, a 4-40 fyJ=/2 0 - H2 0 2 oi2 «0 0 4x10-* og 0 (R=! 0 oms 0 f=] 0 1x10-* ° | 0) (0) onee 0 0 1x10~ Maka : (HY TR} [1) 4 -4 O7"[4x10+ 0 o yy4 -4 0 =|2 0 - On ixtoste 0, [z @ < 2 0 2 0 o axio~*l L2 0 2 -4x10* 4x10* 0 [sa —4x104 | '—-8x10* 0 8x10* Berikut int hasil inversi matrik [H'R "Hj menggunakan Matlab 2009, terlihat bahwa matrik mendekatl singular : As 120000 ~s0000 -80000 40000 40000 oo 800000 80000 >> inv(A) ‘Warning: Matrix is close to singular or badly scaled, Results may be inaccurate. RCOND = 1.515825e-017. ans= 1.0e+010* -9.1626 -9.1626 -9.1626 9.1626 -9.1626 -9.1626 -9.1626 -9.1626 -9.1626‘Tugas Operasi dan Kendall Sistem Tenaga EP-5172 ERIK JENIEN S / 23211051 bb, Penambahan pengukuran pada keluaran pembangkit ci bus 3 (Myers), praia ‘membuat jaringan observable? Tentukan persamaan leas-square dan coba inverse [}H'R” Pa = Pay + Pag “_o ge =pg- a+ oy + (5- 4) = (263 — 28) + (106, — 106,) = 20, +126, 4-40 =| 20.0) —2 He (E2ioN 2 -2 0 12 f4xt0-* 0 0 -0 {ps0} 2. 1x105¢ 0 0 fl o 0 1x10“ 0 0 0 0 2.25x107*. [ay TRY*[H] 4-40 [fario* 0 0 o oy y+ +o wlfk2 © —2 0 1x10* 0 0 20 -2 —2 0 2 oO 0 1x10+ 0 20 2 209 2 a o 0 «22sxio*} 1-2 6 12 0.0004 0.0004 oO 0.0014 -0.0004 oo | —0.0019 0 0.0072 me (2025 2025 525] [HY Tata] =|2025 4525 2a 525 525 275! + Jaringan dengan pengukuran di atas observerable. c. Misal pada sisi bus 2 saluran 2-4 (Mz), anggap hasil pengukuran sbb : My=50 MW dengan a= 0.01‘Tugas Operasi dan Kendali Sister Tenaga EP-5172 ERIK JENJEN S / 23211051 4x10-+ 0 0 0 0 0 1x10-* 0 0 oO [RI=| 0 Oo Axi 0 0 0 0 0 225x100 0 0 0 0 0 1x10~* (AY RY") 44:0 Traxto 0. 0 0 o py4 —4.0 2 0 -2 0 1x0 =O 0 0 2 0 -2 =/-2 0 2 0 0 ixlo* 0 oO 2 0 2 -2 0 12 0 0 0 225x100 200 12 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 ixto*! lo 25 0 [#"[R]}-*{#] =| -40000 102500 0 137780 —40000 et 1866700 720000 (ariereny = Menggunakan Matlab 2009 diperoleh hasil sbb: z= 1.0e+005 * 1.3778 -0.4000 -1.8667 0.4000 1.0250 0 “18667 0 7.2000 >> inv(z) ans = 1.0e-004 * 0.1356 0.0529 0.0351 0.0529 0.1182 0.0137 0.0351 0.0137 0.0230 ++ Jaringan dengan pengukuran di atas observerable.L{onee, (eat + 913 Diberikan blok diagram dua area interkoneksi a, Tentukan fungsi transfer yang menghubungkan Ao,(s) dan A a(s) terhadap perubahan beban APi(s). b. Untuk data berikut ( base 1000 MVA ) M,=35m D, = 1.00 M,=40pu DD, = 0.75 | T = 377 x 0.02 pu = 7.54 pu Hitung frekuensi akhir untuk perubahan beban pada area 1 dengan 0,2 pu. Asumsikan frekuensi pada nilai nomine! dan tie flow 0 pu. c. Tentukan fungsi transfer terkait dengan tie flow APye(s) to APye(s)- Untuk data pada bagian b hitung frekuensi osilasi dari tie power flow. Apa yang terjadi pada frekuensi ini sehingga tie stiffness meningkat (T-> 00) Jawab : a. Tentukan transfer function yang menunjukkan hubungan dao,(s) dan 4 «2(s) terhadap perubahan beban 4P,(3).| i (-aP. +2 aw.) Gazn) = da, + Faw (Go) Tr 1 ane = 2a) cag) t+) ( shoes re walt Sls + Dy (-aP.+ Faw.) Gz) 1+ (nen) ap, + Edw, dc, = ——_>— Ms+D, +> Aw, = b. Hitung frekuensi akhir 1 Aa, (s) = (-AP, (8) — APrie(S)) Go) a0.00= (-F-0) Gv) 0,2 wot= $2 : ) 3s \ 54 Untuk T = 7,54 pu st Aw; (T) = 0,2e7 35 — 0,2 hw,(T) = —0,107 @, = 60 — 0,107x60 = 53,58 Hz c. Tentukan fungsi transfer antara APye dengan APy, : (AP (= aha) (Gee p,) = 8029 ~APL3) — Bay(6) as + Ds) APue(S tad ei ei) de ll ele Riel acl eh ee ae0,2 0,107 APie(s) = -—> + —— 355 +1) s 0,093 0.3255 -—— s 0,093 MPS) =~ Bas #1) = APie(t) = —0,093 pu Frekuensi osilasi pada tie-line : a APie(8) = 5 (Bers ~ Bera) 0,093 7,54 (Aw, — Aw.) ‘Aa, (S) — Aw2(s) = -0,74 Hz JikaT->co_maka frekuensi osilasi makin kecil, frekuensi pada tie-line mendekati nilai nominainya (60 Hz) 9.4 Diberikan dua unit pembangkit dengan data sebagai berikut : Unit bs Fucleoxt: A = 1.0 R/MBtu Hy(P,) = 500 + 7P, + 0.002P} MBtu/h 150< P, < 600 Rate fimit = 2 MW/min ‘Unit 2 Fuel cost: F; = 098 R/MBtu H(P:) = 200 + 8P, + 0.0025P} MBtu/h 125 masih berada di batas P, Pada Unit 2: P,™ = 130,337 + (5x2) = 140,337 MW P,™ = 130,337 — (Sx2) = 120,337 MW Batas nilai pembangkitan untuk P; 120,337 MW < P, < 140,337 MW Prades = P2base + Pf2 x APtotat = 130,337 + (0,4494x10) = 134,786 MW > masih berada di batas P,Karena P, dan P; masih berada didalam batas pembangkitan yang ekonomis maka unit dapat dialokasikan dengan base point dan faktor partisipasi. c. Asumsikan rate limit pada unit 1 adalah 0,5 MW/min Pada Unit 1: P,™* = 369,663 + (5x0,5) = 372,163 MW P.M" = 369,663 — (Sx0,5) = 367,163 MW Maka didapat batas economic dispatch pembangkit unit 1: 367,163 MW berada diluar batas P; 4. Hitung faktor partisipasi yang baru dengan T= 5 min: Phi= Pi = PA+ txrate limit Pm" = PA — txrate limit Pada unit 1: 375,168 MW = P;* + Sminx0,5 MW/min PA = 375,168 — 2,5 = 372,668 MW Pe™ = 372,668 — 5x0,5 Pym = 370,168 MW Batas baru : 370,168 MW < P, < 375,168 MWDibandingkan dengan jawab pada c, maka batas atas P, lebih tinggi. 1. (11.2) In the system shown in figure 11.18, three generators are serving load of 1300 MW. The MW flow distribution, bus loads and generator outputs are shown. The generators have following characteristics ‘Generator No. ___Pmax (MW) 1 600 2 400 3 500 af sssumenorosses g8[ |“witistenonc The circuit have the following limits imit CKTA 600 MW max cr 600 MW max cate 450 MW max cx 350_MW max ‘Throughout this problem we will only be concerned with flows on the circuit labeled A, B, C and D. The generation shift sensitivity coefficients, as, for circuits A, B, Cand D as follows. CKT__ Shift on Ger Shift on Gen. A 07 B 02 ic 0.06 D 0.04 Example: Prone = 24 X AP; W¢=Candi=2 AP seve = (0.54) x AP2 Assume a shift on gen. or gen.2 will be compesated by an equal (opposite) on gen.3. The line outage sensitivity factors dj, areee ee ——>k A 8 c D A x og 021 od ee aS 09 x 0.06 = 0.04 ae 006 0.2 x 0.82 o 004 = 0.08073 x ‘As an example, suppose the loss of circuit k will increase the loading on circuit ¢as follows. Prow = Prow (before outage) + di X Paowa (before outage) ¢=Aandk=8 “The new flow on £would be Phown = Prana + (0.8) x Pron a.Find the contingency (outage) flow distribution on circuit A, B,C and D for an outage on circuit A, Repeat for an outage on B, then on C, then on D. (only one circuit is lost at one time). Are there any overloads? Answer i. Outage on circuit A: * Contingency flow distribution on circuit B : Paows = Prowe * daa x Prowr = 200 +0.9 x 350 = 515 MW < 600MW max ‘© Contingency flow distribution on circuit C: Paowe = Paowe + dca X Prows = 175 + 0.06 x 350 = 196 MW < 450 MW max + Contingency flow distribution on circuit D: Proud = Prowo + dor % Paowa = 275+ 0.04 x 350 = 289 MW < 350MW max ji, Qutage on circuit B: ‘© Contingency flow distribution on circuit Phows = Prawn + dns X Prone = 350 +0.8 x 200 = 510 MW < 600 MW max sency flow distribution