0 ISSN 0043-2326 Welding. Research ee lbuitet BULLETIN 107 October 2002 Update’ of the March 1979 Revision (original, August 1965) “tocar "AND CYLINDRICAL SHELLS DUE;TO EXTERNAL LOADINGS, K. R. WICHMAN * * KG: HOPPER~ J. Li MERSHON: * ‘These Bulletins contain final reports from projects sponsored by the Welding Research Council, important papers presented before engineering societies and other reports of interest. WELDING RESEARCH COUNCIL, INC. PO Box 1942 New York, NY 10156 www-forengineers.orgWRC Bulletin Series. ‘382 Pracies in vated Temperature Das: A Compendim of reeded Hector Experiences 19767 Vole Coren Statuk and Futur Deec- ‘ons, Ele by A Kala, Ao 191 ‘253 Recommended Prectces n Elevated Temperatre Desig: A Compendium of Dreader React Expurinces {1070-1987} Volume iPrlininsry ‘Declgn and Siplied Mothode, Ete by AK. Dhl, May 1091, ‘34 (a Deson Cio Teacher Hany A Yai an. Uda Ente Pate ia Sin ot estan Unt Alrtnee ‘Leading, .P. Updike and A Katies, June 1291. sere scm ses ei Tone Dee A amg of Bear end yAnolalé, tod by AK Daal i 1001, - 2 2 etied By AC Dial, August 1991. ‘Te Pope Premtedattn erferoen nul etPeenre Viet’ Way be French APA AMLapA 8-5 7s the Suto oh ot Ra caren Teagan ota mat Sk Oh Anyone Tae Ssrba 1 {fraternities Peps es na nga aetna rene ern ny OG - ee ASME foe Code Quclines ad Criteria for Continued Operation > With uc Es Gasket by AE. Dac, Moy 1953 for Adrenced Light Water Beacons, Vole 1—Faltre Mecheniim eerie Patna va ee oe Soca Soke ay ir a Srcrncnrionconoentan Sy wncreneenbores erci icon mecionnesonare aps ncaa nts Bin. Oe : Rodos tet of Weld etal Profi onthe Fatigue Lit ntogralyRelrforeed Walon Pts by. E Woods nC Rabe ne 200 rete pot on Bran ens nen of Preeareed Conganrt and rae FRW Lai. Ung. AAG Wars | ‘OB, KM, stand M8 Wi iy 100K? er es {304 singled Mebode for Ceo Fate Detnage Evattorn site Asoc oie Extension by Mc roe. gun 19886 9. 305 Vandhim and Cotunsom Action a Pestuce Versa Stok PX, 6. R Somers andA M Pee, Sapa 054. chsohie 2} 206 Reearch Report on Cheractartzaon and Moding of Cracking in Wet HS Sees, by M:S. Cay Kan, Kay and. Prag Novena 204: | [7 Epica! Modeling for Reb Tine Weld Procans Control anc Generator Monitoring, by X Koda H.Vandanekandd. vans, December @B4es | {308 Reductons ot -H Cures for Ship Szuctral Details by KA Strbaug) .H. Lesson FV. EawreneaGx¥ Wo andG anes, Jara Tea8.; 8 i | 208 Thinner of Conmaate Connon nd Seaton on cain Ferman an Gown Cabra Undrntt Wak al A 4 Sanches-Ono dS. tn Fobriny 1095. rf seeereo arene 4 400 see ere meee rc tia a ee re A ri al 401 Underwater Wet Welding of Seah by S:BarmcS Usend OL Obon Mey 1B Ss A eRe Haat tesa ata | 402 Crogp- Fai habonement Tipe 33085 Yee atl nd Wut kin Ovting at 5 Bb Yr and Nica, in 1905 1403 Metalapoa and Fracture 6816-70 Sno) Metabrgical lth HAE In ANG TO “Toughness Spactnans, by C.D. Lina Zhov and KK. Khan. (2 Contparaon of te CTOD Facts Touches of Slated and Regione ASH Steel wth Deop and Stow Gath by.A Sev. ML Hea and. jo + te Caalog Ing he Bue rable on requestor ek wire ores. Using continued on inside back cover Yi tid wemtagronsg, Aarons maa Rebus afl ean, No ware ot tegtand or ipod, eaposing ta Gata, aaj, grape o sry in 7 I rnte'ty he Woldng Reveurch Gourd heute of any auch imation I tw vers 9m KAD ge Inducing Carlans ar revered by WRG. [WRC Bulletins are published monthly excopt March and Octobar by The Weiting Research Council PO Box 1942, NewFOREWORD October 2002 Update of March 1979 Revision ‘The October 2002 Update to the March 1979 Revision of WRC Bulletin 107 includes minor editorial changes for improvement and readability of several equations, cur ves and some text, There are NO technical changes. ‘+ The calculation forms (Tables 2, 3 and 5) are improved, particularly to show the "+" and "~" quantities more definitively. ‘+The equation for stress in paragraph 3.63 is revised to be on one line. The parameter definitions on several of tiie curves (Gégirining with figure SR-1) are improved arid dlaritied: Appendix B, exponents in Equations 1, 2, 3 and 4 are enlarged for readability, PVRC thanks Mr. James R. Farr, Honorary Emeritus Member of the Pressure Vessel Research Council, for his assistance in preparing this update. NOTE: WRC Bulletins 107 and 297 should be considered (and purchased) as an integral set. In addition, PVRC Technical Committees are working on a project that is envisioned to culminate in a new publication to add to the WRC Bulletin 107 and 297 set. The new publication will provide significant new technical information on local shell stresses from nozzles and attachments. Greg L. Hollinger ‘The Pressure Vessel Research Council FOREWORD to March 1979 Revision , Welding Research Council Bulletin No. 107 has been ‘one of the most widely used bulletins ever published by WRC. The original