TAX REVIEWER: LAW OF BASIC TAXATION IN THE PHILIPPINES BY: Benjamin B.

Aban
Chapter 1: GENERAL PRINCIPLES
TAXATION DEFINED
Taxation is the inherent power of the sovereign, exercised through
the legislature, to impose burdens upon the subjects and objects
within its jurisdiction, for the purpose of raising revenues to carry
out the legitimate objects of the government.
It is also defined as the act of levying a tax, i.e. the process or
means by which the sovereign, through its law-making body, raises
income to defray the necessary expenses of government. It is a
method of apportioning the cost of government among those who,
in some measure, are privileged to enjoy its benefits and must
therefore bear its burdens.
It is a mode of raising revenue for public purposes, (Cooley)
Symbiotic relationship between the government and the citizens.
RATIONALE OF TAXATION: DOCTRINE OF SYMBIOTIC
RELATIONSHIP
This doctrine is enunciated in CIR v. Algue, Inc. [158 SCRA 9],
which states that Taxes are what we pay for civilized society.

Without taxes, the government would be paralyzed for lack of

the motive power to activate and operate it. Hence, despite the
natural reluctance to surrender part of ones hard-earned
income to the taxing authorities, every person who is able must
contribute his share in the burden of running the government.
The government for its part, is expected to respond in the form
of tangible and intangible benefits intended to improve the lives
of the people and enhance their material and moral values.

TAXES DEFINED
Taxes are the enforced proportional contributions from persons and
property levied by the law-making body of the State by virtue of its
sovereignty for the support of the government and all public needs,
[Cooley]
They are not arbitrary exactions but contributions levied by authority
of law, and by some rule of proportion which is intended to ensure
uniformity of contribution and a just apportionment of the burdens
of government.

JUICY NOTES (PROF. CABANEIRO) A2011

Thus:
a. Taxes are enforced contributions
It operates in invitum which means that it is in no way
dependent on the will or contractual assent, express or implied,
of the person taxed. They are positive acts of the government
(Rochester vs Bloss).
b. Taxes are proportional in character, since taxes are based on
ones ability to pay.
c. Taxes are levied by authority of law.
The power to impose taxes is a legislative power; it cannot be
imposed by the executive department nor by the courts.
d. Taxes are for the support of the government and all its public
needs.
e. Taxes are pecuniary burden payable in money, such that a tax
is not necessarily confined to those payable in money (e.g. a
backpay cert may be used to pay real estate taxes).
f. Taxes are imposed by the State on persons, property or
services within its jurisdiction.
IMPORTANCE OF TAXES
Taxes are importants because they the lifeblood of the government
and so should be calculated without unnecessary hindrance (CIR vs
Algue).
LIFEBLOOD DOCTRINE
The lifeblood theory constitutes the theory of taxation, which
provides that the existence of government is a necessity; that
government cannot continue without means to pay its expenses;
and that for these means it has a right to compel its citizens and
property within its limits to contribute.

Without revenue raised from taxation, the government will not

survive, resulting in detriment to society. Without taxes, the
government would be paralyzed for lack of motive power to activate
and operate it. (CIR vs. ALGUE)

Taxes are the lifeblood of the government and there prompt and
certain availability is an imperious need. (CIR vs Goodrich
International Rubber Co.)

