Bai Giang PTHH PDF

B MN KT CU XY DNG
VIN KTXD - I HC GIAO THNG VN TI
BI GING
PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN
M HNH CHUYN V
Gio vin bin son : TS. T S Qun
H Ni 8/2013
PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN M HNH CHUYN V

B mn KCXD - Vin KTXD
MC LC
CHNG I-
I CNG V PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN ................... 4
I.1
NGUYEN L CHUNG CA PHNG PHP PTHH............................................................ 4
I.2
PHNG PHP PTHH TRONG TNH TON KT CU ...................................................... 7
I.2.1 Phn tch trng thi ng sut bin dng theo L thuyt n hi........................................7
a) Phng trnh vi phn cn bng tnh ng.....................................................................7
b) Cc phng trnh hnh hc...............................................................................................9
c) Phng trnh Vt l ........................................................................................................11
d) Cc phng trnh Lam..................................................................................................15
e) Cc phng trnh Beltrami Michell ............................................................................16
f) Trnh t gii bi ton phn tch trng thi ng sut - bin dng...................................16
I.2.2 Nhim v thc hin trong phng php PTHH................................................................17
a) iu kin tng ng...................................................................................................17
b) Cch gii quyt bi ton theo phng php PTHH .......................................................17
H TA PHN T V H TA KT CU ............................................................. 17
I.3
Qui c du ......................................................................................................................17
Bin i ta ..................................................................................................................18
I.3.1
I.3.2
I.4
CC NGUYEN L V NANG LNG ............................................................................. 19
I.4.1
I.4.2
Cng (cng b), Nng lng bin dng (NLBD b) ........................................................19

Chuyn v kh d v Nguyn l cng kh d.....................................................................20
a)
bin thin ca W j v A j ..........................................................................................20
b) Chuyn v kh d, cng kh d ........................................................................................21

c) Nguyn l cng kh d (NL chuyn v kh d).................................................................21
d) Nguyn l gi tr dng ca th nng ton phn .............................................................22
e) nh l Castigliano th nht ..........................................................................................22
I.4.3 Lc kh d v Nguyn l cng b kh d..........................................................................23
a)
bin thin ca W j* v A*j .........................................................................................23
b) Lc kh d, cng b kh d .............................................................................................24
c) Nguyn l cng b kh d (NL lc kh d)......................................................................24
d) Nguyn l gi tr dng ca th nng b ton phn .......................................................25
e) nh l Castigliano th hai ............................................................................................25
I.4.4 Vt liu n hi tuyn tnh................................................................................................26
CHNG IIII.1
M HNH CHUYN V V S RI RC HA MIN LIN TC .......................................... 27
II.1.1
II.1.2
II.1.3
II.2
PHNG PHP PTHH THEO M HNH CHUYN V ................... 27
M hnh chuyn v ............................................................................................................27

Cch chia min trong phng php PTHH.......................................................................27
chnh xc ca phng php tnh .................................................................................28
HM CHUYN V V MA TRN HM DNG.................................................................. 28
II.2.1
Hm chuyn v v a thc xp x .....................................................................................28

a) u im ca hm xp x dng a thc ...........................................................................28
b) Cch chn a thc xp x ...............................................................................................29
II.2.2 Ma trn hm dng .............................................................................................................29
II.3
CC LOI PTHH........................................................................................................ 30
II.3.1 PTHH trong bi ton 1 chiu ............................................................................................30

II.3.2 PTHH trong bi ton phng (2D) .....................................................................................30
a) PTHH tam gic...............................................................................................................30
b) PTHH hnh ch nht ......................................................................................................31
II.3.3 PTHH trong bi ton khng gian (3D) .............................................................................31
a) PTHH hnh chp.............................................................................................................31
b) PTHH hnh hp ch nht ...............................................................................................32
II.4
QUI DI LC NT TNG DNG ............................................................................... 32
II.5
PHNG TRNH C BN CA PHNG PHP PTHH THEO M HNH CHUYN V .......... 33
II.5.1
II.5.2
II.5.3
a)
b)
II.5.4
a)
b)
II.6
Chuyn v, bin dng v ng sut trong phn t ..............................................................33

Phng trnh cn bng ca PTHH th i............................................................................34
M hnh chuyn v trong h ta chung ........................................................................35
Ma trn bin i ta ..................................................................................................35
Phng trnh cn bng phn t trong h ta chung .................................................36
Phng trnh cn bng ca ton b kt cu ......................................................................37
Ma trn nh v ca phn t ...........................................................................................37
Ghp ni cc phn t Thit lp phng trnh c bn ca c h .................................37
TRNH T GII BI TON KT CU ............................................................................. 38
CHNG III- TNH TON H THANH BNG PHNG PHP PHN T HU

HN
..................................................................................................................... 40
III.1
PHN T HU HN TRONG H THANH ........................................................................ 40
III.2
MA TRN D CNG PHN T THANH TRONG H TA D DA PHNG ....................... 41
III.2.1
III.2.2
III.2.3
a)
b)
c)
III.2.4
a)
b)
c)
III.2.5
III.2.6
a)
b)
III.3
Phn t thanh chu bin dng dc trc..............................................................................41

Phn t thanh trong gin phng ........................................................................................42
Phn t dm chu un - dm lin tc ................................................................................43
Thanh c 2 nt 2 u...................................................................................................43
Thanh c nt u tri, khp u phi ......................................................................46
Thanh c nt u phi, khp u tri ......................................................................47
Phn t dm chu un v ko, nn trong khung phng.....................................................48
Thanh c 2 nt 2 u...................................................................................................48
Thanh c nt u tri, khp u phi ......................................................................50
Thanh c nt u phi, khp u tri ......................................................................52
Phn t thanh lng tr chu xon thun ty ......................................................................52
Phn t thanh khng gian .................................................................................................54
Gin khng gian .............................................................................................................54
Khung khng gian...........................................................................................................54
QUI I NGOI LC V LC NT TNG NG ....................................................... 55

III.3.1 Thanh chu un ngang phng............................................................................................55
III.3.2 Thanh chu ko (nn) v un ngang phng.......................................................................58
a) Thanh c 2 nt 2 u...................................................................................................58
b) Thanh c nt u tri, khp u phi ......................................................................60
c) Thanh c khp u tri, nt u phi ......................................................................62
III.3.3 Thanh trong gin phng....................................................................................................64
III.4
THIT LP PHNG TRNH C BN TRONG H TA D CHUNG ................................... 65
III.4.1 Chuyn h trc ta .......................................................................................................65

a) Phn t trong gin phng...............................................................................................65
b) Phn t trong khung phng............................................................................................66
III.4.2 Phng trnh cn bng ca ton b kt cu ......................................................................66
a) Ghp ni cc phn t .....................................................................................................66
b) p t iu kin bin ......................................................................................................67
III.5
XC NH NI LC TRONG PHN T HU HN ........................................................... 68
III.5.1
III.5.2
III.5.3
III.5.4
Ni lc trong phn t thanh chu bin dng dc trc .......................................................69

Ni lc trong phn t gin phng .....................................................................................69
Ni lc trong phn t chu un ngang phng ...................................................................70
Ni lc trong phn t khung phng ..................................................................................72
TI LIU THAM KHO...................................................................................................... 73

CHNG I-
I CNG V PHNG PHP PHN T HU
HN
I.1
Nguyn l chung ca phng php PTHH
o Phng php PTHH l mt ngnh ca Ton ng dng, c s dng rng ri trong cc lnh
vc KHCB v KHKT: vt l, c hc, xy dng, ch to my
o V mt Ton hc, FEM l phng php s, thng c dng gii gn ng phng
trnh vi phn. N cho php chng ta nghin cu cch ng x ca mt vi h Vt l phc
tp, vi iu kin h ny lin tc v c din t bi phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh,
chng hn nh dao ng c hc ca mt ci dy n b buc cht, ng x ca dng nc
trong p thy in, bin dng ca mt kt cu thp.
a)
b)
Hnh 1 : ng dng ca phng php PTHH trong m phng tnh ng t i vi 2 trng hp
a) L phn ng ht nhn ; b) p thy in
Vy chng ta cng nhau tm hiu nguyn l chung ca phng php PTHH.
( )
Gi s ta phi tm dng gn ng ca hm f X trn min xc nh V. Trong phng php

PTHH, u tin min xc nh V c chia thnh mt s hu hn cc min con gi l phn t
(hay phn t hu hn).

( )
f X
Ve
Hnh 2 : Min xc nh V trc v sau khi chia min
Cc min ny lin kt vi nhau ti cc im nh trc trn bin ca phn t, c gi l nt.

Tp hp tt c cc nt lin kt trn bin ca phn t cu thnh mng li cc PTHH.
( )
Trong phng php PTHH, tm dng gn ng ca hm f X , ta phi i tm dng hm gn

ng ca n trn tng phn t xc nh.
( )
Xt phn t Ve bt k cha M nt lin kt, tng ng vi M gi tr phn bit ca hm f X

trong min xc nh V.
()
f x
Ve
( )
f (x )
f xi
i +1
x
xi
x i +1
Hnh 3 : M hnh ha ca phng php PTHH
( )
()
Trn c s cc gi tr i s ca hm f X , ta c th biu din hm f x di dng nh sau:
()
()
f x = N i x . f i (*)
i =1
y chnh l phng trnh c bn ca PTHH Lagrange

Vi x : Vc t ta a phng ca im bt k trong phn t hu hn Ve .
( )
f i : Gi tr chnh xc ca hm f X ti ta xi

()
N i x : Hm lin tc, kh vi trn min xc nh Ve , ng vi ta xi , tha mn iu kin
( )
1
N i x j = ij =
0
i= j
i j
vi i, j = 1, M
ij : Ton t Kronecker
()
()
V f i l gi tr bng s ca hm f x nn cc hm N i x quyt nh dng phng trnh ca
()
hm f x . Do n c tn l hm dng, hay hm hnh dng.
() ()
Trong C hc Mi trng lin tc, f (x ) c th l hm ca bin dng, chuyn v, nhit hay
Tng t nh cc hm dng N i x , f x l hm lin tc, kh vi trn min xc nh Ve .
nng .
Nhn xt:
T phng trnh (*), ta c th rt ra mt vi nhn xt nh sau:
o Phng php PTHH l phng php tnh gn ng
()
Khi s nt lin kt ca phn t M , cc gi tr ca hm s f x s tin gn n gi tr
()
thc ca hm f x , c xc nh bng phng php gii tch.
()
Thng qua hm dng N (x ) v cc gi tr i s f tng ng trn min xc nh V , ta c
th thit lp c dng gn ng ca hm f (x ). Nh c hm dng N (x ) ta c th ni suy c
o Vai tr ca hm dng N i x
i
nhng gi tr trung gian ca hm s ti nhng im khng nm trn nt li. iu ny c bit

hu ch trong trng hp nhng bi ton v truyn nhit, tnh bin dng ca kt cu thpcc
thit b o ch c th a ra s liu v bin dng hay nhit ti mt vi im ca h cn
nghin cu.
o Gip gim khi lng tnh ton khi nghin cu c h.

o Phng php PTHH dng gii gn ng phng trnh vi phn, tch phn
()
()
Cc php ton thc hin trn hm f x s c qui v thc hin trn hm dng N i x . Do vy
phng php PTHH thng c s dng gii gn ng PTVP, tch phn cng vi iu kin
bin c th trn c s lm ri rc ha cc min lin tc phc tp ca bi ton.

I.2
Phng php PTHH trong tnh ton kt cu
I.2.1
Phn tch trng thi ng sut bin dng theo L thuyt n hi
Trong L thuyt n hi, chng ta quan tm n 4 i lng chnh : Ngoi lc, chuyn v, ng
sut, bin dng cng nh mi quan h gia cc i lng trn
Gi thit tnh ton
o Vt liu n hi tuyn tnh, ng nht v ng hng (tun theo L Hooke tng qut).
o nh hng ca s thay i nhit ch theo phng dc trc ( Ch xt bin dng dc trc
v nhit, b qua nh hng bin dng trt v nhit).
a) Phng trnh vi phn cn bng tnh ng
Biu din mi quan h gia ng sut v ngoi lc
Bi ton khng gian
Z
z +
xz + xz dz
z
zx + zx dx
x
dz + yz dz
yz
z
zy +
y +
zx
xy
zy
xy +
xz
x + x dx
x
yz
yx +
yx
x
zy
y
y
y
xy
y
dy
dy
dy
dx
X
Hnh 4 : Tch phn t hnh hc dx,dy,dz
o Thnh lp phng trnh cn bng phn t, ta c :

x xy xz
+
+
+ X = 0
y
z
x
yx y yz
+
+
+ Y = 0
y
z
x

zy z
zx +
+
+ Z = 0
x
y
z
2u
= 2
t
2v
= 2 (3 phng trnh Navier- Cauchy)
t
2w
= 2
t

Vi :
x , x , x : ng sut php
u , v, w : Chuyn v theo cc phng X,Y,Z
xy , yz , zx : ng sut tip, tun theo lut i ngu

X , Y , Z : Lc th tch theo cc phng (trn n v th tch).
o Biu din di dng ma trn
Vi { } = { x
0
[] =
y
0
z
0
x
0
x
z y X 0

T
0 z + Y = 0 [] { } + {G} = {0}
xy

Z 0
yz
x
zx
y z xy yz zx }T ; {G} = {X
Z }T
z : Ma trn cc ton t vi phn (ton t Laplace)

