NGUN GC TT NGUYN N C TRUYN

CA TRUNG QUC
Tt m lch cui nm (Xut tit), thi c gi l Nguyn nht, Nguyn
n, Nguyn thn, Tu u, Nin tit, v.v... Qu xun tit (n tt),
ngi Trung Quc thng gi l Qu nin hoc Qu i nin.
Tt Nguyn n c truyn ca Trung Quc c ngun gc t phong tc T
l thng chp (lp t) t thi thng c, n nay c lch s pht trin hn
4000 nm. Ngay t thi k vua Nghiu vua Thun, x hi Trung Quc xut
hin hot ng Lp t.
Lp t tc l hot ng t l bch thn din ra vo thng cui cng trong
nm (lp nguyt), nhm cm t thn linh ph h cho mi ngi c no ,
ma mng bi thu. Nghi thc t l ny v cng trang trng, mi ngi phi
chun b nhng loi thc phm ngon nht t t bch thn. Bi th, ngi ta
phi i sn ( lip), nhm kim tht th rng ti, c mi v thm ngon lm
t phm. Thi c, ch lip ng ngha vi ch lp, bi vy Lp t cn c
ngha l hot ng sn bt, t t.
C iu, khi dp Tt ny mi xut hin th tn gi ca n c mt s khc
bit vi ngy nay. Thi Nghiu Thun gi l Ti, thi H gi l Tu, thi
Thng gi l T, mi n thi Chu mi gi l Nin. Nin l khi nim
thi gian, lin quan trc tip vi ngh nng v lch php, cng l s tng kt ca
ngi xa i vi chu k sinh trng ca cy trng v s i thay ca ma
mng(*). Theo sch Thuyt vn gii t - Ha b : Nin, cc thc d (Nin l
lc ng cc chn vy). Thi i H - Thng (khong th k XXI Tr.CN th
k X Tr.CN), Trung Quc c lch nh H (cng gi l m lch hoc Nng
lch), ly chu k trng trn lm thng, 1 nm chia thnh 12 thng. Mi thng, li
ly ngy khng nhn thy nh trng gi l Sc nht (ngy mng 1 mi thng);
Gi t (t 11h n 1h m) ngy 1 thng ging gi l Tu u (u nm), tc
l bt u ca 1 nm mi. Thi Thng th ly thng 12 lm thng ging (chnh
nguyt); Sau khi thng nht 6 nc, Tn Thy Hong li ly thng 10 lm thng
ging. n thi Hn vn dng theo lch nh Tn, nhng sau Hn V Lu
Trit cm thy cch ghi lch qu ri lon nn bn ban b tn php, quy nh ly
thng ging m lch l thng u trong nm, v ly ngy 1 thng ging l ngy
u tin ca mt nm, tc ngy Nguyn n (ngy mng 1 tt). T , thi
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gian ca tt Nguyn n c truyn mi chnh thc c c nh. Nh vy, cch

tnh nin i theo lch nh H c ngi Trung Quc dng sut t thi Hn
n mi nhng nm cui cng ca triu Thanh.
Nm 1912, khi nhm chc i Tng thng lm thi Trung Hoa dn quc
Nam Kinh, Tn Trung Sn tuyn b Trung Quc s dng Cng lch (cn gi l
Dng lch, Tn lch) thng dng trn th gii. ng thi, ng cng quyt nh
ly ngy 1 thng 1 nm 1912 (theo Dng lch) lm ngy 1 thng 1 nm Dn quc
nguyn nin; v ngy ny gi l Tn nin, ch khng gi l Nguyn n.
V 2 ch Xun tit th thy sm nht trong thin Dng Chn truyn
Hn th ca Phm Dip thi Nam Tng (1127-1279): Hu ng tc tuyt,
xun tit v v, bch liu tiu tm (Li mt ma ng tuyt ri, tit xun cn
cha ma, bch quan thy u lo lng). Song, ngun gc ca t Xun tit
vi t cch l danh t, dng thay th cho khi nim Nin tit th mi ch c
hn 60 nm lch s.
Vn d, ngy 27 thng 9 nm 1949, k hp u tin Hi ngh Hip thng
chnh tr ca nhn dn Trung Quc thng qua vic s dng k nguyn cng
lch thng dng trn th gii. Theo , gi ngy 1 thng 1 dng lch l
Nguyn n, tc gi l Tt Dng lch (Dng lch nin). Thng thng,
sau tit lp xun mi n ngy mng 1 thng ging m lch, v th ngi Trung
Quc gi ngy ny l Xun tit, tc gi l tt m lch (m lch nin).
Trung Quc, d l thnh ph, th trn hay lng qu th mi nm, khi n
thng chp, khng kh tt dn tr nn nhn nhp. Mi ngi bt u bn rn mua
sm hng tt; Cc a phng trn c nc, ngi i ch ng nh try hi.
Cnh tng mua bn bnh tt, hng, nn, pho, cu i, hoa qu, tranh tt v
cng no nhit. Ph n mi m chn mua vi vc, chun b may nhng b qun
o mi cho ngi gi, con tr. Nam gii th bn rn n ch g, chn mua
dng cho gia nh hoc i ch gm s mua bt, a, l hng
n tt, hu nh mi nh u phi mua thm mt b bt a mi dng
khi cng l. Ngoi vic t lng thnh knh i vi thn linh, t tin, mi ngi
cng cu mong cho gia nh c thnh vng, n mc. a dng cng
phi l loi a sn mu , vi mong mun s gp may mn. Tt n, nhng
ngi bun bn nh ua nhau mang m Thn ti, To qun rao bn khp cc
thnh ph, lng mc, cng lm cho khng kh tt thm tng bng, nhn nhp.
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Tp tc mua sm hng tt vo thng chp c t rt lu trong dn gian.