Chapter 1: GENERAL PRINCIPLES. Page 1 of 8

TAX REVIEWER: LAW OF BASIC TAXATION IN THE PHILIPPINES BY: Benjamin B. Aban
ILLUSTRATION OF LIFEBLOOD THEORY
1.
Collection of taxes cannot be enjoined by injunction.
2.
Taxes could not be the subject of compensation or set off.
3.
A valid tax may result in the destruction of the taxpayers
property.
4.
Taxation is an unlimited and plenary power.
TAXES,PERSONAL TO TAXPAYER
A corporations tax delinquency cannot be enforced against its
stockholders except for unpaid taxes of a dissolved corporation if it
appears that the corporate assets have passed into their hands (Tan
Tiong Bio vs CIR).
Estate taxes accruing upon transmission of the decedents estate to
his heirs are not liabilities which can be enforced against heirs.
NATURE OF THE TAXING POWER
1) Inherent in sovereignty
2) Legislative in character
PURPOSES AND OBJECTIVES OF TAXATION
PRIMARY
1. To raise revenue in order to support the government (Revenue)
SECONDARY
2. Used for regulatory purposes (Regulation)
3. Used to reduce social inequality (Reduction of Social Inequality)
4. Utilized to implement the police power of the State (Promotion of
General Welfare)
5. Used to protect our local industries against unfair competition
(Protectionism)
6. Utilized by the government to encourage the growth of local
industries (Encourage Economic Growth)
THEORY AND BASIS OF TAXATION
1) NECESSITY THEORY
Taxation as stated in the case of Phil. Guaranty Co., Inc. v.
Commissioner [13 SCRA 775], is a power predicated upon
necessity. It is a necessary burden to preserve the States
sovereignty and a means to give the citizenry an army to resist
aggression, a navy to defend its shores from invasion, a corps of
civil servants to serve, public improvements for the enjoyment of

JUICY NOTES (PROF. CABANEIRO) A2011

the citizenry, and those which come within the States territory
and facilities and protection which a government is supposed to
provide.
2) BENEFITS PROTECTION THEORY
This theory bases the power of the State to demand and receive
taxes on the reciprocal duties of support and protection. The
citizen supports the State by paying the portion from his
property that is demanded in order that he may, by means
thereof, be secured in the enjoyment of the benefits of an
organized society.
No one is allowed to object to or resist payment of taxes solely
because no personal benefit to him can be pointed out as arising
from the tax, [Lorenzo v. Posadas].
SCOPE OF THE LEGISLATIVE TAXING POWER
1) The persons, property and excises to be taxed, provided it is within
its jurisdiction
2) Amount or rate of tax
3) Purposes for its levy, provided it be for a public purpose
4) Kind of tax to be collected
5) Apportionment of the tax
6) Situs of taxation
7) Method of collection
IS THE POWER TO TAX THE POWER TO DESTROY? /
CONSTITUTIONAL RESTRAINTS RE: TAXATION IS THE POWER TO
DESTROY
The power to tax "is an attribute of sovereignty". In fact, it is the
strongest of all the powers of government. But for all its plenitude,
the power to tax is not unconfined as there are restrictions.
Adversely effecting as it does property rights, both the due process
and equal protection clauses of the Constitution may properly be
invoked to invalidate in appropriate cases of a revenue measure. If it
were otherwise, there would be truth to the 1903 dictum of Chief
Justice Marshall that "the power to tax involves the power to
destroy." The web or unreality spun from Marshall's famous dictum
was brushed away by one stroke of Mr. Justice Holmes' pen, thus:
"The power to tax is not the power to destroy while this Court sits."
"So it is in the Philippines." It is because of the constitutional
restraints placed on a taxing power that violates fundamental rights.

Chapter 1: GENERAL PRINCIPLES. Page 2 of 8

TAX REVIEWER: LAW OF BASIC TAXATION IN THE PHILIPPINES BY: Benjamin B. Aban

The power to tax includes the power to destroy if it is used as an

implement of the police power (regulatory) of the State. However, it
does not include the power to destroy if it is used solely for the
purpose of raising revenue. (ROXAS vs. CTA)
If the purpose of taxation is regulatory in character, taxation is used
to implement the police power of the state
If the power of taxation is used to destroy things, businesses, or
enterprises and the purpose is to raise revenue, the court will come
in because there will be violation of the inherent and constitutional
limitations and it will be declared invalid.

POWER OF JUDICIAL REVIEW IN TAXATION

Courts cannot inquire into the wisdom of a taxing act. (CIR vs
Lingayen Gulf Electric Power Co)
Courts power in taxation is limited only to the application and
interpretation of the law.
It is not within the province of the court to inquire into the
wisdom of the law for indeed courts are bound by the words in
the mouth of the lawmaker. A verbo legis non est recedendum
(Commissioner of Customs vs Manila Star Ferry inc.)
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF A SOUND TAX SYSTEM
1) FISCAL ADEQUACY
The sources of revenues must be adequate to meet govt
expenditures. (Chavez v. Ongpin, 186 SCRA 331).
Even if a tax law violates the principle of Fiscal Adequacy
and the proceeds may not be sufficient to satisfy the needs
of the government, still the tax law is valid
2) THEORETICAL JUSTICE
The tax burden should be in proportion to the taxpayers
ability to pay (ABILITY TO PAY PRINCIPLE)
Equitable taxation has been mandated by our constitution;
as if taxes are unjust and unreasonable then they are not
equitable, thus invalid.
3) ADMINISTRATIVE FEASIBILITY

The tax law must be capable of effective or efficient

enforcement.