0
Bi ton phng
Tng t nh bi ton khng gian, ta c h phng trnh :
x xy
+
+ X = 0
y
x
yx + y + Y = 0
x
y
[]T { } + {G} = {0}

Vi []
x
=
0
x

X
y
; { } = y ; {G} =
x
xy
b) Cc phng trnh hnh hc

Phng trnh bin dng Cauchy
Biu din mi quan h gia bin dng v chuyn v
o Khi chuyn v u , v, w theo cc phng X,Y,Z ca phn t hnh hp ch nht l nh, ta c
mi quan h nh sau
u
x = x
y =
y
w
z =
z
u v
+
y x
v w
=
+
z y
w u
=
+
x z
xy =
yz
zx
(6 ptrnh bin dng Cauchy biu din iu kin chp)
u , v, w <<
x , y , z : Bin dng theo phng dc trc

xy , yz , zx : Bin dng trt, tun theo lut i ngu.
x 0

y
z 0
=
xy
yz y

zx 0
z
Vi { } = { x y
0
y
u
0
z v { } = [ ]{U }

0 w
x

z y
0
x
z xy yz zx }T ; {U } = {u v w}T
0

o i vi bi ton phng
xz = 0 xy = 0 w = 0
Hnh 5 : a) Phn t hnh ch nht trc v sau chuyn v
x x

y = 0

xy
u
{ } = [ ]{U }
y v
Vi { } = { x
xy }T
{U } = {u
b) Bin dng trt gy ra do chuyn v
v}
Phng trnh lin tc v bin dng

o Gi s vt th c to thnh t cc phn t hnh hp ng cnh nhau. Trc khi bin
dng, gia chng khng c khe h v vt th l lin tc. Khi vt th bin dng, cc phn t
u bin dng.
o Nu s bin dng ca cc phn t l ty , gia chng s c khe h. iu ny khng ph
hp vi thc t v vt th ta xt l vt th lin tc sau khi bin dng.
o Do , ta phi b sung thm cc phng trnh th hin s lin tc v bin dng gia cc
phn t.
10

Hnh 6 : Khe h to ra do bin dng gia cc phn t
zx xy yz
x y
z
x
2 x 2 y 2 xy
=
2 +
xy
x 2
y
2
2
y z 2 yz
=
2 +
2
yz
y
2
2
z x 2 zx
x 2 + z 2 = z x
2 x
= 2
yz
2 y
xy yz zx
= 2
+
zx
y z
x
y
2 z
yz zx xy
= 2
+
z x
y
z
xy
(6 phng trnh Saint-Venant)

c) Phng trnh Vt l
Phng trnh n hi biu din mi quan h gia ng sut v bin dng
Bi ton khng gian
o Quan h ng sut Bin dng
E
xy
2.(1 + )
E
yz
=
2.(1 + )
E
=
zx
2.(1 + )
xy = G xy =
yz = G yz
zx = G zx
E
E
x = (1 + )(1 2 ) (1 ) x + ( y + z ) 1 2 .T
(1 ) y + ( z + x ) E .T
y =
(1 + )(1 2 )
1 2
E
=
(1 ) z + ( x + y ) E .T
z (1 + )(1 2 )
1 2
(6 phng trnh L Hooke tng qut)
: H s Poisson
Vi
G=
E : M un n hi
: H s gin n v nhit
E
: M un n hi trt
2.(1 + )
T : bin thin nhit
o Quan h Bin dng ng sut

2.(1 + )
xy
G
E
yz 2.(1 + )
=
=
yz
G
E
2.(1 + )
= zx =
zx
G
E
xy =
yz
zx
x = E x ( y + z ) + .T
y = y ( z + x ) + .T
E
z = E z ( x + y ) + .T
xy
11

{ } = [D]{ }
E
.T {l1 }
1 2
x

y
z
Vi { } =
xy
yz

zx
x

y

{ } = z
xy
yz

zx
1
1

1
{l1 } =
0
0

0
2
2
0
0
0
2.(1 )
2
2.(1 )
2
0
0
0
2
2
2.(1 )
0
0
0
E
[D] =
: Ma trn
0
0
2.(1 )
0
0
2.(1 + )(1 2 ) 0
0
0
0
0
2.(1 )
0
0
0
0
0
2.(1 )
0
n hi, vung i xng (cha cc c trng n hi)
Tng t ta cng c :
{ } = [D ]1 { }+ .T {l1 }
[D]1
1
=
E 0
0
2.(1 + )
2.(1 + )
0
0
0
0
2.(1 + )
0
Bi ton ng sut phng

o i tng nghin cu
V d nh xt cc bi ton v tm, v vi ti trng nm trong mt phng gia tm, phn b theo
chiu dy ca tm. Chn trc Z vung gc vi mt phng tm. Khi , ng sut khng i theo
chiu dy tm.
12

z = 0
zx = zy = 0
zx = zy = 0
z = 0 z =
+ y ) + .T =
E
E
x = 1 2 ( x + y ) 1 .T
( y + x ) E .T
y =
2
1
1
xy = G. xy =
xy
2.(1 + )

1
x = E ( x y ) + .T
y = ( y x ) + .T
E
xy 2.(1 + )
=
xy
xy =
G
E
{ } = [D]{ }
E
.T {l1 }
1
x

Vi { } = y

xy
2
E
[D ] =
.2
2
2. 1
0
x

{ } = y

xy
2
2
0
1
{l1 } = 1
0

0
0
1
13
+ y )+
1+
.T 0
1

Tng t ta cng c :
{ } = [D ]1 { }+ .T {l1 }
[D]
1
1
= [C ] =
E
0
1
0
0 Ma trn cc h s n hi
2.(1 + )
0
Bi ton bin dng phng

o i tng nghin cu
Vt th c tit din khng i, chiu di >> so vi kch thc 2 chiu cn li, ti trng vung
gc vi trc di ca vt th.
u = u ( x, y )
u v w
=
=
=0
v = v( x, y )
z z z
w = 0
z = 0
zx = zy = 0
zx = zy = 0
z =
1
z ( x + y ) + .T = 0 z = ( x + y ) E .T
E
E
E
x = (1 + )(1 2 ) (1 ) x + y 1 2 .T
E
E
=
y (1 + )(1 2 ) (1 ) y + x 1 2 .T
xy = G. xy = 2.(1 + ) xy
1+
x = E (1 ) x y + (1 + ) .T
1+
(1 ) y x + (1 + ) .T
y =
E
xy 2.(1 + )
=
=
xy
xy
G
E
[
[
]
]
14

{ } = [D]{ }
E
.T {l1 }
1 2
x

Vi { } = y

xy
x

{ } = y

xy
1
{l1 } = 1
0

2
0
2.(1 )
[D ] =
. 2
2(1 )
0
2.(1 + )(1 2 )
0
0
1 2
E
Tng t ta cng c :
{ } = [D ]1 { } + (1 + ). .T {l1 }
1
1+
[D] = [C ] =
1
E
0
0
Bi ton 1D
1
0
0 Ma trn cc h s n hi
2
y = z = 0
xy = yz = zx = 0
Khi , ta c :
x = x + .T
E
x = E x E. .T
d) Cc phng trnh Lam
Biu din mi quan h gia chuyn v v ngoi lc
2
( + G ) x + G. u + X = 0
+ G. 2 v + Y = 0
( + G )
y
( + G ) + G. 2 w + Z = 0
2u
= 2
t
2v
= 2
t
2w
= 2
t
2 f 2 f 2 f
Vi f = 2 + 2 + 2
x
y
z
2
=x +y +z =
.E
: Hng s Lam
(1 2 )(. 1 + )
15
u v w
+ +
x y z

o Tng hp cc mt tnh ng, hnh hc v vt l ca bi ton L thuyt n hi.

o Biu th KCB ca mi phn t ca vt th chu lc.
o Cho php gii bi ton LTH theo chuyn v.
e) Cc phng trnh Beltrami Michell
2
1 2S
X
X Y Z
+
= 2
+
+
x
2
1
1
y
z
2
2
1 S
Y
X Y Z
= 2
+
+

y +
2
1
1
y
x
y
z
Z
2
1 2S
X Y Z
z + 1 + z 2 = 2 z 1 x + y + z
2
Y X
1 S
2 xy +
=
+
1 + xy
x y
Z Y
1 2S
2 yz +
=
+
1 + yz
y z
1 2S
X Z
2
zx +
=
+
1 + zx
z x
S = x + y + z : Bt bin th nht ca trng thi ng sut.

o 3 phng trnh cn bng khng xc nh 6 thnh phn ng sut.
o Phi dng thm 3 phng trnh lin tc ca bin dng

o Bin dng c biu din thng qua ng sut (phng trnh vt l).
f) Trnh t gii bi ton phn tch trng thi ng sut - bin dng
B1 : Nghin cu phn t
iu kin cn bng ( ng sut - ngoi lc) : 3 phng trnh Navier Cauchy
iu kin chp ( bin dng - chuyn v) : 6 cng thc Cauchy
iu kin Vt l (ng sut bin dng) : 6 phng trnh L Hooke
iu kin lin tc v bin dng : 6 phng trnh Saint Venant
B2 : Phng trnh trng thi, biu th theo cc hm n
Chuyn v : S dng cc phng trnh Lam
ng sut : S dng cc phng trnh Beltrami - Michell
B3 : Xc nh iu kin bin
B4 : Gii phng trnh tuyn tnh
Tch phn cc PTVP, o hm ring : Nghim gii tch
Sai phn hu hn (Ri rc ton hc) : Nghim bng s
B5 : Thit lp trng thi ng sut bin dng
16

I.2.2
Nhim v thc hin trong phng php PTHH
a) iu kin tng ng
o Nng lng trong m hnh thay th Nng lng trong h thc
o Trn cc bin, iu kin chp (lin tc v lc v chuyn v) phi c tha mn.
b) Cch gii quyt bi ton theo phng php PTHH
o Ri rc ha kt cu, chn n
Chuyn v M hnh chuyn v
ng sut M hnh ng sut
o Nghin cu trng thi ng sut bin dng ca PTHH (s dng LTH).
o T chc ghp ni cc PTHH thng qua cc lin kt t nt.
o Lp cc phng trnh c bn cho ton b kt cu trong h ta chung.
o Xc nh iu kin bin
o Gii phng trnh i s tuyn tnh Nghim
o Tnh ng sut, chuyn v ti nt ca cc PTHH
I.3
I.3.1
H ta phn t v h ta kt cu
Qui c du
Trong phng php PTHH, lc v chuyn v c qui v nt m trong , h ta c coi

nh mt cng c biu th nht qun cc iu kin nghin cu cho mt phn t cng nh cho 1
h.
Vc t chuyn v ca h hoc ca phn t c th c m t nh sau :
{} = {U 1
U2
... U i .... U n }
U i : Chuyn v ti ta i
Vc t lc tng ng tc dng ln h hoc nt ca phn t, c m t nh sau :
{P} = {P1
P2
... Pi .... Pn }
Pi : Lc t ti ta i
17

U3
U2
U5
P2
P6
P5
U1
U4
P1
P4
U7
U10
P7
P10
U9
Y P3
U6
U8
U11
U12
P9
X
Z
P8
P11
P12
Hnh 7 : Qui c du i vi P v U
y ta thy cc chuyn v U 3 ,U 6 ,U 9 ,U 12 , v cc ngoi lc tng ng P3 , P6 , P9 , P12 c chiu

dng c xc nh theo qui tc tam din thun.
I.3.2
Bin i ta
Trong h kt cu, cc phn t thng c phng khc nhau nn m hnh chung, h ta ca

tng phn t khng ging nhau.
i vi tng phn t, h ta ring gi l h ta phn t (hoc h ta a phng).
Khi tnh kt cu gm nhiu phn t, thun tin khi thit lp cc phng trnh cn bng,
ngi ta cn s dng 1 h ta chung cho ton b kt cu, gi l h ta kt cu (hoc h
ta tng qut).
Do , khi thit lp phng trnh cn bng trong ton h, ta cn bin i quan h gia chuyn v
nt v ti trng nt trong h ta phn t thnh mi quan h gia chuyn v nt v ti trng
nt trong h ta chung. Php bin i c gi l php bin i ta .
Hnh 8 : M hnh ha php bin i ta
18

Xt mt im bt k trn phn t c ta : A(u, v, w)
u
U

v = [ ].V
w
W

Cos ( x, X ) Cos ( x, Y ) Cos ( x, Z )

vi [ ] = Cos ( y, X ) Cos ( y, Y ) Cos ( y, Z )
Cos ( z , X ) Cos ( z , Y ) Cos ( z , Z )
Vi (a, B ) : gc to bi trc a ca h ta a phng vi trc B ca h ta tng qut.
I.4
Cc nguyn l v nng lng
Phng php nng lng l c s thit lp cc phng trnh c bn trong phn tch kt cu
v cc mi trng lin tc.
Trong Castigliano l ngi u tin s dng khi nim nng lng trong phn tch kt cu
v cc mi trng n hi.
Tt c cc nh l v nng lng u c xy dng trc tip t 2 nguyn l bin phn :
Nguyn l cng kh d (NL chuyn v kh d)
Nguyn l cng b kh d (NL lc kh d)
I.4.1
Cng (cng b), Nng lng bin dng (NLBD b)
Xt mt h trng thi cn bng, di tc dng ca cc ngoi lc Pi i = 1, n , v U i : chuyn v

tng ng vi ngoi lc .
Gi thit ti trng tc dng trn h l tc dng tnh, c ngha l trong qu trnh ti trng b bin
i th ng nng khng b bin i.Mt khc, b qua cc tn hao nng lng do cc nguyn
nhn khc gy ra trong qu trnh bin dng.
Di tc dng ca h ngoi lc, trong vt th s xut hin ni lc v bin dng sao cho :
o Ngoi lc tc dng v ni lc trng thi cn bng.
o Cc bin dng tha mn iu kin lin tc cn chuyn v tha mn cc iu kin bin.
Mi quan h gia lc chuyn v (ng sut- bin dng) c th hin theo th sau :
19

Hnh 9 :ng cong biu din mi quan h gia P-U v
o Cng W j tng ng vi phn din tch bn di, gia ng cong Pj U j v trc U

o Cng b W j* tng ng vi phn din tch bn trn, gia ng cong Pj U j v trc P
o NLBD A j tng ng vi phn din tch bn di, gia ng cong v trc
o NLBD b A*j tng ng vi phn din tch bn trn, gia ng cong v trc
I.4.2
Chuyn v kh d v Nguyn l cng kh d
a) bin thin ca W j v A j
i lng kh d l i lng rt nh, c ly bt k v k hiu l km theo tn ca i

lng kh d
o bin thin ca cng v NLBD trng thi j :
W j = Pj .U j + 2 Pj .U j
1
A j = j . j + j . j
2
Xt trn ton h
n
j =1
j =1
o Ch chu lc tp trung W = W j = Pj .U j +
1 n
Pj .U j
2 j =1
o Ch chu lc phn b
W = g ( x, y, z ).u ( x, y, z ).dV +
V
+ p ( x, y, z ).u ( x, y, z ).dS +
S
1
g (x, y, z ).u (x, y, z ).dV
2 V
1
p(x, y, z ).u (x, y, z ).dS
2 S
20

Vi u ( x, y, z ) : Chuyn v ti ta ( x, y, z )
g ( x, y, z ) , p( x, y, z ) : Cng lc th tch v lc b mt ti im ( x, y, z ) .
Trong thc hnh, lc phn b c th qui v lc tp trung. V vy, ch cn xt trng hp lc tp
trung.
o Biu th di dng ma trn
1
T
T
W = {U } {P} + {U } {P}
1
T
T
A = { } { }.dV + { } { }.dV
2V
V
b) Chuyn v kh d, cng kh d
Khi chuyn v {U } v bin dng { } thay i nh sao cho {P} v { } khng i trong qu
trnh bin thin th {U } v { } c gi l CVKD v BDKD.
CVKD phi v cng b, tha mn iu kin lin tc v mt ng hc, ph hp v tha mn
iu kin lin kt.

