Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Li Censes: Fects of The License Module
Li Censes: Fects of The License Module
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CC Licenses
ATTRIBUTION (BY)
on the user. She can use the work freely and edit it
Only these two license variants are certified to be free licenses in the meaning of freedomdefined.org and are thus suitable
to make sure works licensed under stay re-usable.
ATTRIBUTION
NO DERIVATIVES
All CC variants above can be combined with the NC module (for non-commercial use only; commercial
use requires additional approval). This leads to six possible CC variants altogether, this being the additional three:
Theres an additional legal tool called CC0 (CCzero) for setting a work free without any
specific conditions. CC0 thus is a complete waiver of copyright and related rights.. This
is meant to help creatives to voluntarily place works in the Public Domain. According to Creative Commons, this tool is especially suitable for databases.
Preface
All around the world an increasing number of people uses the public licenses offered by Creative
Commons (CC) to free up the results of their creativity for re-use by others. Also projects, institutions
and initiatives ever more often decide to subscribe to the CC motto: Some rights reserved. One of
the most popular examples for this is the Wikimedia Foundation, who together with its worldwide
community of activists in 2008 decided to license its universal encyclopedia Wikipedia under the CC
license BY SA Attribution Share-Alike.
This license is only one of six licenses in CCs suite of core licenses. The most widely used licenses
from this set in their names show the additional abbreviation NC for non-commercial use only.
Many licensors who intuitively choose such an NC license do so with the understandable intention to
prevent their works from being unwantedly and uncontrollably exploited by others for business. The
many other consequences of this choice, however, are usually unknown. This brochure by Wikimedia
Germany, Creative Commons Germany and iRights.info is meant to address this lack of knowledge.
We are looking forward to comments and suggestions regarding this endeavour and hope that it will
yield many aha experiences.
Special thanks go to the Open Knowledge Foundation Germany who supported and facilitated the
English translation of the original text.
John H. Weitzmann
CONTENT
PREFACE ............................................................................................................................. 3
introduction ................................................................................................................ 5
1 What do we understand by Open Content? ........................................................... 6
2 Why is content placed under a CC license? ........................................................... 8
3 Why are there different CC licenses? ........................................................................ 9
4 How does the NC module affect the way content can be distributed? ................ 10
5 What is commercial use?.......................................................................................... 11
6 Can a CC license with the NC module prevent that my content is used
by radicals or extremists?.......................................................................................... 12
7
I want to keep my content accessible through CC licensing. Is the NC module
the only option to prevent the appropriation of my content through commercial
enterprises?................................................................................................................ 13
8 Can NC-LICENSED content be used in the Wikipedia project?............................ 14
9 Can you release NC-licensed content specifically and separately for Wikipedia
despite the NC restrictions? ..................................................................................... 15
Introduction
Wikimedia Foundation
1
What do we understand by
Open Content?
Content that can be used
freely.
There are now many projects that made it their mission to foster and spread free knowledge. This graphic shows only a few of them: The online encyclopedia Wikipedia is the
place where its users can collect the knowledge of humanity; Open Access enables exchange
of knowledge in academia; the Open Source Software Community collaborates to develop
software based on openly available code; the Open Knowledge Foundation promotes publication, use and re-use of open knowledge bases. All this is done by applying free licenses,
of which the Creative Commons Public License (CCPL) and the GNU General Public
License (GPL) are prominent examples.
2
Why is content placed under a CC license?
To make it more usable.
3
Why are there different CC
licenses?
CC licenses reflect the different interests of the authors.
Common to all CC license variants is the mindset that the usage of content shall be facilitated.
But creatives, authors, directors and musicians do not all have the same understanding of
which usage they want to allow of their works.
The six different variants of CC are answering
to these demands. They offer a flexible tool to
tie the usage to certain conditions. A good example is the question, if the authors want to
allow editing and remixing of their works. For
some, it is crucial that their work remains unchanged. These creators can ensure that by applying the No Derivatives module (ND for
short), and still allow other uses.
Others are interested in having their work used
in remixes, collages and mashups. They consider the creation of content merely as a transitional stage in a process. Their own content is
based on the older and shall be developed into
newer works. Those who assign a CC license
out of this mindset will not choose the No Derivatives restriction.
If you hold Open Content principle very dear,
you can express through the Share-Alike mo-
4
How does the NC module
affect the way content can
be distributed?
be distributed as widely and
easily.
10
11
or extremists?
appropriation of my con-
profit.
enterprises?
No. There are other options,
such as the Share Alike module.
Radicals and extremists follow a political agenda. Their objectives are not necessarily at the
same time commercial, not aimed at a business
advantage or financial remuneration, but at political and social changes. Radical political and
religious extremists are often organised in noneconomic associations. Hence, a NC licensing
can in a way even privilege the usage of content
through extremists.
In other terms: A scientist who intends to publish a study of political extremism with a publishing house will not be allowed to use the content, if it is protected by the NC module against
commercial use, because the publisher is acting
with commercial interest. An extremist group,
however, which formally acts as an association
is well allowed to use the same content under
the NC terms.
12
Am equally effective yet often more efficient protection against the case that third parties appropriate content with financial intent is the Share
Alike (SA) module, which allows publication of
edits only under the same or similar licenses.