There is no law that requires compliance with this principle,

so even if the tax law violates this principle; such tax law is
valid.

JUICY NOTES (PROF. CABANEIRO) A2011

TAXATION DISTINGUISHED FROM POLICE POWER AND EMINENT

DOMAIN
TAXATION

POLICE POWER

AS TO PURPOSE

For the purpose

raising revenue

AS
TO
COMPENSATION

Protection
and
benefits received
from
the
government.

To
promote
general
welfare
through
regulations
The maintenance
of
a
healthy
economic standard
of society

(damnum
injuria)

absque

AS TO PERSONS
AFFECTED

Operate upon community or a class of

individuals

AS TO AUTHORITY
WHICH EXERCISES
THE POWER

Exercised only by the government or its

political subdivisions.

AS TO AMOUNT OF
IMPOSITION

Generally no limit
to the amount of
tax that may be
imposed

Limited to the cost

of regulation

AS
TO
THE
RELATIONSHIP TO
THE CONSTITUTION

Subject to certain
constitutional
limitations,
including
the
prohibition against
impairment of the
obligation
of
contracts
Taxes paid become
part of the public
funds

Relatively
free
from constitutional
limitations
and
superior to the
non-impairment
provisions

AS TO TRANSFER
OF
PROPERTY
RIGHTS

EMINENT
DOMAIN
For public use

Just compensation,
not to exceed the
market value by the
owner
or
administrator
or
anyone having legal
interest
in
the
property, or
as
determined by the
assessor, whichever
is lower.
Operates on the
individual property
owner
May be exercised
by public services
corp or public
utilities if granted
by law
There
is
no
imposition; rather,
it is the owner of
the property taken
who is paid just
compensation.
Subject to certain
constitutional
limitations,
NOT
including
the
prohibition against
impairment of the
obligation
of
contracts

No transfer, but
only restraint on
the exercise,
of
property
right
exists

Chapter 1: GENERAL PRINCIPLES. Page 3 of 8

TAX REVIEWER: LAW OF BASIC TAXATION IN THE PHILIPPINES BY: Benjamin B. Aban
ASPECTS OF TAXATION
1) LEVY or IMPOSITION
enactment of tax laws
legislative in character
2) ASSESSMENT
collection
administrative in character
TAXES DISTINGUISHED FROM OTHER IMPOSITIONS
1) toll amount charged for the cost and maintenance of property
used;
2) penalty punishment for the commission of a crime
3) compromise penalty amount collected in lieu of criminal
prosecution in cases of tax violations;
4) special assessment levied only on land based wholly on the
benefit accruing thereon as a result of improvements of public works
undertaken by government within the vicinity.
5) license fee regulatory imposition in the exercise of the police
power of the State;
6) margin fee exaction designed to stabilize the currency
7) debt a tax is not a debt but is an obligation imposed by law.
8) regulatory fees exaction designed to regulate industries
9) subsidy legislative grant of money in aid of a private enterprise
deemed to promote the public welfare.
10) custom duties and fees duties charged upon commodities on
their being imported into or exported from a country;
11) revenue broad term that includes not only taxes but income from
other sources as well.
12) Tribute synonymous with tax
13) Impost signifies any tax, tribute or duty.
Toll v. Tax
Toll is a sum of money for the use of something. It is the
consideration which is paid for the use of a road, bridge, or the like,
of a public nature. Taxes, on the other hand, are enforced
proportional contributions from persons and property levied by the
State by virtue of its sovereignty for the support of the government
and all public needs.
Toll is a demand of proprietorship; tax is a demand of sovereignty.

