(QWURS\DQGWKHVHFRQGODZRI
7KHUPRG\QDPLFV

1-5

1-1-5

of

law

2nd

The

Thermodynamics

.
T1 - T2 -1-5.
R -
-1-5.
-1-5.

)(

) (

)(

:1-5
:

T2 ) . (.


"" .



1 -

.
.

:
T2

T 1
R
) (
.

.

. .

2-1-5

Entropy

.
.
""

2 -

. Clausius
entropy .

.

3-1-5

" :
" "
"

4-1-5

.
.

5-1-5

3 -

.
.
.
.

2-5

1-2-5

Thermodynamic Temperature

X
. 2-5 P-V-
) -V ) .( P-V- abcda abefa
(fecdf
:abcda a-b Q2
2 c-d (Q1 < Q2) Q1
1 b-c .d-a

4 -

:2-5 .-V a-f-d b-e-c

|W = |Q2| - |Q1

.

Q2 Q1
1 2
. :
Q2
) = f ( 2 , 1
Q1

)(1-5

f .


) 1 (2 .
.

5 -

. a-b-e-f-a .

) f(2, 1
Q2 Qi a-b T2
e-f T1 .
Q2
) = f ( 2 , i
Qi

)(2-5

f-e-c-d-f Qi
f-e i Q1

c-d

.1 :
Qi
) = f ( i , 1
Q1

)(3-5

2-5 3-5 :
)(4-5

Q2 Q i Q2

=
) = f ( 2 , i ) f ( i , 1
Qi Q1 Q1

:
)(5-5

) f ( 2 , 1 ) = f ( 2 , i ) f ( i , 1

2 1
i
) f(2, i ) f(i, 1 :

)(6-5

) f ( , ) = ( 2
i
2

) (i

) f ( , ) = (i
i
1

) ( 1

)(7-5

) ( 2
) ( 1
6 -

= ) f ( 2 , 1

f ) (2 ) (1
2 1 - ) (i
.i
2 1
:
Q2
) ( 2
=
Q1
) ( 1

)(8-5

) ( 2
) ( 1

T :
)T = A (

)(9-5

A :

Q2
T
= 2
Q1
T1

)(10-5

T2 T1
.

.
.
.
T3
.T Q3 Q :

7 -

Q
T
=
Q3
T3

)(11-5

T :
Q
Q3

)(12-5

T = T3

T3 273.16 T .

Q1 Q2
.
T

.

) ( " "
.

T .
.
) - (4-1 :-

8 -

P
g = 3 lim g
P3 0 P3
V

)(4-1

:
Pv=R

:
u =0

Q2
Q1

7-4 :
2
Q
= 2
1
Q1

)(13-5

. T

1 -5

A
) A ( P = 1 atm .50%

A .
:

= 1 T1 = 1 1 = 0.5 2 = 2 1
2
T2

9 -

75

= 1 - 2 = 75 A = 150 F
5
5
= 150 = 83.3 K
9
9

] TK = T2 T1 = ( TC )2 ( TC )1 = [( TF )2 ( TF )1

T2 = 2 T1 = 166.6 K T1 = 83.3 K

3-5

1-3-5

A )(261.85 A

Entropy

.
Q2 > 0 Q1 < 0 :
)(14-5

T2
Q
Q
Q
= 2 1+ 2 = 0
T1
Q1
T1 T2

.3-5
"" )


10 -

- (.

:3-5


.
.
T2 T1 Q2 Q1 :
Q1 Q2
+
=0
T1
T2

:
Q r
=0
T

r .


) ( :

11 -

d Qr
=0
T

)(15-5

dQr

d Qr
T

dU dV

. S
:
d Qr
T

)(16-5

dS

dS = 0

)(17-5

dS
:
b

Sa

)(18-5

dS = S

S MKS .J K-1

S
n

S
m

= s J K-1 kg-1

= s .J K-1 kilomole-1

16-5 18-5
.
.

12 -

4-5

Entropy changes in reversible processes

:
dQ = 0

dS = 0

dQr = 0

) .(isentropic process s
.
:
T :
)(19-5

Qr
T

d Q
a

d Qr 1
= Sb Sa
=
T
T

) (
. ) ( (Qr < 0) Qr > 0

Sb > Sa

) (Sb < Sa )(.

.
l
:
)(20-5

s2 - s1 = l / T

2 -5

373.15 K

l23 = llv = 2.26

MJ kg-1

:
)(21-5

llv
2.26 MJ kg1
=
= 6056.5 J kg1 K 1
T
373.15 K

= s s

3 -5

:
- 1 kg 100 C P = 1 atm .
) P (T
- 1 kg 100 C P = 1 atm
.
3.34x105 J.kg-1
2.26x106 J.kg-1

:
( ) (
l
T

= s = s2 s1

l12 3.34 105

= s = s2 s1
=
= 1.223 103 J Kg-1 K 1
T
273.15

14 -

(
l23 2.26 106
=
= 6.057 103 J Kg-1 K 1
T
373.15

s = s2 s3 =

:
)( S = 1.22 kJ K-1 )(

S = -6.06 kJ K-1

d Q
T

cv dT :
)(22-5

dT
T

s f si = cv
i

cP dT :
)(23-5

dT
T

s f si = cP
i

.
cv cP
:

15 -

Tf
)(24-5

Ti
Tf
Ti

si )v = cv ln

(s f

si )P = cP ln

(s f

T = 0 C
4 -5

T = 100

C cP = 4.18 kJ kg-1 K-1 .

