Seventh

Seventh Edition
Edition

VECTOR MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERS:

STATICS
CHAPTER

Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston, Jr. &

R.C. HIBBELER in STATICs kitaplarndan
dzenlenmitir..

10. HAFTA

D
D
zenleyen
zenleyen::
Dr.
Dr. N.
N. MEYDANLIK
MEYDANLIK
T
Trakya
rakya University
University
2007
2007--08
08 ED
EDRNE
RNE

Atalet Momentleri
(Moments of Inertia)

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

GR

Yap elemanlarnn mukavemeti byk oranda

onlarn kesit byklklerine ve ekline baldr,
zellikle de kesit alannn 2. momenti veya atalet
momentine baldr.

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

33 -- 22

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

UYGULAMALAR
Kiri ve kolon gibi bir ok
yap
eleman have cross
sectional shapes like I, H, C,
etc. Dierleri ii dolu kare
yada daire kesitlerden ok
tb eklindedir.
Why do they usually not have
solid rectangular, square, or
circular
cross
sectional
areas?
Tasarmda bu elemanlarn hangi zellikleri daha etkendir ?
How can we calculate this property?

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

33 -- 33

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

Statik hesaplarnda kullanlmaz ama

hesaplanmas arlk merkezi hesaplarna benzedii iin statik
dersi iinde gsterilir. Atalet momenti daha ok mukavemet
(malzeme mekanii), dinamik ve akkanlar mekanii
derslerinde ve hesaplamalarnda kullanlr.

Atalet

Momenti,
Momenti

Bir cismin atalet momenti onun dnmeye kar direncinin bir

lmdr. Gnlk tecrbelerimizden de biliriz ki dnen
byk bir tekerlei durdurmak veya dnmeye balatmak
kk tekerlekten daha zordur. Matematiksel olarak da bu
olayn byk tekerlein daha byk atalet momentine sahip
olmas nedeniyle olduu gsterilebilir.
Atalet momenti eitli mhendislik hesaplamalarnda
kullanlr;

- Hidrostatik basn kuvvetlerinin bilekesinin yerini bulmak iin,

- Kirilerde gerilme ve sehim hesaplar iin,
- Dnen cisimlerin ktle atalet momentleri hesab

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

33 -- 44

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

MOMENTS OF INERTIA FOR AREAS
Sv iine daldrlm bir
nne alalm. Yzeyden
aadaki sv basnc p=z
where is the specific
the liquid.

Bu noktada dA alanna etki eden kuvvet dF = p dA

pla gz
z kadar
ile verilir.
weight of

= ( z) dA.

Bu kuvvet nedeniyle x-eksenine gre moment z(dF) dir.

The total moment is A z dF = A z2 dA =

A(z2 dA).

This integral term is referred to as the moment of inertia of the area

of the plate about an axis.
33 -- 55

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

MOMENTS OF INERTIA FOR AREAS
10cm

1cm

3cm
10cm

10cm

3cm

(A)

(B)

(C)

1cm
AB kirii iin 3 farkl kesit ekli ve alan gz nne alalm. Toplam alanlar eit
ve ayn malzemeden yaplm, dolaysyla birim uzunluk iin ktleleri ayn.
- Verilen ykleme hali iin hangisini tercih edersiniz ? Niin ?
(daha az gerilme ve kmeyi dikkate aln).
Yant x-eksenine gre atalet momentine baldr. x-ekseninden en uzak
alanlarn ou (A) da olduu iin en byk atalet momentine sahip olan (A) dr.
Bu nedenle de en az gerilme ve kmeyi () veren de A kkdr.
Atalet momenti arttka () ve gerilme der.

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

33 -- 66

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

ntegrasyonla bir alan
alann atalet momentinin bulunmas
bulunmas :

Herhangi bir alann x ve y eksenlerine gre

ikinci Momenti or atalet momenti,

I x = y 2 dA

I y = x 2 dA

dA alannn koordinat
eksenlerine parelel ince
erit halinde seilmesi
(Ix iin yatay, Iy iin
dey eleman) integral
hesabn basitletirir.
dIx= y2dA

dIy= x2dA
33 -- 77

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

Moment of Inertia of an Area by Integration

For a rectangular area,

2

I x = y dA = y 2bdy = 13 bh3
0

Dikdrtgen alan iin bulunan ifade eksenlere

parelel olarak seilecek ince eritlere de
uygulanabilir, rnein bir tek dey erit eleman
seilerek her iki eksene gre atalet momentleri

dI x = 13 y 3 dx

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

dI y = x 2 dA = x 2 y dx
33 -- 88

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

Polar Moment of Inertia

Polar Atalet momenti, dnen silindirik millerin

burulmasnda nemli bir parametredir.