JUICY NOTES (PROF. CABANEIRO) A2011

Toll is paid for the used of anothers property; tax is paid for the

support of government.
The amount paid as toll depends upon the cost of construction or
maintenance of the public improvements used; while there is no
limit on the amount collected as tax as long as it is not excessive,
unreasonable, or confiscatory.
Toll may be imposed by the government or by private individuals or
entities; tax may be imposed only by the government.

Penalty v. Tax
Penalty is any sanction imposed as a punishment for violation of law
or for acts deemed injurious; taxes are enforced proportional
contributions from persons and property levied by the State by
virtue of its sovereignty for the support of the government and all
public needs.
Penalty is designed to regulate conduct; taxes are generally
intended to generate revenue.
Penalty may be imposed by the government or by private individuals
or entities; taxes only by the government.
Special assessment v. Tax
A special assessment tax is an enforced proportional contribution
from owners of lands especially benefited by public improvements
A special assessment is levied only on land; tax is imposed on
persons, property and excises.
A special assessment is not a personal liability of the person
assessed; it is limited to the land.
A special assessment is based wholly on benefits, not necessity.
A special assessment is exceptional both as to time and place; a tax
has general application.

Some rules:

An exemption from taxation does not include exemption

from a special assessment.
The power to tax carries with it the power to levy a special
assessment.

Chapter 1: GENERAL PRINCIPLES. Page 4 of 8

TAX REVIEWER: LAW OF BASIC TAXATION IN THE PHILIPPINES BY: Benjamin B. Aban
License fee v. Tax
PURPOSE: Tax imposed for revenue WHILE license fee for
regulation. Tax for general purposes WHILE license fee for
regulatory purposes only.
BASIS: Tax imposed under power of taxation WHILE license fee
under police power.
AMOUNT: In taxation, no limit as to amount WHILE license fee
limited to cost of the license and expenses of police surveillance and
regulation.
TIME OF PAYMENT: Taxes normally paid after commencement of
business WHILE LF before.
EFFECT OF PAYMENT: Failure to pay a tax does not make the
business illegal WHILE failure to pay license fee makes business
illegal.
SURRENDER: Taxes, being lifeblood of the state, cannot be
surrendered except for lawful consideration WHILE a license fee may
be surrendered with or without consideration.
IMPORTANCE OF DISTINCTION BETWEEN TAXES AND LICENSE

FEES:

It is necessary to determine whether a particular imposition is a

tax or a license fee, because some limitations apply only to one
and not to the other.
Furthermore, exemption from taxes does not include exemption
from license fees

Obligation to pay debt v. obligation to pay tax

A debt is generally based on contract, express or implied, while a tax
is based on laws.
A debt is assignable, while a tax cannot generally be assigned.
A debt may be paid in kind, while a tax is generally paid in money.
A debt may be the subject of set off or compensation, a tax cannot.
A person cannot be imprisoned for non-payment of tax, except poll
tax.
A debt is governed by the ordinary periods of prescription, while a
tax is governed by the special prescriptive periods provided for in
the NIRC.
A debt draws interest when it is so stipulated or where there is
default, while a tax does not draw interest except only when
delinquent.

JUICY NOTES (PROF. CABANEIRO) A2011

TAXES CLASSIFIED
AS TO SUBJECT MATTER OR OBJECT
1. Personal, poll or capitation tax
Tax of a fixed amount imposed on persons residing within a
specified territory, whether citizens or not, without regard to their
property or the occupation or business in which they may be
engaged, i.e. community tax.
2. Property tax
Tax imposed on property, real or personal, in proportion to its value
or in accordance with some other reasonable method of
apportionment.
3. Excise tax
A charge imposed upon the performance of an act, the enjoyment of
privilege, or the engaging in an occupation.
AS TO PURPOSE
4. General/fiscal revenue tax is that imposed for the purpose of
raising public funds for the service of the government.
5. Special or regulatory tax is imposed primarily for the regulation
of useful or non-useful occupation or enterprises and secondarily
only for the purpose of raising public funds.
AS TO WHO BEARS THE BURDEN
6. Direct tax
A direct tax is demanded from the person who also shoul,ders the
burden of the tax. It is a tax which the taxpayer is directly or
primarily liable and which he or she cannot shift to another.
7. Indirect tax
An indirect tax is demanded from a person in the expectation and
intention that he or she shall indemnify himself or herself at the
expense of another, falling finally upon the ultimate purchaser or
consumer. A tax which the taxpayer can shift to another.
AS TO THE SCOPE OF THE TAX
8. National tax
A national tax is imposed by the national government.
9. Local tax
A local tax is imposed by the municipal corporations or local
government units (LGUs).