Trong sch ng Kinh mng hoa lc ca Mnh Nguyn Lo thi Bc Tng c
nhiu on ghi chp v tp tc ngy tt, trong c on miu t cnh ch
thng Chp Bin Kinh thi Tng: Khp ni u thy ch hng by bn mn
thn (tc Thn Tr v c Ly), tranh Chung Qu v cu i. Thc phm th
mun mu mun v, v cng phong ph vi cc loi tht c, rau qu nh:
Tht g, vt, d, ln, ht b, rau rng nga, m vn thn, ru tiu bch, c
ngi ta ua nhau mua sm chun b cho m tr tch. Tr tch l bui ti
cui cng ca thng Chp m lch, tip lin vi ngy 1 thng Ging nm mi
(Xun tit). Ch tr trong t Tr tch c ngha l kh (i qua), dch
(chuyn dch), giao th (thay th nhau). Tr tch ngha l Nm cng thng
tn (Nguyt cng tu tn), l m cui cng trong nm, mi ngi cn r b
chuyn bun trong nm n mng nm mi. Trong m tr tch, mi hot
ng u xoay quanh vic chun b n giao tha v cc nghi thc trnh ri cu
may.
n thi Thanh, cnh ch tt thng Chp T Chu cng c nh vn C
Lc miu t sinh ng, chi tit qua tc phm Thanh gia lc: Ch tt v cng no
nhit, dng nh ai ai cng ch quan tm n vic mua bn hng tt. Mi n
na m, ch vn cha tan. Cc ca hng tp ha v hiu n chn ngi ra k
vo tp np. Rt nhiu loi tht, c, rau, qu vi s lng nhiu, chng loi
phong ph c by bn ngi mua chn la, tch tr cho my ngy tt. Ca
hng hng, nn, hng m kp in n cc loi Thn ti, mn thn, To
qun, tin m ph by bn khp ni. Ngoi ra, cn c nn thi v hng thm
loi.
Vi mong mun gp nhiu may mn trong nm mi, mi ngi cn mua
mi mt s dng sinh hot, nh chiu ci, rm ca, chi qut nh, r r, go
mc nc, s, v.v V th, ting rao bn hng ca nhng ngi bun bn
nh cng vang ln khp ni, t ph ny sang ph khc, t lng ny qua lng
khc.
Mt s ng ch tim ru v ca hng thuc ng y, c mi nm tt n
li bn rn chun b qu tt, ri sai nhng ngi lm cng mang ru hoc vi
thang thuc ng y i biu nhng khch hng ca mnh. Mc ch ca vic lm
ny, trc ht l chc phc khch hng, sau na l c th qung co cho sn
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phm ca mnh. C th thy, cch lm ny ca ngi xa trong nghip bun bn

vn xng ng l tm gng cho ngi thi nay.
ng nhin, vui nht khi tt n vn l con tr. Vn ang tui hiu
ng, chng thng vi vnh b m mua cho nhng bnh pho tt, ri r nhau
t pho nhng ni ng ngi. Ting pho n ri rc y trong my ngy
cui thng chp cng m thm khng kh tt ang n gn.
Nhng hot ng chun b cho dp tt Nguyn n c truyn c nhn dn
Trung Quc c kt trong nhiu bi ca dao, xut hin hu khp cc vng min
trong c nc. Ni chung, ni dung ca nhng bi ca dao ny l i ng tiu d,
ty theo iu kin t nhin, x hi ca mi a phng.
min Bc, t lu lu truyn bi ca dao: Ngy 23 tin ng cng ng
to, ngy 24 dn ca dn nh, ngy 25 th lm u ph, ngy 26 git m ln d,
ngy 27 tht my con g, ngy 28 dn i cu i, ngy 29 mua ru v nh,
ngy 30 phi lm vn thn, ti 30 khng ai c ng, sng mng mt ting pho
vang nh(**).
tnh Sn Ty Trung Quc th c bi ca dao: Ngy 23 tin ng cng
ng to, ngy 24 dn ca dn nh, ngy 25 un ni bnh tt, ngy 26 git m
ln d, ngy 27 tht my con g, ngy 28 phi lm mt to, ngy 29 un ni
nc tm, ngy 30 cu i dn xong.
Nhng bi ca dao trn phn nh mt cch hnh tng v sinh ng s
bn rn, tt bt ca ngi dn Trung Quc vo nhng ngy n tt cui nm.
Nhng, ng sau s tt bt , chnh l nim hn hoan ca h trong khng kh
gia nh on vin m cng mt Khng kh Tt ch n vo dp Mi nm hoa
o n (Th V nh Lin)...
DUY T bin kho

Ti liu tham kho:

1. Kiu Hu in: Trung Quc dn gian truyn thng tit nht, Hoa ng
s phm i hc xut bn x, Thng Hi, 2010.
2. Trnh D Trinh: Trung Quc vn ha yu lc, Ngoi ng gio dc d
nghin cu xut bn x, Bc Kinh, 1998.
3. Vng Kin Huy, Dch Hc Kim ch bin: Tinh hoa tri thc vn ha
Trung Quc (sch dch), Nxb Th gii, H Ni, 2004.
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Ch thch:
(*) o Duy t: Tt Nguyn n c truyn v mt s ngy l tt Trung
Quc, Tp ch Nghin cu Trung Quc, s 1-2011, trang 81.
(**) Xem : Tp ch Nghin cu Trung Quc, s 1-2001.