Serre Mad S Sateri ZOO ANIMALS bs a < a earn more about our animals and thier haAfrican Lion (Panthera leo) Color: A wide range of gold to dark browns. Mature males have a dark brown and sometimes black mane around their face. Habitat: Wild lions currently exist in Sub-Saharan Africa Size: Weight for adult male lions range between 330-550 pounds with a height of (at the shoulder) 4 feet . The length of male lions is 5 feet 7 inches to 8 feet 2 inches for head and body plus the tail length of 2 feet 11 inches to 3 feet 5 inches. Weight for adult female lionesses range between 265- 400 pounds with a height at the shoulder of 3 feet 6 inches. The length of lionesses for body and head is 4 fect 7 inches to 5 fect 9 inches with the tail measuring 2 fect 4 inches to 3 fect 3 inches Lifespan: Lions live for 10 to 14 years in the wild, while in captivity they can live longer than 20 years. Diet: The prey consists mainly of large mammals, with a preference for wildebeest, impalas, zebra buffalo, and warthogs. Many other species are hunted, based on availability. Typically, several lion- esses work together and encircle the herd from different points. Behavior: Lions spend much of their time resting and are inactive for about 20 hours a day. Al- though lions can be active at any time, their activity generally peaks after dusk with a period of, socializing, grooming, and defecating. Intermittent bursts of activity follow through the night hours until dawn, when hunting most often takes place. They spend an average of two hours a day walking and 50 minutes eating. Lions are predatory carnivores who manifest two types of social organiza- tion. Some are residents, living in groups, called prides. The pride usually consists of approximately five or six related females, their cubs of both sexes, and one or two males. The second organization- al behavior is labeled nomads, who range widely and move about sporadically, either singularly or in pairs. Note that a lion may switch lifestyles; nomads may become residents and vice versa. Reproduction: Most lionesses will have reproduced by the time they are four years of age. Lions do not mate at any specific time of year. Lions reproduce very well in captivity. The average gestation. period is around 110 days, the female giving birth to a litter of one to four cubs in a secluded den (which may be a thicket, a reed-bed, a cave or some other secluded sheltered area) usually away from the rest of the pride. Population Status: The lion is considered in a vulnerable status by the International Union for Con- servation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Most lions now live in eastern and southern Africa, and their numbers there are rapidly decreasing, with an estimated 30-50 percent decline over the last two decades.Leopard (Panthera pardus) Color: Most leopards are light colored (usually yellow) with distinctive dark spots that are called rosettes, because they resemble the shape of a rose. Black leopards, which appear to be almost solid in color because their spots are hard to distinguish, are commonly called black panthers. Habitat: They live in sub-Saharan Africa, northeast Africa, Central Asia, India, and many of their populations outside of Africa are endangered, ina, However, Size: Head and body length is between 49 and 65 inches and the tail reaches 24 to 43 inches. Shoul- der height is 18 to 31 inches. Males are about 30% larger than females, weighing in at 66 to 200 pounds compared to 51 to 130 pounds for females. Leopards are the smallest of the four big cats species span; Leopards live 10-12 years in the wild and up to 21 years in cay ty. Diet: Mid-sized animals are preferred. Their diet consists of antelope, monkeys, impala, and Thom- son’s gazelle, Although they are opportunistic hunters and will prey upon reptiles and birds. Behavior: The leopard is so strong and comfortable in trees that it often hauls its kills into the branches. This helps protect the leopards kill from being scavenged by hyenas and lions. Leopards are generally considered to be nocturnal; however, this has primarily been observed in open savan- na, Activity level may vary depending on the habitat and type of prey it hunts. The leopard is known for its agility in climbing and is often observed resting in trees during the day and heading down headfirst. Leopards are strong swimmers, and feel very at home in the water. Reproduction: Leopards may mate all year round. Gestation lasts for 90-105 days. Cubs are usually bom in a