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15 October 2012
Executive Summary
Contents
Executive Summary
11
16
34
References
36
Acronyms
ABAD automatic behaviour analysis
and detection
ATC
air traffic control
COTS commercial off the shelf
CR1
cognitive radar with one level
of memory
CRIN cognitive radar information network
CRm cognitive radar with multiple levels
of memory
FAR
fore-active radar
FOM figure of merit
IFF
identify friend or foe
LNG
liquid natural gas
LP
long pulse
MEZ marine exclusion zone
MP
medium pulse
PAC
perception action cycle
PD
probability of detection
PFA
probability of false alarm
RCS
radar cross section
RIN
radar information network
RPM revolutions per minute
SP
short pulse
TAR
traditional active radar
US
United States
VRIN virtual radar information network
2012 Accipiter Radar Technologies Inc.
This document was prepared under contract to the
Royal Canadian Mounted Police through the support
of the Public Safety Technical Program of Defence
Research Development Canadas Centre for Security
Sciences. The authors greatly acknowledge Canada
for its financial support and encouragement in
authoring this white paper.
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Figure 1: Model of wide-area radar information network for the Great Lakes with pre-defined
attention cells.
The arrangement of radar nodes and the
coverage afforded by each are designed to
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Radar
Information
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Figure 2: Radar tracks from six radars over a period of six hours on west end of Lake
Ontario. The tracks for each radar are shown in the same colour. The Canada/U.S. border is
also shown in yellow emanating from the Niagara River. Numerous border crossings are
observed over this period. East-west and north-south laneways of commercial traffic are also
visible if one looks closely.
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operator to recognize.
In Figure 3, several vessel tracks from
Figure 2 are extracted. The vessel trajectory
highlighted in red leaves the Port of
Hamilton, heads east and crosses the border
into the United States, does a turn around
and heads back into Canadian waters, and
then heads south into the Welland Canal.
Within the same four-hour time period,
another large vessel leaves the Port of
Hamilton, heads east towards the border,
then loops back and returns to the Port of
Hamilton.
The two vessels did not
rendezvous,
but
they
did
behave
suspiciously. It would be extremely difficult
for the operator to pick this out in real-time,
and make adjustments to the configuration
of the radars in the network, if required, in
order to draw more attention. In this case,
Figure 3: Large vessel traffic is extracted from Figure X1 and overlaid on a nautical chart
showing regulated laneways.
drawing more attention could mean
improving tracking performance by using a
different receiver processing mode for one
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operator overload
operator awareness.
while
maintaining
law
enforcement
personnel
are
conducting a covert surveillance
operation in an area and want increased
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sensitivity;
there has been an accident on the water
with a small vessel and search and
rescue personnel require focused
attention to find the drifting vessel or
wreckage; and
a particular target, e.g. an LNG tanker, is
moving through the wide-area and a
high-sensitivity region or protective
bubble-zone around the target is desired
throughout
its
journey.
For both classes of events, the CRIN must
continue operating robustly in its primary
surveillance mission, notwithstanding the
fact that it is making changes to the baseline
operating state of the network, by changing
in a localized manner, the transmitter
illumination and receiver operating mode of
one or more radars. Operators will be able
to define global and regional performance
figures of merit (FOMs) that are to be
maintained during the application of
attention to designated areas of interest.
Areas or cells available for increased
attention can be pre-defined as illustrated in
Figure 1, allowing the CRIN to gain
experience
by
learning
from
its
environment. The FOMs might be based on
a multi-target tracking continuity measure
applied to a given attention cell, for
example. The FOMs ensure that global
target sensitivity does not degrade below
some specified level, while particular
regional areas may have different
performance thresholds that must be
maintained. It is all about exploiting the
available system resources associated with
the network of radars in the best manner
possible to meet mission requirements. For
suspicious targets or disturbances that move
over large areas, the attention cells will
change over time while the CRIN maintains
its surveillance mission.
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Agile Radars
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Figure 10: Illustrating the soft computing algorithm for detecting suspicious targets
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Figure 11: Block diagram of mid-level information processing system in the CRIN
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identification
operators.
The Integrated Cognitive Radar
Information Network
In Figure 13, we have integrated the three
parts of the CRIN, namely the observations
network, mid-level information-processing
systems and the executive-level system, into
a single block diagram.
Examination of Figure 13 reveals that we
now have a new global perception-action
cycle that embodies all three constituents
parts of the CRIN as well as the
environment. In effect, in building the
CRIN, we have made the entire network into
a closed-loop feedback control system that is
reciprocally coupled
to
the radar
environment.
To summarize, we may describe the CRIN
as a distributed complex system of systems
that operates in a self-organized and
synchronous manner, with all the practical
benefits attributed to cognition.
Most
importantly, referring to Figure 13, we see
that the CRIN embodies several perceptionaction-cycles that include the environment.
Hence, an enhanced radar information
processing network is realized.
Summary and Conclusions
In this paper, we have considered 21st
century, wide-area radar information
networks (RINs) that have been developed
and are being deployed along the
Canada/US border to address threats
associated with vessels, low-flying aircraft
and other targets of interest. The vastness of
the areas being monitored, the large
numbers of dissimilar radars employed, and
the rich environment of commercial and
recreational targets, make suspicious activity
quite
challenging
for
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References
[2]
Nohara, T.J., Weber, P., Jones, G.,
Ukrainec, A., and Premji, A., Affordable
High-Performance Radar Networks for
Homeland Security Applications, 2008
IEEE Radar Conference, 26-30 May, Rome,
Italy.
[3]
T.J. Nohara, A Commercial
Approach to Successful Persistent Radar
Surveillance of Sea, Air and Land Along the
Northern Border, 2010 IEEE International
Conference on Technologies for Homeland
Security, 8-10 November 2010, Waltham,
MA.
[4] Pierre Meunier and Andrew Vallerand,
Border Integrity Capability: Enhancements
of Multi-jurisdictional Situation Awareness
on Lake Ontario during the G20, Defence
R&D
Canada
CSS,
Technical
Memorandum DRDC CSS TM 2011-12,
June 2012.
[5] S. Haykin, Cognitive Dynamic Systems,
Perception-action cycle, radar and radio.
Cambridge University Press, England,
March 2012.
[6] S. Haykin, Cognitive radar: a way of
the future, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, January 2006.
[7] S. Haykin, Advances in Cognitive
Radar: Building a New Generation of Radar
Systems, IEEE Aerospace and Electronic
Systems Magazine, 2012 (accepted, subject
to revision).
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