on circuit Paowe = Prowe + 4c X Proms = 175 40.12 x200 = 199 MW < 450 MW max ‘© Contingency flow distribution on circuit D = Phowo = Prowo + dp. X Prowse = 275 + 0.08 x 200 = 291MW < 350 MW max ii, Outage on circuit C: ‘© Contingency flow distribution on circuit A: Prowa =Prowa + Ine Powe 350 + 0.21 «175 = 386.75 MW < 600 MW max ‘* Contingency flow distribution on circuit B: Phu = Paovt + 8a Paowe é 200 + 0.06 x 175 = 210.5 MW < 600 MW max© Contingency flow distribution on circuit D Proww = Prowo + do. X Prowe = 275+ 0.73 x 175 = 402.75 MW > 350 MW max > (OVERLOAD) iv. Qutage on circuit D ‘* Contingency flow distribution on circuit A: Prowr = Prowr + dno X Pow = 350 + 0.14 x 275 = 388.5 MW < 600 MW max * Contingency flow distribution on circuit B Phows = Prows + 45,0 Prowo = 200 + 0.04 x 275 = 211 MW < 600 MW max © Contingency flow distribution on circuit C: Powe = Powe + do Promo = 175 + 0.82 x 275 = 400.5 MW < 450 MW max Flow Distribution when outage on circuit A,B,C & D (only one circuit is lost at one time) =k (mw) [A 8 e D x_| 510 | 386.75 | 3885 S15 eX | ea] pe 196 [199 | x | 4005 289 | 291 | 402.75 | x —— ofa ol> b.Can you shift generation from gen.1 to gen.3, or from gen.2 to gen.3, so that no overloads occur? If so, how much shift? Shift on Gen.1 to Gen. 3 Shift on Gen.2 to Gen. 3 AProwa = xs OP, APriowa = SuadPo = 0.7 x— 600 = —42 MW = 0.08 x— 400 = —-32 MW APrtows = @rOP, AProwo = anxAP2 =02x-600=-120MW = 0.02 x— 400 = -8 MW APrrowe = acx4P2 = 0.54 x — 400 = -216MW APrrowo = @oxAPs AFriow = ap:AP2 = 0.04 x — 600 = —-24MW = 0.36 x — 400 = -144MW No overload occurs No overload occurs Pinew = Priowt + AP, Panew = 350 — 42 = 308 MW Pinew = 350 — 32 = 318 MW + Panew = 200 — 120 = 80 MW Panew = 200 —8 = 192 MW Ponew = 175 — 36 = 139 MW Penew = 175 — 216 = —41 MWPpnew = 275 ~ 24 = 251 MW Ponew = 275 — 144 = 131 MW 2. (21.4) Using the system shown in example 128, find N1, N2 and N3 for the outage of the line from bus 2 to bus 4, 00 you need to expand region N1? Where are the overloads, if any? (use the same branch flow limits as shown in Example 118 Line Mw Limit 30 50 40 20 40 20 30 20 60 20a Retest (ee | Ruger Haaan 4 2 2 2 re 3 3 4 Answer: Fig.11.14 Step A of Example 118 For step Awe use Eq. 114.13 from Appendix 118 to calculate 8224 and Bas:Praha Bos a ian Maa eee re OAT 2 0.06298) Batt a4 — (Koz + Xaq— 2X5) 0.1 — (0.09412 + 0.10088 — 2(0.06298)) 0.003114 0.03096 Then using Eq. 114.11 Sinm = Prom 6, Sinm: Pam 02 = 6224. Poa¢puy = 0-1x0.325 = 0.0325 SERIO SNe elias tae 050008) 04) 009 X24 — a2 + Xag — 2X24) 0.03096 0.03096 5424 = 0.1224 AO, = 6,,24- Poagouy = —01224x0.325 = —0.0398 |A8, ~ Ad,| = 10.0325 + 0.0398] = 0.0723 ) so that we have to expand'the Region for N1 Tne MW Limit Te he pa Apa ) (pu) @ 12 03 0.253 0.047 0.20 0.0094 @ 14 OS 0.416 0.084 0.20 0.0168, _ 25 0.4 0.331 0.069 0.30 0.0207 23 Oz 0.018 0.182 0.25 0.0455 24 4 0.325, 25 02 0.162 0.038 030 ‘o.0114 26 03 0.248 0.052 0.20 0.0104 Ass 02 0.169 0.034 0.26 ‘€..0.0081 5 PA 3-6 0.6 0.449 0.151. 0.1 0151 A 45 02 0.041 0.159 04 0.0636 56 02 (0.003 0.197 03 (0.0591 Cra = Xa)ea4 *24 = (0—0.06298)0.1 0.03096 0.03096 Oa Kade Fog Bea On tha Dd 0.08051 — 0.05897)0.1 _ 0.002154 0.03096 0.03096 & Gs2 = Xsa)%20 8 a= Gian Kaa ~ Mia) = 0.06957_ (0.06435 ~ 0.055422)0.1 _ 0.001013 es 0.03096 0.03096 _ Ken Xea)X2 ea Wan + Hae — Beas) __ (0.08129 ~ 0.05920)0.1 _ 0.002209 = 0.03096 0.03096 .0327 0.07135 0; = 81,24. Pam = —0.2034 x 0.325 K 0.066 483 = 53,24. Pam 06957 x 0.325 02261 5s24- Pam = 0.0327 x 0.325 = 0.01 AO¢ = 56.24: Pam = 0.07135 x 0.325 0.0232 1186; ~ 48] = |-0.066 ~ 0.0325} ‘V1A8, — A841 = |~0.066 + 0.0398) = 0.0262 “) [A@, — ABs] = |-0.066 — 0.011 \ |A8, — A@,| = 10.0325 — 0.0226] = 0.0099 |a0,— A04| {> [A@, — ABs] = {0.0325 — 0.01] 0.0325 — 0.0232| 05 = BOs) = 1189s ~ 86) {=0.0398 — 0.01] = 01 10.01 — 0.0232] = 0.0132 ox New ied for N3 is atbus 3-6 here are the overloads, if any? Dy bar We use line outage distribution factors table from Fig.11.17 to calculate the flow in transmission line after the outage on line 2-4. es | 9 | k10 | en | oes | tne2s | tnees | tness wet] 2 | 3 | 4 fine3-2 | tines | tes | tne 23 o14[ 001] 0.01] 0.13 2 fine 1-2 0.64| 054] -0.11 2 fine 14 O59 0.46 | -0.03 0.04 oO] -0.33| 0.04 3 tne5 O41} 0.36 0.15 0.18} 0.22 0.32 | -0.17 &s line23 0.1} -0.03| 0.18 04] -0.53 0.17 0.13 ES line 24 -059| 0.76] 0.17] 0.16 0.19 | -0.02'[ --0.67 | -0.19 6 ners | -0.19| -0.06] 0.33] 0.22 0.27} -0.03 0.31 | -0.26 7 tine2s | -0.12 | -0.04 O21} 0.51 O15 0.27 ~02{ 058] 0.20] 0.44 a tiness | -0.12| -0.04 0.2] 038] 0.14] 0.27| -0.17 0.47'|- 0.19 | -0.42 Go mess | 0.01] ( 0) -003| -0.62| -0.02| -003| 064] 06 0.02 | 0.56 Faoiness | 0.01] -O2z4| 029[ 0.13] -039| 0.24] 0.14| 0.25 | 0.02 0.15 Guin s-6 041| 0.03| -o1s| 012] 013] -0.23| 0.36] 040 042 | -0.18 Using £q.12.7 : For k=5 (line 2-4): © ¢=i(line 1-2) f, = 0.253 + (—0.5x0.325) = 0.0905 © ¢=2(line 1-4)fr=f2 + dasfo fz = 0.416 + (0.61x0.325) = 0.61425 * ¢=3fline 1-5) fr= ff tdasfo fy = 0.331 + (—0.11x0,325) = 0.29525 line 2-3) Aa fet dasfo A, = 0.018 + (0.12x0.325) = 0.057 © 56 (line 2-5) So = 18 + dos ff fg = 0.162 + (0.23x0.325) = 0.23675 © 657 (line 2-6) r= ff + dy sf f, = 0.248 + (0.15x0.325) = 0.29675 © ¢=8 (line 3-5) a= 8 + dos fo 169 + (0.14x0.325) = 0.2145 + ¢29 (line 3-6) Sy=f8 + dosfo fy = 0.449 + (—0.02x0.325) = 0.4425 © ¢=10(line 45) fio = fia + dros fe fio = 0.041 + (-0.39x0.325) = ~0.08575 © 6511 (line 5-6) f= fit dish fax = 0.003 + (—0.13x0.325) = -0.03925 Overloads occurs on line 1-4, 2-5 and 3-5: cy | L o % Tine MW Limit & (pu) (pu) 12 03 0.253 0.05% 14 05) 0.416 0.614 | Overload 15 O4 0.331 0.295 23 0.2, 0.018 0.057 24 4, 0.325 25 02, 0.162 0.238 | Overload 26 03, 0.248 0.297 35 02 0.169 0.215 | Overload 36 06 0.449 0.443, 45 02 0.044 0.086 56 02 0.003 0.039 Using the three-bus sample system shown in Figure 12.1, assume 'that the three meters have the following characteristics.Meter Full Scale (MW) Accuracy (MW) (pu) Mn 100 +6 0.02 Ms 100 +3 0.01 Mn 100 £06 0.002 a. Calculate the best estimate for the phase angles and given the following measurements. Meter Measured Value (MW) Mr 60.0 Ms 4.0 Mz 40.5 b. Calculate the residual J(x). For a significance level, a of 0.01, does J(x) indicate the presence of bad data? Explain. ANSWER : oO Or] 0.6 5. -5 zmeas =| 0,04 un=[es 0 0.40 0 4 oh, 9 0 4x10-* 0 0 HI=| 0 og, 8 [=] 8 “isto 0 0 0) Me, 0 0 4xt a. bestrestimate of 0; and 0:xe = [PET = tena sn ee ee FE (2) axto*# 0 5-5 lose =|[2- 2 ay" 10+ 0 25 0 5 0 4x10-*. Gea faxi0-* o y*y 06 (ear af" va 0 | [0 4x107*] 10.405. Use matlab we get : a enor) gst] ~ L-0.1013. b. The value of j(6,,62) : Baz — fis(6u60) 4 ar a [32 ~ fra (01,02)? hae oh 2 [0.6 — ae —562))* . (0. ae wo 5(,)) , [0.405 + 4(82))? Sint 0.0004 0.0003 0.000004 [0.405 + 4(—-0.1013)}? 