(1)

Beam Bending -Review

--Plane sections remain plane.
y

x
: radius of curvature;

k = 1/ :curvature;

Compatibility : xx= - y/

M: moment

Independent of material behavior

compression

neutral
axis

xx
tension

Equilibrium: M = -xx y dA

Independent of material behavior

M
y
xx

(2)

Elastic beam bending

elastic material behavior : xx =E xx

1

compression

xx =E xx = -E (y/)

neutral
axis

xx=-M y/I

xx
tension

linear stress distribution

M = -xx y dA = E /
A

M=EI /

y dA

EI

A
I : second moment of area

1
1/
linear moment-curvature relationship
B
2

for rectangular beams

I = y dA
A

for

I-b

ea

I = BH /12

ms

b/2

b/2

I = (BH -bh )/12

(3)

Elastic -plastic beam bending

elastic-perfectly plastic material behavior

y
E
1

nonlinear Moment-curvature relationship

Mp

M ->Mp :fully plastic regime:

||=y at all fibers of beam
y

Me
M>Me : elastic-plastic regime: ||=y at outer fibers of beam

EI

xx

y
xx

M<Me : elastic regime: || <y at all points

xx

1/

In the elastic regime xx=-M y /I -> | max | =M ymax /I

Yielding initiates at the outer fibers of the beam when | max |= y. This corresponds to a bending moment Me :

Me = (y I )/ymax
2

for rectangular beams : Me = (y BH )/6

Elastic -plastic beam bending

(4)

y
elastic-perfectly plastic
material behavior

y = y/E
For M>Me the beam is in the elastic-plastic regime: the core of the beam (between y=- c and y=c)
is in the elastic regime, while the outer fibers are in the plastic regime (=y).
for -c<y<c =/E

y
c

xx = -y/

-c

y
xx

-c

For |y| = c , =-y/E --> -y/ = c/=-y/E--> the extension of the elastic region is given by:

c= (y/E)
The moment-curvature relationship is then given by:
c
2

M = -xx y dA = E /
A

-c

ymax

-y y dA +

-y y dA

y dA +
-c

-ymax

For very large curvatures c-->0 and the moment approaches the
limit moment Mp, where the entire section is in the plastic regime

M p = -y y dA
A

For a rectangular beam :

M = y (3H2 -4c2 ) B/12

y
xx

2
for rectangular beams : Mp = (y BH ) / 4 = 1.5 Me

Elastic -plastic beam bending . Unloading /springback

(5)

material behavior: elastic unloading

= E

The beam unloads elastically

y

y
xx

(1/)=M / EI =-M loaded /EI

M loaded

M
EI

(1/)unloaded =(1/)loaded-M loaded /EI

EI
1

(1/)unloaded

(1/)loaded

1/

(1/)
Stress distribution upon unloading
y

y
xx

stress distribution in the

loaded configuration
loaded

xx

Change in stress
upon unloading
=(Mloaded y)/I

xx

Residual stress
distribution
residual

M =0