bulletin was published in August 1965, Since that time, a revised printing was issued in December 1968; a second revised printing was issued in July 1970; a third revised printing was released in April 1972; and a June 1977 reprint of the third revised printing was issued. ‘As sometimes happens with publications of this type, some ertors were detected and then corrected in sub- sequent revised printings. In this March 1979 Revision of Bulletin 107, there are some additional revisions and clarifications. The for- ‘mulations for calculation of the combined stress intensity, S. in Tables 2, 3, and $ have been clarified. Changes in labels in Figures 1C-1, 2C-1, 3C. and 4C have been made and the calculated stresses for Model “R” in Table A-3 and Model “C-1" in Table A-4 have been revised accordingly. The background for the change in labels is given in a footnote on p. 66. Present pls cal fora review and possible extension of curves to parameters which will cover the majority of ‘openings in nuclear containment vessels and large storage tanks. Plans are to extend R/T from 300 to 600 and to extend:d/D range from 0.003 to 0.10 for the new R/T ange, review available test data to establish limits of applicability: ‘and develop some guidance for pad reinforcements Long ‘ange plans are to review shel theory in general, and Bijlaard’s method in particular. The goal isto extend the R/t'up to 1200 for # d/D up to 0.1. This will include large deflection theory and other nonlinear effects. In addition, available computer programs will be studied in hope of developing one which will be an appropriate supplement to Bijlaard’s method. Finally, a review will be made of limit loads related to large R/T and small d/D. JR. Farr, Chairman PYRC Design DivisionFOREWORD Several years ago, the Pressure Vessel Research Committee sponsored an analytical and experi mental research program.aimed at providing meth- ods of determining the stresses in pressure vessel nozzle connections subjected to various forms of external loading, The analytical portion of this work was accamplished by Prof. P. P. Bijlaard of Cornell University, and. was reported in Refer- ences 1 to 8 inclusive. Development of the theoretical solutions involved a number of simplify- ing assumptions, including the use of shallow shell theory. for,spherical, vessels and flexible load- ing surfaces for. cylindrical vessels. ‘These cir- cumstances limited the potential usefulness of the results to d,/D, ratios of perhaps 0.3 in the case of spherical shells and 0.25 in the ease of cylindrical shells. Since no data were available for the larger diameter ratios, Prof. Bijlaard later supplied data, at the urging of the design engineers, for the values of @ = 0.375 and 0.50 (d,/D, ratios approaching 0.60) for cylindrical shells, as listed on page 12 of Reference 10. In so doing, Prof. Bijlaard in- cluded a specific warning concerning the possible limitations of these data, as follows: “The values for these large loading surfaces were computed on Fequest of several companies. It should be re- membered, however, that they actually apply to flexible loading surfaces and, for radial load, to the center of the loading surface. It should be under- stood that using these values for the edge of the attachment, as was recommended for small load- ing surfaces, may be unconservative.” Following completion of the theoretical work, experimental work was undertaken in an effort to verify the theory, the results of which were pub- lished in References 17 and 18. Whereas work seemingly provided reasonable verification of the theory, it was limited, to relatively small d,/- D, ratios—0.10 in the case of spherical shells and 0.126 in the case of cylindrical shells. Since vir- tually no data, either analytical or experimental, were available covering the larger diameter ratios, the Bureau of Ships sponsored a limited investiga- tion of this problem in spheres, aimed at a par- ticular design problem, and the: Pressure Vessel Research Comimittee undertook a somewhat si ilar investigation in cylinders. Results of this work have recently become available emphasizing the limitations in Bijlaard’s data on cylindrical shells, particularly as. it- applies to thin shells over the “extended range” (page 12 of Reference 10). Incident to the use of Bijlaard’s data for design purposes, it has become apparent that design engineers sometimes have difficulty in interpreting or properly applying this:work. » As a result of such experience, PVRC has felt it desirable that all of Bijlaard’s work be summarized in convenient, “cook-book” form to facilitate its use by design engineers. However, before this document could be issued, the above mentioned limitations became apparent, presenting an unfortunate dilemma, viz., the