0.000004 = 0.238125 Significance level, «= 0.01 K=Nm—Ne=3-2=1 From table (power system analysis page 659) we get the value of chi- squared estimate 7°(K) = 6.64 Because, x > J(z) , no bad measurements presence. You are given in the following network with meters at locations as seen in figure 12.22. Branch impedances (pu) X2=0.25 ‘X12 =0.50 X24 = 0.40 Xs4=0.10Load 2 Bus 1 ———_ ase My a Bus 3 be Bus 4 (Reference) | ® m O Figure 12.22 Four-bus system with measurements for problem 1.2.3 Measurement Values Measurement Errors M33 =-705 By = 0.01 Mg: = 72.1. Bs = 0.01 My2= 21.2 By = 0.02 a. Is this network observable? Set up the least squares equations and try to invert [H™R7H] b. Suppose we had a measurement of generation output at bus 3 and included it in our Measurement set. Let this measurement be the following : Maen = 92 MW with @=0.015 Repeat part a including this measurement. SOLUTION : a. Is this network observable? 1 My = fi = Faq 1 — 82) = 481 — 40 if My = fis = a 8) = 20, — 205 - M31 = for rei rast) = 205 — 20,4-4 0 wm=[2 0 =| 4x10-* 0 0 l=} 0 1x07 =o -2.0..2 0 0 ixto 4 =eClO7F arom SO o y*74 -4 0 (HVTRY*TH]=]2 0 ~2 O- ixt0* 0 2 0 -2 2 0.2 0 0 ixto-} 1-2 0 2 12x10* -4x10* -8x10" = |-4x10* 4x10 0 8x10 0 ax 0* Hwe invert [H]"[R]*[H] , with Matlab we get that matrix is close to singular ‘So we can’t find the solution for 025*, The network is unobservable Measurement at bus 3 : 9§*and age. M3 gen=92MW, ag = 0.015 Py = Pay + Pag 1 =F s- 0+) 1 — 91) + 5 y Os — 94) = (205 — 2,) + (108, — 100,) = -20, + 120, 4 -4 0 4x1o-* 0 0 0 =}2 0 -2 =f. 0 1x10-* 0 0 U=lo 0 2 RI=! 9 0 1x1o* 0 =2) 0.02, 0 0 0 2.25%107*: a 0 0 0 0 1x10* 0 -2.0 2 0 225x104} 1-2 0 12 0 0 *P 0.212 0 0 =0.705 1x0* 0 0.721 0 225x10-*4 0.92 eg [-oa ee aber [-aaers] 0.0217 4.1. Using the three-bus sample system shown in Figure 12.1, assume that the three meters have the following characteristics. Meter Full Scale (MW) Accuracy (MW) _o (pu) Mn 400 +6 0.02 Mis 400 +3 0.01 Mu 400 +06 0.002 c. Calculate the best estimate for the phase angles and given the following measurements. Meter Measured Value (MW) _ Mi 60.0 M3 4.0 Mn 40.5 d. Calculate the residual J(x). For a significance level, a of 0.01, does J(x) indicate the presence of bad data? Explain. ANSWER : Bus 1 Bus 2 O-- 0.6 5 -5 zmees= 1.04) [H]= [2s 0 0 0.405. 4) Ch, 9 0 4x10-* 0 0 fRI=|0 of, 9 |=] 0 axto* 0 0° 0. Cis 0 0 4107+! c. best estimate of ®, and 62a3 pest 4x0" 0 0 5-5 fed a “| Gage 07 0 BS 0 0 0 4x10-6 ) ‘4x10-* Ae | ee iare “af 0 4 al ie | 0 oY Pritee 0.405. | Use matlab we get est see = 0.0174 0.1013. 2 . The value of J(9;,0,) : (1.8) = fae — fix(Ose dT? 4 Bs = fay 62)" yard = f2Os 62))" 2 i oh oh _ [0.6 — (56, —50,))? , (0.04 2.5(6,)} , [0.405 + 4(6,)]? JO x»62) = 0.0004 *"—o0001 * 0.000004 = 10.6 = (Gx0.0174) ~ (5x0.1013)}? , [0.04 - 25(0.0174)}? a 0.0004 0.0001 [0.405 + 4(-0.1013)]}? 0.000004 = 0.238125 Significance level, a = 0.01 K = Np —Ne=3-2=1 From table (power system analysis page 659) we get the value of chi- squared estimate 77(K) = 6.64 Because, x > J(x) , no bad measurements presence 2. Given a single transmission line with a generator at one end and a load at the other, two measurements are available as shown in figure 12.21. Assume that we can model this circuit with a DC load flow using the line reactance shown. Also, assume that the phase angle at bus 1 is 0 rad. Given the meter characteristics and meter readings telemetered from the meters, calculate the best estimate of the power flowing through the transmission line. X=0.1 pu Mn My Bus 1 Bus 2 Figure 22.21 Measurement configuration for Problem 12.2a Meter Standard Meter Meter Shu poe) Deviation on Full Sale Reading (MW) Mn 200 62 Mo 200 : 3 § 52 Note: Miz measures power flowing from bus 1 to bus 2; Mar measures power flowing from bus 2 to bus 1. Use 100 MVA as base ANSWER : 1 Ma oe (, — 02) = -1082 Max -aG -&) (02 — A) = 1082 O41 es .0001. =f729 Chis H=[yo) [I= i ad o.oo2s) (ose) = [LATER VAN) TTR 1 a 0.0001 0 =} *;-10 - [19 2010” aves! [oo | (0.001, 0.62 xi-10 10) (°S* goo2s)_ Losal zs [0.0616] a= 0) Fyl0 + 0.0616) = 0.616 pu = 61.6 MW You are given in the following network with meters at locations as seen in figure 12.22. _ Branch. mpedances (pu)Load 1 Load 2 Bus 1 Bus 2 a My Ma Mn Bus 3 Bus 4 | (Reference) | 4 Figure 32.22 Four-bus system with measurements for problem 1.2.3 Measurement Values Measurement Errors 613 = 0.01 oa = 0.01 12 = 0.02 c. Is this network observable? Set up the least squares equations and try to invert ("RH d. Suppose we had a measurement of generation output at bus 3 and included it in our measurement set. Let this measurement be the following Megon = 92MW with «= 0.015 Repeat part a including this measurement. ANSWER : cc. Is this network observable? 1 Ma = fiz a — 02) = 48, — 402 1) Mys = fis = =~ (01 — 05) = 20; — 265 *s 1 May = faa = 3 (Os ~ 81) = 285 ~ 26, 4x10-* 0 0 0) izt0- 0 0 0) 1x10; 4 -4 0 [A] = [ xs =| IR) -2 0 2(ay"[R}71H] 4 4 -4 OP f4x10-* 0 Oo T*[4 -4 0 =]20 0 2 0 1510, 8 2 0 -2 Ey oP “iio l-2 0 2 12x10* —4x10* —8x10* 4x10" —4x10* 0 —8x10* 0 8x10* Ifwe invert [H]"[R]"*[H] , with matlab we get that matrix is close to singular So we can't find the solution for 0%", 8f5tand as". The network is unobservable d. Measurement at bus 3 : Ms gen = 92MW, oo = 0,015 Pa = Pay + Pas G i = (63 — 0,) +— (83 — 4) Fyn OD FFs 8 1 1 = gig a — 01) + Gy Os — 84) = (205 ~ 264) + (108, — 108,) = -26, +1203 4-40 =|2 0 -2 ¥ fe Le eoieae [R} -2 0 12 4x10-* 0 0 0 sesh Ole eee: 0 0 0 0 Igt0a) , 0 0 0 0 2.25x107+. gst ast og ma 4 -4 0 [[axto+ 0 0 -4 ec pale Ore 0 1xio"* 0 0 2.0 2 0 0 4x10-* Bs 0 es -2 0 12 0 0 2asxi0-4 -2 0 12 4 -4 0 J'[4xto* 0 0 0.212 zie 0: trio“ 0 =0.705 20 2 0 0 1x10-* 0.721 -2 0 12 0 0 0 jase! 0.92 9s) 0.334 age} = [osezs ast} 10.02174. Given the network shown in figure 12.23, the network is to be model with a DC power flow with line reactances as follows (assume 100-MVA base): x12= 0.1 pu xz3 = 0.25 pu The meters are all of the same type with standard deviation of o = 0.01 pu for each. The measured values are Mg = 105 MW 49 MW Maz = 148 MW a. Find the phase angles which result in a best fit to the measured values. b. Find the values of the residual function J. c. Calculate estimated generator output of each generator and the estimated power flow on each line. Bus 1 Bus2 Bus 3 M3 0 Figure 12.23 Network for Problem 12.4. d. Are there any errors in the measurements? If you think so, explain which meters are apt to be in error and why. Remove the suspected bad measurement and try to resolve the state estimator ANSWER : a. Best phase angles : = My = (0s — 03) = ~ 402 a Ms 1 ra — 0) = 482 1 Mz3 = — (62 — 3) = 402 2 a | Mz, =— (82 — 6) +— (62 — 43) = 106, — 108, + 482 — 403 Xen X23 = —100, + 148, 1 A May = — (62 — 0;) = 100 — 100, Xare asst 0 -4 770017 0 Ber oO oO yp 0 -4 On—4 0 001? SkOus 1:05 a2 0 Oo -4 =| 0 4 0 0 oo Oo © 0 4 -10 144] 0 0 “0 0017 0 | J-10 14 -10 10/10 0 o 0 oo! L-10 10 OF Frixtot 60 0 0 0 7*y 1.05 0 -4 0 ixtot 0 0 0 0.98 2 Od 0 0 ano 0. 