Appendix A UNITS B MISCELLANEOUS TABLES C STEAM TABLES Mass Transfer Operations forthe Practicing Engineer. By Louis Theodore and Francesco Rei Copyright © 2010 John Wiloy & Sons, Inc. 593Appendix A Units Al THE METRIC SYSTEM A2 THE SI SYSTEM A3_ SEVEN BASE UNITS Ad TWO SUPPLEMENTARY UNITS AS SIMULTIPLES AND PREFIXES AG CONVERSION CONSTANTS AT SELECTED COMMON ABBREVIATIONS, A. THE METRIC SYSTEM The need for a single worldwide coordinated measurement system was recognized over 300 years ago. In 1670, Gabriel Mouton, Vicar of St. Paul's church in Lyon, pro- posed a comprehensive decimal measurement system based on the length of one ‘minute of are ofa grea circle ofthe Earth. In 1671, Jean Picard, a French astronomer, proposed the length of & pendulum beating seconds as the unit of length. (Such a pen- dulum would have been fairly easy to reproduce, thus facilitating the widespread dis- tribution of uniform standards. ) Other proposals were made, but overa century elapsed before any action was taken. In 1790, in the midst of the French Revolution, the National Assembly of France requested the French Academy of Sciences to “deduce an invariable standard for all the measures and weights.” The Commission appointed by the Academy created a system that was, at once, simple and scientific. The uni of length was to be a portion of the Earth's circumference, Measures for capacity (volume) and mass (weight) were to be derived from the unit of length, thus relating the basic units of the system to each other and to nature. Furthermore, the larger and smaller versions of cach unit were to be created by multiplying or dividing the basic units by 10 and its ‘multiples. This feature provided a great convenience to users of the system by ‘Mass Transfer Operations for the Practicing Engineer. By Louis Theodore and Prancesco Rice Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ine 595596 Appendix A. Units eliminating the need for such caleulating and dividing by 16 (fo convert ounces © pounds) or by 12 (to convert inches to feet). Similar eaculeions the metric System could be performed simply by shifting the decimal point ‘Thus the metric system is a base-10 ot decimal syste “The Commission asigned the name metre (which we now spell meter) tothe unit of length, This name was derived from the Greek word metron meaning mes ‘The physical standard representing the meter was to be constructed 9 that it would equal one ten-illionth of the distance from the north pole to the eae along the sa dian ofthe Earth running near Dunkirk in France and Barcelona in Spain Sra etre unit oF mass, called the gram, was defined asthe mass of one eubie centimeter (a cube that is 1/100 of a meter on each side) of water a its temperaca cen density. ‘Te cubic decimeter (a cube 1/10 of a meter on cach side) oyaen asthe unit of fluid capacity. This measure was given the name Iter Ib/e 6.243 x 107"! He /m* Ib/gal 8.346 x 107 g/m an/f 4370 x 10-7 aif afm? 2.288 « 