test data indicate that the calculated data are partially inadequate, but the exact nature and magnitude of the error is not known, nor is any better analytical treatment of the problem avail- able (for cylinders) Under these circumstances, it was decided that the best course was to proceed with issuing the “cook-book,” extending Bijiaard’s curvesas best we can on the basis of available test data. ‘This de- cision was based on the premise that all of the proposed changes would be toward the conserva- tive (or “safe”) side and that design engineers would continue to use Rijlaard’s extended range data unless some alternative were offered. ‘The following paper is therefore presented in the hope that it will facilitate the use of Bijlaard’s work by design engineers. Every effort has been made to point out any known limitations in the work and to explain the exact nature of the changes which have been made to Bijlaard’s original-curves and data; however, users are warmed that the resulting work is not necessarily adequate for all cases. Ibis the hope of the Subcommittee that additional theo- retical work can be undertaken to provide more adequate data on various phases of this problem. FP, S. G. Wrrtiams, Chairman PVRC Subcommittee on Reinforced Openings and External LoadingsCONTENTS 1, Nomenclature 2. General Equation 3. Spherical Shells . 3.1 Sign Convention 3.2 Parameters 8.2.1 Round Attachments . 3.2.2 Rectangular Attachments Calculation of Stresses 3.3.1 Radial load 3.3.2 Moment Loading 3.3.3 Torsional Moment Loading 3.34 Shear Load 3.3.5 Combined Loading (Computa- tion Sheet) List of Nondimensional Curves. Limitations of Application Abridged Calculation for Maximum Stress 4. Cylindrical Shells 4.1 Sign Convention 42 Parameters 4.2.1 Shell Parameter (7) 4.2.2 Attachment Parameter (6) 4.2.2.1 Round Attachment 4.2.2.2 Square Attachment 33 34 35 36 AmaAdwowunwon wae woeownan 4.2.2.3 Rect. Att. Subject to P 4.2.2.4 Rect. Att. Subject to Me. 4.2.2.5 Rect. Att. Subject to M. 4.3 Calculation of Stresses 43.1 Radial Load. . 43.2 Circumferential Moment Load- ing a Longitudinal Moment Loading ‘Torsional Moment Loading Shear Load. ‘Combined Loading (Computa- tion Sheet). : Nondimensional Curves 44.1 List of Nondimensional Curves imitations on Application 45.1 Radial Load 4.5.2 External Moment. - 5, Acknowledgments... . - 6. References : Appendix A—Basis for “Corrections” to Bijlaard’s Curves. ‘Appendix B—Stress Concentration fac- tors for Stresses due to External Loads 43.3 434 43.5 43.6 44 45Local Stresses in Spherical and Cylindrical Shells due to External Loadings by KR. Wichman, A. G. Hopper, and J. L. Mershon 1 Symbols Nomenclature ‘used in the formulas and equations in the text are listed below: 412 General Nomenclature mobs normal stress in the ith direction on the surface of the shell, pai shear stress on the ith face of the jth direction stress intensity — twice maximum shear stress, psi membrane force per unit length in the ith direction, Ib/in. bending moment per unit length in the ith direction, in. Ib/in. ‘membrane stress concentration fac- tor (pure tension or compression) bending stress concentration factor denotes direction. In the case of spherical shells, this will refer to the tangential and radial direc- tions with respect to an axis normal to the shell through the center of the attachment as shown in Fig. 1. In the case of cylindrical shells, this will refer to longitudinal and circumferen- tial directions with respect to the axis of the cylinder as shown in Fig. 2. denotes tensile stress (when ass0- ciated with 0.) denotes compressive stress (when associated with 0.) angle sround attachment, degrees (oe Figs. 1 and 2) modulus of elasticity, pai concentrated radial load or total distributed radial load, Ib K.R. WICWUM is with the Office of Standardspevelop- sent of the Ington, be. "¢ V.S. Mucloar Regulatory. Commission, Haste ALG. HoPPeR, ‘present Location unkiown. Sib. MERSHON, “Consultant, rs puitation of thie seore is roanre oy the cgablistiey of egret trnerat oy BEse Seles Mr dy de Dy De concentrated external shear load, bb = concentrated external overturning moment, in Ib ‘concentrated external torsional mo- ment, in. Ib inside diameter and mean diameter, respectively, of the nozzle, in. inside diameter and mean diameter, respectively, of the shell, in. 12 Nomenciature Applicable to Spherical Shells Y Ve Mm My Ry T rn n Stresses in Shella 1-1 direction, Ib external overturning moment in 1-1 direction, in. Ib ‘external overturning moment in 2-2 direction, in. Ib = mean radius of spherical shell, in. = thickness of spherical shell, in. = outside radius of cylindrical at- tachment, in. ‘mean radius of hollow cylindrical at- tachment, in. ‘thickness of hollow cylindrical at- tachment, in. Tait Te