0 ~1.35 -10 14} ] 6 0 te tx10* 0 0.49 —10 10 0 0 0 0 1x10~*. 1.48 fay _ [-0.4306) ost} L-0.2768. b. Residual J(x) Gar = fer (Or 62)?" , [zz — fas (x. 02)? afar O)P z 2 z I(x, 92) zy es of [2s — far 2)? | [ez2 — faa (Ox, 02) aie eee te age et oS bid _ (105+ 4(@)}? , (0.98-+.4(0,)]? | [-1.35 — 40]? ~~ 9.0001 0.0001 0.0003 (0.49 — (-100, +146,)}? , [1.48 - (-100, + 108,)]? # 0.0001 _ 0.0001 — 12.05 ~ (4.306 = 2.768)]* [0.98 + (420.2768) - 0.0001 0.0001 [£1.35 ~ (4.306 — (14x0.2768)]? iM 001 [0.49 — (420.2768)]? , [1.48 — (4x0.2768)}? 0.0003 0.0001 = 852.7216 9 . Estimate generator output Mz = —40, = 4x0.4306 = 1.74 pu P, = 174 MW Mz = -100, + 148, = (10x0.4306) + (14x(—0.2768)) = 0.4308 pu P, = 43.08 MW d. “Best phase angles : 1 Msz = (03 ~ 62) = ~40, X32 1 Mrs = = (82 — 63) = 48, 23 a May = = (2 ~ 9) = 1003 — 100,te) 0 -4 yyo017 0 a7 0 o yp o -4 0-4 eter 0. 0 oO 0 -4 =) oes ee oe ipIy 0° 0 Oo 4 10 14/} 0 0 0. 0.017) > 0 -10 14 -1 ilo o o 0 00174 l-10 10 0 Wie 0 0 0 0 1.05 o 10* "> 0 0 0 0.98 a 0 7. ixio* 0 0 1.35 to 0 0 0 1x10* 0 0.49 -10 10 0 0 0 0 ixto~ L148 rags lope Tugas Bab XI (nomor : 11.1, 11.2, 11.4 & 11.5) 3. (14.1) Figure 11.17 shows a four bus power system. Also given below are the impedance data for the transmission lines of the system as well as the generation and load values Fi. 11.17 Four bu nator fo protiom 11.4 ey LINE LINE REACTANCE (pu) _ 12 02 14 0.25 23 0.15 24 03 a4 04 BUS LOAD (MW) GENERATION (MW) 1 150 2 350 3 220 4 280a Calculate the generation shift sensiti to bus 2. Answer: To find the generation shift sensitivity factor we use Eq.14.4 au = $f = [= C—O] ity coefficients for a shift in generation from bus 1 am dP, 1 (d0, dBm) _ 2 = ( ) = Oni-Xmi) -~ (114.4) m Ya tq Yous Matrix Za Seca “yan pe Xe vo) vis v4 a) Je ey RE ree yar -Y32 vas 34 yaa a2 YAY Yat¥u Yn Ys “Yu “yn YartVaxtYse-¥3 vn Ya yn Yas¥ “Ye “Ya “Ye “¥en Yat VaetYs4 Yu = yartyu=5+4=9 Yaa = Yantyast¥ss = 5 +3.33 + 6.67= 15 pstse = 6.67 +2,5= 9.17 atVaet Yuu = 4+ 3.33 +25 = 9.83 Q oO 4 3 “6.67 3.33 ° 9.17 25 4 25 9.83 Dengan DC load Flow (816) = [P) dimana [B’] = [Y] dengan bus 2 sebagai reference sehingga 02=0, Kolom dan baris 2 akan bernilai nol 9 ° ° 4 e Py 0 0 o o e| =| P2 0-0 917 25 ® Ps 7 4 oO 25 9.83 Oy Py(01-181) 10) = [x] [P) We can use matlab to find X matrix B=[900-4;0000;009.17-25; -40-259.83) Xspinv(8) 0.1379 0 0.0164 0.0603 wy={,%, 2.0 0 0.0164 0 0.1191 0.0370 0.0603 0 0.0370 0.1357. From Eq, (11A.4) generation shift sensitivity factor : a ay = 5 Omen) Shift on gen.t, i (line 1-2) 1 ig (0.1379 — 0) = 0.6895 (0.1379 — 0.0603) = 0.3104 ° @=3 i 23) 1 a3, = ae Bag Ha Man) = zg @— 0.0164) = -0.1093 © ¢=4 (line 2-4) 41 = J Bar-Xaa) = F (0 — 0.0603) = ~0.2010 * ¢=5 (line 3-4) 1 951 = 5 ara) (0.0164 — 0.0603) = -0.10975 Generation Shift Sensitivity Factor for Shift. on Gen 1: Une’ a ¢=1 line(1-2) | 0.6895 452 line(1-4) | 0.3104 223 line (2-3) ¢=4 line(2-4) | -0.2010 @=5 line(3-4) | -0.1098 b.Calculate the line outage sensitivity factors for outages on lines 1-2, 1-4, and 2-3 Answer : From Eq. (114.16): 1-2 7 htm £ Ga Xin — Xion + Xp) paviet — peclawn i ee eee ei x — Ann + Xin = 2Xnan) 2 a 1 A ee fr dan. |. For outage on line 1-2,k=1 © ¢=2(linerd Has Xp Yay? ea) — is + Kaa — 2%12) (0.1379 — 0.0603—0+0) 0,06208 = f.oss9-an-0+0 oa oa (0.1379 -+0—0) ‘oosar ~ 9.996 day =© ¢=3 (line 2-3) Bh hay ~ Xai — Nar + Xan) das = Oa hae hae) 02 (0- 0.0164— 040) _ 0.2 — (0.1379 + 0-0) ds, + ¢=4 (line 2-4) 32 as ~ Kaa ~ Xan + Xa) 4 — Mar + Xo2 ~ 2%) 603-040) -0.0402 0.0621 = 0.6473 © ¢=5 (line 3-4) 32 an — Xan — Hon + Xa) 1 — Kaa + Xe2 — 2X2) $3 (0.0164 — 0.0603 - 0+ 0) 453 = 02 = (0.1379 0-0) ds, = For outage on line 1-6, k=2 © ¢=1 (line 1-2) 3 haa ~ Fan ~ Maa + aa) x2 — Ona + Xa 2h) 9.25 (9.1379 — 0 — 0.0603 + 0) 0.097 603)) 0.097 d= © ¢=3 (line 2-3) 3 32 an — Xan — Fae + Koa) 98 xg — aa + Maa — 2Xaa) 925 (q—0.0164—0+0.0370) 0.02575 _ fe 432 = 935 — (0.1379 + 0.1357 — (2x0.0603)) 0.097 = © ¢=4 (line 2-4) 22 har — Xx Xen t Xa) (ee 2 xa = haa + Kay = 2hs4) 0.25 0 — 0,0603 ~ 0 + 0.1357, 21 a ( p 0.0628 _ 9 ca7g 442 = 35 — (0.1379 + 0.1357 — (2x0.0603)) 0.097 © = ¢=5/(line 3-4) FE Waa Kea — Fou + Xee) (oe X2— Mar + X44 — 2X4) S23 (0.0164 — 0.0603 — 0.0370 + 0.1357) _ 0.03425 ds2 = "975 —( 01379 4 04587 — (Ox0.0603)) 0.097 = 0.3531UJIAN TENGAH SEMESTER I 2030/2011 EP-5172 ( OPERAS! DAN KENDAL SISTEM TENAGA ) SENIN 20 DESEMBER 2010 PUKUL : 13.00 — 14.00 ( 60 MENIT } DOSEN : DR.IR. GIBSON H.M. SIANIPAR Sifet : Clossed Book 1. Tuliskan dan berikan penjelasan Setiap parameter yang ada dari Transformasi Laplace diagram blok mesin berputar) beban, penggerak mula, dan governor. 2. Bagaimane cara kerja pembagian beizan system dengan pembangkit yang lebih dari satu 3. Bagaimana cara mengatur frekuensi system pada system dengan pembangkit tebih dari satu. 4. Apa yang dimaksud dengan ramp rate sebuah pembangkit. Jelaskan cara kerja metoda bounding dalam analisis kontingensi. o 6. Buktikan bahwa untuk pengukuran dengan galat berdistribusi normal, rumus . estimasi. dengan metoda maximum likelihood sama dengan metoda leasisquare. : oocoooSelamat Bekerjacoo00ebir alan Se eee Barren. ity Aergan_Hararbuskk kevernerya | AAA 4 Ronetatoy! Ppespiios, Moke ichads RU) em@enigainube, of eAmnys, CHAK S win akan) AL gem pentrngtel t Allcek Aenynn WrAligun, beferin, alan AMSA, bandas GAR cemmnsng, ark Ye) AC csc a ee cnet Toph pemtanan been, deninn Mengatrifsan DC eahabenen Ketan ihadag feribshan Ccetuhorn ) bunks eben akan Goutah fsa ok fe4 1 Attend Lo ReeglaGbic = frekyensi akan Cea, ena pake % Saclemorry cenfrel CATA Goin Ate bat derean lod Fe ey Otel / LAC) 7 akan Wiengembadi teas, cethng fretoren tf Ke, gretewery Wal Cfo) ang mented inect loiter peda i Leo Peformance sie BU=0 CH) Ai rect ot Wo chy absso) | ~ Bila adn Leber. mien Kendati ruika aeElukan fren -a\tel error “CALE) Yong Finnie UAE Mughting ert elean 2 Aotal_ Rembongeib dengan oP pembaaghtin Ye Sehasuranayen eaeorabsn Sniff foclon 5 pn eyes | La atten caberg £ dia bad, | au = ae C> cabo. | OP. Ys bos, pL ~ pperutoter aber doyn dolom Mie pode Coby | Tebita fejaak’ porvbahon cag Prmborgltit Or grata bist, APE s pordbaran pomtoeglt* pada bx v. QU adalah gonstuila alvan aga paca cobsy L fechadap plubarin romtn pra bis, qowake Shit footer OL Bigveaten nhl wang vty. dian deya pxdo & (ong jer ada cobvoh pombaagted measolow Sargaven, Dangon Geral Shit fash 0 | ghar fined fondle’ Cobeg Sieh coho alin dldye Gale Cabere ,apotah rvegatene’ | ovtege