litter of 2-4 cubs, but due to high infant mortality rates in the first year, usually only one cub will survive the first year. At one year of age leopard cubs can probably fend for themselves but will stay with mom until 18-24 months. Population Status: Because of its declining range and population, it is listed as a Near Threatened species by the IUCN.Spotted (or Laughing) Hyena (Crocuta crocuta) ¢ saat Color: Tawny to brown in color with black spots covering the body. Spotted hyenas are the largest of the hyenas. Their hair is shorter and their manes less full. Habitat: The largest known spotted hyena populations occur in the Serengeti ecosystem in Tanzania, Kruger National Park in South Africa and the Masai Mara Game Reserve in Kenya, Several hun- dred, unsurveyed individuals occur in Zimbabwe conservation areas, the Selous Game Reserve in Tanzania and the Okavango in Botswana Size: Adults measure 37 inches to 66 inches in length with a shoulder height of 27 inches to 36 inch- es. Female spotted hyenas are considerably larger than males, weighing about 12% more. Females can weigh in at 98-141 pounds, while males average 89-121 pounds. Lifespan: Life expectancy in the wild is 10 to 14 years, while in captivity they can live 15 to 20 years, Diet: Hyenas are better equipped to be scavengers then other large predators and will stick closely to lion kills and human settlements. Wildebeest are the most common take down prey, with zebras and gazelles coming close behind. Rarely hyenas have been known to take down water buffalo, but this is a rare occurrence due to different habitats. They have also been known to catch fish, tortois- ¢s, humans, black rhino, hippo calves, young African elephants, pangolins, pythons and many other ungulate species. Behavior: Spotted hyena groups, or clans, are more complex than those of other carnivorous mam- mals, and have been reported to be remarkably similar to those of primates in respect to group size, structure, competition and cooperation. Group size is variable; a clan of spotted hyenas can include 5-90 members and is led by a single alpha-female called the matriarch. Reproduction: Spotted hyenas are not seasonal breeders, and can reproduce at any time of the year, though a birth peak does happen during the wet season. The average litter consists of two cubs, three rarely, Cubs will nurse from their mother for 12 to 16 months but can process solid food as early as 3 months. Population status: Spotted hyenas are considered to be anywhere from the lower risk of extinction to extinct depending on the area of Africa it lives in or once inhabited (per the IUCN).Mountain Lion aka Cougar, Puma, or Catamoun (Felis concolor) Color: Tawny (light brown) colored but can appear silvery or reddish, usually with white cheeks. Habitat: Native to the Americas. This solitary cat can be found from Yukon in Canada to the south- em Andes of South America. An adaptable, generalist species, the mountain lion is found in every major American habitat type. Size: Adults stand about 2 to 2 1/2 feet at the shoulder. The length of an adult male averages at 8 feet from nose to tail, Males typically weigh 115 to 200 pounds, and females typically weigh 65 to 140 pounds. Size varies depending on location, mountain lions are smaller closer to the equator and larg- er near the poles, Lifespan: Life expectancy in the wild is 8 to 13 years. In captivity the can live to be 20 years of age with a record of 30 years old. Dict: Cougars will cat any animal it can catch. Its most important prey species are various deer (par- ticularly in North America), bighorn sheep, feral hogs, and armadillos. Behavior: Mountain lions require a lot of room, only a few cats can survive in a 30-square mile range. They are solitary and shy animals. They usually hunt at night or during the gloaming hours of dawn and dusk. These cats employ a blend of stealth and power, stalking their prey until an opportu- nity arrives to pounce. They will hide large carcasses and feed on them for several days. Reproduction: Females reach maturity between 1 1/2 and 3 years of age. They typically average one litter every two or three years throughout their reproductive life. The gestation period is approxi- mately 90 days. Litters are between 1-6 kittens, but average two or three. Population Status: Wildlife experts consider that mountain lions are an endangered species.Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis) Color: Lynxes have a dense silvery-brown coat with some black markings, ruffed face and tufted cars. Habitat: It ranges across Canada and into Alaska as well as some parts of the northern United States. Size: Lynxes have an average weight of 18 to 24 pounds, they are 31 to 41 inches in length, and a shoulder height of 19 to 22 inches. Males are typically slightly larger than females. Lifespan: 10-12 years in the wild, 15-20 years in captivity. Dict: Canada lynx feed predominantly on snowshoe hare, which typically comprise 60-97% of their diet. The size of the lynx population tends to run parallel to the 10 year long rise and decline with the hare’s numbers. They will occasionally eat rodents and birds, especially in summer. Behavior: The lynx is a solitary cat. Their large paws are also furry and hit the ground with a spread- ing toe motion that makes them function as natural snowshoes. These stealthy cats avoid humans and hunt at night, so they are rarely seen. All lynx are skilled hunters that make use of great hearing (the tufts on their ears are hearing aids) and eyesight so strong that a lynx can spot a mouse 250 feet away. The cat tends to stay within a hundred yards of the tree line, but does not shy away from swimming. Reproduction: Lynx mate in early spring or late winter. About two months later, females give birth toa litter of onc to four young. Cubs are weaned at twelve weeks, but the mother will bring food to the cubs at the den. Cubs separate from their mother at around ten months, but do not reach the full adult size until 2 years. Population Status: Lynxes are currently considered threatened. Humans often hunt lynx for their beautiful coat.Serval (Leptailarus serval) Color: The pattern of the fur is variable. Usually, the serval is boldly spotted black on tawny, with 2 or 4 stripes from the top of the head down the neck and back, transitioning into spots. Habitat: Its main habitat is the savanna, although melanistic (solid black) individuals are more usu- ally found in mountainous areas. The serval needs watercourses within its territory, so it does not live in semi-deserts or dry steppes. Size: The cat’s length is 33-44 inches, plus 12-18 inches of tail, and the shoulder height is about 21- 26 inches. Weight ranges from 20-35 pounds in females, and from 26-57 pounds in males. Lifespan: Life expectancy is about 12-16 years in the wild, and up to 20-25 years in captivity. Diet: Although the serval is specialized in catching rodents, it is an opportunistic predator whose dict also includes birds, hares, hyraxes, reptiles, fish, and frogs. Behavior: Elusive and shy, servals are for the most part nocturnal, hunting by sight and sound (thanks in part to their large ears) more than scent. It has excellent hearing and can locate prey that is moving underground, Often they will play with their meal before consuming it. Servals are ex- tremely intelligent, and demonstrate remarkable problem-solving ability, making them notorious for getting into mischief. Reproduction: The gestation period for a female serval is 66-77 days. The litter consists of two or three kittens, sometimes as few as one and as many as five. They are raised in sheltered locations such as abandoned aardvark burrows. Population Status: In North and South Africa the serval population is decreasing due to increasing urbanization in those regions. Some areas of Africa consider them protected while others have regu- lated hunting for their fur.Bobcat (Felis rufus) Color: Most bobcats are brown or brownish red with a white underbelly and short, black-tipped tails. Habitat: They roam throughout much of North America and adapt well to such diverse habitats such as forests, swamps, deserts, and even suburban arcas. Size: The adult male bobcat is 28-40 inches long, averaging 35 inches; with a stubby 4-7 inch tail An adult stands about 20-24 inches at the shoulder. Adult males range from 16-30 pounds; females average about 20 pounds. The eat is larger in its northern range and in open habitats. Lifespan: In the wild the lifespan averages 10 to 12 years. In captivity it may average from 16-30 years. Diet: Fierce hunters, bobcats can kill prey much bigger then themselves, but usually eat rabbits, birds, mice, squirrels, and other small game. Behavior: Bobeats are elusive and nocturnal, so they are rarely spotted by humans. It keeps on the move from three hours before sunset until about midnight, and then again from before dawn until three hours after sunrise. Each night it will move 2 to 7 miles along its habitual route. This behavior may