ref VRP membrane force in shell wall in radial and circumferential direc- tions, respectively, Ib/in. (see Fig. 1) = bending moment in shell wall in radial and circumferential direc- tions, respectively, in. Ib/in. (see Fig. 1) : = normal stress in radial direction, psi (see Fig. 1) = normal stress in circumferential di- rection, psi (see Fig. 1)113. Nomenclature Appi Ve va M, shear stress on the x face in the y rection, psi shear stress on the y face in the x rection, psi shear stress on the 1-1 face shear stress on the 2-2 face 0 Cylindrical Shetts concentrated shear load in the cir- cumferential direction, Ib concentrated shear load in the on- gitudinal direction, Ib ‘extemal overturning moment in the cifcumferential-direction with re- spect to the shell, in. Ib external overturning moment in the longitudinal direction with re- spect to the shell, in. Ib ‘mean radius of cylindrical shell, in. length of cylindrical shell, in outside radius of cylindrical at- tachment, in. haalf length of rectangular loading in circumferential direction, in. half length of rectangular loading in Tongitudinal direction, in. wall thickness of cylindrical shell, in, coordinate in longitudinal direction of shell coordinate in circumferential direc- tion of shell cylindrical coordinate in circum- ferential direction of shell UR. attachment parameter o/Ra o/Ra R/T; shell parameter multiplication factors for N, and N, for rectangular surfaces given in Tables 7 and 8 coefficients given in Tables 7 and 8 bending moments in shell wall in the circumferential and longi- tudinal direction with respect to the shell membrane forces in shell wall in the circumferential and longitudinal irection with respect. to the shell normal stress in the circumferential direction with respect to the shell, psi normal stress in the longitudinal di- rection with respect to the shell, psi shear stress on the x face in the ¢ direction with respect to the shell, psi shear stress on the ¢ face in the x direction with redpect to the shell, psi 2, General Equation In the analysis of stresses in thin shells, one pro- ceeds by considering the relation between internal membrane forces, internal bending moments and stress concentrations in accordance with the follow- ing: a=k, ‘Stress concentration factors should be considered in the following situations: (a) the vessel is constructed of a brittle ma- terial. (0) a fatigue evaluation is to be undertaken. ‘The designer may find the data on stress concentrations contained in Appendix B to behelpful. Much of the work contained in this Bulletin is de- voted to a synopsis of methods for obtaining mem- brane forces (N,) and bending moments (M,) which have been developed by Professor P. P. Bijlaard in his numerous papers written on this subject. ‘This data has been obtained for a wide range of cases by use of an electronic computer and is presented here in the form of nondimensional curves, 3. Spherical Stells 2A Sign Convention For the most part, stresses will be considered in the vessel wall at the attachment-to-shell juncture. Here a biaxial state of stress exists on the inside and outside surfaces, so that one is concerned with radial and tangential (principal) stresses as indi- cated in Fig. 1. At this location, one can predict whether the stresses will be tensile (+) or compres- sive (—) by considering the deflection of the shell resulting from the various modes of loading. case 5 To illustrate, consider Case I showing a direct radial inward load (P) transmitted to the shell by the attachment. Here the load acts similar to a local external pressure Joad on the shell causing compressive membrane stresses. Also, local bend- ing occurs 60 that tensile bending stresses result on the inside of the vessel at A and B while compres- e bending stresses result on the outside. Stressen in ShellsFig. 1Types of loading conditions at an attachment to ‘spherical 2h In Case II, the overturning moment may be con- sidered to act as a couple composed of equal and ‘opposite radial forces. Hence, tensile membrane stresses result at A while compressive membrane stresses result at B. As in Case I, local bending also occurs so that tensile bending stresses develop ‘at A on the outside of the vessel and at B on the in- side, while compressive bending streases develop at ‘Aon the inside and B on the outside. In this manner, the signs (tensile +, compres- sive —) of stresses resulting from various external loading conditions may be predicted. It is to be noted that these stresses are located in the vessel wall at its juncture with the attachment. le 1 shows the signs of stresses resulting from id and overturning moment.” This table will facilitate the use of the nondimensional curves (presented in the following procedure) and mini- mize concern for the signs of the calculated stresses, laard’s work have been plotted in terms of nondimensional geometric parameters by use of an electronic computer. Hence, the first step in this procedure is to evaluate the applicable geometric parameters. 