alas Kaden joluiuk don’ hilagny, Lebar ponbanguc. disaridisrn foto abe -¢ dhe ~ Aft A[C = parehaten dticon dyn (1A peda Cobiry 2 aft fi => wren daym pubs abo. cebelem cote, Adie dadtan soositives ten diya pode Cobeug X H/hudl ‘ fe cabay Em yang mengalomi octage shirasy Cary ke blow dope erveatr Baya. fatten dation’ dhe lgorain unhe nyaghring etbren days i 5 : ‘ peda sofia Cahang ya ada saboah Cabezs (or Yn, meyalens” ovtage . Feinuh : Drag ditto fucken dhe alin tsrtthat ores’ gat abren clay tah Cabin Apétan rrengaleni ovtege afoy bdo alidab gan’ tito polrya Reb Cabrg Lan. Mefoce Ipondiry Pasnd wajn Mam percnedal pertuhiegan don Pnatainge pin gutoge fanmmies trincdo Salem Santas lain yong bred® Ps) | Show) re tan Valve tibuer ot CA he te Ww + Vg |e] 4- Tsochrorss governor Bofating t HRSoe : Loed eejyee. Le = 4 Chonrtor time coestoat) L 5 Pralue. ( Pembergua L) Hebiua A garesator aga dteop betel eetana dalam sebuah idem. Seat tejod Kenan Loeban diststen , Keduo fembargpit ata? Mondags Jumloh prrebarun bebe Wan fur aor Cotas dengan (orantpritile loop money mormg pemamgur - haga’ Coan jlockon:, dota , Feain pombarglit beroda daten Prokoren: combat Be, cane Jagjodi Yoon Woman 28 A Diged , ymongauoann unit Meajads dla Mnenkglatin olor sagas frituses Open ff Yerapel pata tran & yy 2 taagporg. ote Sete wait Perabo —sroyai Magen Larmutentsbie doop. Vail 1 akan matingiteltin Yolvann dan Py manjeat Py! , unit & glon weningiatua [Olvera dan 2 menial 0! Selinggn anaguab puto peankagut 4 #2 agaton [P/-B,) 4ChI~ Pa) cabaody QReebenguat sy Abayn Alive .Xe- Kan +Xmm “Xow Sjom~ (Xjn— Hm Xe ke— (kon + Loom = 20m) 4am = Myies 4 (Binm— Bian) Xe. 1 pp XiarKin) Me. - all Xe - Gin vom 2 Ho é Xjn - Xjon')Xe Ke (ita Xam =a ee ea 7 ee eae xe- CXan eXeneié 2¥% nm) |ge om” fl pada tekay Vine dapat divondingtan cerhodap Uinit kdoanya, J0hteage Koha mencagai Uni Alaa moat dlorm. i Ret i an mba ihy Operator baton beltiteman Gansrator poda bos YY dkan meng lorlkan tolebien bean yoda Van if? Jakton Sonstvites Shit gananten adalah astinas’ Vater dasi-porubaran sliran dingan Qerubaten aya ed bes. F4ole porubshon weara Kenolta pel beberope - bu ginerdor Apt dibitog dengen priasiy typerporie, Libagai conteh, kehi loagen gonerater prda busi" dan ditenpencasitan oleh dks: gowtton joda mein tuchodap Sistem interkondes. Meboss yg Swing dignakon mengecume lan for akan monntyl bean 20a propane’ hae takey- Mul axiom masiog §. Propos gamrator wamitet doya clan’ exbiep yeit Htenm 7 (0544S adatan: ie =a Atavora : PEE = pabig MU Maks'nuen yy gonsater I Ygt = falter proportinat uy, menitot than Pada gorwcator ynit”G"ketia Unit L? trip 1 Mengj’ alion pd Wie L" ;daayan atone bahwa Seewa gonsratar dalam ahem berpactiipes dalam Menonguey daya yy hileay , Sb: Jefe + ate ah 2 Uetjne 0h] J Dalam hat tai diem st Mak odo wait yy Wanpai baie maken Ua putage ditnbibon fachr digieatan ay, ene (diss overlecd Ceti jargon transmis putoy peaambannyn adalah s prec aaatt Btoraee + A fie > Une cotage Aitribotion facor etka monte Uae Q" setstoh ootoge poda Line "EY. Afo > porubalan dion Mw Alam Une “L’ EL dl day pada Vee" gabon vin tet p pla ditolka’ bias daga. pade Giae R°don Line'b Aian pada Un ‘* drigan toadn’ Uae “E" putes dapar Ai tentcan mengguraton fader “d*, 7 .p? ° Sah tee fe dimaea ° Ps peaeatego dlitan days gobitom tot 5s ? i a uae ye a ane f ‘: on days poss Une” dagen Uwe" Me eo AO, -4G Qe & 1 (hr -A&) oe, fam Or a 05 : 4 Om i ) L. (Simm - Sian) Rcereinuce veal 4- oe ate e EL ane fore on) s “fe ele ag ) (cae) = Lead =e!) Rt We te! are) ye) : Peo a eed }--r) = ee & : 7 te )— te wi -¥ — hae = PW Te beg | fee Le ee ¥}sTe mp (ho Hse Hh oeTru 2 Toye > 7 Wake, oan Tree < Tobe. 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Pa atl terdenky 7 neryewly saben Gookuiace’ Lenod lefalr sled romeneligge » Une uals fools’ pero 2 0 Ayerllin rete acon Rergintes allin ere wld peryednin agua pobansmyn Bryn hecopehn yh di ingintun, Thecivonors guseenor tlle Dafa A gurerlion sue a a o Fila Zahy eth gereoh 49 teen etre: dehy , Corer 53 “eben - er etalon Foebmerss eles wines mengevelun don Frelwerst | ae Lakh mah + LGvebuonoss _cpahenre~ a | “ (Coratont sqrzet) He Lika ger 9.00 4 9. Conwere unt devoe - i a Can i OP tee see = t sbantfowbexgent ear ccemrec = Soman ra eae + he ott — OFA = T Te COovtme be onchak ) 5won hembla (aan [Ar — OP, Mankten B0ky easy = Iegak set Y fork = Atinn da’ orea | _Frgnerey torr | al aren cna] 7 | 2 el ee A Bae AGC > lL Kenyachinnben freluer 27 mention mlad yg h + % (A fenwainonr (peborn dune area Yank ( k eee mde 4 era GA a Seem - ‘UNIAN AKHIR SEMESTER |, 2009/2010 EP 5172 Operasi dan Kendall Sistem Tenaga 6 Januari 2010, Buku Tertutup, 3 Jam, Memakal Komputer Lab. Sister Soal No. 1. , Olketahul jaringan dibawah inl dengan besaran pu dalam dasar 100 MVA: Bw Buse 8 Brad Susunlah matciks (B'] untuk systém inl. n) fa & 2, e, P,|=2]9,| Pdatamper unit MW dan @ dalam radian. Pe 8. B, 8s, b. Ambil bus 5 sebagal patokan. Untuk menghitung aliran daya searah(OC loadflow) kita taruh 6, =0. Hitunglah vektor @ dari persamaan matriks di bagian a dlatas untuk: Py =400 MW pembangkitan 2, =120 MW beban & g P,= 150 MW pembangkitan dan P,=200 MW betan. cc. _Hitung pula harga Ps untuk aliran daya searah Ini. 4. Hitung aliran daya di saluran daya antara bus 2 dan bus 5 dengan menggunakan sudut yang, diperoleh di bagian b. es Soal No. 2. a. Garnbarkan diagram governor isochronous dan governor dengan speed-droop feedback loop. b. Turunkan transfer function antara bukaan input masuk dan putaran dengan menggunakan blok diagram secara bertahap untuk governor dengan droop. cc. Buatkan ilustras! cara kerja pengaturan puteran dua bush pembangkit dengan droop yang bekerja bersama memikul beban yang sedang nalk.Soal No. 3 Dengan menggunakan pendekatan aliran daya searah: ‘a. _Jelaskan apa arti generation shit factor ay antara cabang Idan bus t b, Jelaskan apa art! distribution factor dy, antara cabang Idan cabang k. Jelaskan apa yang dimaksud dengan metoda bounding Brandwaja. ‘Soal No. 4. Dengan menggunakan system tiga bus dibawah Ini, Cine = Hie Ke Or pu a Wy = Oy pe Hy ¥23 5 OF py Mn ( Datar toot) LFS ? , Bes dengan mengandaikan karakteristik meter-meter sebagalmana disajikan di Tabel berikut: a ‘Meter | Skala Penuh(MW) | Ketelitian(MW) | o{pu) eo - Ma 100, 6 0.02 My 100 3 0.04 Mn 100 06 0.002 | 2. Hitunglah estimas! terbatk untuk sudut fasa.@, dan Q, ika diketahul hasil pengukuran sebsgal berikut: ‘Meter | Harga pengukurant Mw) Ma 60.0 Mis 40 Ma 405 b, Hitung pula residu J(x}. Untuk tingkat berartian(significance level}, ¢, sebesar 0.01, apakah J{x) tersebut menunjukkan kehadiran data buruk ?. Jelaskan.626 6a 156 323 aa 9.95 10.3 m0 17 24 Ba 38 146 153 16.0 168 20.6 244 24 126 196 B67 9.39 y0.1 10.9 16 w3 43. ABB 146 154 162 16.9 11 185 ms 265 306 ne uss 263. 