vary seasonally, as bobcats become more diurnal during fall and winter. This a response to the activity of their prey, which are more active during the day in colder months. Reproduction: Gestation is roughly 60-70 days, and the female will raise one to six kittens alone. Within three to five months the kittens begin to travel with their mother. They will be hunting by themselves by fall of their first year and usually disperse shortly thereafter. Population Status: In some areas, bobcats are still trapped for their soft, spotted fur. North American populations are believed to be quite large, with perhaps as many as one million cats in the United States alone.Caracal (Caracal caracal or Felis caracal) Color: The color of the fur varies between wine-red, grey, or sand colored. There are black spots above the eyes and small white patches around the eyes and nose. Underparts of chin and body are white, and a narrow black line runs from the corner of the eye to the nose. They also have large black ears with a tufted end. Habitat: The caracal is distributed over Africa and the Middle East. Its chief habitat is dry steppes and semi-deserts, but it also inhabits woodlands, savanna, and scrub forest. Size: Males typically weigh 29 to 40 pounds, while females average around 24 pounds. The caracal is 26 to 35 inches long with a 12 inch tail, Lifespan: Life expectancy in the wild is around 12 years, and 17 years in captivity. Diet: Its main diet includes rodents, birds, and hares. It will rarely go for game larger than itself such as gazelles, small antelope, or young ostrich. Behavior: Adult caracals dwell either alone or, less commonly, in pairs. The caracal is largely noc- turnal but sometimes seen by day, particularly in cooler portions of its range. It jumps and climbs well, and is a skillful, agile hunter. The caracal is renowned for catching low-flying birds. Reproduction: Mating may occur at any time of year, however, it is more likely when prey is plen- tiful. Gestation lasts 68-81 days, and litter sizes range from one to six kittens (usually two or three) Kittens are weaned at about ten weeks, but will stay with their mother up to one year. Population Status: Caracals are not a threatened species. They are often viewed as vermin by farm- crs in Africa as they prey on livestock such as poultry, They are rarely seen in the wild despite their as they hide extremely well.Tufted Capuchin (Cebus apella) Color: Capuchins have a bundle of long, hardened black hair on the forehead that can be raised as a sort of wig. The fur is brownish gray, with the belly being somewhat lighter colored. The hands and feet are black. Habitat: This species is found in the northern Amazon rainforest of the Guyanas and Brazil to the west of the Rio Negro, as far north as the Orinoco in Venezuela. It can be found in a large variety of forest types, mainly in tropical rainforests (up till a height of 2700 meters), but also in more open forests Size: The Tufted Capuchin has a head-body length of 13 inches to 22 inches, a tail length of 15 to 22 inches, and a weight of 4 to 11 pounds. The males are usually larger and heavier than females. Lifespan: In the wild the life expectancy is 15-25 years, while in captivity they can live to be 35-45 years. Diet: A well known characteristic of this species is that it uses stones as a tool to open hard nuts. First it lays the nut on a large, flat stone, after which it hammers with a smaller stone until the nut is opened. Besides nuts, it also cats fruit, insects, larvae, eggs, young birds, frogs, lizards and bats Behavior: Capuchins are social animals, forming groups of 8 to 15 individuals that are led by an alpha or dominant male. The alpha male dictates group movement and activity patterns, is the focal point of group attention and functions in group cohesion, With the exception of young males, who often transfer between groups several times before settling into a new troop, group members are stable over a number of years. Reproduction: After a gestation period of 180 days, one young is born, or rarely a twin, This young is carried on the back of its mother. The mother feeds her child for 9 months, but the young is sexu- ally immature until its seventh year, which is quite late for a primate of its size. Population Status: They are listed with the IUCN as least concem. Meaning they are currently doing well and not a threatened or endangered species.Patas Monkey (Erythrocebus patas) Color: Patas monkeys are a slender species with a red-brown