3.2.1 Suen Parameter (U). ‘The shell param- eter is given by the ratio of the nozzle outside radius to the square root of the product of shell radius and thickness, thus: U= VRAT Ifa square attachment is to be considered, U may be approximated as follows: a 0875 VRAT 3.2.2 AvrachwenT PaRamerens. For spherical shells, either round or square attachments may be considered. 3.2.2.1 Rigid Attachments: In the case of a rigid attachment, no attachment parameter is required to.use the nondimensional curves. 3.2.2.2 Nozzles: For hollow cylindrical attach- ment such as a nozzle, the following parameters must be evaluated: 3.22.3 Hollow Square Attachment: If a hollow ‘square attachment such as a box beam is to be con- sidered, the required parameters may be approxi- mated as follows: 12 Caleulation of Stresses 3.3.1 Stresses Resuitinc From Ravtat Loan, P ‘Table 1—Sign Convention for Stresses Resulting (rom Radial ‘and Moment Load on a Spherical Shall OUND ATTACHNENT square artacuwent tower | a = = z z 3 : z Stresses in Shells 3BI.11 Radiat Stresses (a,): Step 1. Using the applicable values of U, 7 and p*, read off the dimensionless membrane force (N,T/P) from the applicable curve which will be found in one of the following figures: Figure SR-2 or SP-1 to SP-10, inclusi Step 2. By the same procedure used in Step 1 above, read off the value of dimensionless bending moment (M,/P) from the applicable curve. Thi value will be found in the same figure used in Step 1. Step 3. Using the applicable values of P and T, calculate the radial membrane stress (N,/T) by: Me ) : ie TOVP) Ap, Step 4. By a procedure similar to that used in Step 3, calculate the radial bending strose (6M,/T") thus: ome «(28 (@) ‘ial P ae Step 5. Combine the’ radial membrane and bending stresses by use of the general stress equ: tion (Section 2) together with the proper choice of sign (see Table 1); ie., wwe tha su. 3.3.1.2 Tangential Stress (o,): Follow the five (5) steps outlined in 3.3.1.1 using the came figure to ob- tain (N,T/P) and (M,/P) as was used to obtain (N,T/P) and (M,/P)._It follows that: 3-H) @) Gr oo KAD eK 3.3.2. Sraxsses Resuutinc From OvewTuaNinc Moment, M. 9.3.2.1 Radial Stresses (o,): Step 1. Using the applicable values of U, Tand »* read off the dimensionless membrane force (N,7VR,7/M) from the applicable curve which will be found in one of the following figures: Figure SR-3 or SM-1 to SM-10, inclusive. Step 2. By the same procedure used in Step 1 above, read off the value of dimensionless bending moment (M,/R,T/M) from the applicable curve. This value will be found in the same figure used in Step 1. Step 3. Using the applicable values of M, R.. and T, calculate the radial membrane stress ands aot ewan m the com oh (N,/T) by: N, [Stee nits] Tr la T. Step 4. aia lar to that used in Step 3, calculate the radial bending stress (6M,/T%), thus: 6M, | [Maer [ 6M. j Pr M TPYR,T. Step 5. Combine the radial membrane and bending stresses by use of the general stress equa- tion (pera. 2) together with the proper choice of sign (see Table 1); ice., oe = KM 2 KE 3.3.2.2 Tangential Stress (o,): Follow the-five steps outlined in 3.3.2.1, using the same figure to obtain (N,T/R_T/M) and (M,V/R, 77M): used to obtain (N,7/P) and (M,/P). It follows that: M 3° PS) ve ESE) [nhs 6M, KAR Khe 7 3.3.3 Stmesses Resvurinc FROM TorsionaL Moment, M;. In the case of a round attach- ment (such a8 a pipe), torsional moment is assumed to induce pure shear stresses, so that shear stress (7) in the shell at the attachment-to-shell juncture is given by: If only shear stresses are being considered, it is to be noted that the equivalent stress intensity is twice the above calculated shear stzess. In the case of rectangular attachments, torsional moment produces a complex stress field in the shell. Acceptable methods of analyzing this situa tion are not available at this time. If the designer hhas reason for concern, the problem should be re- solved by testing in accordance with established code procedures. 