J 0 = r 2 dA

Polar atalet momenti ile dik atalet momentleri arasndaki iliki,

J 0 = r 2 dA = x 2 + y 2 dA = x 2 dA + y 2 dA
J0 = I y + I x
Atalet momentinin birimi uzunluun 4. kuvvetidir (m4).
33 -- 99

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

Bir alan
alann atalet yar
yarap
ap

Atalet momeni Ix olan bir alan gz nne alalm. Bu

alann yerine x-eksenine parelel ve atalet momenti yine
Ix e edeer bir dikdrtgen erit dnrsek,

I x = k x2 A

kx =

Ix
A

kx = x eksenine gre atalet yarap

Similarly,

Iy =

k y2 A

ky =

J O = kO2 A kO =

Iy
A
JO
A

kO2 = k x2 + k y2
Atalet yarap zellikle kolonlarn tasarmnda nemlidir.

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

33 -- 10
10

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

Sample Problem 9.1
SOLUTION:
A differential strip parallel to the x axis is chosen for
dA.
dI x = y 2dA
dA = l dy
For similar triangles,
l h y
=
b
h

gen alann tabanna gre

atalet momentini hesaplaynz.

l =b

h y
h

dA = b

h y
dy
h

y = 0 dan y = h a kadar dIx in integrasyonu ,

bh 2
h y
dy = hy y 3 dy
I x = y dA = y b
h0
h
0
2

b y3 y 4
= h
4
h 3
0

bh3
I x=
12
33 -- 11
11

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

Sample Problem 9.2
SOLUTION:
An annular differential area element is chosen,

dJ O = u 2dA

dA = 2 u du
r

J O = dJ O = u (2 u du ) = 2 u 3du
2

JO =

a) Dairesel bir alann polar atalet

momentini bulunuz.
b) a kknda bulduunuz sonucu
kullanarak,
dairesel
alann
apndan geen x-eksenine gre
atalet momentini bulunuz.

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

r4

From symmetry, Ix = Iy,

JO = I x + I y = 2I x

r 4 = 2I x
I diameter = I x =

r4

33 -- 12
12

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

Sample Problem 9.3
9.3

Given: The shaded area shown in

the figure.

(x,y)

Find: The MoI of the area about

the x- and y-axes.
4 cm

Solution
Ix

4 cm

y2 dA

dA = (4 x) dy = (4 y2/4) dy
Ix

y2 (4 y2/4) dy

= [ (4/3) y3 (1/20) y5 ]0 = 34.1 cm4

33 -- 13
13

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

Iy
(x,y)

= x2 dA = x2 y.dx
= x2 (2 x) dx

4 cm

= 2

2.5 dx
0 x
4

= [ (2/3.5) x 3.5 ] 0
4 cm

= 73.1 cm 4

In the above example, it will be difficult to determine Iy using a horizontal

strip. However, Ix in this example can be determined using a vertical strip.
So,
Ix = (1/3) y3 dx = (1/3) (2x)3 dx .

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

33 -- 14
14

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

Sample Problem 9.4
9.4
Given: The shaded area shown.
Ix and Iy of the area.