Chapter 1: GENERAL PRINCIPLES. Page 5 of 8

TAX REVIEWER: LAW OF BASIC TAXATION IN THE PHILIPPINES BY: Benjamin B. Aban
AS TO THE DETERMINATION OF AMOUNT
10. Specific tax
A specific tax is a tax of a fixed amount imposed by the head or
number or by some other standard of weight or measurement. It
requires no assessment other than the listing or classification of the
objects to be taxed.
11. Ad valorem tax
An ad valorem tax is a fixed proportion of the value of the property
with respect to which the tax is assessed. It requires the
intervention of assessors or appraisers to estimate the value of such
property before due from each taxpayer can be determined.
12. Customs Duties
Duties charged upon the commodities on theor being imported into
or exported from a country.
AS TO GRADUATION OR RATE
13. Proportional tax
Tax based on a fixed percentage of the amount of the property
receipts or other basis to be taxed. Example: real estate tax.
14. Progressive or graduated tax
Tax the rate of which increases as the tax base or bracket increases.
Digressive tax rate: progressive rate stops at a certain point.
Progression halts at a particular stage.
15. Regressive tax
Tax the rate of which decreases as the tax base or bracket
increases. There is no such tax in the Philippines.
TAXPAYERS SUIT
One where a taxpayer who feels aggrieved by the implication of a
tax law goes now via judicial review to the SC and asks for a
nullification of the law.
In availing judicial review as a taxpayer, the only option one can
look into are the inherent and constitutional limitations on taxation.
Taxpayers have sufficient interest of preventing the illegal
expenditures of money raised by taxation ( NOT DONATIONS AND
CONTRIBUTIONS)
A taxpayer is not relieved from the obligation of paying a tax
because of his belief that it is being misappropriated by certain
officials

JUICY NOTES (PROF. CABANEIRO) A2011

A taxpayer has no legal standing to question executive acts that do

not involve the use of public funds. (GONZALES vs. MARCOS)
It is only when an act complained of which may include a legislative
enactment of a statute, involves the illegal expenditure of public
money that the so-called taxpayers suit may be allowed. LOZADA vs.

COMELEC

Taxpayers may be levied with a regulatory purpose to provide

means for the rehabilitation and stabilization of a threatened
industry which is affected with the public interest as to be within the
police power of the State. CALTEX vs. COA
The Supreme Court has discretion whether or not to entertain
taxpayers suit and could brush aside lack of locus standi. KILOS

BAYAN vs. GUINGONA

REQUISITES FOR A TAXPAYERS PETITION

1) That money is being extracted and spent in violation of specific
constitutional protections against abuses of legislative power
2) That public money is being deflected to any improper purpose
3) That the petitioner seeks to restrain respondents from wasting
public funds through the enforcement of an invalid or
unconstitutional law.
CASES:
Commissioner vs. Algue
GRL-28890, 17 February 1988.First Division, Cruz (J); 4 concur
Facts: The Philippine Sugar Estate Development Company (PSEDC)
appointed Algue Inc. as its agent, authorizing it to sell its land, factories, and
oil manufacturing process. The Vegetable Oil Investment Corporation
(VOICP) purchased PSEDC properties. For the sale, Algue received a
commission of P125,000 and it was from this commission that it paid
Guevara, et. al. organizers of the VOICP, P75,000 in promotional fees. In
1965, Algue received an assessment from the Commissioner of Internal
Revenue in the amount of P83,183.85 as delinquency income tax for years
1958 amd 1959. Algue filed a protest or request for reconsideration which
was not acted upon by the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR). The counsel
for Algue had to accept the warrant of distrant and levy. Algue, however,
filed a petition for review with the Coourt of Tax Appeals.