3.3.4 Stresses Resvttine Prom SHEAR Loa, V. Bijlaard has proposed" that shear force (V) can be assumed transmitted to the shell entirely by mem- brane shear force. Therefore, stresses in the shell at the attachment-to-shell’ juncture can be approximated as follows: 9.3.4.1 Round Attachment: v mr Ty = (refer to Fig. 1) 1 ‘Stresses in Shells3.3.4.2 Square Attachment: Vv. tam jap (ate 33.5 Srmzsses Resvurinc From ARBITRARY Loapins. In the general case, all applied loads and moments must be resolved (at the attach- ‘ment-shell interface) in the three principal direc- tions: i.e., they must be resolved into components, P, Vi, Vs, My, My and My. If one then proceeds in the manner previously outlined, membrane, bending and shear stresses can be evaluated at eight distinct points in the shell at its juncture with the attachment. These eight points are shown in the sign convention chart, Table 1. ‘The numerous stress components can be readily accounted for if a scheme similar to that shown in Table 2 and 3 is adopted. In using this scheme, it is to be noted that the Maximum Shear Theory hhas been used to determine equivalent. stress i tensities. Also, itis to be noted that evaluation of streases resulting from internal pressure has been omitted. ‘Test work conducted by PVRC has shown that stresses attenuate rapidly at points removed from the attachment-to-chell juncture, the maximum stress frequently being located at. the juncture.* However, in the general case of arbitrary loading, ‘one hes no assurance that the absolute maximum stress intensity in the shell will be located at one of the eight points considered in the above dis- cussion. = 90° and 270°) A. List of Nondimensional Curves for Spherical Shells Solid Attachment Fig. No. ‘SR-1” Maximum Stream due to external loading (Radial ‘and overturning moment combined) SR-2 Strom due to radial lond P SR-3 Stree due to.overtuming moment M Hollow Attachment ‘Stresses Due to Radial Load P on Notsle Connection Fig. No, SP-1 SP2 SP3 SP4 SPs SP6 SPT SP8 SP3 SP-10 ‘Stress Due to Overturning Moment 31 on Nozzle ‘Connection B338s8ssseK” s vat SM.2 5M-3 SM4 SMS sss t Fig, No 15 2.00 SM6 15 40 SMT 15 10.00 SMa 50 40 SMe 50 10.00 SM10 35 Limitations on Application In general, the foregoing procedure is applicable to relatively small attachments on large spherical shells, Where relatively large attachments are considered, or when situations are encountered that deviate considerably from the idealized cases presented herein, the designor should refer to para. A.2 and Fig. A-1 in Appendix A or to the original references to ascertain the limitetions of appli- ‘ability for the procedure tised. Under certain conditions, it is possible that stresses will be higher at points removed from the attachment-to-shell juncture than they are at the juncture itself (as assumed in the foregoing proce- dure). Of notable concern are the following: 3.5.1 Nozzue Srress. The foregoing procedure provides one with a tool to find stresses in the shell, but not in the nozzle. In some instances, stresses will be higher in the nozzle wall than they are in the vessel wall, ‘This possibility is most likely if the the nozzle opening is not reinforced, or if the rein- forcement is placed on the vessel wall and not on the nozzle. 3.5.2 SueLL Srressrs. It has been found in some cases that certain of the stress components (eg., N; or M,) may peak at points slightly re- moved from the attachment. Such situations are indicated in the accompanying curves by a dashed line for the stress component(s) in question. If this situation is encountered, the designer could use the maximum value(s) and obtaini a conserva- tive result, But in doing so, he should recognize that stress components from different points in the vessel would be combined, and although conserva- tive, the procedure is not theoretically correct. When a rigorous solution of the problem is desired, Bibliographical References 4-9, 12, or 18 should be consulted. 3.5.3 Exupsowat Sueuts. The method de- scribed in the text may be applied to ellipsoidal pressure vessel heads with reasonable accuracy if the mean shell radius R.. at the juncture with the attachment is used in the applicable formulas, imum Stresses Due te Radial 12 Rigid Attachment In the case of a rigid attachment, it hes boon found that the radial stresses (c,) at the juncture are always larger than the tangential stresses (0,). Hence, in situations where only radial and mo- ment loading are involved, it is possible to find the maximum stresses by considering only the radial stresses (¢,). Figure SR-1 has been plotted by combining the nondimensional radial membrane ‘Stresses in Shelis 5Ta F Local Stresses In Spherical Shells (Solld attachment) 2 ceomery Wier = SPHERICAL SHELL Re ea ae te [COMDINED STRESS INTENSITY — 5 1) ten 1 #0, $= largest absolute magnitude of either Bw 1/2 (0,40, 2 dg = Oy)? + aX? Jor May = Gy)? +e 2) When S™ Oye 3 = largest absolute magnitude of either ty OF (0, = Oy) + | and radial bending stresses given in Figs. SR-2and iat Loan (P). ‘SR-3, so that the following simplified procedure for Step 1. Calculate the value of the applicable calculating maximum stresses has been developed. _ shell parameter (U) as given in para. 3.2.1. 