Cng KD khc vi bin thin ca cng thc, ch tn ti bin phn th nht (b qua v cng
b bc 2).
W = {U }T {P}
A = { }T { }.dV
V
Vi W : Cng kh d
A : Nng lng bin dng kh d.
c) Nguyn l cng kh d (NL chuyn v kh d)
iu kin cn v cho vt th bin dng trng thi cn bng l cng kh d ca ngoi lc

trn cc CVKD = nng lng bin dng kh d gy ra trn nhng BDKD.
W = A {U }T {P} = { } { }.dV
T
Gi thit h n hi tuyn tnh :
{ } = []{U }
{ } = []{U } { } = {U } [ ]
T
T
T
{U } {P} [ ] { }.dV = 0
V
{P} = [] { }.dV
T
21

nh l chuyn v n v
To CVKD U r = 1 ch im t lc Pr theo phng Pr , cn U j = 0 khi j r
Pr = [] { }.dV
T
c dng xc nh lc Pr cn thit gi cho h cn bng di nh hng ca 1 trng phn

b ng sut cho.
d) Nguyn l gi tr dng ca th nng ton phn
Gi V : Th nng ca ngoi lc
W : Cng ca ngoi lc
= V + A : Th nng ton phn ca h
A : Nng lng bin dng ca h
W = A = V (V + A) = 0
= V + A = Cte
Nguyn l bin phn Lagrange

Trong trng hp chuyn v tng thch tha mn cc K bin, khi h tha mn cc iu kin
cn bng tnh th th nng ton phn c gi tr dng.
NLBD cc tiu
Dng bin dng ca h tng ng vi trng thi cn bng phi l mt trong nhng dng lm
cho nng lng bin dng A t cc tiu.
e) nh l Castigliano th nht
n
Th nng ton phn : = A + V = A Pj .U j

j =1
Mt khc, ta thy th nng bin dng A ch l hm ca cc chuyn v U j , khng ph thuc vo

s bin thin ca ti trng
A = A(U 1 , U 2 ,.....U n )
= A + V = 0
V {P} = 0 V khng ph thuc vo bin thin ca ti trng.
n
n
A
A
U j Pj U j = U j
Pj = 0
j =1 U j
j =1
j =1
U j
V CVKD U j l bt k nn Pj =
A
U j
22

nh l Castigliano th nht
o o hm ring ca th nng bin dng theo chuyn v bng lc tng ng vi chuyn v .
Tng t ta cng c : j =
A
j
o o hm ring ca th nng bin dng theo bin dng bng ng sut tng ng vi bin
dng (Ti im bt k, vc t ng sut { } chnh l gradient ca mt nng lng bin
dng tng ng ti im ).
I.4.3
Lc kh d v Nguyn l cng b kh d
a) bin thin ca W j* v A*j

o bin thin ca cng b v NLBD b trng thi j :
*
W j = U j .Pj + 2 U j .Pj
1
A*j = j . j + j . j
2
Xt trn ton h
n
j =1
j =1
o Ch chu lc tp trung W * = W j* = U j .Pj +
1 n
U j .Pj
2 j =1
o Ch chu lc phn b
W * = u ( x, y, z ).g ( x, y, z ).dV +
V
+ u (x, y, z ).p(x, y, z ).dS +

S
1
u (x, y, z ).g ( x, y, z ).dV
2 V
1
u (x, y, z ).p(x, y, z ).dS
2 S
Vi u ( x, y, z ) : Chuyn v ti ta ( x, y, z )
g ( x, y, z ) , p( x, y, z ) : Cng lc th tch v lc b mt ti im ( x, y, z ) .
Trong thc hnh, lc phn b c th qui v lc tp trung. V vy, ch cn xt trng hp lc tp
trung.
o Vit di dng ma trn
1
T
T
W * = {P} {U } + {P} {U }
2
*
1
T
T
A = { } { }.dV + { } { }.dV
2V
23

b) Lc kh d, cng b kh d
Khi ngoi lc {P} v ng sut { } thay i nh sao cho {U } v { } khng i trong qu
trnh bin thin ( {U } = { } = {0}) th {P} v { } c gi l LKD v SKD.
Lc KD phi v cng b, t vo h trong khi chuyn v ca h khng thay i, tha mn K
cn bng tnh hc.
Cng b KD khc vi bin thin ca cng b thc l ch tn ti bin phn th nht (b qua
v cng b bc 2).
W * = {P}T {U }
A* = { }T { }.dV
V
Vi W * : Cng b kh d
A* : NLBD b kh d.
c) Nguyn l cng b kh d (NL lc kh d)
iu kin cn v cho 1 vt th bin dng c cc chuyn v tha mn K tng thch (lin

tc) l cng b KD ca cc ngoi lc KD bt k tha mn K tnh hc, = nng lng BD b
KD ca ni lc tng ng :
W * = A* {P}T {U } = { } { }.dV
T
H n hi tuyn tnh, gi thit gia ngoi lc v ng sut c mi lin h tuyn tnh

Gi thit h n hi tuyn tnh :
{ } = [b]{P}
{ } = [b]{P} { } = {P} [b ]
T
T
T
{P} {U } [b ] { }.dV = 0
V
{U } = [b] { }.dV
T
nh l lc n v
Cho Lc KD Pr = 1 theo phng U r tng ng cn Pj = 0 khi j r
U r = [b ] { }.dV
T
nh l lc n v, c dng xc nh chuyn v U r cn thit gi cho h cn bng tha mn

K bin dng cho.
24

d) Nguyn l gi tr dng ca th nng b ton phn

Gi V * : Th nng b ca ngoi lc
W * : Cng b ca ngoi lc
A* : Nng lng bin dng b ca h
* = V * + A* : Th nng b ton phn ca h
W * = A* = V * : Cng b kh d
(V * + A* ) = * = 0
* = Cte
Nguyn l bin phn Lagrange

Trong cc trng ng sut cn bng tnh tha mn cc K bin, khi tha mn cc K tng
thch, th th nng b ton phn c gi tr dng.
nh l NLBD b cc tiu
Khi h tha mn cc K tng thch th nng lng bin dng b A* c gi tr cc tiu.
e) nh l Castigliano th hai
n
Th nng b ton phn : * = A* + V * = A* Pj .U j = 0

j =1
V * , A* khng ph thuc vo bin thin ca chuyn v v {U } = {0}

A* = A* (P1 , P2 ,.....Pn ) : Hm ca cc ngoi lc
n
n
A*
A*
Pj U j Pj = Pj
U j = 0
j =1 Pj
j =1
j =1
Pj
* =
V Lc KD Pj l bt k nn U j =
A*
Pj
nh l Castigliano th hai
o o hm ring ca th nng bin dng b theo ngoi lc bng chuyn v c phng v v tr
tng ng vi lc .
A*
Lp lun tng t: j =
j
o Ti im bt k, vc t bin dng { } chnh l gradient ca mt nng lng bin dng b

i vi ng sut tng ng ti im .
25

I.4.4
Vt liu n hi tuyn tnh
Hnh 10 : ng cong biu din mi quan h gia , P U
Khi kt cu lm vic trong trng thi n hi tuyn tnh, c ngha l hon ton tun theo L
Hooke, ta c :
W =W*
A = A* (Hai tam gic vung c cng din tch)
Nh vy trong h n hi tuyn tnh, o hm ring ca th nng bin dng theo ngoi lc Pi

no bng chuyn v c phng v v tr tng ng vi lc Pi .
Uj =
A
Pj
j =
A
j
26

CHNG II-
PHNG PHP PTHH THEO M HNH CHUYN
V
II.1 M hnh chuyn v v s ri rc ha min lin tc
II.1.1 M hnh chuyn v
o Trong LTH, chng ta quan tm n 4 i lng chnh : Ngoi lc, chuyn v, ng sut,
bin dng
o 3 i lng {P}, { }, { } u c th biu din di dng hm ca chuyn v {U }. Do vy,
vic nm bt c trng thi chuyn v ca vt th s l c s cho php chng ta xc nh
c cc i lng cn li.
o Trong tnh ton kt cu, i vi m hnh chuyn v, ta chn hm n l cc thnh phn
chuyn v ca vt th.
II.1.2 Cch chia min trong phng php PTHH
Phng php PTHH (Finite Element Method : FEM) l mt phng php s, c bit c hiu
qu tm dng gn ng ca mt hm n cha bit trong min xc nh V ca n.
( )
U X
Ve
V
Min V trong phng php PTHH c chia ra thnh mt s hu hn cc min con, c gi l
phn t V = V1 V2 V3 ... V N
Cc phn t ny c kt ni vi nhau ti cc im trn bin c gi l nt. Cc min con
phi tha mn cc iu kin sau :
o Khng c s chng cht gia cc phn t : Vi V j = vi i, j = 1, N
N
o Khng c s gin on v lin kt gia cc phn t : V = Vi

i =1
o C dng hnh hc n gin.

o Tnh cht c l ca vt liu l ng nht trn tng phn t.
27

II.1.3 chnh xc ca phng php tnh

Phng trnh c bn ca PTHH Lagrange c dng :
()
()
u x = N i x .u i Ve
i =1
i= j
1
Vi N i x j = ij =
i, j = 1, M
i j
0
u i : Chuyn v ti nt th i ca phn t ;
( )
ij : Ton t Kronecker
chnh xc ca phng php PTHH ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:

o c trng hnh hc ca tng phn t.
Quyt nh cch chn dng phng
o Tnh cht c l ca vt liu nghin cu
()
trnh ca hm dng N i x
o S lng nt lin kt trn bin ca phn t

o S bc t do ti mi nt lin kt.
o S lng v kch thc ca cc phn t
II.2 Hm chuyn v v ma trn hm dng

II.2.1 Hm chuyn v v a thc xp x
o Trong phng php PTHH, cc hm n cn tm c xp x ha trn mi phn t. Nu s
dng m hnh chuyn v th hm xp x ca i lng cn tm l hm chuyn v.
o Vic la chn hm xp x phi m t gn ng i lng cn tm trong phm vi mi phn

t, chng hn nh s dng dng lng gic hay a thc.
o Hm chuyn v thng thng hay c chn di dng a thc, chng hn nh i vi hm

1 bin:
u ( x ) = a 0 + a1 .x + a 2 .x 2 + .... + a n 1 .x n 1
t [P ( x )] = 1 x
{a} = {a0
.... x n1
x2
a1
a2
: Ma trn cc n thc
.... a n 1 } : Vc t cc tham s.
T
Nh vy ta c : u ( x ) = [P( x )].{a}
a) u im ca hm xp x dng a thc
o Hm xp x dng a thc thng d tnh ton o hm hay tch phn.