32.7 389 a3 a8 98 558 a7. 615 m3 SAE of Sel Tables aed Formas oa (953)LUIAN AKHIR SEMESTER 2012 EP S151 OPERAS! DAN KENDALI SISTEM TENAGA LISTRIK WAKTU DUA JAM, BUKU TERTUTUP 1. Untuk rangkaian 3 bus dibawah ini jika taksiran awal tegangan bus 2 dan bus 3 masing- masing 1.0 per unit, hitunglah pada iterasi pertama : a. Residu daya ‘sdatriks Jakoblan algoritma Newton Raphsons. Tegangan bus 2 dan bus 3. Saudara dapat memeanfaatkan software matematika untuk menghitung penyelesaian tapi tidak software loadflow. Yo Bo Me) —rehat toda fast decoupled berupa dua subiterasi berikut : resi: BAO = AP/ 5 sul Subiterasi QE: 8"AlE] = het a. kurang konvergen bila dipakai untuk menghitung kasus aliran beban di jaringan distribusi tegangan menengah atau rendeh. Pilih satu pernyatzan yang paling tepat diantara alasan- atasan dibawah ink ; (a) Matriks Jakobian bersifat singulir. (b) Pengandaian-pengandaian yang dipakai untuk menurunkan rumus tersebut menyalahi kaidah maternatika. (c) Untuk jaringan distribusi tegangan menengah dan rendah nilairesistansi jauh lebih besar dari reaktans {d) Untuk jaringan distribusi tegangan menengah dan rendab nial resistansi saluran jauh Jebih kecil dari reaktansi saluran. “+ 3. Jika terjadi perubahan frekwensi, komponen integrator dalam rangkaian kendali governor seperti dalam diagram I bertujuan untuk :{a) Memperiambat waktu tanggap. (b) Mempercepat waktu tenggap. {€) Menghilangkan tanggapan bersifat overshoot. ~ {d)_ Mengintegrasi frekwensi terhadap waktu. seme] Hime mone Diagram | 4. Jika terjadi perubahan frekwensi, rangkeian umpan balik dengan gain R seperti dalam iagram | bertyjuan untuk : (2) Mempertambst waktu tanggap jika 8 semakin besar. (b) Mempercepat waktu tanggap jike R semakin besar. ~ {c) Menghilangkan tanggapan berbentuk overshoot. (6), Mengembaliken frekwensi kembali ke nilal setting dalam keadaan tunak(stendy state). 5. Apa manfaat suplementary control pada food ref dalam diagram ti kendall sister tenaga ‘seperti dibawah ini. (a) Mengembalikan frekwensi ke nilat setting. ~ {b) Mengembalikan daya keluar unit ke nilai setting. {c) Menaik-turunkan droop unit agar daya keluar sama dengan setting. {d} Mengatur beban agar sama dengan daya keluar unit. Diagram tt 6. Selesaikan soal 11.1 dalam buku Power Generation, Operation and Control. 7. 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Gaba Bho I AD aren Ne Ut ae Be Rect OSGi Ta Sok 4 as “ Rattng o6 moat Btn ee Mex fy aa Gan SCEAVYE read ale x) berg Central 9 LEC 7 Datg dD (SISTER) 5. Peon carte Cntectent aptemn) (ACE Heeseagon marygvaaion Mburgin Of O.DUm, dithan - i Bina = 2% ‘am DO« = xin BPor Kim dkem fame O° (ed, (Lon + Ler -D¥amn') a 7 Bijan = Hin Blo s Xen Bl _____ 1 Ofon +¥a se) ar ( = Xin AY - Xin O76 Meare eee se ('- Ha iea ins 200) Yin — Xion \ = _L fan eXaum -2X0m ) | Xe = (Xia win) Xe. L ve (hn + Hoan - 24am ] | gua sala atv ‘a atau'm” adalah bes cefaenn’, | hanya solv vnjake Sa} 99 Aibvar ; Lolinggs Sis ee (ee- Yon) a jilta m= bas eegorunt, Sijnm = Min Xt | jen ce. (fe- Yon.) cea eyes Fehrs aie Gavatoton, Sgt aor ads at; stb: ay; = Oe Aw Le inder Ve T= tnage bus Aft poset dalam Mw dima diya pode une f Jala te/jadi Porvbahan pada gonacator Sobeoe fe yg ada dibs 1. AR; = pertboten pods geaasntre bad Dalam hal iar dewnsitan pervbekan po gerartor tdotsar DP; ,akan ditompensor’ eth generator pada bes reparenes deagen sar 9 Sama, 400 generator yy teutnnya attan tetap (fired Fortor “ALi menggambactan Sensiti toe alicon pb Linu'L! tochadop fordbotan ganarator yoda bot't" Jia agin rwompalajad Feadis’ dimou unit goneater Yyosar mengalans ookaga. dan diasvaciton Yawra onva beilonyn paonangit alten digontn /bé Appany eloh gpneretor feforeast filin goneator yy membambitlen daxya seborar Pi? Mw) rip, mole dényatatan ti adalan [ate | Alton dayi bary watt top Vee lalom jaiegen dapat dilitoeg moxggordian fatlor "ot sbb : h “fi aafgati urbe Loh Ainseas yt: dian pada Vie £ sotelah gpneetor pdbus dnp $4, = alizon bbe tial geagoenAb -CxI ap. , ae) 6m 0 (i Kon Bam 10 4p 4001 L¥ma a ra BOo > Xa4ln + Xan bP Benz Xmnnblet Xam dF. © Fame 80, = BR a Fane 1 COn- On) ' Kags. Abn = (Kan Kom) O% \ Xen Alo - Xam bP 1 \ Om + (own — Xa) Pa = Xam d€ - Xn dlr. eae Haw = 6@n= -aPm. Aen= Xoo blo Xam Alea = Xan ata —Xam (en 2 Kor-Yon) ala me bom= Xun Ola + Xm Ofer = Yan ben — Xo Sere Yan Hoa) = Oy -Qy+400 Ba? Gm + 4Om Yom 2 1 Ws “Hn ) ¥b c : eo Ce (1,-5.5 Pint = Pome x (Kom Xan’)? — (canbe Boe» Pane 4 LY on co ate (Fom> A.) be = Pam « L. (Yan 4 Yorn Peon) OF Xe bP - ar(s (Xan te Pm) 2 Oren, ee 1 Lorton B)) on Xe Ae (1 — Mee Aye Ai C Hi (hen sin ~ Xn em)" Cpe Tamir 4 Jha. diteabites aulor haptvites 8 = Catio parutakan sodut fous €, dimera eda dalen thin Ferhidtp alan daa’ Pao” pada Uno. “nm gobotom dtoped , maa: Sim's 68r ae gia tom futon bos aren’ mabe, 2 igi Bln” dan SPm" dimessuvan —dealem oy n't Hak rai tuamboriion porubahay podar bus &. ound: Oi = Xin OPa+ Xin aboOperasi & Kendali Sistem Tenaga Pye sua, MBSR BAB 11 Power System Security 11.2 In the system shown in Figure 11.18, three generators are serving a load of 1300 MW. The MW flow distribution, bus loads, and generator outputs are as shown. The generators have the following characteristics. Generator No. Prin (MW) Frnax (MW) 7 100 600 2 90 400 3 700 500 Three - generator system ASSUME NO LOSSES IN THIS NETWORK The circuit have the following limits : @ CKTA :600 MWmax + CKTB :600 MWmax CKTC : 450 MW max CKTD = :350 MW max Power Electiical Engineering-« Yosi Dwi Tantei Ani 23211019 @Operasi & Kendali Sistem Tenaga SS Throughout this problem we will only be concemed with flows on the circuit labeled A, B, C, and D. The generation shift sensitivity coefficients, a,;, for circuits, A,B,C, and D are as follows. ‘CKT- Shift on Gen. 1 ‘Shift on Gen. 2 Example: AP tow = a x AP; If:1=Candi=2 AP onc = (0.54) x AP2 Assume a shift on gen.1 or gen.2 will be compesated by an equal (opposite) on gen.3. The line outage sensitivity factors dix are ——— A B Cc D x 08 0.21 0.14 0.9 x 0.06 0.04 0.06 0:12 x 0.82 0.04 0,08 «= 0.73 x g00> ‘As an example, suppose the loss of circuit k will increase the loading on circuit | as follows. Prov = Paow (before outage) + dix x Prov (before outage) if: 1=Aandk=B The new flow on | would be Prown = Paowa + (0.8) X Prows Power Electrical Engineering- Yosi Tantri Ani 23211019Operasi & Kendall Sistem Tenag: Problem 14.2. a. Find the contingency (outage) flow distribution on circuits A, B, C, and D for an outage on circuit A. Repeat for an outage on B, then on G, then on D. (Only one circuit is lost at one time.) Are there any overloads? Solution : * Suppose outage on Circuit A : * Contingency (outage) flow distribution on Circuit B : Prrows = Priows + 4p. Priowa : Phiows = 200 + 0.9 x 350 = 515 MW , Priowe< Priax (600 MW) * Contingency (outage) flow distribution on Circuit C : Powe = Priowe + dea ¥ Priowa Prowe = 175 + 0.06 x 350 = 196 MW , Priowc< Pmax (450 MW) * Contingency (outage) flow distribution on Circuit D : Priown = Prrown + dp,a X Prowa Priown = 275 + 0.04 x 350 = 289 MW , Priown< Prax (350 MW) = Suppose outage on Circuit B : * Contingency (outage) flow distribution on Circuit A : Prows = Friowa * da Prtows Prowa = 350 + 0.8 x 200 = 510 MW , Priowa< Prax (600 MW) * Contingency (outage) flow distribution on Circuit C : Priowc = Priowe + 4a * Prtowo Prrowe = 175 + 0.12 x 200 = 199 MW , PrroweX< Parex (450 MW) = Contingency (outage) flow distribution on Circuit D = Priowo = Prtown + dp,2 * Prtows Priowp = 275 + 0.08 x 200 = 291 MW . PriownX Prox (350 MW) * Suppose outage on Circuit C * Contingency (outage) flow distribution on Circuit A: Priowa = Prowa + dac x Prowe Phiowa = 350 + 0.21% 175 = 386.75 MW , Priowa< Prax (600 MW) Power Electrical Engineering-~ Yosi Dwi Tantri Ani 23211019Operasi & Kendali Sistem Tenaga * Contingency (outage) flow distribution on Circuit B = Frowe = Priowe + 4p, % Priowe Prows = 200 + 0.06 x 175 = 210.5 MW , Priowa< Prax (600 MW) * Contingency (outage) flow distribution on Circuit D = Prtown = Priown + dp,¢% Priowe 75 + 0.73 x 175 02.75 MW, Priowo> Pmax (350 MW) overload Prow * Suppose outage on Circuit D : * Contingency (outage) flow distribution on Circuit A: Priowa = Prtowa + ap X Prowd Phowa = 350 + 0.14 x 275 = 388.5 MW , Prrowa< Pmax (600 MW) * Contingency (outage) flow distribution on Circuit B : Prows = Priows + dp, X Priown Powe = 200 + 0.04 x 275 = 211 MW , Priowa< Prax (600 MW) © Contingency (outage) flow distribution on Circuit C : Prowc = Prrowe + Ac,n * Prow Priowe = 175 + 0.82 x 275 = 400.5 MW , Priowc< Prnax (450 MW) Based on the calculations above, there is an overload on Circuit D while an outage on circuit C. Problem 11.2. Can you shift generation from gen. 1 to gen. 3, or from gen. 2 to gen. 3, so that no overloads occur? If so, how much shift? Solution : Overload occurs on Circuit D while an outage on Circuit C: > Power flow on Circuit D while Overload : 402.75 MW > Power flow maximum on CircuitD > 350 MW APriown = Priown — Priow(max) APriowy = 402.75 — 350 = 52.75 MW Generation Shifting Analysis * Shift the generation from gen. 1 to gen. 3 SProwp = pa x APs al Engineering -Yosi Dwi Tantri Ani 23211019Operasi & Kendali Sistem Tenaga eee ee eee ee eee * Contingency (outage) flow distribution on Circuit B : Priowa = Prtows + da,c X Prtowe Priowa = 200 + 0.06 x 175 = 210.5 MW , Priows< Pmex (600 MW) * Contingency (outage) flow distribution on Circuit D : Frown = Prown + dp,c * Prowe Prowp = 275 + 0.73 x 175 = 402.75 MW , Priown> Prax (360 overload * Suppose outage on Circuit D : * Contingency (outage) flow distribution on Circuit A : Prowa = Prtowa + dap x Prrown Prows = 350 + 0.14 x 275 = 388.5 MW , Prrowa< Pmax (600 MW) * Contingency (outage) flow distribution on Circuit B : Priows = Prows + 4,0 x Frown Priowa = 200 + 0.04 x 275 = 211 MW , Prrown< Prax (600 MW) + Contingency (outage) flow distribution on Circuit C : Prrowe = Priowc + dep X Priown Prrowe = 175 + 0.82 x 275 = 400.5 MW , Pruwo< Pinax (450 MW) Based on the calculations above, there is an overload on Circuit D while an outage on circuit C. Problem 11.2.b Can you shift generation from gen. 1 to gen. 3, or from gen. 2 to gen. 3, so that no overloads occur? If so, how much shift? Solution : Overload occurs on Circuit D while an outage on Circuit C: > Power flow on Circuit D while Overload : 402.75 MW > Power flow maximum on Circuit D : 350 MW 4Priowp = Priowo ~ Prrow(max) APrtowp = 402.75 — 350 = 52.75 MW Generation Shifting Analysis : * Shift the generation from gen. 1 to gen. 3 : APriow = Opa * AP, Engineering-- Yosi Dwi Tantri Ani 23211019Operasi & Kendali Sistem Tenaga APrown _ 52.75 _ cane = Tag = 1s187S MW © Shift the generation from gen. 2 to gen. 3 APriown = Op2. APs AP, APpowD D2 Panew = P? — AP; = 400 — 146.53 = 253.47 MW Panew = P9 — AP, = 300 + 146.53 = 446.53 MW AP, AP, is much bigger than Pmex of Gen. 3 (500 MW), so that we can’t shift Gen. 1 to Gen. 3. Pypew is less than Pmax Of Gen. 3 (500 MW), so that we can shift Gen. 2 to Gen. 3. The load shifted from Gen. 2 to Gen. 3 is 146.53 MW. PROBLEM 11.4 Using the system shown in Example 11B, find N1, N2 and N3 for the outage of the line from bus 2 to bus 4. Do you need to expand region N1? Where are the overloads, if any? (Use the same branch flow limits as shown in Example 11B.) The MW limits on the transmission lines (Example 11B) : MW Line Limit 1=2 30 1-4 50 1-5 40 2-3 20 2-4 40 2-5 20 2-6 30 3-5 20 3-6 60 4-5 20 5-6 20- AFR and Afgn*x5q Cal mn MW Limit 1 fm Dia © ee ® Ahia*oyy ede Coy; (pu) _(pu) 20 pally, 12 03 {0.253 0.047 0.20 0.0004 14 0.5 0.416 0.084 0.20 0.0168 15 0.4 0.331 0.069 0.30 0.0207 2-3 0.2 0.048 0.182 0.25 0.0455 2-4 0.4 0.325 25 02 0.162 0.036 030 0.0174 26 0.3 0.248 0.052 0.20 0.0104 3-5 0.2 0.169 | 0.031 0.26 0.0081) 3-6 0.6 0.449 J 0.1451 04 U.0T4 45 0.2 0.044 0.159 0.4 0.0636 5-6 0.2 003 / 0.497, 0.3 0.0591 Line Reactance : 0 0 0 0 0 0 €0943) 0.08051 0.06298 0.06435 - 0.08129 _|0 0.08051 0.16590 0.05897, 0.09077 0.12895 Fe io 0629 0.05897 (10088) 0.05422 0.05920 0 0.06435 0.09077 0.05422 0.12215 0.08927 0 0.08129 0.12895 0.05920 0.08927 0.16328 Solution : per Oita bay Od ene Fy Power Elecirical Engineering.- Yosi D tri Ani 23211019> Calculating 5224 and 5424: Operasi & Kendali Sistem Tenaga ays OMe S224 S424 = 424 a4 — ea + Xs Caz = Kaa) X24 Calculating Phase Angle difference : AG, = 5224XPeq > AO, = 0.1.x 0.325 = 0.0325 B04 = 54.24% Pry > AO = [A@, — A@,| = 10.0325 + 0.03979] = Criteria : [42 — A@,| < [A@, — 404] Where, [46, — A@,| is the minimum value of Af Xpq = 0.12242 — 2X4) 0.12242 x 0.325 = —0.03979 07229, ey (Ob2eg) / 4,06 298 Oba? (209 + 0, 10M — ope ogy Based on the table above, the minimum value of Af%xpq is 0.0081 Since |46, — Ad,| is greater than |A8, — A9,| (0.07229 > 0.0081), so the Criteria is Fail and We have to expand N3. > Bus 2 and 4 were connected to all of buses in the network, so we have to expand the bounded region of N3 to all buses (buses that were removed from analysis before). Further analysis must consider all of buses in the network (bus 1, bus 2, bus 3, bus 4, bus 5, bus 6). Line Outage Distribution Factors for Six-Bus Sample System (Fig. 11.7) a) 6 | 7 | 8 | «9 | k=10] 11 line | line | line line | fine | line | line | line | line 1-2 1-4 1-5 2-5 246 356 346 4-5 5-6 11 line 0.64 | 0.54 0.21 | -0.12 | -0.14 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.13 1-2 I=2 Tine | 059 0.46 0.06 |-0.04|-0.04| 0 | -0.33| 0.04 | 