Drawing Two Cards From A Deck

The topic we were assigned to evaluate probabilities for was drawing two cards from a
deck. Part of the project required us to create a sample space displaying all the possible outcomes
of our scenario. The reason we did not create this table is because the table would be massive
with 52 rows and columns and would take hours to make. Therefore, our sample space is a large
number at 2,704 total outcomes. As we were analyzing this topic, it became evident this scenario
could be independent or dependent, depending on if we chose to put the card back into the deck.
For no particular reason, we decided to make this scenario independent and put the card back in
the deck after it was drawn. After examining this topic, we realized there was many scenarios
where two cards could be drawn from a deck. For example, you could analyze the probability of
drawing a 4, 10, queen, diamond, spade, red card, or face card. Even though there were many
options, we chose to analyze the probability of drawing a nine and a club.
The first simple event we evaluated was the probability of drawing a nine from a deck of
cards or P(A). We found the probability of drawing a nine was 4/52 or 7.7% simplified to 1/13.
We found this probability because there are 4 nines in a 52-card-deck. This probability tells us
there is a 7.7% chance of drawing a nine. We also found the probability of not drawing a nine or
the complement, A^c. Through our calculations, the probability of not drawing a nine is 48/52 or
92.3% simplified to 12/13. Both of these probabilities we found, P(A) and P(A^c), should add up
to be 52/52 or 100%.
The second simple event we evaluated was the probability of drawing a club or P(B). By
understanding there is 13 clubs in a deck of cards, we found there is a 13/52 or 25% simplified to
chance of drawing a club. The value of P(B) tells us there is a 25% chance of drawing a club.
Another part of evaluating the simple even P(B) was finding the complement or P(B^c) of the
simple event. The complenet, P(B^c) was the probability of not drawing a club and we calculated
it to be 39/52 or 75% simplified to . The probabilities P(B) and P(B^c) should add up to 52/52,
the total amount of cards in a deck, or 100%.
Next, we looked at the simple events A and B as a compound event. By examining the
two events together, we had to decide rather the two events were independent or dependent. An
independent events means event A and event B do not affect each other, and dependent mean
event B is affected by the previous event A. We decided the two events together were
independent because in the scenario, the first card drawn is put back into the deck, so the two
cards picked do not affect each other. Therefore, we found P(A and B) = (1/13) x (13/52) =
(13/676) or (1/52) or 1.9%. We knew to use this independent probability formula P(A and B) =
P(A) x P(B) because this formula is used for independent scenarios. The probability 1/52 tells us
there is a smaller chance of drawing a nine and then a club from a deck of cards, rather than just
drawing a nine or a club by itself.
For two events to be mutually exclusive they can not occur together and can not affect
each other. Our two events are not mutually exclusive because there is a one card overlap where
the nine that is drawn could be a club. We found P (A or B) and we got P (A or B)= (1/13) +
(1/4) + (1/52) = 18/52 or 9/26 or 34%. We knew which formula to use because our events were
not mutually exclusive so we used the not mutually exclusive probability equation which is P(A

or B) = P(A) + P(B) + P(A and B). In terms of our original scenario, our value means that there is
a 34% chance that the first or the second card is a nine or a club.
The multiplication rule involves taking event 1, event 2, event 3, etc., and multiplying all
these probabilities together. The multiplication rule is used for independent events. An example
of the multiplication rule is when you spin a wheel with six numbers 1 through 6 three times.
What would the probability be of spinning an even, odd, and then a 5? To find the probability,
you would multiply the individual probabilities of each event together by doing (1/2) x (1/2) x
(1/6)=(1/24).
Permutation is the number of ways to arrange various objects, and order does matter for
permutation. The reason permutations are different than combinations is order does not matter in
combinations, and in permutations, order does matter. Permutation is used to find the number of
ways objects can be placed when order matters. The methods for finding permentation is you can
use the equation (n!)/(n-r)!. In addition, you can use the calculator by putting the n in the main
screen of the calculator. Next you go to math, prob, 2: nPr, write in the r, and then press enter.
For example, there is five number combination and there are 10 possible numbers 0 to 9. How
many possible combinations are there? We know this is a permutation because the order of the
numbers in the combination matter. Using the formula, you do (10!) / (10-5)! = 30, 240 (Note:
the ! or factorial symbol can be found in math, prob, 4: !) To solve using a calculator, type in 10
on the main screen, go to math, prob 2: nPr, and then type in 5. The answer also comes out to
30,240.
Finally, combination is the number of ways to arrange objects and order does not matter.
A combination is different than a permutation because the order does not matter in a
combination. Combination is used to find the number of outcomes possible for n objects. You
can calculate a combination by using the equation n!/ r!(n-r)!. In addition, you can use the
calculator typing the n into the home screen, clicking math, prob, 3: nCr, and then typing in the r
and pressing enter. For example, there are 30 people in an algebra class and 10 students will be
randomly selected to receive a food prize. What are the possible combinations of students being
selected? You can solve the problem by using the combination equation and plugging in the
numbers to get 30!/10! (30-10)! = 30,045,015. Or, you can use the calculator by typing in 30 to
the home screen, clicking math, prob, 3: nCr, typing in 10, and pressing enter. Both methods
have the solution of 30,045,015.
From analyzing various probability scenarios, independent and dependent events,
mutually exclusive events, permutations, and combinations, we had the opportunity to
understand in detail how these probability terms affect simple scenarios such as drawing two
cards from a deck of cards. From examining this topic, we understand this topic can be
dependent or independent, depending on the situation. This topic has allowed us to understand
how all the statistic and probability terms affect the scenario of drawing two cards from a deck.