Find:

(x,y)

Solution
= (1/3) y3

Ix

dx

=
=

(1/3) x dx =

[x 2

/ 6 ]0

10.7 in 4

33 -- 15
15

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

(x,y)

IY = x 2 dA

= x 2 y dx

= x 2 ( x (1/3)) dx
=

x (7/3) dx

= [(3/10) x

(10/3)

]0

= 307.18 in 4

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

33 -- 16
16

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

ATTENTION QUIZ
1. When determining the MoI of
the element in the figure, dIy
equals
A) x 2 dy

B) x 2 dx

C) (1/3) y 3 dx

D) x 2.5 dx

(x,y)
y2 = x

2. Similarly, dIx equals

A) (1/3) x 1.5 dx

B) y 2 dA

C) (1/12) x 3 dy

D) (1/3) x 3 dx

33 -- 17
17

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

Parelel eksenler Teoremi & Bile
Bileik alanlar
alanlarn atalet momentleri

Yap elemanlarnn kesit alanlar genellikle basit

ekillerden yada ilkel basit ekillerin birlemesinden
olumutur.
Bu basit alanlarn atalet momentlerini bulmak iin
integrasyon yntemi ile karlatrldnda daha basit
yntemler var mdr ? ???
EVET

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

PARALLEL-AXIS THEOREM FOR AN AREA
Bu teorem bir alann arlk merkezinden
geen eksenlere gre atalet momentinin
yine bu eksenlere parelel baka
eksenlere gre atalet momentleri ile
ilgilidir.
Bileik
alanlarn
atalet
momentlerinin bulunmas iin pratik bir
yntemdir.

Gznne alnan alann arlk merkezi C dir. x' and y'

axes a. mer. C den gemektedir. x-eksenine parelel ve
dy kadar mesafede bir x-eksenine gre atalet momenti
parelel eksen teoremi ile bulunur.
33 -- 19
19

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

Parelel Eksen Teoremi

IX = A y 2 dA = A (y' + dy)2 dA
= A y'2 dA + 2 dy A y' dA + dy2 A dA

y = y + dy

Arlk merkezinin tanmn kullanarak:

y' = (A y' dA) / (A dA) . Now

since C is at the origin of the x' y' axes,

y' = 0 , and hence A y' dA = 0 .

Thus

IX = IX' + A dy2

Similarly, IY = IY'

+ A dX 2

and

JO = JC + A d 2

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

33 -- 20
20

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

33 -- 21
21

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

33 -- 22
22

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

Parallel Axis Teoremi
Teoremi rnek

Use the value of I for a circle from the table on the

following page and the parallel-axis theorem to find IT ,
the moment of inertia about an axis tangent to the circle.

( )

I T = I + Ad 2 = 14 r 4 + r 2 r 2
= 54 r 4

Use the value of IAA along the base of a triangle

from the table on the following page and the
parallel-axis theorem to find IBB , the moment of
inertia along a parallel axis through the centroid of
the triangle
I AA = I BB + Ad 2

( )2

1 bh 3 1 bh 1 h
I BB = I AA Ad 2 = 12
2
3
1 bh 3
= 36

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

33 -- 23
23

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

En ok bilinen baz
baz ilkel kesitlerin atalet momentleri

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

33 -- 24
24

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

En ok bilinen baz
baz ilkel kesitlerin atalet momentleri

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

33 -- 25
25

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

33 -- 26
26

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

CONCEPT QUIZ

Axis
1. For the area A, we know the centroids
(C) location, area, distances between the
four parallel axes, and the MoI about
axis 1. We can determine the MoI about
axis 2 by applying the parallel axis
theorem ___ .

d3
d2
d1

4
3
2
1

A) directly between the axes 1 and 2.

B) between axes 1 and 3 and then
between the axes 3 and 2.
C) between axes 1 and 4 and then axes
4 and 2.
D) None of the above.

33 -- 27
27

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

CONCEPT QUIZ

Axis
A

d3
d2
d1
2.

4
3
2
1

smallest MoI

For the same case, consider the MoI about each of the four axes.
About which axis will the MoI be the smallest number?
A)

Axis 1

B)

Axis 2

C)

Axis 3

D)

Axis 4

E)

Can not tell.

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

33 -- 28
28

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

ATTENTION QUIZ
1. For the given area, the moment of
inertia about axis 1 is 200 cm4 . What is
the MoI about axis 3 (the centroidal
axis)?
A) 90 cm

B) 110 cm

C) 60 cm 4

A=10 cm2

d2

C
C

d1

D) 40 cm 4

3
2
1

d1 = d2 = 2 cm
I1 = I3 + Ad2
I3 = I1 - Ad2 = 200 - 10(4)2 = 40 cm4

33 -- 29
29

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

ATTENTION QUIZ

2. The moment of inertia of the rectangle

about the x-axis equals
2cm
A) 8 cm 4
C) 24 cm

B) 56 cm 4
4

D) 26 cm

2cm

3cm
x
d

Ix = Ix + Ad2
Ix = (bh3)/12 + Ad2 = (3 . 23) / 12 + 6 . 32 = 56cm4

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

33 -- 30
30

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

EXAMPLE

[1]

[2]

Given:

The beams cross-sectional

area.