o C kh nng tng chnh xc bng cch tng s bc ca a thc xp x.
o D thit lp cng thc khi xy dng cc phng trnh c bn ca phng php PTHH.
o Bc ca a thc v s lng cc tham s ph thuc vo bc t do ca phn t, tc l s
chuyn v tt c cc nt ca phn t.
28

b) Cch chn a thc xp x

o Hm chuyn v phi tha mn iu kin hi t, tc l khi kch thc phn t nh dn th
kt qu tnh ton s hi t n li gii chnh xc.
o Hm xp x m t trng chuyn v phi lin tc v kh vi trong ton b phn t.
iu kin lin tc ng nhin tha mn nu chn hm xp x dng a thc.
Bo m tn ti o hm n bc cao nht m bi ton i hi.
o a thc xp x khng lm mt tnh ng hng hnh hc.
Cc bin ca PTHH l thng trc khi bin dng s vn l thng sau khi bin dng.
2 bin chung ca 2 PTHH k nhau c cng mt kiu chuyn v (tha mn K tng
thch).
p ng c yu cu ny, ta c th chn dng a thc t tam gic Pascal (bi ton
2D) hay t thp Pascal (bi ton 3D). i vi xp x ca bi ton 1D th yu cu ny t
nhin tha mn.
II.2.2 Ma trn hm dng
o Vc t chuyn v nt phn t { } l tp hp tt c cc bc t do ca cc nt trn phn t.
y chnh l n s cn tm ca bi ton.
o Sau khi la chn hm xp x, chng ta phi biu din cc a thc xp x theo vc t chuyn
v nt phn t { }.
o Nu ta thay th ta cc im nt trn phn t vo trong a thc xp x (hay o hm ca
n) th phi cho gi tr ng bng chuyn v nt.
o Gi s phn t c r bc t do th ta c th vit li nh sau :
u ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) [P( x1 , y1 , z1 )]
u ( x , y , z ) [P( x , y , z )]
{ } = 2 2 2 = 2 2 2 .{a} = [A]{a} {a} = [A]1 { }
...........
..............
u ( x r , y r , z r ) [P( x r , y r , z r )]
Vi [ A] : Ma trn cc n thc, tng ng vi ta cc im nt ca phn t (Ma trn vung,
c kch thc bng s bc t do ca phn t) ; {a} : Vc t cc tham s.
o i vi ta bt k ( x, y, z ) , vc t chuyn v c th c biu din nh sau :
{u (x, y, z )} = [P(x, y, z )]{a} = [P(x, y, z )][. A]1 { }

t [N ]e = [P( x, y, z )][
. A] : Ma trn cc hm dng (Ma trn cc hm ni suy)
1
{u ( x, y, z )} = [N ]e { }
29

Nhn xt
o Nh vy, a thc xp x ca chuyn v c biu din thng qua ma trn [N ]e v vc t
chuyn v nt phn t { }. Ni cch khc, chuyn v ti cc im bt k bn trong phn t
c ni suy ra t cc chuyn v nt ca phn t bng ma trn cc hm dng [N ]e .
o i vi bi ton kt cu, cc hm dng ca ma trn [N ]e c ngha rt quan trng v chng
biu din dng phn b ca chuyn v trong phn t ng vi cc chuyn v nt bng n v.
II.3 Cc loi PTHH

II.3.1 PTHH trong bi ton 1 chiu
Hm dng v a thc xp x l hm ca 1 bin.
Phn t bc 2 :
Phn t bc 3 :
u ( x ) = a 0 + a1 .x
u ( x ) = a 0 + a1 .x + a 2 .x 2
u ( x ) = a 0 + a1 .x + a 2 .x 2 + a 3 .x 3
Dng tuyn tnh
3 tham s
4 tham s
Phn t bc 1 :
i vi PTHH Lagrange, s tham s = s nt lin kt ca phn t

II.3.2 PTHH trong bi ton phng (2D)
Hm chuyn v l hm ca 2 bin ( x, y )
a) PTHH tam gic
Tam gic Pascal
Dng phn t
Bc a
Hm chuyn v
thc
u ( x, y ) = a 0 + a1 .x + a 2 . y
Bc 1
3 tham s
u ( x, y ) = a 0 + a1 .x + a 2 . y
Bc 2
+ a3 .x 2 + a 4 .xy + a5 . y 2
6 tham s
u ( x, y ) = a0 + a1 .x + a 2 . y
+ a3 .x 2 + a 4 .xy + a5 . y 2
Bc 3
+ a6 .x 3 + a7 .x 2 y + a8 .xy 2 + a9 . y 3
10 tham s
30

b) PTHH hnh ch nht
Phn t bc 1 (Tuyn tnh : 4 tham s)

u ( x, y ) = a 0 + a1 .x + a 2 . y + a 3 .xy
Phn t bc 2 (8 tham s)
u ( x, y ) = a 0 + a1 .x + a 2 . y + a3 .xy
+ a 4 .x 2 + a5 . y 2 + a 6 .x 2 y + a 7 .xy 2
u ( x, y ) = a 0 + a1 .x + a 2 . y + a3 .xy
+ a 4 .x 2 + a 5 . y 2 + a 6 .x 2 y + a 7 .xy 2
+ a8 .x 3 + a 9 .x 3 y + a10 .xy 3 + a11 . y 3
II.3.3 PTHH trong bi ton khng gian (3D)

Hm chuyn v theo 3 bin ( x, y, z )
a) PTHH hnh chp
Thp Pascal
Dng phn t
Bc a
thc
Hm chuyn v
u ( x, y, z ) = a 0 + a1 .x + a 2 . y + a 3 .z
Bc 1
4 tham s
u ( x, y, z ) = a 0 + a1 .x + a 2 . y + a3 .z
+ a 4 .x 2 + a 5 . y 2 + a 6 .z 2
Bc 2
+ a 7 .xy + a8 . yz + a9 .zx
10 tham s
31

b) PTHH hnh hp ch nht
u ( x, y, z ) = a 0 + a1 .x + a 2 . y + a 3 .z
+ a 4 .xy + a 5 . yz + a 6 .zx + a 7 .xyz
u ( x, y, z ) = a 0 + a1 .x + a 2 . y + a 3 .z
+ a 4 .xy + a 5 . yz + a 6 .zx + a 7 .xyz + a8 .x 2 + a9 . y 2 + a10 .z 2
+ a11 .x 2 y + a12 .x 2 z + a13 . y 2 x + a14 . y 2 z + a15 .z 2 x + a16 .z 2 y
+ a17 .x 2 yz + a18 . y 2 xz + a19 .z 2 xy
Ghi ch
Cc PTHH phi tha mn K tng thch v chuyn v v bin dng trn bin ca phn t
(nt : 1D, ng : 2D, mt :3D).
II.4 Qui i lc nt tng ng

o Khi vt th chu lc, trong cc phn t sinh ra cc ni lc. Phng php PTHH gi thit
rng cc ni lc ny u truyn qua nt.
o Cc lc tc dng ln nt l s tng tc gia cc phn t lin kt vi nhau ti nt, do cc

chuyn v nt sinh ra.
o Nu ti trng khng t ti nt th phi di v nt theo php bin i tng ng.

i vi ti trng phn b
Ta c hai trng hp :
o Lc phn b th tch : {g } = {g x
gy
o Lc phn b theo b mt : {p} = {p x
gz}
py
pz }
Di tc dng ca ngoi lc, ti mt im bt k bn trong PTHH s xut hin chuyn v
{U } = {u
v w}
{U } = [N ]e { }
{U } = [N ]e { } {U } = { } [N ]e
T
Vi [N ]e : Ma trn cc hm dng, hnh ch nht, thc hin php bin i t { } sang {U }
32

Cho PTHH chu chuyn v KD {U } th {g } v {p} s sinh cng KD :
W =
{U } {g}.dV + {U } {p}.dS
T
Ve
Se
{U }T = { }T [N ]Te
T
T
T
W = { } [N ]e {g }.dV + [N ]e {p}.dS
Se
Ve
iu kin tng ng
t {F }V =
[N ] {g}.dV
T
e
: Lc th tch tng ng
Ve
{F }S
[N ] {p}.dS
T
e
: Lc b mt tng ng
Se
Gi {F } = {F }V + {F }S : Lc tp trung qui i v nt (Vc t lc nt)

e
Cng kh d do {F } gy ra ti nt c vit nh sau : W = { } {F }

e
Nh vy, cng KD ca lc phn b= Cng KD ca {F }
Nhn xt
Vc t lc nt {F } c s thnh phn = s thnh phn ca vc t chuyn v nt tng ng.
e
M
T2
T1
II.5.1 Chuyn v, bin dng v ng sut trong phn t

o Chuyn v ti mt im bn trong phn t :
{U } = [N ]e { } (1)
o S dng phng trnh bin dng Cauchy trong LTH, ta c :
{ } = []{U } = [][N ]e { }
33
N2
N1
II.5 Phng trnh c bn ca phng php PTHH theo m hnh chuyn v

0
Vi [] =
y
0
z
0
z : Ma trn cc ton t vi phn, biu th php bin i tuyn tnh

0
t [B ] = [][N ]e : Ma trn tnh bin dng
{ } = [B ]{ } (2)
o ng sut ti 1 im trong phn t c xc nh theo nh lut Hooke
{ } = [D]{ } vi [D] : Ma trn n hi

Vc t ng sut c vit li nh sau : { } = [D ][
. B ]{ }
{ } = [S ]{ } (3)
Trong [S ] = [D ][
. B ] : Ma trn tnh ng sut
Nhn xt
Cc phng trnh (1), (2),(3) biu th mi quan h ca {U }, { }, { } theo vc t chuyn v nt
phn t { }.
II.5.2 Phng trnh cn bng ca PTHH th i
Gi s mt PTHH c th tch Ve , chu tc dng ca lc th tch {g } v lc b mt {p} trn din
tch S e
Th nng ton phn ca phn t e c th vit di dng :
1
T
T
T
e = A + V = A W = { } { }.dV {U } {g }.dV {U } {p}.dS
2 Ve
Ve
Se
{U }T = { }T [N ]Te
T
T
T
Thay { } = { } [B ]
vo phng trnh ta c :
{ } = [D ][
. B ].{ }
1
T
T
T
T
T
T
e = { } [B ] [D ][B]{ }.dV { } [N ]e {g }.dV { } [N ]e {p}.dS
2 Ve
Ve
Se
14
4244
3
1
42
4 43
4
t [K ]e =
[B] [D][B ].dV

T
{F }V
{F }S
: Ma trn cng phn t
Ve
34

(Ma trn vung i xng, c kch c = s bc t do ca phn t)

Vi {F } = {F }V + {F }S : Lc nt tng ng (Vc t ti phn t)
e
Ta c :
e =
1 T
{ } [K ]e { } { }T {F }e
2
Theo nguyn l cc tiu ca th nng ton phn, iu kin cn bng ti cc nt ca phn t l :
e
e
= 0 {F } = [K ]e { } : Phng trnh c bn ca phng php PTHH theo m hnh
{ }
chuyn v.
Nhn xt
Ti mi nt, ni lc do chuyn v ti nt gy ra phi cn bng vi ti trng t nt.
II.5.3 M hnh chuyn v trong h ta chung

a) Ma trn bin i ta
Trong thc t, cc phn t khc nhau th c cc h ta a phng khc nhau, cc bc t do

ca cc phn t cng khc nhau v phng chiu.
Do , ta cn xc lp mt h ta chung cho ton b kt cu, gi l h ta tng th.
Xt 1 nt lin kt trn bin ca PTHH :
o Trng hp 3D
U
u

v = [ ].V vi
w
W

Cos ( x, X ) Cos ( x, Y ) Cos ( x, Z )

[ ] = Cos( y, X ) Cos( y, Y ) Cos( y, Z ) (cf.Chng I)
Cos ( z , X ) Cos ( z , Y ) Cos ( z , Z )
o Trng hp 2D
u
U
= [ ].
v
V
v i
35
Cos ( x, X ) Cos ( x, Y )
Cos ( y, X ) Cos ( y, Y )
[ ] =

Khi ti nt lin kt c chuyn v gc xoay
Cos
vi [ ] = Sin
0
u
U

v = [ ].V

Sin
Cos
0
0
0
1
= (0 x,0 X )
Kt lun
Ma trn [ ] c kch c ph thuc vo s bc t do ca nt lin kt trong h ta a phng
v h ta tng th.
Gi s 1 phn t c r nt lin kt trn bin
{ }1n [ ]
2 1
{ }n
.... =
.....

{ }rn
{}
{}
1
n
2
n
.....
....
....
....
[ ]r rn
[ ]2
{}
{}
{ } = [T ]e vi [T ]e
[ ]1
.
....
....
[ ]r
[ ]2
c im ca ma trn bin i ta
o
[T ]e
l ma trn khi cho vi s khi cho = s nt lin kt trn bin phn t, kch c ph
{}
thuc vo { } v .
{}
o S thnh phn ca { } v c th khc nhau.

o
[T ]e [T ]Te = [I ] : Ma trn n v (Nu [T ]e
vung th n l ma trn trc giao [T ]e = [T ]e ).

T
b) Phng trnh cn bng phn t trong h ta chung
{}
Ta c : { } = [T ]e
{ }T
{ } [T ]
T
e
Khi biu thc th nng ton phn ca phn t c dng :
e =
{ } [1T ]42
[K ] [T4] { } { } [1
T ] {F }
4 43
424
3
T
e
[K ]
T
e
{F }
36

iu kin phn t t trng thi cn bng :
{}
{ } = [K ] { }
e
=0 F
Vi :
{F } = [T ] {F } : Vc t ti phn t trong h ta chung

[K ] = [T ] [K ] [T ] : Ma trn cng phn t trong h ta chung
{ } = [T ] { } : Vc t chuyn v nt phn t trong h ta chung.
e
T
e
T
e
T
e
II.5.4 Phng trnh cn bng ca ton b kt cu

a) Ma trn nh v ca phn t
{}
Vc t chuyn v nt phn t c m thnh phn gm tt c cc bc t do ca phn t.

Gi {} l vc t chuyn v nt tng th ca ton b kt cu, ta c cc thnh phn ca vc t
{ } s nm trong cc thnh phn ca vc t {}.

