1

1.1.
Robert Hooke 1678, "The power of any spring is in the same proportion with the
tension thereof".
Hooke. :

= G
,
, . ,
(strain).
1-1
(tension) (compression).
,
Hooke.
1-1 :

T 11 = G 2 -

T11 (tensile force) "a",

T11=f/a. , , :

L
L

1-1:


( Macosco, 1994).

 - 01 - 2

(simple shear). 1-2 (rubber
sample) , x2.
T12 (strain)
; , T11 T22,
. (rubbers)
(normal stress difference),
2
T 11 - T 22 = G

T 21 = G
(strain) :

s
x2

Hooke
.

2-2:
(silicone rubber,from Macosco, 1994)

 - 01 - 3

1.2.
, 1-3,
, f, . P
, , a,
n ( ). t=f/a.
,
(stress vector) tn .
:

r
r
r
tn = n T nn + m T nm + o T no
(subscript) ,
.
, .
/: ,
P?
, .
P
(stress tensor).
(state of stress)
.
P
. x, y, z. 1-3
() .
,
.

 - 01 - 4

1-3: (a) (b) P

, tn=f/a (c)
. P
tm..

P, (local
equilibrium), ( !!):

tn

i ( n x T xx + n y T yx + n z T zx )
j ( n x T xy + n y T yy + n z T zy )
k ( n x T xz + n y T yz + n z T zz )

Gibbs (notation)
tn = n . T
T :

 - 01 - 5
T xx T xy T xz
T =

T yx T yy T yz
T zx T zy T zz

1-4: (a) P (b)

v
(c) n .

 - 01 - 6
1.2.1.
(Tij=Tji). .
x, y z 1, 2 3:
T 11 T 12 T 13
T =

T 12 T 22 T 23
T 13 T 23 T 33

Gibbs (notation) :
T = TT
TT T ( ).

1.2.2.
.
, , T11=T22=T33.
(hydrostatic pressure), p.
, :
-p
T ij =

0 -p

1 0 0
= -p

0 -p

0 1 0

= - pI

0 0 1

(sign convention),
(
).
:
T = - pI +

 - 01 - 7
(extra or viscous stress tensor). T
.
. ,
.
; , N1,
N 1 = T 11 - T 22 = 11 - 22
, N2,
N 2 = T 22 - T 33 = 22 - 33
, N3, :
N 3 = T 11 - T 33 = 11 - 33 = N 1 + N 2

1.2.3. (PRINCIPAL STRESSES) (INVARIANTS)

,
.
,
?
. , ,
.
, v. ,
(v.v)1/2.
.
.
,
, Ek=1/2m(v.v).

:

 - 01 - 8
I T = T 11 + T 22 + T 33
1
II T = [ I T2 - tr T 2 ] = T 11 T 22 + T 11 T 33 +
2
T 22 T 33 - T 12 T 21 - T 13 T 31 - T 23 T 32
III T = det T

(principal stresses).
, .
(principal plane)
(principal stress), .
.
(
).

1
T ijp =

0 2

0 3

:
n .( T - I ) = 0
n . :
IT = 1+ 2 + 3
1
II T = [ I T2 - tr T 2 ] = 1 2 + 1 3 + 2 3
2
III T = det T = 1 2 3
,

.

1.3.

(FINITE

 - 01 - 9

DEFORMATION TENSORS)
,
(measure of deformation).
1-5
.
t', dx',
t, dx. dx dx'.
F ( ),
F = ' x =

xi
x
or F ij =
x
x j

, x x'
t, (differentiable function),

x = x ( x , t )
F , , dx dx' :
dx = F . dx

1-5: .

 - 01 - 10
F , .