Find:

The moment of inertia of

the area about the y-axis
and the radius of gyration
ky.

[3]

Solution
1. The cross-sectional area can be divided into three rectangles
( [1], [2], [3] ) as shown.
2.

The centroids of these three rectangles are in their center.

The distances from these centers to the y-axis are 0 mm, 87.5
mm, and 87.5 mm, respectively.

33 -- 31
31

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

EXAMPLE
3. From the inside back cover of the
book, the MoI of a rectangle about
its centroidal axis is (1/12) b h3.
Iy[1] = (1/12) (25mm) (300mm)3
= 56.25 (106) mm4

[1] [2] [3]

Using the parallel-axis theorem,

IY[2] = IY[3] = IY + A (dX)2

= (1/12) (100) (25)3 + (25) (100) ( 87.5 )2
=

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

19.27 (106) mm 4
33 -- 32
32

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

EXAMPLE

4.

Iy = Iy1 + Iy2 + Iy3

= 94.8 ( 106) mm 4

ky =

( Iy / A)

300 (25) + 25 (100) + 25 (100) = 12,500 mm 2

ky =

( 94.79) (106) / (12500) = 87.1 mm

33 -- 33
33

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

MOMENT OF INERTIA FOR A COMPOSITE AREA
A composite area is made by adding
or subtracting a series of simple
shaped areas like rectangles,
triangles, and circles.
For example, the area on the left
can be made from a rectangle minus
a triangle and circle.

The MoI of these simpler shaped areas about their

centroidal axes are found in most engineering handbooks as
well as the inside back cover of the textbook.
Using these data and the parallel-axis theorem, the MoI for
a composite area can easily be calculated.

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

33 -- 34
34

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

STEPS FOR ANALYSIS
1. Divide the given area into its
simpler shaped parts.
2. Locate the centroid of each
part and indicate the
perpendicular distance from
each centroid to the desired
reference axis.
3. Determine the MoI of each simpler shaped part about the
desired reference axis using the parallel-axis theorem
( IX = IX + A ( dy )2 ) .
4. The MoI of the entire area about the reference axis is
determined by performing an algebraic summation of the
individual MoIs obtained in Step 3. (Please note that MoI of
a hole is subtracted).
33 -- 35
35

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

READING QUIZ
1. The parallel-axis theorem for an area is applied between
A) an axis passing through its centroid and any corresponding
parallel axis.
B) any two parallel axis.
C) two horizontal axes only.
D) two vertical axes only.

2. The moment of inertia of a composite area equals the ____ of

the MoI of all of its parts.
A) vector sum
B) algebraic sum (addition or subtraction)
C) addition
D) product

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

33 -- 36
36

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

EXAMPLE

Given: The shaded area as

shown in the figure.
Find: The moment of inertia
for the area about the x-axis
and the radius of gyration kX.

Solution

(a) (b) (c)

1. The given area can be obtained by subtracting both the circle (b)
and triangle (c) from the rectangle (a).
2. Information about the centroids of the simple shapes can be
obtained from the inside back cover of the book. The perpendicular
distances of the centroids from the x-axis are: da = 5 in , db = 4 in,
and dc = 8in.

33 -- 37
37

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

EXAMPLE
3. IXa = (1/12) 6 (10)3 + 6 (10)(5)2
= 2000 in 4
IXb = (1/4) (2)4 + (2)2 (4)2
= 213.6 in 4
IXc

(a) (b) (c)

IX = IXa IXb

= (1 /36) (3) (6)3 +

() (3) (6) (8)2 = 594 in 4

IXc

= 1190 in 4

kX =

( IX / A )

10 ( 6 ) (2)2 () (3) (6) = 38.43 in 2

kX =

(1192 / 38.43) = 5.57 in.

All
All rights
rights reserved
reserved to
to bana
bana..

33 -- 38
38