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- - - - INICIO DEL ALGORITMO GENTICO - - - -

>> NIND = 40; % NMERO INDIVIDUOS POBLACIN


>> MAXGEN = 100; % NMERO DE GENERACIONES
>> NVAR = 3; % NMERO DE VARIABLES
>> PRECI = 20; % PRECISIN BINARIA
>> FieldD=[rep([PRECI],[1,NVAR]); [0.01;10], [0.01;10], [0.01;2]; rep([0; 0;
1; 1], [1,NVAR])];
>> Chrom = crtbp(NIND,NVAR*PRECI); % POBLACIN INICIAL
>> Best = []; % MEJOR DE LA POBLACIN ACTUAL
>> gen = 1; % CONTADOR DE GENERACIONES
% EVALUACIN DE LA FUNCIN OBJETIVO
>> pobPID = bs2rv(Chrom,FieldD);
>> objV = objfunPID(pobPID);
>> [minimo,ubi] = min(objV);
>> Best = [Best; minimo, VP(ubi), VI(ubi), VD(ubi)];
% LOOP GENERACIONAL
>> while gen < MAXGEN;
% ASIGNACIN DESEMPEO
>> FitnV = ranking(objV);
% SELECCIN DE INDIVIDUOS
>> SelCh = select(sus, Chrom, FitnV);
% CRUCE
>> SelCh = recombin(xovsp,SelCh,0.7);
% MUTACIN
>> SelCh = mut(SelCh);
% EVALUACIN DE LOS DESCENDIENTES
>> pobPID = bs2rv(SelCh, FieldD);
>> objV = objfunPID(pobPID);
>> [minimo,ubi] = min(objV);

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>> Best = [Best; minimo, VP(ubi), VI(ubi), VD(ubi)];
% REINSERTAR DESCENDIENTES A POBLACIN ACTUAL
>> [Chrom objV] = reins(Chrom, SelCh, 1, 1, objV, ObjVSel);
>> gen = gen+1;
>> end
% RECUPERA EL MEJOR VALOR DE LA MATRIZ BEST Y GRAFICA ESTE VALOR DE PID
>> Best1 = Best(:,1);
>> [m,i] = min(Best1);
>> Best(i,1);
>> Kp = Best(i,2);
>> Ki = Best(i,3);
>> Kd = Best(i,4);

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