Chapter 1: GENERAL PRINCIPLES. Page 6 of 8

TAX REVIEWER: LAW OF BASIC TAXATION IN THE PHILIPPINES BY: Benjamin B. Aban
Issue: Whether the assessment was reasonable.
Held: Taxes are the lifeblood of the government and so should be collected
without unnecessary hindrance. Every person who is able to pay must
contribute his share in the running of the government. The Government, for
his part, is expected to respond in the form of tangible and intangible
benefits intended to improve the lives of the people and enhance their moral
and material values. This symbiotic relationship is the rationale of taxation
and should dispel the erroneous notion that is an arbitrary method of
exaction by those in the seat of power. Tax collection, however, should be
made in accordance with law as any arbitrariness will negate the very reason
for government itself. For all the awesome power of the tax collector, he
may still be stopped in his tracks if the taxpayer can demonstrate that the
law has not been observed. Herein, the claimed deduction (pursuant to
Section 30 [a] [1] of the Tax Code and Section 70 [1] of Revenue Regulation
2: as to compensation for personal services) had been legitimately by Algue
Inc. It has further proven that the payment of fees was reasonable and
necessary in light of the efforts exerted by the payees in inducing investors
(in VOICP) to involve themselves in an experimental enterprise or a business
requiring millions of pesos. The assessment was not reasonable.
Tolentino vs. Secetary of Finance
GR No. 115455. August 25, 1994
Facts: The value-added tax (VAT) is levied on the sale, barter or exchange
of goods and properties as well as on the sale or exchange of services. RA
7716 seeks to widen the tax base of the existing VAT system and enhance
its administration by amending the NationalInternal Revenue Code. There
are various suits challenging the constitutionality of RA 7716 on various
grounds.
One contention is that RA 7716 did not originate exclusively in the House of
Representatives as required by Art. VI, Sec. 24 of the Constitution, because
it is in fact the result of the consolidation of 2distinct bills, H. No. 11197 and
S. No. 1630. There is also a contention that S. No. 1630 did not pass
3 readings as required by the Constitution.
Issue: Whether or not RA 7716 violates Art. VI, Secs. 24 and 26(2) of the
Constitution
Held: The argument that RA 7716 did not originate exclusively in the House
of Representatives as required by Art. VI, Sec. 24 of the Constitution will not
bear analysis. To begin with, it is not the law but the revenue bill which is
required by the Constitution to originate exclusively in the House of

JUICY NOTES (PROF. CABANEIRO) A2011

Representatives. To insist that a revenuestatute and not only the bill which
initiated the legislative process culminating in the enactment of the law must
substantially be the same as the House bill would be to deny the Senates
power not only to concur with amendments but also to propose
amendments. Indeed, what the Constitution simply means is that the
initiative for filingrevenue, tariff or tax bills, bills authorizing an increase of
the public debt, private bills and bills of local application must come from the
House of Representatives on the theory that, elected as they are from
the districts, the members of the House can be expected to be more
sensitive to the local needs and problems. Nor does the Constitution
prohibit the filing in the Senate of a substitute bill in anticipation of its
receipt of the bill from the House, so long as action by the Senate as a body
is withheld pending receipt of the House bill.
The next argument of the petitioners was that S. No. 1630 did not pass
3 readings on separate days as required by the Constitution because the
second and third readings were done on the same day. But this was because
the President had certified S. No. 1630 as urgent. The presidential
certification dispensed with the requirement not only of printing but also that
of reading the bill on separate days. That upon the certification of a bill by
the President the requirement of 3 readings on separate days and of printing
and distribution can be dispensed with is supported by the weight of
legislative practice.
EXERCISES:
Discuss the importance of taxes
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Taxes are the lifeblood of the government, for without taxes, the
government can neither exist nor endure. A principal attribute of
sovereignty, the exercise of taxing power derives its source from the
very existence of the state whose social contract with its citizens
obliges it to promote public interest and common good. The theory
behind the exercise of the power to tax emanates from necessity;
without taxes, government cannot fulfill its mandate of promoting the
general welfare and well-being of the people. (NAPOCOR v. City of

Cabanatuan, G.R. No. 149110, April 9, 2003).