10° afte g/m 2.288 tb/fe g/m? 1.602 x 10"° b/s ug/L 1.602 10? toy? 1/eal 748 Viscosity P (poise) a/em-s 1 P €P (centipoise) 100 P kg/m-h 360 Pe B/tt-s 6.72 x 10" P Ib/ft-h 241.9 P Ib/m-s 5.6 x 1077 /fe-s P 14.88 Ib/ft-s g/em-s. 14.88 Ib/ft-s g/m-h 5357 x 10° b/s B/tt-h 3600 Heat Capacity cal/g «°C Btu/Ib-°F 1 cal/g°C. kcal/kg °C 1 cal/g °C cal/gmol -°C Molecular weight ‘cal/gmol «°C Btu/Ibmol -“F 1 Vere Buu/lb °F 0.2389 Bu/Ib-°F cal/g-°C 1 Btu/Ib-°F T/g-°C 4.186 Bu/Ib-°F Bu /tbmol -°F Molecular weightAT AT Selected Common Abbreviations 603 SELECTED COMMON ABBREVIATIONS AA abs amb app. MW, M aim, ATM, a wt be. bol Bru cal ce ces system eu ft, ef fm fs mM °C °F R & ft-lb fpm fps fps system te. a gem h eal kg km lig log mp. angstrom unit of length absolute ambient apparent molecular weight atmospheric atomic weight boiling point Darel British thermal unit calorie ccontigram centimeter centimeter-gram-second system concentrated, concentration cubic centimeter cubic fect cubic feet per hour cubic feet per minute cubie feet per second cubic meter degree degree Celsius, degree Centigrade dogree Fahrenheit degree Reamus, degree Rankine foot foot pound feet per minute feet per second foot-pound-second system freezing point grain ‘gram hour inch, kilocalorie kilogram kilometer Tiguid liter Jogasithm (common) Jogarithm (natural) ‘melting point604 Appendix A Units mM am smks system mph mg mi mp mol wt, MW, M ppb pphm ppm ib psi psia psig pm. sper, SG sph sp wt s4 sof st? temp meter micrometer (micron) meter-Kilogram second system miles per hour nilligeam smiliiter rillimeter rillimicron ‘minute molecular weight parts per billion parts per hundred million parts per million pound ‘pounds per square inch pounds per square inch absolute pounds per square inch gage revolutions per minute second specific gravity specific heat specific weight square sandard cubic foot standard temperature and pressure temperature weightAppendix B Miscellaneous Tables B.1 COMMON ENGINEERING CONVERSION FACTORS B.2_ PROPERTIES OF SELECTED GASES AT 1 ATM AND 20°C (68°F) B.3 PROPERTIES OF SELECTED LIQUIDS AT 1 ATM AND 20°C (68°F) B4 PROPERTIES OF WATER AT 1 ATM (CRITICAL POINT 374°C, 22,09 MPa) B.S PROPERTIES OF AIR AT 1 ATM B.6 DIMENSIONS, CAPACITIES, AND WEIGHTS OF STANDARD STEEL PIPES B.7_ DIMENSIONS OF HEAT EXCHANGER TUBES Mass Transfer Operations for the Practicing Engineer. By Louis Theodore and Francesco Rici Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ine 605Length 1f= 12in= 0.3088 m, 1 yard = 3 1 mi = 5280 f= 1609344 m 1 nautical mite (mi) = 6076 fk 14594 ka, 4536 kg = 7000 grains Acceleration and Area 1 /¢? = 03088 m/s? 1 = 0092903 m? Mass flow and Mass fx 1 slag/s = 14.594 a/s, 11b/s= 04536 ka/s 1 g/l = 0.2046 b/s 0.00636 slugs Pressure 1 iiy/f'= 4788 Pa, Lo = 1 mm Hg 1 psi = 148 pa, 1bar= 107 Pa 1 am = 21162 pat = 14.96 psi (01,328 Pa = 299 in Hg = 359 110 Power 1 hp = $30 (tb /s= 745.7 W 1 (etb)/s= 13858 W 1 Watt = 34125 Bua/h = 0.00134 bp Specie