3.6.1 Maximum Stress Resuutine From Ra- Step 2. Enter Fig. SR-1 at the value of U found 6 ‘Stresses in ShellsTable Computation Sh t for Local Strossas in Spherical Shells (Hollow Attachment) 1 poomatenae® ad! tons Se toed, ‘Shuwrtoad Ovetaneg Monat Tersona Moran 2 cromety Voss ess, Vesela Rai, Nosse Toees, Noe Oe Radu, Wy jy COMDINED STRESS THTENGITY Lite 1 4 0, $= Largont a agpitude of ithe PUA Bevo, 2G, opt Heer Mie ay Ta 2) When T= 0, 5 = largest absolute magnitude of either ge Oy OF (Oy ~ Gy) +in Step 1, and using the curve marked “radial load P,” read off the value of the nondimensional stress (c.T?/P). Step 3. Using the applicable value of load (P), shell thickness (7'), and stress concentration factor (K,), calculate the maximum combined stress (0) wee (PAZ) In the case of a cylindrical attachment, this stress will be located on the outside surface of the vessel all the way sround at its intersection with the at- tachment. If P is acting radially inward, a com- pressive (—) stress results; if P acts radially out- ward, a tensile (+) stress results, Since the stress normal to the surface of the vessel is zero, o is the maximum stress intensity; ic.,S = 0. 3.6.2 Maxtmum Stags ResuLtine From OVER- TURNING Moments, M, AND M;. Step; Resolve moments M, and M; vectorially into a single moment. (M) thus: M= VMi+ Me Nore: Itis assumed that M, and M,areorthog- onally oriented. Also, M must not include tor- sional ifioment (Mz) as shown in Fig. 1. Step 2. Calculate the value of the applicable shell parameter (U) as given in para. 3.2.4. Step 3. . Enter Fig. SR-1 at the value of U found in Step 2, and using the curve marked “external moment M” read off the value of the nondi- mensional stress (¢.7°\/R,7/M). Step 4. Using the applicable value of moment (M), shell thickness (T), shell mean radius (R..), and stress concentration factor (K,), calculate the maximum combined stress (2,) thus: x. (PE) x (te) EE M T/R,T) will be located on the outside surface of the vessel, ward side” of the moment (M). ‘The stress (c) will be distributed sinusoidally around the attachment. 3.6.3 Maxmum Srniss Resuuring From Com- BivEp Loap (P) anw OveRtuRNING Moment (M). If load (P) and moment (Af) are considered sep- arately as outlined in 3.6.1 and 3.6.2 above, it is possible to consider the combined loading condi- on by superposing resulls of the two cases as follows: “CPE CEN evra] FRow Tne coworriTvOINAL a axis woo veteau euewent Fig. 2Types of loading conditions at an attachment to 2 Cylindrical shell In using this formula, the sign conventions estab- lished in Table 1 should be used. 4. Cylindrical Shells 4A Sign Convent ‘Stresses will be considered in the shell at the at- tachment-to-shell juncture in both the circum- ferential and longitudinal directions as shown in Fig. 2A knowledge of the shell deflections re- sulting from various modes of loading permits one o predict whether resulting stresses will be tensile (+) or compressive (—). i ? Ay wh ae ease case ese 1 Consider Case I showing a direct radial inward load, P. Here P acts similar to local external pressure on the shell causing compressive mem- brane stresses, Furthermore, local bending occurs 20 that tensile bending stresses resull on the inside of the vessel at C and D while compressive bending stresses result on the outside. In Cases I and II], the applied moments are considered to act as couples composed of equal and opposite radial forces. Hence, tensile membrane stresses result at B and D while compressive mem- brane stresses result at A and C. As in Case I 8 Stresses in Shells‘Table 4—Sian Convention for Stresses Resulting from Radial ‘and Moment Loading on a Cylindrical Shell, “Tha tensile bending stresses result at A and C on the in- side of the vessel, and B and D onthe outside of the Similarly, compressive bending stresses vessel. result at A and Con the outside and Band Don the inside, In this manner Table 4 has been developed to show the signs of stresses resulting from various external loading conditions. ‘These stresses are lo- cated in the vessel wall at its juncture with the at- tachment. Use of Table 4 permits one to use the nondimensional curves presented in the following procedure with a minimum of encumbency and concern for sign convention. ‘The numerous stress components can be readily accounted for if a scheme similar to that shown in ‘Table 5 is adopted. In using this scheme it is to bbe noted that the Maximum Shear Theory has been used to determine equivalent stress intensities. Also it is to be noted that evaluation of stresses resulting from internal pressure has been omitted. ‘Test, work conducted by PVRC has shown that, stresses attenuate rapidly at points removed from the attachment-to-shell juncture, the maximum stress usually being located at the juncture. How- ever, in the general case of arbitrary loading, one