Quan h gia chng c th biu din di dng :
{ }
= [L]e .
{}
(m * 1) (m * n ) (n *1)
Vi
m : S chuyn v nt (s bc t do) trong mi phn t

n : S chuyn v nt (s bc t do) trong ton b kt cu.
[L]e
: Ma trn nh v ca phn t, c kch c (m * n )
b) Ghp ni cc phn t Thit lp phng trnh c bn ca c h
{}
{ }
Vi : = [L ]e {}
T
= {} [L]e
T
Th nng ton phn ca ton b kt cu c xc nh nh sau :
{ } [K ] { } { } {F } = 12 {} [L] [K ] [L] {} {} [L] {F }
N
N
1
= e =
e =1
e =1 2
e =1
[ ]
{}
N
N
e
1
{}T [L]Te K e [L]e {} {}T [L]Te F
2
e =1
e =1
1
442443
1
4243
[K ]
{P }
[ ]
1
{}T K {} {}T {P}
2
37
T
e
T
e
N : Tng s phn t ca c h

p dng nguyn l cc tiu th nng i vi ton b kt cu, K cn bng ca ton h ti cc

im nt l :
[ ]
= 0 {P} = K .{} : Phng trnh c bn ca ton b kt cu

{}
[K ] = [L] [K ] [L]
N
T
e
: Ma trn cng tng th ca ton b kt cu
e =1
Trng hp c ngoi lc t nt
{P} = [L]Te {F } + {P}n

N
: Vc t ti tng th ca c h
e =1
{P}n
: Vc t ngoi lc tp trung ti nt
Ghi ch
[ ]
Khi xc nh K v {P}, trong lp trnh tnh ton, vic s dng ma trn [L ]e l bt buc. Nhng
trong thc t, ngi ta hay dng phng php ch s n gin ha vic thit lp phng trnh
cn bng cho ton h.
II.6 Trnh t gii bi ton kt cu

Qu trnh gii bi ton tnh kt cu theo phng php PTHH bao gm cc bc chnh sau y :
B1 : Ri rc ha kt cu
o Chn loi v dng PTHH ty theo tnh cht hnh hc v c l ca bi ton.

o Chia kt cu thnh mng li cc PTHH. S lng cc phn t ty thuc vo yu cu
chnh xc ca bi ton.
B2 : Chn hm chuyn v xp x cho PTHH chn
[ ]
{}
B3 : Thit lp ma trn cng phn t K e , vc t ti phn t F
o Lp ma trn cng cho tng PTHH trong h ta a phng.

o Thc hin php bin i ta (nu cn) thit lp ma trn cng phn t trong h ta
[ ]
chung K e .
{}
o Thit lp vc t ti phn t nu c ngoi lc tp trung hoc phn b bn trong phn t F

B4 : Ghp ni cc phn t, thnh lp phng trnh cn bng ca c h
[ ]
o Tin hnh ghp ni ma trn cng tng th K v vc t ti tng th {P}.

o B sung cc thnh phn ngoi lc tp trung ti nt {P}n nu c.
[ ]
o Thnh lp h phng trnh c bn ca kt cu K {} = {P}
38

B5 : p t cc iu kin bin ng hc kh suy bin
[ ]
o Ma trn cng tng th K l ma trn suy bin v ta coi h l chuyn ng t do trong

khng gian.
o Loi b hng th i v ct th i tng ng vi chuyn v nt th i c lin kt ngn cn, ta
[ ]
c ma trn K * rt gn.
[ ]{ } { }
o Sau khi b sung K bin, ta c h phng trnh sau : K * . * = P *

Vi
[K ] : Ma trn khng suy bin, vung i xng.

{ } : Vc t chuyn v nt, ch cha cc chuyn v nt l n.
{P } : Vc t ti tng th, ch cha cc lc nt tng ng bit.
*
B6 : Xc nh chuyn v v ni lc ca tt c cc phn t
{ } [ ] {P }
o Gii h phng trnh : * = K *
{ }
o Bit c * {} { }
{ }
{ }
{}
o Bit c vc t chuyn v nt ca tng PTHH trong h ta a phng s gip chng ta

xc nh c bin dng v ng sut trong tng phn t.
39

CHNG III- TNH TON H THANH BNG PHNG PHP

PHN T HU HN
III.1 Phn t hu hn trong h thanh
Trong cc h thanh nh kt cu gin, kt cu khung, vm, cc on thanh hnh tr (lng tr)
c coi l cc PTHH.
Trong kt cu thanh, cc thnh phn chuyn v ca phn t l hm 1 bin, tc l ch thay i
dc theo trc thanh. Do , bi ton h thanh l bi ton 1 chiu.
Th nng ton phn ca phn t e c th vit di dng :
e =
1 T
{ } [K ]e { } { }T {F }e
2
Vi :
[K ]e : Ma trn cng phn t

{F }e
: Vc t ti phn t (Lc nt tng ng)
{ } : Vc t chuyn v nt ca phn t
Theo nguyn l cc tiu ca th nng ton phn, iu kin cn bng ti cc nt ca phn t l :
e
e
= 0 {F } = [K ]e { }
{
}
Ma trn cng phn t
[K ]e = [B]T [D][B ].dV

Ve
Vc t ti phn t
o Phn t chu un, ko, nn dc trc
{F }
= [N ( x )] p( x ).dx + N (xQi )
T
i =1
dN
(x Mi ) M i
Qi +
i =1 dx
m
o Phn t chu xon

n
{F }e = [N (x )]T m(x ).dx + [N (x Mi )]T M i

i =1
L
Vi :
m( x ) : M men xon phn b dc theo trc thanh.

M i : M men xon tp trung
40

Chuyn v nt
o Bi ton 1D
Thanh chu ko nn dc trc : u
o Bi ton 2D
Gin phng : u, v
Dm n gin : v, z
Khung phng : u, v, z
Thanh chu xon thun ty : x
o Bi ton 3D
Gin khng gian : u , v, w
Khung khng gian : u , v, w, x , y , z
III.2 Ma trn cng phn t thanh trong h ta a phng

III.2.1 Phn t thanh chu bin dng dc trc
Xt 1 thanh c thit din khng i A, chiu di L, chu ko nn dc trc di tc dng ca ti
trng phn b dc trc q( x )
y
x
u2
A
,
L
,
E
u1
q (x )
z
Hnh 11 : Thanh chu bin dng dc trc vi ti trng phn b
Nh vy phn t c 2 bc t do l 2 chuyn v ca nt ti 2 u. Chuyn v dc trc u ( x ) ca

phn t ch c th l xp x tuyn tnh
u ( x ) = a 0 + a1 .x = N 1 ( x ).u1 + N 2 ( x ).u 2
x
o Hm dng ca chuyn v [N ]e = 1
L
x
L
1
o Ma trn tnh bin dng [B ] = [][N ]e =
L
41
1 1
= [ 1 1]
L L

o Ma trn cng phn t
1 1
.E. .[ 1 1]. A.dx
L 1 L
[K ]e = [B] [D][B].dV = 1
L
Ve
EA 1 1
L 1 1
o Vc t ti phn t
{F }
x
1
= [N ] {q( x )}e dx = L .q( x ).dx
x
0
0
L
L
q(x ) = q0
{F } =
e
q 0 L 1
2 1
III.2.2 Phn t thanh trong gin phng

Trong gin phng, xem mi mt gin l 1 nh nt. Khi ti trng t vo mt gin, thanh chu
bin dng dc trc.Do , mi nt c 2 bc t do l chuyn v theo cc phng X v Y.
o Hm chuyn v:
u ( x ) = [N ]e { } = N 1 ( x ).u1 + N 2 ( x ).u 2
o Hm dng ca chuyn v :
[N ]e = 1 x
x
1
[B ] =
L
L
1 1
= [ 1 1]
L L
2
A
,
L
,
E
u1
1z
Hnh 12 : Phn t thanh trong gin phng
V1 = u1 .Sin
u1 = V1 .Sin + U 1 .Cos
U 1 = u1 .Cos
42

V2 = u 2 .Sin
u 2 = V2 .Sin + U 2 .Cos
U 2 = u 2 .Cos
u1 Cos
=
u 2 0
Sin
0
U 1
0 V1
.
Sin U 2
V2
0
Cos
{}
= [T ] {F }
o Chuyn v nt phn t : { } = [T ]e
o Vc t ti phn t : {F }
o Ma trn cng ca phn t thanh
[K ]
= [T ]e [K ]e [T ]e vi [K ]e =
[K ]
c2
EA cs
=
L c 2
cs
cs
s2
cs
s2
c2
cs
c2
cs
[ ]
Khi c = 1 , s = 0 ta c : K
EA 1 1
L 1 1
cs
s2
vi c = Cos , s = Sin
cs
s 2
1
EA 0
=
L 1
0 1 0
0 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 0
III.2.3 Phn t dm chu un - dm lin tc

a) Thanh c 2 nt 2 u
Hnh 13 : Chuyn v trong phn t thanh c 2 nt 2 u
Xt phn t dm chu un, dm c chiu di L, thit din khng i A. Do dm chu un nn c

th b qua bin dng dc trc v khi chuyn v ti ta x bt k c c trng bi
chuyn v v( x ) vung gc vi trc dm.
43

V mi u dm ta c 2 bc t do nn v( x ) l mt a thc xp x bc 3 vi 4 tham s :
v( x ) = a 0 + a1 .x + a 2 .x 2 + a 3 .x 3
t [P ( x )] = 1 x
x2
x3
a 0
a
1
vi {a} =
a 2
a 3
v( x ) = [P( x )].{a}
Ta cng c :
dv( x )
= a1 + 2a 2 .x + 3a 3 .x 2 = 0 1 2 x 3 x 2 .{a}
dx
= [P ( x )]{a}
Tnh ti x = 0 v x = L , ta c :
0 0
0 a 0

1 0
0 a1

L L2 L3 a 2
1 2 L 3L2 a 3
v1 1
0
{ } = 1 =
v 2 1
2 0
{ } = [ A].{a}
Nghch o ma trn [ A] ta c :
[A]
1
0
3
= 2
L
2
L3
1
2
L
1
L
0
3
L2
2
3
L
0
0
1
1
{a} = [ A] { }
L
1
L2
v( x ) = [P ( x )][
. A] { }
14243
1
[ N ]e
o Ma trn hm dng ca chuyn v :

V i N 1 ( x ) = 1
N 3 (x ) =
[N ]e = [P(x )][. A]1 = [N1
3x 2 2 x 3
+ 3
L2
L
N2
N 2 (x ) = x
3x 2 2 x 3
3
L2
L
N 4 (x ) =
N3
N4 ]
2x 2 x3
+ 2
L
L
x2 x3
+
L L2
o Hm chuyn v thng ng ca phn t dm chu un l:

4
v( x ) = [N ]e { } = N i ( x ) i
i =1
[ ] = [P (x )][. A]
o Ma trn hm dng ca gc xoay ( x ) : N
44
= N 1
N 2
N 3
N 4

N 1 ( x ) =
N 3 ( x ) =
6x 6x 2
+ 3
L2
L
6x 6x 2
3
L2
L
N 2 ( x ) = 1
N 4 ( x ) =
4 x 3x 2
+ 2
L
L
2 x 3x 2
+ 2
L
L
o Gc xoay ( x ) ca phn t dm chu un
( x ) = [N ]e { } = N i (x ) i
4
i =1
Hnh 14 : Phn tch bin dng trong phn t dm chu un thun ty
Gi y l khong cch t im ang xt n ng trung ha th chuyn v dc trc u ( x ) v

vng v( x ) c quan h :
u ( x ) y. tan = y
v( x )
x
du
2 v(x )
2 [N ]
x =
= y
=y
{ }
2
dx
x 2
4
x3
142
[B ]
o Ma trn tnh bin dng ca phn t

2
[B] = y [N2 ]
[B] = y.
6 12 x 4 6 x 6 12 x 2 6 x
+ 3 + 2 2 3 + 2
2
L L L L
L L L
L
Vi N1'' ( x ) =
N 3'' ( x ) =
6 12 x
+
L2 L3
6 12 x
3
L2
L
N 2'' (x ) =
4 6x
+
L L2
N 4'' (x ) =
2 6x
+
L L2
45

o Ma trn cng phn t dm chu un
[K ]e = [B]T [D][B].dV =E [B]T [B].dAdx

Ve
L A
t J = y 2 .dA : M men qun tnh ca mt ct ngang i vi ng trung ha.

A
[K ]e
N 1'' ( x )
''
N (x )
= EJ 2'' . N 1'' ( x ) N 2'' ( x ) N 3'' ( x ) N 4'' ( x ) .dx
L N 3 (x )
''
N 4 ( x )
6 L 12 6 L
12
6 L 4 L2 6 L 2 L2
EJ
= 3
L 12 6 L 12 6 L
2
6 L 4 L2
6L 2L
[K ]e
b) Thanh c nt u tri, khp u phi
Hnh 15 : Chuyn v trong phn t thanh c u tri l nt, u phi l khp
d 2v
M ( x ) = EJ 2
dx
(*)
v( x ) = [N ]e { }
[N ] = [N
''
''
1
(x )
M (x = L ) = 0
2 =
[ ] { }
M ( x ) = EJ N ''
N 2'' ( x ) N 3'' ( x ) N 4'' (x )
6
2
6
4
v + 1 2 v2 + 2 = 0
2 1
L
L
L
L
3
3
v1
v2 1
2L
2 2L
Thay vo (*) ta c phng trnh :

v( x ) = N 1* ( x ).v1 + N 2* ( x ).1 + N 3* ( x ).v 2
Vi
3 x2
x3
N (x ) = 1
+
;
2 L2 2 L3
*
1
3 x2
x3
N (x ) = x
+
2 L 2 L2
*
2
46
3 x2
x3
N (x ) =
3 ; N 4* ( x ) = 0
2
2L
2L
*
3