weight 1 Thy/# = 157.09 N/a Viscosty 1 slug/(R-s) = 4788 kg/m) 4783 poise) 1P= 1 g/(em-s)=0.1ke/(m-s)= (2.002088 slugs) “Temperature scale readings o/yC+32 C= (5/9)°F ~ 32) “R= F + 459.69 K="C+ 27316 R= aa) K Specitic heat or Gas constant” 1 ty svg") = 0.16723 (N-m)/ aX) 1 Btu /(5-"R) 4186.8 1/(ka-K) 23259 J/kg Heat generation rate: 1 W/m Heat transfer per unit length; W/m 606 Appendix B_ Miscellaneous Tables Table B.1_ Common Engineering Conversion Factors Volume 1? = 0.028317 m= 7.481 gal, 1 BbL= 42 US. gal 1 US. gal 231 in* = 37853 L = 4 gt = 0.833 Imp. gal 02642 US 1L= 0001 m?= 0035315 f Density 1 slug/ft" = 515.38%g/m", 1 g/m? = 1000ks/m* 1 = 16.0185 kg/m, Ibfin® = 27.68 g/m? gal 1 gal/min = 0.002228 #8 fs = 0.06309 Ls 1 millon gl/day = 15872 /s = 0.04381 m/s Foree and Surface tension 1 iby 4448222 N = 16 02, 1 dyne = 1 g-0m/s x 1 gy = 2.2046 ly = 9.80665 8 1 U.S. (hor) ton = 2000 Ib, 1 N= 0.2268 thy N/m = 0.0685 Iby/ [Energy and Specific energy 1 felby 1.35582 J, 1 hp-h= 25445 Bm 252 al = 1055,056 J = 778.17 f-lbe 1855 J, 1 Rlby/Tb = 2.9890 J/kg Heat fox W/m? Kinematic viscosity 1 jh = 2.5063 10 m/s, 1 2/s = 0.092908 m/s 03171 Btu/(h-A?) [ etoke (8) = 1 em®/¢= 0.0001 m/s = 0.001076 8/5 ‘Thermal conductivity” 1 cal/(scm°C) = 242 Br/(h-A-°R) 1 Bty/(h- AR) 7307 W °K) “Note tha the intervals in absolute (Kelvin) and °C ae equal. Aso, UR = WP Latent heat J/g = 42995 x 10-*Btu/1 10:76 by f/stag = 0.3345 by 1/1, 1 Bra/lb = Heat ransfercooficient: | Bu/(h-f.°F) = 5.6782 Wy/n?-"C). 0.09668 Btu/(h-t. 1.0408 f/f, ‘Mas trnsercoeficint: I m/s = 1.811 f/, 1 Tomol/(h-R2) = 00013562 kgmol (6-4). Eee= Aysoasys apna (s- 4/01 % 1ST = $1580 ‘191 = omer way ayia OI % S99 = a> #220 0)8-w1/31 ¥e700000 ‘P66 = Milam synoajou Ze se2 WoL Jo somrdand 9 “D.C IW :aSUEN Zoe! 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Leo a sieo x0 oe siz suc e070 seu svor see sco e9e's oos'y 613614 Appendix B_ Miscellaneous Tables ‘Table B.7 Dimensions of Heat Exchanger Tubes Surface area, per Tube OD, —B.W.G. Thickness, Tube ID, Flow area, _02tofenath in gauge in in in? ‘External — Internal + 2 0028 194 000295010655 0.0808 3 Pa 0.022 0.206 0.0333 0.0655 0.0539, 18 0019 002 0.1269 0.4309 0.1052 } 2» 0.035 0.430 1452 041309 0.1126 } a 0.028 = 0.484 L158 041309 0.1162 i 10 04340482825 041963 0.1262 3 4 0.083 S84 0.2679 041963 0.1529 3 16 0.065 0620-03019 0.1963 0.1628 3 18 0.039 0.652 0.3339 0.1963 0.170" 1 8 0165 067 0.3526 0.2618 OTS 1 4 0.083 0834 ——0.5463——«02618 2183 1 16 0.065 087005945 0.2618 0.2278 1 18 0049 0802 0.6390 0.2618 0.2361 uy 8 0165 0920 0.6648 0.3272 re 4 00831084 0.9229 03272 uh 16 0065 1200985203272 uh 18 0019182082272 2 u 0.120 760243305236 2 2 01097822494 0.5236 2 13 0.095 «1810287305236 2 4 0.083 1.834 05236 (645.16 am 1 = 0.3088 m; 1AAppendix C Steam Tables C.1_ SATURATED STEAM C2. SUPERHEATED STEAM C3. SATURATED STEAM-ICE ‘Mass Transfer Operations forthe Practicing Engineer. 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