has no assurance that the absolute maximum. stress intensity will be located at one of the eight points considered in the above discussion. ‘The maximum stress intensity could be located at some intermediate point around the juncture under an arbitrary load, or under a longitudinal moment ‘the circumstances outlined in para, 4.4 and Stresses in Shells Appendix A. 42 Parameters ‘The results of Bijlaard’s work have been plotted in terms of nondimensional geometric parameters by use of an electronic computer. Hence, the first step in this procedure is to evaluate the applicable geometric parameters 7 and 42.1 Smet, PanaMerer (7). ‘The shell param- eter is given by the ratio of the shell mid-radius to shell thickness thus: y= R/T 4.2.2 Arracument PaRamersn (6). For cylin: drical shells, either round or rectangular attach- ments may be considered in the following manner: 4.2.2.1 Round Attachment: For a round attach- ment the parameter # is evaluated using the ex- pression: 87 Ry 422.2 Square Attachment: For a square attach- ‘ment the parameter is evaluated by: B= = be 4.2.2.3 Rectangular Attachment Subject to Radial Load (P): For this case @ is evaluated as follows: c e ane ee where K values are obtained from Table 6. 4.2.24 Rectangular Attachment Subject to Circum- ferential Moment (MM). 4.2.2.4.1: When considering membrane forces (No: 6 = Yaz a, Then multiply values of ,/(M./Rq’8) 80 determined by C. from Table 7 Gee para. 4.3). ‘When_considering bending moment Keay, where K, is given in Table 7. 4.2.2.5 Rectangular Attachment Subject to Longi- tudinal Moment (M.,). When considering membrane forces Yq, g, Then multiply values of 9Table Computation Sheat for Local Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 2. Guamatie Pooneters ‘COMBINED STRESS INTENSITY - 5 1) When T ¥ 0, S = largest absol nagpteuge of eit s=1/2 lo, +9, 2 Vy = 0g)? + 40? Jor Vlog = 99)? + at? . 2) When T = 0, S = largest absolute magnitude of either S = Oy, 0p OF (9, - 9) - Ni/(M1/R,q"8) 80 determined by (C,) from Table 3 Calculation of Stresses 8 (see para. 4.3). 4.3.1 Stuesses Resuitinc FaoM RADIAL Loa, 4.2,2.5.2: When considering bending moment _P. QM): & = Kipp where K, is given in Table 4.3.1.1 Circumferential Stresses (c,): a Step 1. Using the applicable values of # and y 10 Steases in Shell‘Table 6-—-Radial Load (P) Ne Ny My My Ky ost 188 1% 12 K 14a 12 oss 125 ‘Nore: “Above holds approximately within limite 4 > flee Ya calculated in para. 4.2, enter Fig. 3C and read off the dimensionless membrane force [_N, [ert] Step 2. By the same procedure used in Step 1, enter Fig. 1C or 2C-1 and find the dimensionless bending moment (M,/P]. Step 3. Using applicable values of P, R., and T, find the circumferential membrane stress N/T) by: Step 4. By a procedure similar to that used in Step 3, find the circumferential bending stress, Me) | [eR (6M,/T") thus: 8“ ry om, T Step 5. Combine the circumferential membrané and bending stresses by use of the general stress oN 7B ra] Me equation (Section 2), together with the proper choice of sign (Table 4); i.e.: 6M, Pr 4.3.1.2 Longitudinal Stresses (2): Follow the 5 steps outlined in 4.3.1.1 except that (N./P/Ry) is obtained using Fig. 4C; and [M,/P}, using Fig. Ng on Ke eK, 2C or 20-1. It follows that: 7 ~Lera):- Le) T LPR] LRT IT ‘6P | [ea Mg xg OMe oe Kee + Kt 4.3.2 Snesses RESULTING FROM CIRCUMFEREN- TIAL Moment, M.. 4.3.2.1 Circumferential Stresses (o,): Step 1. Using the applicable values of # and caleulated in para, 4.2, enter Fig, 3A and read off the dimensionless membrane force N,/(M./R'8)- Step 2, By the same procedure used in Step 1, enter Fig. 1A and find the dimensionless bending moment M,/(M./Ry8). : Step 3. “Using applicable values of M., Rm 6 /—Circumterential Moment (M.) Bilt y Ki fort Ke for My K. for My C.for Ne Coton Me Me 15 1.09 Lat 1.84 oat 0.49 50 104 ie 162 ora 0:46 100 olsT rie 14s 0.15 oe 300 0.92 ro var 0.09 0:46 hs 18 1.00 109 136, 0.64 0.75 50 0:98 1.08 ar o.8T 0.75 100 Olea ioe 128 on 9.76 300 0:95 0:99 Lis 0139 o.T7 2 6 (1.00) (120) 0:97) an a3) 100 119 110 0.95 143 113 300 £00) 0:90) 3) 400) 4 15 + 1.00) a, 4.08) (75) aay 100 149 138 106 149 0 a1 ‘300 azn 0.98) 136) om Note: ‘The values in parenthesis determined by an approximate solution, Table &—Longitedinal Moment (M.,) pai » Ku fors Ki for Me Ki. for My Cu for Ne C4 for Ne Me 15 11a 180 v4 0.78 O43 50 13 Les Lie or 0.33 100 ata Use aan 0:80 0124 300 iat 138 an 0:90 0.07 vs 15 (1.00) (08) (ea (0:80) (0:76) 100, 100 107 102 0.97 0.68 300 (1.00) (105) 2.02) 10) (0:60) 2 15 (0.94 32) 87) 2:20) 100 1.09 089) 1.07 ‘0.81 145. 300 0.79) 30) (0.89) 50) 4 1% 1.39 0.90 124 0.68 120" x00 18 o'aL 132 9.51 1.03 300 (o-64 (0.88) (0.50) (133) Nore: ‘The values in parenthesis determined by an approximate solution n ‘Stresses in Shells