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TAX REVIEWER: LAW OF BASIC TAXATION IN THE PHILIPPINES BY: Benjamin B. Aban

JUICY NOTES (PROF. CABANEIRO) A2011

Nature of the Power of Taxation (#1, 2000 Bar Exams)

Justice Holmes once said: The power to tax is not the power to
destroy while this Court (the SC) sits. Describe the power to tax and its
limitations.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The power to tax is an inherent power of the sovereignty which is
exercised through the legislature to impose burdens upon subjects and
objects within its jurisdiction for the purpose of raising revenues to
carry out the legitimate objects of govt. The underlying basis for its
exercise is governmental necessity for without it, no govt can exist nor
endure. Accordingly, it has the broadest scope of all the powers of
government because in the absence of limitations, it is considered an
unlimited, plenary, comprehensive and supreme. The two limitations
on the power of taxation are the inherent and constitutional
limitations which are intended to prevent abuse on the exercise of the
otherwise plenary and unlimited power. It is the Courts role to see to it
that the exercise of the power does not transgress these limitations.

SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Yes, the legislative body may enact laws even in the absence
of a constitutional provision because the power to tax is inherent in the
government and not merely a constitutional grant. The power of taxation is
an essential and inherent attribute of sovereignty belonging as a matter
of right to every independent government without being expressly granted
by the people. (Pepsi-Cola Bottling Company of the Philippines, Inc. v.
Municipality of Tanauan, Leyte, G.R. No. L-31156)
Taxation is the inherent power of a State to collect enforced proportional
contribution to support the expenses of government. Taxation is the
power vested in the legislature to impose burdens or charges upon
persons and property in order to raise revenue for public purposes.
The power to tax is so unlimited in force and so searching in extent that
courts scarcely venture to declare it is subject to any restrictions whatever,
except such as rest in the discretion of the authority which exercises it. (Tio
v. Videogram Regulatory Board, G.R. No. L-75697, June 18, 1987) So
potent is the power to tax that it was once opined that "the power to tax
involves the power to destroy."(C.J. Marshall in McCulloch v. Maryland)

Power of Taxation: Legislative in Nature (Bar 1994)

The Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation of the
Commissioner of Internal Revenue, issued a Revenue Regulation
using gross income as the tax base for corporations doing business
in the Philippines. Is the Rev.Reg.valid?
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The regulation establishing gross income as the tax base for
corporations doing business in the Philippines (domestic as well as
resident foreign) is not valid. This is no longer implementation of the
law but actually it constitutes legislation because among the powers
that are exclusively within the legislative authority to tax is the power
to determine -the amount of the tax. (See 1 Cooley 176-184).
Certainly, if the tax is limited to gross income without deductions of
these corporations, this is changing the amount of the tax as said
amount ultimately depends on the taxable base.

Revocation of Exempting Statutes (Bar 1997)

"X" Corporation was the recipient in 1990 of two tax exemptions both from
Congress, one law exempting the company's bond issues from taxes and
the other exempting the company from taxes in the operation of its
public utilities. The two laws extending the tax exemptions were revoked
by Congress before their expiry dates. Were the revocations constitutional?
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Yes. The exempting statutes are both granted unilaterally by
Congress in the exercise of taxing powers. Since taxation is the rule and
tax exemption, the exception, any tax exemption unilaterally granted can be
withdrawn at the pleasure of the taxing authority without violating the
Constitution (Mactan Cebu International Airport Authority v, Marcos,
G.R No. 120082, September 11, 1996).
Neither of these were issued by the taxing authority in a contract lawfully
entered by it so that their revocation would not constitute an
impairment of the obligations of contracts.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
No. The withdrawal of the tax exemption amounts to a
deprivation of property without due process of law, hence
unconstitutional.

Power of Taxation; Inherent in a Sovereign State (2005)Describe

the power of taxation. May a legislative body enact laws to raise
revenues in the absence of a constitutional provision granting said body
the power to tax? Explain.

Chapter 1: GENERAL PRINCIPLES. Page 8 of 8