:
373.15
= 1.304 kJ kg1 K 1
273.15

= 4.18 ln

Tf
Ti

s i )P = cP ln

(s f

)(

.

.

"" )( .

.

16 -

5-5

-
Temperature-Entropy Diagrams

) (P,V ) (P,T ) .(T,V

.
T T-S
" - " .T-S
T-S i f

f

)(25-5

= Qr

T dS = dQ
i

P-V i f
.
.

)(
) (T = constant ).(S = constant
4-5 T-S .a-b-c-d-a
a-b T T = T2 a b


17 -

) b-c (
T S = S2 b .c T = T1
c d S = S1 d a

c-d

S = S1 .

:4-5

T-S

:
a

)(26-5

= Q2 Q1

T dS = dQ + dQ + dQ + dQ
r

aS1bS2 .dS1S2c

4 -5

abcda .T-S

18 -

abcda

- abcda
-

-
- )
(
:

da : Q1
- Q2 bc
T2 = 500 K T1 = 200 K

).(engine
- ab cd ) (S = 0 :
Qab = Qcd = 0
Qbc = T2 (Sc - Sb) = 500 (3R/4 - R/4) = 250 R
Qda = Ta (Sa - Sd) = 200 (R/4 - 3R/4) = -100 R

19 -

dS - T1 dS
d

dS

Q -Q
= = 2 1
Q2

: abcd
) bcef (
S T
S 300
=
= 0.6
S T2
S 500

:
T1
200
= 1
= 0.6
T2
500

= 1

- :
Q1
T1
200
=
=
= 0.667
Q2 Q1
T2 - T1
300

6-5

1-6-5

= c

) (
.
S ) (

20 -

2-6-5

T1
) T2>T1 .(a-1-5 T2
.T = T2 - T1
T1 T2
.
N
T
.T2 = T1 + N T
.
:
)(27-5

T2
T1

Sbody = CP ln

T2 > T1
S .

:

21 -

) Q = - CP ( T2 T1

T2 T1
T2

)(28-5

T2 > T1

T2 T1
T2

Sreservoir = - CP

Sreservoir

. :
)(29-5

T2 T2 T1
+
T1
T2

S = Sbody + Sreservoir = CP ln
) = CP f ( T2 , T1

5-5
- T2 > T1

T2
T1

ln

T2 T1
T2

T2
T1

T2
>1
T1

:5-5

T2
T1
T2
T1

ln

ln

T2 T1
T2
T2 T1
T2

T2
T1

22 -

- T2 < T1

T2
<1
T1

<0

. .
T1 T1 T2
+
T2
T1

S = Sbody + Sreservoir = CP ln
) = CP f ( T2 , T1

T
T2
T
T
+ 1 2 = CP 1 2 ln 2
T1
T1
T1
T1

T2
T1

ln

T2 T1
T2

Suniverse = CP ln

T2 1
=
T1 2

) f(T2,T1

1 0.5 ln 0.5 = + 1.693

:4-5
6 -5

:
4-5 T = 0 C

T = 100 C .1304 J kg-1 K-1 28-5

T = 0 C
C:

23 -

T = 100

T2 T1
373.15 273.15
= 4.18
= 1120 J kg1 K 1
T2
373.15

Sreservoir = - CP

.

.

3-6-5

1-5
.b-5-1 .

.

. Q

Q
T

. .

24 -

) (
.

.
.
1-5 c-5-1
.
.
.

.

7-5

The Principle of Increase of Entropy

1-7-5

.

. " " .

25 -

.

. 4-5
1-5 "
".

2-7-5

.
1-5 T1

.T2
.


.
) (T1
T1 T2
.


.

26 -

.
.

.
. " " .

3-7-5

.
) ( " "
" " .
.

. .

.
.1 " .
" : .
.

1 ) ( .


27 -

4-7-5

:
du = dq dw .du = dw

b a b a
. .

.
.1-5
.

.
) (arbitrary
Si > Sf :
.




.

28 -

.
"" "" .
.

.

.
) (entrop ""
"
".

5-7-5

) (
) ( . .
) P
( T

.T
.

29 -

8-5

1-8-5

.
-
.
:

"
"
.
!
.
.

2-8-5

Q A T1
Q B T2 .T1
B

30 -

A . A B :
Q
T2

)(30-5

= SB

Q
T1

SA = -

Q Q
1
1
= Q
< 0
T2 T1
T2 T1

= SA

3-8-5

" W
" Q

.
|Q|/T

4-8-5

-6-5
T2 .T1 | |Q2

) (T2 | |Q2 ) (T1

W |Q2| - |Q1| = 0 .= W/|Q2| = 50%

)( T2 T1

W = W = 75% . Q2

31 -

.T2
)(
Q1 .Q1

)( :

)( : ""

.
6-5

W
W
=
> Q2 < Q2
Q2 Q2
Q Q1
Q Q1
> 2
> Q1 < Q1
= 2
Q2
Q2
=

.
-6-5.
)( .
"" )( Q2 ) T2

32 -

-( )( |.( Q2 > Q2 ) |Q2

"" )( Q1 T1
)( | .( Q1 > Q1 ) |Q1
"" T2
T1 .

.

"" .


.
-

.

33 -