1-4 | 1=3 line | 0.44 | 0.36 0.27 | 0.16 | 0.18 | -0.22| 0.32 |-0.17 line | -0.1 | -0.03 | 0.18 0.23 | 0.47 | -0.4 | -0.53| 0.17 | 0.13 line [-0.59 | 0.76 | -0.17 03 | 0.17 | 0.19 | -0.02 | -0.67 |-0.19 | Power Electrical Engineering ~Yasi | i Tantri Ani 2321101916 line | -0.19 | -0.06 | 0.33 | 0.22 0.24 | 0.27 | -0.03 | 0.31 | -0.26 = line | -0.12 | -0.04 | 0.21 | 0.51 0.27 0.2 | 0.58 | 0.20 | 0.44 s line |-0.12 | -0.04 | 0.2 |-0.38 0.27 | -0.17 0.47 | 0.19 | -0.42 3 line [0.01 | 0 | -0.03 | -0.62 0.03 | 0.64 | 0.6 -0.02 | 0.56 a0 line | 0.01 | -0.24 | 0.29 | 0.13 0.24 | 0.14 | 0.15 | -0.02 0.15 a line | 0.41 | 0.03 |-0.18 | 0.12 0.23 | 0.36 | -0.40| 0.42 | -0.18 While the outage on line 2-4, we can calculate the flow at other transmission lines : laused: fi = fi? + dish? Line 2-4 (1 > 1 A=fet+ ashe f, = 0.253 + (-0.5 x 0.325) = 0.0905 > 1=2 (line 1-4) : f= fh + dashe fy = 0.416 + (0.61 x 0.325) = 0.6143 > 1=3 (line 1-5): Aahtdashe fy = 0.331 + (-0.11 x 0.325) = 0.2953 > 154 (line 2:3): fra fot dash? fy = 0.018 + (0.12 x 0.325) = 0.0570 > 1=6 (line 2-5) : fo= fo + desfé fe = 0.162 + (0.23 x 0.325) = 0.2368 > 1=7 (line 2-6): f= fh + dyshe fy = 0.248 + (0.15 x 0.325) = 0.2968 > 1=8 (line 3-5) : é : Operasi & Kendall Sistom Tenaga | | : (line 1-2) : Power Electrical Engineering = Yosi Dwi Tantri Ani 23211019: Operasi & Kendall Sistem Tenaga fe=fotdashe fag = 0.169 + (0.14 x 0.325) = 0.2145 > 1=9 (line 3-6): haf + dosfe fo = 0.449 + (—0.02 x 0.325) = 0.4425 > 1=10 (line 4-5) : fo = fio + thosfs. io = 0.041 + (—0.39 x 0.325) 1= 11 (line 5-6) : f= fat dish? fax = 0.003 + (-0.13 x 0.325) = -0.0393 0.0858 Here is the transmission line flow while the outage on line 2-4: Line MW Limit i ple (pu) (pu) 4-2 0.3 0.253 0,0005 = Overload 4-5 0.4 0.334 0.2953 23 0.2 0.018 0.0570 = 0.4 0.325 2 GAGs CS Overload 0.3 0.248 2 Overload 0.449 3-6 0.6 0.4425 ~ 4-5 0.2 0.041 ~0.0858 - 5-6 0.2 0.003, 0.0393 = There are 3 Overload lines, they are line 1-4, line 2-5, line 3-5. Power Electrical Engineering -~ asi Dwi Tantri Ani 23211019Operasi & Kendali sistem Tenaga BAB 12 An Introductin To State Estimation In Power System PROBLEM 12.3 You are given in the following network with meters at locations as shown in Figure 12.22. Branch Impedances (pu) 2 e050 s X1a = 0.50 Xe4 = 0.40 Xoq = 0.10 load 1 Load 2 BUS 2 Bus 4 (Reference) 20 Figure 12.22 Four-bus system with measurements for problem 12.3 Measurement Values Measurement Errors Mis = -70.5 Msi = 72.1 Mrz = 21.2 a. Is this network observable? Set up the least-squares equations and try to invert [ H™ RH]. b. Suppose we had a measurement of generation output at bus 3 and included it in our measurement set. Let this measurement be the following:Operasi & Kendali Sistem Tenaga Magen 92 MW with o = 0.015 Repeat part a including this measurement. c. Detect the Error if a meter Mzg put at the network (Suppose Mzs parameters are Mzz :30, 0 = 0.02) Problem 12.3.a. Is this network observable? Set up the least-squares equations and try to invert [ HR’ H]. Solution : > Mas = fas =| (1 — 02) gg (Ox — 95) = 26s — 285 > Max = fax = 35 (Oa — 81) = pg Os — 01) = 205 ~ 204 > Maz = fiz = (6x 02) = gag Or — 02) = 401 — 402 Oimis G2mys O3Mas 2 0 -2 [TH] =]1m, 92001 93max| = [-2 0 2| Pim: Oru, Om,| b4 —4 0 ots ‘ax10* [R= oh, = 1x10-+ | OB, 4x10~4! 2 0 ~2]" fix10-* pefeaO <2 (HTR7H]=|-2 0 2 1x107* 20 2 4 -4 0 arto] L4 -4 0 12-4 1 = ot 4 +7 .& 8 0 8 9.1626 —9.1626) —9.1626 —9.1626] Inverse [H™R-*H] = 1x10*° -9.1626 9.16261 Since matrix [H7R-1H] is Close to Singular, so The Network is Unobservable. We can’t find the solution for of", @s*'and 05%Operasi & Kendali Sistem Tenaga Problem 12.3.b. ‘Suppose we had a measurement of generation output at bus 3 and included it in our measurement set. Let this measurement be the following: Magen 92 MW with o = 0.015 Repeat part a including this measurement. toad Load 2 BUS2 Mo Moe Solution : D> Ps = Pay t Poy > P= EGO) + 0-H) > Pp= Z(@s—6,)+ L(@s—H%) > 0, =0, reference bus > P3=40,-La +e, =—20, + 1263 911s 82m, F303 Pits, G2Ms, 93M UN) een 82min Btn Sr2tsgen 92Magen 93Msgen ots 1x10 2 * cS 3 « 1x10 fr} * ok 4xi0-+ 2 Foen 2.25x107* Power Electrical Eng ing - Yost BwiTantri Ani 23211019Operasi & Kendali tem Tenaga Co Negrete 0 <2 [xis RH] = 2 Pe 1x10* feng 4x10-* a 2.25x10-4] 0.4000 0.4000 0 [1.8667 0 7.2000 1.3778 —0.4000 ae Inverse [H™R-*H] = 1x10-* [oaoes 0.4525 0.0525 (0.2025 0.2025 oases] 0.0525 0.0525 0.0275. ett (APR TR xest = ee = gest -1 pees eS yriaeion ei eis 1x10-* =i ra | 0) pa fale 2.25x107*. 1 a ee ere acions 0.705 eae orG 1xi0-* 0.721 henna 4x10-* 0.212 2asxio-t] | 0.92 os) 1-03358' eg] = [ 325 os| lL 0.0207 By adding Mage.= 92 MW and o = 0.015 parameter to the network, so that the network become Observable. 6** can be obtained as 6f* = —0.3358, @s°* = —0.3888, og% = 0.0207 42 eating esdy Nabhan) anys Sager —> tal ob prvable petite ot were Power Electrical Engineering = Yost BwiFantri Ani 23211019Operasi & Kendali Sistem Tenaga —————————————————— Problem 12.3.c. Detect the Error if a meter Mz4 put into the network (Suppose Mz4 parameters are Mag = 23, 6 = 0.019) toad 0262 Bus. pus2 Ma Ms Mis Ma bus: pusa irefrece) Mave O=0 ) ©) ©) Solution —0) = 2.56, P1my, 92h, 93M 4 Gg Crm, 92m, Fam 3 TH] =| 910. 920, amg, |=|-2 2 Fasgen 920sgen 93Msgen ae oF 4 rms, F2Mrg 93M oh 4x10-* obs a 1x10-* [R] = 1x10-* Ohgen 2.25x10-* a 3.61x10~+ Be xt = (TH) R ANAT (ReOperasi & Kendali Sistem Tenag Xest= legs og*| = 65" 7 2 * 4-4 0 4x10 4-4 0 2.0 -2 1x10-* 2.0 -2 20 2 1x10-* ae oe -2 0 12 2.25x10"* 2 0 12 0-25 0 3.36x10-+ -25 74-4 O77 4xt0* y*y 0.212 2.0 -2 1x10-* 0.705 20 2 1x10~+ 0.721 01:42 2.25x10~* 0.92 0-25 0. 3exio- | 0.23 of") (0.2775 os) = -n2e| ost] 10.0358 > Phase Angle each bus : of = —0.2775, O$%* = 0.2584, 65 = 0.0358, 04 = 0 (reference) > Initial Measurement values : Mis : -70.5 MW, Mot : 72.1 MW, Mrz : 21.2 MW, Mag: 23 MW. Measurement value estimation : > Ppa AG -6,)= ag 02775 +0.2584) =—0.0764 > Pra =-7.64 MW % Py =, — 03) = A (-0.2275 — 0.0358) = -0.6266 > Pas = -62.66 MW > Pay = (3 ~ &) = (0.0358 + 0.2775) = 0.6266 > Pa = 62.68 MW (03 — 9) = (0.0358 — 0) = 0.358 > Py, = 35.8 MW (—-0.2584 — 0) = —0.646 MW > Pog =-64.6 MWOperasi & Kendali Sistem Tenaga Measurement Error : > Miz = Pies — Pie = 21.2 +7.64 = 28.84 MW Reverse Measurement , error 213.58 MW=0.1356 pu > ths = PHY — PEM = —70.5 + 62.66 = —7.84 MW > big = 0.0784 pu > Hs = PRe* — PE? = 72.1 — 62.66 = 9.44MW > Hs1 = 0.0944 pu > Hag = PRE — PEM = 23 + 64.6 = 87.6 MW ->Reverse Measurement , error = 41.6 MW =0.4160 pu > 34 = Unknown , There is no initiai measurement at line 3-4. Measurement based on meter reading : toad toad2Operasi & Kendali Sistem Tenaga. Measurement based on estimation calculation : Load. toad 2 BUS2 We session