[K ]e
N 1* " ( x )
*
N 2 " ( x ) *
= EJ *
. N 1 " ( x ) N 2* " ( x ) N 3* " ( x ) 0 .dx
L N 3 " (x )
Vi :
N 1* " ( x ) =
[K ]e
3
(x L ) ;
L3
3EJ
L3
3EJ
= L2
3EJ
L3
0
N 2* " ( x ) =
3EJ
L2
3EJ
L
3EJ
2
L
0
3EJ
L3
3EJ
2
L
3EJ
L3
0
3
(x L ) ; N 3* " (x ) = 33 (x L ) ; N 4* " (x ) = 0
2
L
L
0
0
L 1
1
L L2 L
3EJ
= 3
L 1 L 1
0
0
0
[K ]e
0
0
0
c) Thanh c nt u phi, khp u tri
Hnh 16 : Cc thnh phn chuyn v trong phn t thanh c khp u tri, nt u phi
[ ] { }
M ( x ) = EJ N ''
M (x = 0) = 0
6
4
6
2
v 1 + 2 v2 2 = 0
2 1
L
L
L
L
Thay vo phng trnh v( x ) = [N ]e { } ta c :

v( x ) = N 1* ( x ).v1 + N 3* (x ).v 2 + N 4* ( x ). 2
Vi :
N 1* ( x ) = 1
3 x x3
+
;
2 L 2 L3
N 1* " ( x ) =
3x
;
L3
N 2* ( x ) = 0 ; N 3* ( x ) =
N 2* " ( x ) = 0 ; N 3* " ( x ) =
3 x x3
x3
x
3 ; N 4* ( x ) = 2
2 L 2L
2
2L
3x
3x
; N 4* " ( x ) = 2
3
L
L
47

[K ]e
[K ]e
N 1* " ( x )
0 *
= EJ *
. N 1 " ( x ) 0 N 3* " ( x ) N 4* " ( x ) .dx
L N 3 " (x )
*
N 4 " ( x )
3EJ
L3
0
= 3EJ
3
L
3EJ
L2
3EJ
L3
0
0
3EJ
0
L3
3EJ
0 2
L
0
3EJ
1
L2
0
3EJ 0
3EJ [K ]e = 3
2
L 1
L
3EJ
L
L
0 0
0
0 1 L
0 L L2
0
III.2.4 Phn t dm chu un v ko, nn trong khung phng

Chuyn v ti mi nt ca phn t dm s theo 2 phng : trc dm v vung gc vi trc dm.
a) Thanh c 2 nt 2 u
Hnh 17 : Phn t thanh c 2 nt 2 u chu un v bin dng dc trc
Xt phn t dm chu un v chu ko nn trong khung phng.

di phn t dm l L, din tch thit din v m un n hi l A v E khng i.
Hm chuyn v
u ( x ) = a 0 + a1 .x
(6 bc t do 6 phng trnh 6 n)
2
3
v( x ) = a 2 + a 3 .x + a 4 .x + a 5 .x
o Vit di dng ma trn ta c :
{U } = [N ]e { }
N1
Vi [N ]e =
0
u ( x )
v( x )
{U } =
0
N2
0
N3
{ } = {u1
N4
0
0
N5
v1 1
0
N 6
u2
v2 2 }
48

o Vit theo cc thnh phn chuyn v ta c :
u ( x ) = N 1 ( x ).u1 + N 4 ( x ).u 2
v( x ) = N 2 ( x ).v1 + N 3 ( x ).1 + N 5 ( x ).v 2 + N 6 ( x ). 2

N i ( x ) : Cc hm Hermite, c tnh cht trc giao
Vi
N 1 (x ) = 1
N 4 (x ) =
x
3x 2 2 x 3
2x 2 x3
; N 2 (x ) = 1 2 + 3 ; N 3 (x ) = x
+ 2
L
L
L
L
L
x
3x 2 2 x 3
x2 x3
; N 5 (x ) = 2 3 ; N 6 (x ) =
+
L
L L2
L
L
Bin dng t i
Trng thi cng theo 1 trc
x =
du u ( x ) y
2 v(x )
=
+ = u ' ( x ) y.
dx
x
x 2
= N 1' ( x ).u1 + N 4' ( x ).u 2 y N 2'' ( x ).v1 + N 3'' ( x ). 1 + N 5'' (x ).v 2 + N 6'' (x ). 2
o Vit di dng ma trn ta c :
{ } = [B]{ } = [][N ]{ }
{ } = x ; [B ] = [N1' (x )
y.N 2'' ( x ) y.N 3'' ( x ) N 4' ( x ) y.N 5'' ( x ) y.N 6'' ( x )
V i :
N 1' ( x ) =
1
6 2x
2
3x
; N 2'' (x ) = 2 1 ; N 3'' ( x ) = 2
L
L
L
L
L
N 4' ( x ) =
1
6 2x
2 3x
; N 5'' ( x ) = 2 1 ; N 6'' ( x ) = 1
L
L
L
L
L
o Ma trn cng phn t
[K ]e = [B]T [D][B].dV
Ve
N 1' (x )
''
y.N 2 ( x )
y.N 3'' ( x ) '
''
''
'
''
''
= E
N 1 ( x ) y.N 2 ( x ) y.N 3 ( x ) N 4 ( x ) y.N 5 ( x ) y.N 6 ( x ) .dV
'
Ve N 4 ( x )
y.N '' ( x )
5
''
y.N 6 ( x )
49

[K ]e
EA
0
L
12 EJ
0
L3
6 EJ
0
L2
=
EA
0
L
12 EJ
0
3
6 EJ
0
L2
0
6 EJ
L2
4 EJ
L
0
6 EJ
L2
2 EJ
L
EA
L
0
0
0
12 EJ
L3
6 EJ
2
L
EA
L
0
0
0
12 EJ
L3
6 EJ
2
L
6 EJ
L2
2 EJ
L
6 EJ
2
L
4 EJ
L
0
Hnh 18 : Phn t thanh c nt u tri, khp u phi chu un v bin dng dc trc
Hm chuyn v
u ( x ) = a 0 + a1 .x
(6 bc t do 6 phng trnh 6 n)
2
3
v( x ) = a 2 + a 3 .x + a 4 .x + a 5 .x
o Sp xp li theo cc thnh phn chuyn v ta c :
u ( x ) = N 1 ( x ).u1 + N 4 ( x ).u 2
v( x ) = N 2 ( x ).v1 + N 3 ( x ).1 + N 5 ( x ).v 2 + N 6 ( x ). 2

N i ( x ) : Cc hm Hermite, c tnh cht trc giao
Vi
x
3x 2 2 x 3
2x 2 x3
N 1 (x ) = 1 ; N 2 ( x ) = 1 2 + 3 ; N 3 ( x ) = x
+ 2
L
L
L
L
L
x
3x 2 2 x 3
x2 x3
N 4 (x ) = ; N 5 (x ) = 2 3 ; N 6 (x ) =
+
L
L L2
L
L
d 2v
3
3
v2 1
v1
dx 2 2 =
2L
2 2L
M (x = L ) = 0
M ( x ) = EJ
50

Lc ny hm v( x ) s c biu din nh sau :

v( x ) = N 2* ( x ).v1 + N 3* ( x ).1 + N 5* ( x ).v 2
Vi N 2* ( x ) = 1
3x 2 x 3
3x 2 x 3
3x 2 x 3
*
*
+
;
N
(
x
)
=
x
+
;
N
(
x
)
=
3 ; N 6* ( x ) = 0
3
5
2
3
2
2
2l
2l
2l
2l
2l
2l
o Ma trn hm dng :
{U } = [N ]e { }
N1
Vi [N ]e =
0
u ( x )
v( x )
{U } =
0
N 2*
0
N 3*
N4
0
{ } = {u1
0
0
0
N 5*
v1 1
u2
v2 2 }
o Ma trn tnh bin dng
[B] = [N1' (x )
y.N 2* " ( x ) y.N 3* " ( x ) N 4' (x ) y.N 5* " ( x ) 0
o Ma trn cng phn t
[K ]e = [B]T [D][B].dV
Ve
= E
Ve
[K ]e
N 1' ( x )
y.N 2* " ( x )
y.N 3* " ( x ) '
*
*
'
*
N 1 ( x ) y.N 2 " ( x ) y.N 3 " ( x ) N 4 ( x ) y.N 5 " ( x ) 0 .dV
'
N 4 (x )
y.N 5* " ( x )
EA
0
L
3EJ
0
L3
3EJ
0
=
L2
EA
0
L
3EJ
0
3
L
0
0
0
3EJ
L2
3EJ
L
0
3EJ
L2
0
EA
L
0
0
EA
L
0
0
0
3EJ
L3
3EJ
2
L
0
3EJ
L3
0
51

c) Thanh c nt u phi, khp u tri
Hnh 19 : Phn t thanh c khp u tri nt u phi, chu un v bin dng dc trc
Lp lun tng t ta cng c :
[K ]e
EA
L
0
= EA
0
3EJ
L3
0
0
3EJ
L3
3EJ
L2
EA
L
0
0
0
EA
L
3EJ
L3
0
0
3EJ
L3
3EJ
2
L
3EJ
L2
0
0
3EJ
2
L
3EJ
L
0
III.2.5 Phn t thanh lng tr chu xon thun ty
Hnh 20 : Phn t thanh lng tr chu xon thun ty
o Hm chuyn v : ( x ) = a 0 + a1 .x
2 bc t do (2 phng trnh 2 n)
( x = L ) = 1 + a1 L = 2
( x = 0 ) = a 0 = 1
( x ) = 1 .1 + . 2 = N 1 ( x ).1 + N 2 ( x ). 2
L
L
x
52

o Vit di dng ma trn
( x ) = [N ]e { }
[N ]e = 1 x
x
L
{ } =
o Bin dng trt
d
= [N ']e { } = [B ]{ }
dx
: khong cch t im ang xt n trc trung ha
1
[B ] = . N 1' ( x ) N 2' ( x ) = .
L
1
L
o Ma trn cng phn t
[K ]e
L '
'
N 1 ( x ).N 1 ( x ).dx
T
= [B ] [D ][. B ].dV = G 2 dA. L0
'
'
Ve
A
N 2 ( x ).N 1 ( x ).dx
0
[K ]e =
'
'
(
)
(
)
N
x
.
N
x
.
dx
1
2
0
'
'
0 N 2 (x ).N 2 (x ).dx
L
GJ 1 1
L 1 1
Vi J x = 2 .dA : M men qun tnh cc ca thit din

A
o Lc nt tng ng
M men xon m( x ) phn b u dc theo trc thanh
{F }e
(
)
(
)
N
x
.
m
x
.
dx
L
0
T
= [N ( x )] m( x ).dx = L
vi m( x ) = m0 = const
0
N ( x ).m( x ).dx
2
{F } =
e
m0 l 1
2 1
o M men xon tp trung M
{F }e
M .N 1 ( L )
1
=
= M

M .N 2 ( L )
53

Ch
Jx =
.R 4
R : Bn knh dm
J x = cab 3
c : Hng s c ly theo bng
III.2.6 Phn t thanh khng gian

a) Gin khng gian
i vi h thanh khng gian hoc h thanh phng chu lc khng gian th cc phn t thanh s
chuyn v theo c 3 phng x, y, z
o Vc t chuyn v nt
{ } = {u1
v1
w1
u2
v2
w2 }
o Ma trn cng phn t

Trong h ta tng qut
[K ]
l2
lm
ln
l 2 lm ln
m2
mn lm m 2 mn
lm
mn
n2
lm mn n 2
EA ln
=
L l 2 lm lm l 2
lm
ln
lm m 2 mn lm
m2
mn
2
ln
mn
n 2
ln mn n
Vi l = Cos ( x, X ) ; m = Cos ( x, Y ) ; n = Cos ( x, Z )
Trong h ta a phng
l = 1, m = 0 , n = 0
[K ]e
EA
L
0
= 0EA
L
0
EA
0 0
L
0
0 0
0
0 0
EA
0 0
L
0
0 0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
b) Khung khng gian
o Vc t chuyn v nt
{ } = {u1
v1
w1 x1 y1 z1
u2
v2
w2 x 2 y 2 z 2 }
(Phn t thanh ng thi chu ko (nn) dc trc x, chu un trong mt phng xy v xz, chu
xon quanh trc x).
54

o Ma trn cng phn t

SGK tr32
[K ]e
EA
L
=
EA
L
0
EA
L
12 EJ z
L3
6 EJ z
L2
12 EJ y
L
0
0
6 EJ y
GJ xoan
L
6 EJ y
L
0
4 EJ y
L
12 EJ z
L3
12 EJ y
3
L
0
6 EJ y
6 EJ y
L2
GJ xoan
0
2 EJ y
6 EJ z
L2
4 EJ z
L
EA
L
12 EJ z
L3
6 EJ z
L2
12 EJ z
L3
6 EJ
2z
L
0
0
12 EJ y
L3
6 EJ z
L2
6 EJ y
0
L2
GJ xoan
L
0
L2
6 EJ y
0
2 EJ y
L
0
2 EJ z
L
6 EJ z
L2
12 EJ y
L3
0
6 EJ y
L2
0
6 EJ y
L2
GJ xoan
L
0
0
4 EJ y
L
0
III.3 Qui i ngoi lc v lc nt tng ng

