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Abstract
Gastric mucosal injury induced by body restraint can be enhanced when combined with cold-water immersion. Based on this fact, the
present study had two main purposes: (i) to examine the contribution of each of these two forms of stress on the development of gastric
ulceration and regulation of body temperature and (ii) to investigate the importance of the animals consciousness on gastric ulceration
induced by the cold-water restraint. Independent groups of animals were exposed for 3 h to one of the following stressful treatments: body
restraint plus cold-water (20+1 8C) immersion, body restraint alone or cold-water immersion alone. Control animals were not exposed to any
form of stress. Half of the animals submitted to each of the four treatments were anesthetized with thionembutal (35 mg/kg), whereas the
other half was injected with saline. Results indicated that body restraint alone was not sufficient to induce gastric ulceration or changes in
body temperature. On the other hand, cold-water exposure, either alone or in conjunction with body restraint, induced the same amount of
stomach erosions and hypothermia. Therefore, it appears that body restraint does not play an important role on gastric ulceration induced by
the cold-water restraint procedure. Present results also indicated that conscious and anesthetized animals immersed in cold water presented
robust gastric ulceration and a marked drop in body temperature. However, conscious animals developed more severe gastric damage in
comparison to anesthetized animals although both groups presented the same degree of hypothermia. These findings suggest that
hypothermia resulting from cold-water exposure has a deleterious effect on gastric ulceration but the animals conscious activity during the
cold-water immersion increases the severity of gastric mucosal damage. It is concluded that cold-water restraint is a useful procedure for the
study of the underlying mechanisms involved in stress-induced ulceration.
D 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Consciousness; Hypothermia; Body temperature; Body restraint; Gastric ulceration; Stress-induced ulceration
1. Introduction
Since its first conception [1,2] and later adaptations [3
9], physical restraint for a relatively long period of time (24
h) has been widely used as a useful procedure to induce
gastric ulceration in rats [1013]. Combination of the body
restraint procedure with exposure to cold temperatures
drastically increases the occurrence of gastric ulceration in
a shorter period (3 h). Two different cold exposure
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3. Results
Fig. 1 presents the mean of core body temperature in
anesthetized and conscious animals exposed to the four
different stressful treatments. A two-way ANOVA revealed
an interaction between these two factors [ F(3,64)=37.46,
Pb.001]. Post hoc pairwise comparison indicated that body
restraint alone did not induce any change in body temperature since conscious animals subjected exclusively to body
restraint did not present any statistical difference in core
temperature when compared with conscious nonstressed
control animals ( PN.8). Thionembutal anesthesia produced a
mild hypothermia effect in nonstressed and body-restraintonly animals when compared with conscious animals
exposed to the same group treatments ( Pb.01). Exposure
to cold water in the presence or absence of body restraint
resulted in a marked drop in body temperature both in
conscious and anesthetized animals when compared with
their respective anesthetized or conscious nonstressed
animals (all Psb.05). No statistical differences in body
temperature among these four groups were found. These
results indicate that conscious and anesthetized animals
presented the same amount of hypothermia when exposed to
cold water whether they were restrained or not.
Fig. 2 depicts the mean amount of gastric ulceration
induced by the four stressful treatments across anesthetized
and conscious animals. A two-way ANOVA also revealed
an interaction between these two factors [ F(3,64)=3.68;
P=.01]. Post hoc comparison test indicated that thionembutal anesthesia did not cause any gastric ulceration since no
statistical difference between conscious and anesthetized
nonstressed animals was found ( PN.2). Conscious and
anesthetized animals submitted exclusively to the body
restraint procedure did not present any gastric ulceration and
were not statistically different from their respective anesthetized or conscious nonstressed control animals (all
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4. Discussion
Aside from the relative reduction of interest for the role
of stress and psychological variables in gastric pathology in
clinical settings since the discovery of the bacteria
Helicobacter pylori [49], gastric ulceration has long been
viewed as the prototypic disease of stress [50,51], and a
variety of animal methodologies have been developed to
investigate the underlying mechanisms involved in the
occurrence of this pathology induced by a stressful situation
[1013]. Body restraint, when combined with cold-water
exposure, has been used as one of these methodologies
because it can induce reliable gastric ulceration in a very
short time [1822]. One of the main purposes of the present
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although both groups presented the same degree of hypothermia. These results confirm that hypothermia is not the
only factor involved in the gastric erosions induced by coldwater restraint and show the that the integrity of the systems
responsible for higher-order processing among animals
exposed to cold-water stress is an important variable in
the process of gastric ulceration development.
Acknowledgement
Secretary for Science and Technology of Brazil grant
(CNPq) 300094/95-0 supported this research. Thanks are
due to Lgia Alves, Daniela Araujo, Jorge Lunz, Sandra
Redner, Laura Sarmento and Pablo Velloso, who helped in
this study.
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