1.1: F ( )
(rectangular coordinates) (x, y, z)
Fxx=x/x'

Fzy=x/y'

Fxz=x/z'

Fyx=y/x'

Fyy=y/y'

Fyz=y/z'

Fzx=z/x'

Fzy=z/y'

Fzz=z/z'

(cylindrical coordinates) (r, , z)

Frr=r/r'

Fr=r/r''

Frz=r/z'

Fr=r/r'

F=r/r''

Fz=r/z'

Fzr=z/r'

Fz=z/r''

Fzz=z/z'

(spherical coordinates) (r,,)

Frr=r/r'

Fr=r/r''

Fr=r/r'sin''

Fr=r/r'

F=r/r''

F=r/r'sin''

Fr=rsin/r'

F=rsin/r''

F=rsin/r'sin'

 - 01 - 11
1.1: F
(uniaxial extension), (simple shear)
(solid body rotation).
. 1-6 .

1-6: (a)
/ (uniaxial extension) (b) (simple shear) (c)
(solid body rotation)
(). / (uniaxial extension):

 - 01 - 12
x
x1 = 1 x'1 = 1 x'1
x'1
x
x2 = 2 x' 2 = 2 x' 2
x'2
x
x3 = 3 x'3 = 3 x'3
x'3

Fij = xi x' j

F=

2
0

0
0

, .
V =V'

x'1 x' 2 x'3 = x1x 2 x3

1 22 = 1

F=

2 =

or

1 2 3 = 1

1
12
1

0
0

1 2
0
1

1 2
0
1

b) (simple shear): ,
1.
s
x' = x'1 + x' 2
x1 = x'1 +
x' 2 2

x2 = x' 2
x3 = x'3

 - 01 - 13
F=

1 0

0 1

(c) (solid body rotation):

.
x1 = x'1 cos x' 2 sin
x2 = x'1 sin x' 2 cos
x3 = x'3
cos
F = sin
0

sin
cos
0

0
0
1

, F
.
,
. F.

1.3.1. FINGER (FINGER TENSOR)

F
.
,
. (frame
invariance or indifference).
. F V (stretching) R
(rotation),
F = V.R

 - 01 - 14
, .
,
. B
Finger (Finger deformation tensor)
,
B F . FT

or

Bij = F ik F jk =

xi x j
x'k x 'k

.
Cauchy-Green, C, :
C FT . F

or

C ij = F ki F kj =

xk xk
xi' x'j

1.3.2. (STRAIN TENSOR)

, B=I.
B , (finite

strain tensor) :

E B - I
Finger Cauchy
. :
B

-1 )T .

-1

(F

-1

F-1 . (F-1 )T

-1

or

Bij-1

or

C ij-1

F -ki1 F -kj1

x'k x '
k
=
xi x j

-1 -1 =
= F ik
F jk

'
xi' x j
xk xk

 - 01 - 15
1.3.3. (PRINCIPAL STRAINS)
(invariants) Finger Cauchy
( ,
). :
(a). (uniaxial extension):
, =L'/L, :
0

0 -1

2
Bij = C ij =

0 -1

I B = tr B = 2 +

1 2
1
[ I B - trB2 ] = 2 + 2
2

III B = det B = 1
II B =

(b). (simple shear):

1+ 2

Bij =

0 0

C ij =

1+ 2

 - 01 - 16
2
I B = tr B = 3 + = I C
2
II B = 3 + = II C
III B = = III C

(c.). (solid body rotation): :

I B = I C = II B = I C = 3

and

III B = III C = 1

E=B-I
.
1-7
.
.
30

Compression
Simple shear or
planar extension

25

IIB

20
15
10
5
Tension
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

IB
1-7: Finger
IIIB=1.

 - 01 - 17

:
- 3
P,
-
P.
- .

1.4. (NEO-HOOKEAN SOLID)

(GENERAL ELASTIC SOLID)
:
= GB

or

T = - pI + GB

T = - p I + G E,

p = 0 when at rest

Hooke,
.
:
T = f 0 B0 + f 1 B + f 2 B2 + f 3 B3 + ....
B0=I. Cayley-amilton
:

B3 - I B B2 + II B B - III B I = 0
B3 B2 , B, B0 .
.

 - 01 - 18
Mooney-Rivlin ,
T = - p I + g 1 B + g 2 B-1

g1 g2 B.
1-8, (Neo-Hookean)
.

1-8:
(from Macosco, 1994)