III.3.1 Thanh chu un ngang phng
Ma trn hm dng ca phn t :
[N ]e = [N1
N2
N3
N4 ]
Vi :
N1 ( x ) = 1
3x 2 2 x 3
2x 2 x3
3x 2 2 x 3
x2 x3
(
)
(
)
(
)
+
;
N
x
=
x
+
;
N
x
=
;
N
x
=
+
2
3
4
L
L L2
L2
L3
L2
L2
L3
o hm ca ma trn hm dng :
[N ] = [N
'
'
1
N 2'
N 3'
N 4'
Vi :
N1' ( x ) =
6x 6x 2
4 x 3x 2
6x 6x 2
2 x 3x 2
'
'
'
;
(
)
;
(
)
;
(
)
+
N
x
=
1
+
N
x
=
N
x
=
+ 2
2
3
4
L
L
L2
L3
L2
L2
L3
L
55
6 EJ z
L2
2 EJ z
L
6 EJ
2z
L
4 EJ z
L
0

o Trng hp ti trng phn b u vi cng p0
T2
T1
M2
M1
p0
JzA
,
,
EL
z
Hnh 21 : Phn t dm chu un thun ty vi ti trng phn b u
{F }e
= [N ]e
N1 (x )
L
N 2 ( x )
e
p 0 .dx =
. p 0 .dx vi {F } = {T1
N 3 ( x )
0
N 4 ( x )
L
L
3x 2 2 x 3
x3 x4
N1 (x ). p 0 .dx = 1 2 + 3 . p0 .dx = x 2 + 3 . p0
L
L
L 2L
0
0
=
0
L
L
2 x 3 3x 2
x4 x3
N 3 (x ). p 0 .dx = 3 2 . p0 .dx = 3 2 . p 0
L
L
2L L
0
0
L
L
x2 x3
x3
x4
N 4 ( x ). p0 .dx = 2 . p0 .dx =
2 . p0
L L
3L 4 L
0
0
{F }
p .L
= 0
2
p .L2
0
12
p .L
0
2
p 0 .L2
12
56
=
0
=
0
x 2 2x3 x4
2x 2 x3
N 2 ( x ). p0 .dx = x
+ 2 . p0 .dx =
+ 2 . p0
L
L
2 3L 4 L
0
0
L
M 2}
M 1 T2
p 0 .L
2
p0 .L2
12
p 0 .L
2
p0 .L2
=
12

o Lc tp trung t cch nt u phn t 1 khong L
Hnh 22 : Phn t dm chu un thun ty vi lc tp trung Q
{F }e
1 3 2 + 2 3
2
3
L 2 L + L
T
= [N (L )]e .{Q} = Q. 2
3
3 2
2 L + 3 L
1
Q
e
Vi = {F } =
2
2
QL
8
Q
2
QL
o M men tp trung cch nt u phn t 1 khong L
Hnh 23 : Phn t dm chu un thun ty vi m men M
{F }e
6 6 2
+
L
L
T
1 4 + 3 2
dN
=
(L ) {M } = M .
2
dx
e
6 6
2
2 + 3
1
3M
e
Vi = {F } =
2
2L
3M
2L
M

4
57

III.3.2 Thanh chu ko (nn) v un ngang phng

a) Thanh c 2 nt 2 u
o Ti trng phn b dc theo trc thanh
p y (x )
JzA
,,
EL
N1
2
T2 N
T1
p x (x )
Hnh 24 : Phn t thanh c 2 nt 2 u chu ti trng phn b
PTHH c ma trn hm dng nh sau :
N 1 (x )
0
0
N 4 (x )
0
0
N 2 (x ) N 3 (x )
0
N 5 ( x ) N 6 (x )
0
[N ]e =
Vi
x
3x 2 2 x 3
2x 2 x3
N 1 (x ) = 1
; N 2 (x ) = 1 2 + 3 ; N 3 (x ) = x
+ 2
L
L
L
L
L
N 4 (x ) =
{F }e
x
3x 2 2 x 3
x2 x3
; N 5 (x ) = 2 3 ; N 6 (x ) =
+
L
L L2
L
L
N1
N 1 (x )
T
0
1
L
M 1 L
(
)
p
x
0
x
T
= = [N ]e
.dx =
N (x )
p y (x )
0 4
N 2 0
0
T2

M 2
0
N 1 ( x ). p x ( x ).dx
0
N 2 ( x ). p y (x ).dx
0
L
N 2 ( x )
N ( x ). p ( x ).dx
y
3
N 3 ( x ) p x ( x )
0
.
.dx = L
0 p y ( x )
N ( x ). p ( x ).dx
x
4
N 5 ( x )
0
N 6 ( x )
L
N 5 ( x ). p y ( x ).dx
0
N 6 ( x ). p y ( x ).dx
0
58

p x ( x ) = p x = cte
Khi
ta c :
p y ( x ) = p y = cte
{F }
1
= px L
2
1
1
py L
p y L2
2
12
1
px L
2
1
1
py L
p y L2
2
12
o Ti trng tp trung
Bao gm lc tp trung v 1 mmen un tp trung
Hnh 25 : Phn t thanh c 2 nt 2 u chu lc tp trung v m men
{F }e
N1
T
1
T
M
dN
T
(x M ) {M }
= 1 = N (xQ ) e {Q} +
dx
e
N 2
T2

M 2
Vi N1' ( x ) =
N 4' ( x ) =
{F }e
1
6x 6x 2
4 x 3x 2
; N 2' ( x ) = 2 + 3 ; N 3' ( x ) = 1
+ 2
L
L
L
L
L
1
6x 6x 2
2 x 3x 2
; N 5' ( x ) = 2 3 ; N 6' ( x ) = + 2
L
L
L
L
L
N 1 (L )
0
0
=
N 4 (L )
0
N 1' ( L )
N 2 (L )
0
N 3 (L ) Q x 0
. +
0 Q y N 4' ( L )
0
N 5 (L )
N 6 (L )
0
0
N 1 (L ).Q x
'
N 2' ( L )
N 2 (L ).Q y + N 2 ( L ).M z
'
N 3' ( L ) 0 N 3 (L ).Q y + N 3 ( L ).M z
. =
N 4 (L ).Q x
0 M z
N 5 (L ).Q y + N 5' ( L ).M z

N 5' ( L )
'
N 6 (L ).Q y + N 6 ( L ).M z
N 6' (L )
0
59

Vi = =
{F }
1
= Qx
2
1
ta c :
2
Q y 3M z
2L
2
Qy L M z
4
8
1
Qx
2
Q y 3M z
+
2L
2
Q y L M z

8
4
p y (x )
px (x )
Hnh 26 : Phn t thanh c nt u tri, khp u phi

Ma trn hm dng ca phn t :
N1 (x )
0
0
N 4 (x )
0
0
*
*
*
N 2 (x ) N 3 (x )
0
N 5 ( x ) 0
0
[N ]e =
Vi
N 1 (x ) = 1
N 4 (x ) =
x
3x 2
x3
3x 2
x3
; N 2* ( x ) = 1 2 + 3 ; N 3* ( x ) = x
+ 2
L
2L 2L
2L
2L
x
3x 2
x3
; N 5* ( x ) = 2 3 ; N 6* ( x ) = 0
L
2L
2L
Ta cng c :
N1' ( x ) =
N 4' ( x ) =
1
3x 3x 2
3x 3 x 2
; N 2* ' (x ) = 2 + 3 ; N 3* ' (x ) = 1
+
L
L 2 L2
L
2L
1
3x 3x 2
; N 5* ' (x ) = 2 3 ; N 6* ' (x ) = 0
L
L
2L
60

{F }e
0
N1
N 1 (x )
T
0
N 2* ( x )
1
L
M 1 L
( )
0
N 3* ( x ) p x ( x )
T px x
= = [N ]e
.dx =
.
.dx
N (x )
0 p y ( x )
p y (x )
0 4
N 2 0
T2
0
N 5* ( x )

M 2
0
0
p x ( x ) = p x = cte
Vi
ta c :
p y ( x ) = p y = cte
{F }e
5
1
1
= px L
py L
p y L2
8
8
2
1
3
px L
p y L 0
2
8
o Ti trng tp trung
Bao gm lc tp trung v 1 mmen
{F }e = {N1
T1
M1
N2
T2
0}
dN
(x M ) {M }
= N (xQ ) e {Q} +
dx
e
T
{F }e
0
N 1' ( L )
N 1 (L ).Q x
0
N 1 (L )
*
*
*
*
N 2 (L )
N 2 ' ( L )
0
N 2 (L ).Q y + N 2 ' ( L ).M z

*
*
0
N 3* (L ) Q x 0
N 3* ' ( L ) 0 N 3 (L ).Q y + N 3 ' ( L ).M z
.
.
=
+
=

0 Q y N 4' (L )
N 4 (L ).Q x
0 M z
N 4 (L )
*
*
*
*
N 5 (L )
N 5 (L ).Q y + N 5 ' ( L ).M z
0
N 5 ' ( L )
0
0
0
0
0
Vi = =
{F }
1
= Qx
2
1
ta c :
2
11Q y 9 M z
8L
16
3Q y L M z
16
8
61
1
Qx
2
5Q y 9 M z
+
8L
16

c) Thanh c khp u tri, nt u phi
p y (x )
px (x )
Hnh 27 : Phn t thanh c khp u tri, nt u phi
Ma trn hm dng ca chuyn v c vit nh sau :
N1 ( x )
0
0 N 4 (x )
0
0
N 2* ( x ) 0
N 5* ( x ) N 6* ( x )
0
0
[N ]e =
Vi :
N 1 (x ) = 1
N 4 (x ) =
x
3x x 3
; N 2* ( x ) = 1
+ 3 ; N 3* ( x ) = 0
L
2L 2L
x
3x x 3
x3 x
; N 5* ( x ) =
3 ; N 6* ( x ) = 2
L
2L 2L
2L 2
Ta cng c :
N1' ( x ) =
N 4' ( x ) =
3 3x 2
1
; N 2* ' ( x ) =
+ 3 ; N 3* ' ( x ) = 0
L
2L 2L
1
3 3x 2
3x 2 1
; N 5* ' ( x ) =
3 ; N 6* ' ( x ) = 2
L
2L 2L
2L 2
62

{F }e = {N1
{F }e
T1
M1
N2
M 2}
T2
0
N1 (x )
0
*
N 2 (x )
L
L
( )
0
0 p x ( x )
T px x
= [N ]e
=
.
dx
.dx
p
(
x
)
p
(
x
)
N
(
x
)
0
y
y
4
0
0
N 5* (x )
N 6* (x )
0
p x ( x ) = p x = cte
Vi
ta c :
p y ( x ) = p y = cte
{F }
3
1
= px L
py L 0
8
2
5
1
py L
p y L2
8
8
1
px L
2
o Ti trng tp trung
Bao gm lc tp trung v 1 mmen un
{F }e = {N1
T1
0 N2
T2
M 2}
dN
(x M ) {M }
= N (xQ ) e {Q} +
dx
e
T
{F }e
N1 (L ).Qx
0
N 1' ( L )
0
N 1 (L )
*
*
0
*
*
N 2 (L )
N 2 ' ( L )
0
N 2 (L ).Q y + N 2 ' ( L ).M z
0
0
0 Q x 0
0 0
=
. =
. + '
N 4 (L ).Qx
0 Q y N 4 (L )
0 M z
N 4 (L )
*
*
*
*
+
N
(
L
)
.
Q
N
'
(
L
)
.
M
N 5 (L )
0
N 5 ' ( L )
5
y
5
z
*
*
N 6* (L )
N 6 (L ).Q y + N 6 ' ( L ).M z
N 6* ' ( L )
0
0
Vi = =
{F }
1
= Qx
2
1
ta c :
2
5Q y 9 M z
8L
16
1
Qx
2
11Q y 9 M z
+
8L
16
63
3Q y L M z

8
16

III.3.3 Thanh trong gin phng

p y (x )
px (x)
Hnh 28 : Phn t thanh trong gin phng
o Ma trn hm dng
[N ]e =
N1 0 N 2 0
x
x
vi N1 ( x ) = 1 ; N 2 ( x ) =
L
L
0 N1 0 N 2
o Ma trn o hm hm dng
[N ]
'
N '
= 1
0
0
N1'
N 2'
0
0
1
1
vi N1' ( x ) = ; N 2' ( x ) =
'
L
L
N2
{F }e
Vi
N1
N1
T L
L
( )
0
1
T px x
= = [N ]e
.dx =
N2
p y ( x )
0
N 2 0
T2
0
p x ( x ) = p x = cte
1
e
{F } = p x L
2
p y ( x ) = p y = cte
N1 ( x ). p x ( x ).dx
0
0
L
N1 ( x ). p y ( x ).dx
N 1 p x ( x )
.
.dx = L0
0 p y ( x )
N ( x ). p ( x ).dx
x
0 2
N2
L
N (x ). p ( x ).dx
y
0 2
1
py L
2
64
1
px L
2
p y L
2

o Ti trng tp trung
{F }e = {N 1
{F }e
T1
N2
T2 }
N 1 (L ).Q x
'
T
N 1 (L ).Q y + N 1 ( L ).M z
dN
T
(x M ) {M } =
= N (xQ ) e {Q} +
dx
e
N 2 (L ).Q x
N (L ).Q + N ' ( L ).M

2
y
z
2
(1 ).Q x
(1 ).Q y 1 M z
L
=
.Q x
1
.Q y + M z
III.4 Thit lp phng trnh c bn trong h ta chung

III.4.1 Chuyn h trc ta
Khi thit lp phng trnh cn bng trong h ta chung, nu h ta phn t khng trng
vi h ta chung, ta cn thc hin php bin i ta i vi tng phn t
{ } = [T ] { }
[K ] = [T ] [K ] [T ] {F } = [K ] { }
{F } = [T ] {F }
T
e
T
e
T
e
Vi
{ }, [K ] , {F }
: Vc t chuyn v nt phn t, ma trn cng phn t, vc t ti phn t trong
h ta tng th X,Y,Z
{ }, [K ]e , {F }e
: Vc t chuyn v nt phn t, ma trn cng phn t, vc t ti phn t trong
h ta a phng x,y,z
[T ]e
: Ma trn bin i ta phn t
Vi = (0 x,0 X ) ta c :
a) Phn t trong gin phng
o Phn t thanh sang phn t gin phng
Cos
[T ]e =
Sin
0
Cos
0
Sin
65

o H ta a phng sang h ta tng th
[T ]e
Cos
Sin
=
0
Sin
Cos
0
0
0
0
Sin
Cos
0
0
Cos
Sin
b) Phn t trong khung phng
[T ]e
Cos
Sin
0
=
0
0
Sin
Cos
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0 Cos
0 Sin
0
0
0
Sin
Cos
0
0
0
0
0
0
III.4.2 Phng trnh cn bng ca ton b kt cu

a) Ghp ni cc phn t
= [L ]e {}
T
K = [L ]e K e [L ]e K .{} = {P}
e =1
e
{P} = [L]Te F + {P}n
e =1
{}
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
{}
{} , [K ], {P}: Vc t chuyn v nt tng th, ma trn cng tng th, vc t ti tng th (lc
nt tng ng) trong h ta tng th X,Y,Z
[L]e : Ma trn nh v ca phn t