Companies or private actors that want to appropriate creative content, can achieve this goal relatively easily by editing the work and restricting
the use of the edited version based on the separate
new copyright it carries. The Share Alike module
in the Creative Commons license set can prevent
that. All edited versions, if they are used publicly,
must be published under the same license as the
original content. This means they remain accessible as freely as the original content under the restrictions set by CC. Furthermore, where the edit
consists in enhancing own content with freedup external CC-SA content, the CC-SA license
8
Can NC-licensed content be
used in the Wikipedia project?
No. Wikipedia contents are
being used commercially.
One of the reasons for the widespread and intense usage of Wikipedia is that its contents
may be used commercially. Otherwise it would
13
10
Does the NC module prevent
commercial usage?
wrong places.
14
11
Am I ready to act against
12
Can NC-licensed content
be printed in newspapers?
No. Newspapers are in any
case commercial users.
To restrict a Creative Commons license by means of the NC module is only sensible if the
author is also willing to act against commercial
use, for example in court.
15
module, if the author explicitly agrees. That applies at the same rate to any other commercial
use. The great advantage of the CC standard
licenses is, however, that you do not have to negotiate an agreement in every sincle case. This
effort-saving effect of standard licensing is lost
if the NC module demands case-by-case negotiations.
13
Can NC-licensed content
be used in schools, training
and universities?
No, not everywhere.
14
How do you classify NC-licensed content that is first
used in school, but later
outside of school?
If used outside of school,
the use is often to be considered commercial.
16
15
How does NC affect
mashups?
Not all CC licenses can be
combined with each other.
17
17
Can a user of CC-licensed
content create the outward
16
Can a third party
commercial usage benefit
the author? Yes.
If you are interested in
A commercial use is not by definition an abusive use. Wherever publicity and attention
for the content are the primary goal, any use
of the content usually benefits the author, as it
increases their popularity. Especially content
that is used in the context of public education
initiatives should be able to make use of every
distribution channel possible, as a maximum
outreach is the primary goal.
18
18
Can the NC module still
have any advantages?
Yes, but less commonly than
However, despite their focus on a business model that is based on the kind of exclusivity offered by classic copyright law, these publishers
can have an interest that their content is at least
being used in the non-commercial areas of education and science, as this may boost sales via
classical distribution.
19
For private individuals, there is usually no good
reason for a restriction to non-commercial use
only. In many cases there is very little realistic
prospect that a commercial user is willing to
pay money in order to use the content. A CC
license has the main goal to make the content
as widely spread as possible. And in achieving
this the NC module is often a hindrance.
In turn, anyone who does not have the intention to see the content widespread without strict
control over it, can achieve this goal by excluding commercial uses. CC licenses with the NC
module in them can make sense for publishers,
whose business model is based on a traditional
all rights reserved, who invest considerably in
a publication and hold their own distribution
channels. Such publishers have no particular
interest in allowing competitors to gain profit
from their investments. The benefits of commercial use by third parties, namely the better
and more rapid uncontrolled dissemination is
less important for them, because they maintain
their own, often costly distribution operations.
In order to increase the commons of free knowledge and culture, the Wikipedia requires of
every author to allow the general public a free
reuse of their articles. This is achieved by a
Creative Commons license with the Attribution
(BY) and Share Alike (SA) modules, meaning
that the license requires giving credit to the author and distributing any edited versions under
the same terms. Texts that were not created by
the authors themselves, or texts that originated
in a collaboration, may also only enter Wikipedia if they are put under a CC-BY-SA license or
a compatible license.
Up until 2009 the Wikipedia was using the
GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) by
the GNU initiative. The Free Software Foundation had originally developed this license for
19
software documentation, hence it was too complicated and not ideally suited for Wikipedia.
Nonetheless, the GFDL open content licenses
did not have to be abandoned when Wikipedia
was transitioning to a CC-BY-SA license. The
old license is still used to avoid possible contradictions. Commercial use of content is explicitly permitted by both licenses. The Share Alike
module ensures that content cannot be taken
from the world-wide pool of freely accessible
knowledge by editing and republishing, but
that it remains a part of free knowledge and free
culture.
Attribution to the author is an important part
of every CC license. This is true for Wikipedia
authors as well. Since the encyclopedic entries
were created by a multitude of authors in collaboration, the attribution for Wikipedia articles
should be the following:
Users should attribute in one of the following
fashions ...
- through hyperlink (where possible) or URL
to the Wikipedia article to which you contributed,
- through hyperlink (where possible) or URL
to an alternative, stable online copy that is freely accessible, which conforms with the license,
and which provides credit to the authors in a
manner equivalent to the credit given on the
Project website; or
- through a list of all authors, but please note
that any list of authors may be filtered to exclude very small or irrelevant contributions.
20
imprint
21
The
public
licenses developed by Creative
Commons (CC) are tools
to make creative works available
for free use under certain conditions. As
rights holders have different needs and motives,
CC offers six different license variants. Some of the most
popular license variants include the condition that the licensed
works must not be used commercially. This has far-reaching and often
unintended consequences for the dissemination of the respective works and sometimes even entirely thwarts what the
licensor wants to achieve by choosing a CC license.
This brochure wants to offer information on
consequences, risks and side-effects
of the restrictive CC license
variants that dont allow commercial