{P}n : Vc t ngoi lc tp trung ti nt
o Cch xc nh ma trn [L ]e
Vt th V c chia thnh N min con (phn t) Ve bi R im nt.
S bc t do ca c h : n = R * s
S bc t do ca mi phn t :
m = r*s
V i
s : S bc t do ca mi nt
r : S nt ca mi phn t
R : Tng s nt ca c h
66

{ }
= [L]e .
{}
(m * 1) (m * n ) (n *1)
V d
Dm c 3 nt, mi nt c 2 bc t do
Hnh 29 : Dm c chia lm 2 phn t, mi phn t c 4 bc t do
Vc t chuyn v nt tng th :
{} = {V1
{ }
1 V2 2 V3 3 }T
V1
1

0

= 1 = [L ]1 {} =
0
V2
2
0
{ }
V2
0

0
2
= = [L ]2 {} =
0
V3
3
0
b) p t iu kin bin
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
V1

0 1
0 V2
.
0 2
0 V3

3
0
0
1
0
V1

0 1
0 V2
.
0 2
1 V3

3
[ ]
H phng trnh tng th K .{} = {P} c th c sp xp li di dng nh sau :
[ ]
[K ]
[ ]
[ ]
K 11 .
....... .
K 21 .
{}1 {P}1b

....... ..... = .....
b
K 22 {}2 {P}2
12
Trong :
67

{}1
: Vc t chuyn v nt cha tt c cc bc t do cha bit
{P}1b : Vc t ti tng th vi cc thnh phn bit

{}b2
: Vc t chuyn v nt cha cc bc t do cn li bit
{P}2
: Vc t ti tng th vi cc thnh phn cn li cha bit
Trong trng hp cc chuyn v nt {}2 = {0} , ta c :

b
[K ] {} = {P}
11
b
1
[ ]
[ ]
{} = K 1 {P}b
11
1
1
{P}2 = K 21 {}1
Cch kh suy bin trong thc hnh
[K ]{ }= {P }
*
{ } [ ] {P }
* = K *
Vi
{ } : Vc t chuyn v nt cha bit

[K ] : Ma trn cng tng th rt gn
{P } : Vc t ti tng th thu gn (cha cc ti trng bit)
Ma trn [K ] t c bng cch b i cc hng, cc ct ca ma trn [K ] ng vi cc bc t do
*
bng 0 trong {} .
III.5 Xc nh ni lc bn trong phn t hu hn

o Trng thi ng sut cui cng ca kt cu bao gm :
ng sut do chuyn v nt v gi tr ng sut cc b ca mi phn t do ti trng t ln
ng sut do bin dng cng bc ban u gy ra.
o Ni lc trong phn t bao gm 2 phn :
Ni lc do chuyn v nt gy ra (ni lc khi phn t trng thi t do S )
Ni lc do ti trng t bn trong phn t gy ra trng thi c nh (cc nt b gn
cng), k hiu l S 0 .
o Do , ni lc tng cng s l : {S } = {S } + {S }0
Ghi ch
Khi ch c ti trng tp trung t ti nt : {S } = {S }
68

III.5.1 Ni lc trong phn t thanh chu bin dng dc trc
N2
N1
A
,
L
,
E
Hnh 30 : Ni lc trong phn t thanh chu ko nn
Cch 1
{S } = [K ]e { }
EA
N1 L
=
N 2 EA
L
EA
L .u1
EA u 2
Lc dc trc trong phn t :

N x = N 2 = N1 =
EA
(u 2 u1 )
L
Cch 2
N x = x . A = EA x = EA.[B ].{ }
1
Vi [B ] =
L
u1
EA
1
{
}
;
=
(u 2 u1 )
Nx =
L
L
u 2
III.5.2 Ni lc trong phn t gin phng

2
A
,
L
,
E
Hnh 31 : Ni lc trong phn t thanh gin phng
Khi ti trng t vo nt gin, cc phn t thanh lc s chu ko nn ng tm. Ni lc khi
c tnh nh sau :
Cch 1
{S } = [K ]e { } = [K ]e [T ]e { }
N1
Vi {S } =
N 2
{ } = {U
V1 U 2 V2 }
69

1 1 Cos
L 1 1 0
Sin
0
[K ]e [T ]e = EA
{S } =
EA Cos
L Cos
0
Cos
Sin
Cos
Sin
Cos
0
Sin
Sin
.
Sin
{}
EA
N 1 = L (Cos .U 1 + Sin .V1 Cos .U 2 Sin .V2 ) = N 2
N = EA ( Cos .U Sin .V + Cos .U + Sin .V )

1
1
2
2
2
L
Cch 2
{}
N x = x . A = EA x = EA.[B ][. T ]e
Cos
0
[B][. T ]e = 1 [ 1 1].
L
Nx =
Sin
0
0
Cos
0 1
= [ Cos
Sin L
Sin
Cos
EA
( Cos .U 1 Sin .V1 + Cos .U 2 + Sin .V2 ) = N 2
L
III.5.3 Ni lc trong phn t chu un ngang phng
T2
T1
JzA
,,
EL
Cch 1
{S } = [K ]e { }
Vi [K ]e
6 L 12 6 L
v1
12

6 L 4 L2 6 L 2 L2
EJ
{ } = 1
= 3
L 12 6 L 12 6 L
v 2
2
2
2
6L 4L
6L 2L
70
Hnh 32 : Ni lc trong phn t chu un thun ty
Sin ]

T1
M

= 1
T2
M 2
{S }
EJ
T1 = L3 (12v1 + 6 L1 12v 2 + 6 L 2 )
M = EJ 6 Lv + 4 L2 6 Lv + 2 L2
1
1
2
2
1 L3
T = EJ ( 12v 6 L + 12v 6 L ) = T
1
1
2
2
1
2 L3
EJ
M 2 = 3 6 Lv1 + 2 L21 6 Lv 2 + 4 L2 2
L
Cch 2
o vng ca phn t dm c din t nh sau :
v( x ) = [N ]e { }
o M men ti ta bt k trn phn t :
M ( x ) = EJ
d 2 v(x )
= EJ . N ''
dx 2
[ ] { }
e
Vi
[N ] = [N
''
N 1'' ( x ) =
''
1
(x )
N 2'' ( x ) N 3'' ( x ) N 4'' (x )
6 12 x
4 6x
6 12 x
2 6x
+ 3 ; N 2'' (x ) = + 2 ; N 3'' ( x ) = 2 3 ; N 4'' ( x ) = + 2
2
L L
L L
L
L
L
L
M men ti 2 nt lin kt:
4
6
2
6
M ( x = 0 ) = EJ . 2 v1 1 + 2 v 2 2 = M 1
L
L
L
L
2
6
4
6
M ( x = L ) = EJ . 2 v1 + 1 2 v 2 + 2 = M 2
L
L
L
L
o Lc ct ti ta bt k :
Q(x ) =
dM ( x )
= EJ N '''
dx
[ ] { }
e
Vi
N 1''' ( x ) =
12
6
12
6
; N 2''' ( x ) = 2 ; N 3''' ( x ) = 3 ; N 4''' ( x ) = 2
3
L
L
L
L
Lc ct ti im bt k bn trong phn t:
6
12
6
12
Q x = EJ . 3 .v1 + 2 .1 3 .v 2 + 2 . 2 = T2
L
L
L
L
71

III.5.4 Ni lc trong phn t khung phng

y
2
{S } = [K ]e { } = [K ]e [T ]e { }
Vi
{S } = {N1
T1
M1
N2
{ } = {u1
[K ]e
[T ]e
M 2}
T2
v1 1 u 2 v 2 2 }
EA
EA
0
0
L
L
12 EJ
6 EJ
0
0
L3
L2
6 EJ
4 EJ
0
0
2
L
L
=
EA
EA
0
0
L
L
12
EJ
6
EJ
0
3
2
0
L
L
6 EJ
2 EJ
0
0
2
L
Cos
Sin
0
=
0
0
Sin
Cos
0
0
1
0
0 Cos
0 Sin
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12 EJ
L3
6 EJ
2
L
0
12 EJ
L3
6 EJ
2
L
0
0
0
Sin
Cos
0
0
0
0
0
0
72
6 EJ
L2
2 EJ
L
6 EJ
2
L
4 EJ
L
0
JzA
,,
EL
2
T2 N
T1
N1
Hnh 33 : Ni lc trong phn t khung phng

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Vn Bnh, Phng php PTHH v M hnh chuyn v, Bi ging KCXD Vin KTXD
[2] Nguyn Xun Lu, Phng php PTHH, NXB Giao thng Vn ti, 2010
[3] Dng N.L, Gio trnh phng php phn t hu hn trong c hc, Trng i hc Bch
khoa TP H Ch Minh, 1993
[4] Chu Quc Thng, Phng php phn t hu hn, NXB Khoa hc v k thut, 1997
[5] Trn ch Thnh, Trn c Trung, Nguyn Vit Hng, Phng php phn t hu hn trong
k thut, i hc Bch Khoa H Ni, 2000.
[6] Wail N.Al-Rifaie, Ashok K.Govil, Finite Element Method for Structural Engineers, New
Age International (p) Limited, Publishers
[7] Herv Oudin, Mthode des lments finis, Ecole Centrale Nantes 2008.
[8] Antoine Legay, Calcul des structures par lments finis, Cnam-Paris 2012
[9] Nguyn Xun Lu, L thuyt n hi, NXB Giao thng Vn ti, 2010.
73

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B MN KT CU XY DNG

VIN KTXD - I HC GIAO THNG VN TI

Gio vin bin son : TS. T S Qun

PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN M HNH CHUYN V

I CNG V PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN ................... 4

NGUYEN L CHUNG CA PHNG PHP PTHH............................................................ 4

PHNG PHP PTHH TRONG TNH TON KT CU ...................................................... 7

CC NGUYEN L V NANG LNG ............................................................................. 19

Cng (cng b), Nng lng bin dng (NLBD b) ........................................................19

bin thin ca W j v A j ..........................................................................................20

b) Chuyn v kh d, cng kh d ........................................................................................21

bin thin ca W j* v A*j .........................................................................................23

M HNH CHUYN V V S RI RC HA MIN LIN TC .......................................... 27

PHNG PHP PTHH THEO M HNH CHUYN V ................... 27

M hnh chuyn v ............................................................................................................27

HM CHUYN V V MA TRN HM DNG.................................................................. 28

Hm chuyn v v a thc xp x .....................................................................................28

PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN M HNH CHUYN V

II.3.1 PTHH trong bi ton 1 chiu ............................................................................................30

QUI DI LC NT TNG DNG ............................................................................... 32

PHNG TRNH C BN CA PHNG PHP PTHH THEO M HNH CHUYN V .......... 33

Chuyn v, bin dng v ng sut trong phn t ..............................................................33

TRNH T GII BI TON KT CU ............................................................................. 38

CHNG III- TNH TON H THANH BNG PHNG PHP PHN T HU

PHN T HU HN TRONG H THANH ........................................................................ 40

MA TRN D CNG PHN T THANH TRONG H TA D DA PHNG ....................... 41

Phn t thanh chu bin dng dc trc..............................................................................41

QUI I NGOI LC V LC NT TNG NG ....................................................... 55

PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN M HNH CHUYN V

THIT LP PHNG TRNH C BN TRONG H TA D CHUNG ................................... 65

III.4.1 Chuyn h trc ta .......................................................................................................65

XC NH NI LC TRONG PHN T HU HN ........................................................... 68

Ni lc trong phn t thanh chu bin dng dc trc .......................................................69

TI LIU THAM KHO...................................................................................................... 73

PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN M HNH CHUYN V

I CNG V PHNG PHP PHN T HU

Nguyn l chung ca phng php PTHH

Vy chng ta cng nhau tm hiu nguyn l chung ca phng php PTHH.

Gi s ta phi tm dng gn ng ca hm f X trn min xc nh V. Trong phng php

PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN M HNH CHUYN V

Hnh 2 : Min xc nh V trc v sau khi chia min

Cc min ny lin kt vi nhau ti cc im nh trc trn bin ca phn t, c gi l nt.

Trong phng php PTHH, tm dng gn ng ca hm f X , ta phi i tm dng hm gn

Xt phn t Ve bt k cha M nt lin kt, tng ng vi M gi tr phn bit ca hm f X

Hnh 3 : M hnh ha ca phng php PTHH

Trn c s cc gi tr i s ca hm f X , ta c th biu din hm f x di dng nh sau:

y chnh l phng trnh c bn ca PTHH Lagrange

PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN M HNH CHUYN V

N i x : Hm lin tc, kh vi trn min xc nh Ve , ng vi ta xi , tha mn iu kin

V f i l gi tr bng s ca hm f x nn cc hm N i x quyt nh dng phng trnh ca

hm f x . Do n c tn l hm dng, hay hm hnh dng.

o Phng php PTHH l phng php tnh gn ng

Khi s nt lin kt ca phn t M , cc gi tr ca hm s f x s tin gn n gi tr

thc ca hm f x , c xc nh bng phng php gii tch.

nhng gi tr trung gian ca hm s ti nhng im khng nm trn nt li. iu ny c bit

o Gip gim khi lng tnh ton khi nghin cu c h.

PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN M HNH CHUYN V

Phng php PTHH trong tnh ton kt cu

Phn tch trng thi ng sut bin dng theo L thuyt n hi

o Thnh lp phng trnh cn bng phn t, ta c :

PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN M HNH CHUYN V

u , v, w : Chuyn v theo cc phng X,Y,Z

xy , yz , zx : ng sut tip, tun theo lut i ngu