back and head with a grey-white stom- ach. The face can be recognized by a black brow ridge and nose as well as by the white area around the mouth. Habitat: Patas monkeys occur in a broad band across central Africa, between the Sahara in the north and the equatorial rainforests in the south. They occur from Senegal on the west coast of Africa all the way east to the Sudan and south to Lake Tanganyika Size: The monkeys grow to 33 inches long with a 30 inch tail. Adult males are considerably larger than adult females. On average an adult male will weigh approximately 28 pounds, while the fe- males will reach 15 pounds. Lifespan: In the wild the average lifespan is approximately 21 yea! over 30 years. . In captivity they can Diet: The Patas monkeys diet varies greatly depending on season and availability. They are de- scribed as omnivorous relying on plant material, insects, and animal material. During rainy si it will eat fruits, flowers, leaves, and stems as well as insects and fungi. sons Behavior: The Patas monkey lives in multi-female groups of up to 15 members. The group contains just one adult male, Patas are physically adapted for life on the ground. Their slender bodies and Jong limbs are well suited for terrestrial movement and speed rather than for arboreal movement. Patas are the fastest of all primates reaching a top speed of 55 km/hour. During the morning and afternoon time is spent feeding, grooming, and social activities, with grooming and socializing most likely taking place in the morning and during resting periods. Overnight the patas stay in trees to sleep, preferring to sleep one individual per tree. This reduces the risks of predation. Reproduction: Typically breeding occurs in the summer wet season and births occur in the winter dry season. The average gestation is 167 days and the juvenile will be weaned from the mother within six to seven months of age. Population Status: The IUCN currently has patas monkeys listed as least concernAfrican Green Vervet Monkey (Chlorocebus py- gerythrus) Color: The body of the vervet is a greenish-olive or silvery-gray. The fa of the tail are black. , ears, hands, f and tip Habitat: In East Africa these monkeys can live in mountain areas up to 13,000 feet, but they do not inhabit rainforests or deserts. Their preferred habitat is acacia woodland along streams, rivers and lakes. : Males vary in size from 17-35 inches and weigh between 8 to 20 pounds, while females, range from 16-25 inches in size and between 5 1/2 to 12 pounds in weight. Lifespan: In the wild it is hard to characterize because of high rates of predation in the long-term study areas. It is estimated that vervets will reach between I and 12 years. In captivity vervets can reach 24 years of age. Diet: Vervets have the most omnivorous diet of all primates. Vervets eat all types of food that any primate is known to eat including leaves, gum, seeds, nuts, grasses, fungi, fruit, berries, flowers, buds, shoots, invertebrates, bird eggs, birds, lizards, rodents, and other vertebrate prey. Behavior: Vervet monkeys are diurnal and gregarious; living in troops of up to 38. There is a c order of dominance between individuals within the troop. Vervets spend much of their day traveling, feeding and drinking water, and grooming. The proportion of time for each activity varies depending on the season. They spend the nights resting in sleeping trees to help escape predation. Reproduction: In the wild breeding season depends on the place. In captivity, Vervets will breed any time of year. Gestation period is 160-165 days and females give birth to 1 young, usually at night. The baby will be weaned at approximately 6 months of age. Population Status: As a species they could become threatened if populations are not monitored and their true status remains unknown.Ring-tailed Lemur (Lemur catta) Color: The body of Ring-tailed lemurs is a silver-grey with a white face and underbelly. Their most recognizable trait is their long black and white striped tail. Habitat: Lemurs are primates found only on the African island of Madagascar. Ring-tailed lemurs are found in southern and southwestern Madagascar. Size: An adult Ring-tailed lemur may reach a body length between 15 and 18 inches. Their tail can reach 25 inches in length and has 13 and 15 stripes of transversing black and white stripes always ending in a black tip. Maximum weight is between 5 and 8 pounds. Lifespan: They typically live 16 to 19 years in the wild and 27 years in captivity. Diet: Ring-tailed lemurs are opportunistic omnivores primarily eating fruits and leaves, particular ly those of the tamarind tree. Their diet also includes flowers, herbs, bark, sap, spider webs, insect cocoons, arthropods, and small vertebrates. Behavior: Troops are classified as multi-male groups, with females as the core group. Troops may number anywhere from 6 to 30 individuals. As with most lemurs, females socially dominate males in all circumstances, including feeding priority. Dominance is enforced by lunging, chasing, cuffing, grabbing and biting. Young females do not inherit their mother’s rank and young males leave the troop between three and five years old. Both sexes have separate dominance hierarchies; females have a distinct hierarchy while male rank is correlated with age. Reproduction: The breeding season runs from mid-April to mid-May. Estrus last 4 to 6 hours. Ges- tation lasts for about 135 days with one infant (occasionally twins) being born. Infants are carried on the chest of the mother for the first 1-2 weeks and then switch to riding on their mother’s back Population Status: Ring-tailed lemurs are endangered, largely because the sparse, dry forests they love are quickly disappearing.Hamadryas Baboon (Papio hamadryas) Color: This species of baboon differs in color for each sex. Male baboons are silver-white colored and have a pronounced cape which they develop around the age of ten, while the females are cape- Jess and brown, Their faces range in color from red to tan to a dark brown that older males often exhibit. Habitat: Hamadryas baboons are the northernmost of all the baboons; their range extends from the Red Sea in Egypt to Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia. Baboons are also native to Southwestem Arabia, especially in Yemen. The mountains of Yemen and the horn of Africa make it a great place for them to live, where predators are not as common. : Males are often twice as large as females. Males average 30 inches tall, with tails about 20 inches long, and weigh an average of 45 pounds. Lifespan: The average lifespan of a wild baboon is about 35 years. Diet: In the wild baboons eat leaves, blossoms, seeds, gum, pods from acacia trees, green grass, roots, flowers, herbs, bushes, roots and small animals. Behavior: The baboon has an unusual 4-level social system called a multi-level society. Most social interaction occurs within small groups called one-male units or harems containing one male and up to nine females which the male leads and guard. A harem will typically include a younger follower male who may be related to the leader. Two or more harems unite repeatedly to form clans. Within clans, the dominant males of the units are probably close relatives of one another and have an age related dominance hierarchy. Bands are the next level. Two or four clans form bands of up to 200 individuals which usually travel and sleep together. Reproduction: Like other baboons, Hamadryas baboons breed seasonally. The dominant male of a one-male unit does most of the mating. Females do most of the parenting. They nurse and groom the infant and it is not uncommon for one female in a unit to groom and infant that is not hers. Population Status: Transformation of field and pasture land represents the main threat of the Hama- dryas baboon, their natural enemies (the leopard and the lion) having been nearly exterminated in their range. The IUCN lists it as least concern as of 2008.ive Baboon (Papio anubis) Color: The Olive baboon is named for its coat, which, at a distance, is a shade of green-grey. At closer range, its coat is multi-colored, due to rings of yellow-brown and black of the hairs. The hair on the baboon’s face is finer and ranges from dark grey to black. Habitat: The species is the most widely spread of all baboons: it is found in 25 countries throughout Africa, extending south from Mali to Ethiopia and to Tanzania. The exact boundaries of this strip are a little blurry, as the species’ territory overlaps with that of other baboon species. In many places, this has resulted in cross-breeding between species. For example, there has been considerable hy- bridization between the Olive baboon and the Hamadryas baboon in Ethiopia. : Besides the mane, the male Olive baboon differs from the female in terms of size and weight; males are, on average, 28 inches tall and weigh an average of 52 pounds. Females measure 24 inch- es and weigh an average of 32 pounds. Lifespan: Olive baboons live 25 to 30 years in the wild, Diet: Olive baboons are omnivores. Olive baboons eat pretty much anything between a large variety of plants, and invertebrates and small mammals as well as birds. Behavior: The Olive baboon lives in groups of 15-150, made up of a few males, many females, and their young. There is a complex social hierarchy similar to that found in gorillas and chimpanzees. Each baboon has a social ranking somewhere in there group, depending on its dominance. Female dominance is hereditary, with daughters having nearly the same rank as their mothers, with adult fe- males forming the core of the social system. Males, however, establish dominance more forcefully. Reproduction: There is no seasonality in baboon reproduction; females cycle and give birth throu; out the year, Gestation lasts about 6 months and females give birth to 1 infant. Females take full care of the infant. Population Status: Olive baboons are currently listed as least concern by IUCN.Coati aka Coatimundi (Nasua narica and Nasua nasua) Color: Coatis have either a light-brown or black coat, with a lighter under-part and a brown tail with rings. Habitat:Coati species are widespread, occupying habitats ranging from hot and arid areas to humid Amazonian rainforests or even cold Andean mountain slopes, including grasslands and bushy areas. Their geographical range extends from the southwestern United States (southern Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas) through northern Argentina. Size: Adult coatis measure 13 to 27 inches from head to base of tail, which can be as long as their bodies. Coatis are about 12 inches at the shoulder, and weight between 6 and 18 pounds. Males can become almost twice as large as females and have large, sharp canine teeth. Lifespan: In the wild, coatis live for about 7 to 8 years, while in captivity they can live for up to 15 years. Diet: Coatis are omnivorous. Their diet consists mainly of ground litter invertebrates and fruit. They also ceat small vertebrate prey, such as lizards, rodents, small birds, and bird's eggs. The snout, with a formidable sense of smell, assists the skilled paws in a hog-like manner to unearth invertebrates. Behavior: Unlike most members of the raccoon family, coatis are primarily diurnal, Coati females and young males up to 2 years of age are gregarious and travel throughout their territories in noisy, loosely- organized bands made up of 4 to 25 individuals, foraging with their offspring on the ground or in the forest's canopy. Males over 2 years become solitary due to behavioral disposition and collective aggression from the females, and will join the female groups during the breeding season. Reproduction: Coatis’ breeding season mainly corresponds with the start of the rainy season to coincide with maximum availability of food, especially fruits: between January and March in some areas, and October and February in others. During the breeding season, an adult male is accepted into the band of females and juveniles near the beginning of the breeding season. The pregnant females separate from the group, build a nest in a tree or in a rocky niche and, after a gestation period of about 11 weeks, give birth to alitter of 3 to 7 young. About 6 weeks after birth, the females and young will rejoin the group. Population Status: Coatis face unregulated hunting and the serious threat of environmental destruction in Central and South America. The absence of scientifically sound population studies in the wild is probably leading to a severe underestimation of the ecological problems and decline in numbers affecting the species in Central and South America.Kinkajou (Potos flavus) Color: The kinkajou’s woolly fur consists of an outer coat of gold (or brownish-gray) overlapping a gray overcoat. Habitat: Native to the lowland rainforests of Southern Mexico, Central America and parts of South America Size: An adult kinkajou's average weight is 4-7 pounds. The average body length is 16-24 inches; in addition to body length, average tail length is 16-22 inches.

Lifespan: In the wild, average lifespan is 20-25 years. In captivity they can live between 30-40 years Diet: Its omnivorous diet consists mainly of fruit. Kinkajous particularly enjoy figs. Studies have shown that 90% of their dict consists of (primarily ripe) fruit. Leaves and flowers make up much of the other 10% of their diet. They sometimes eat insects, particularly ants. It has been suggested that they may occasionally cat bird eggs and small vertebrates. Behavior: Kinkajous are nocturnal. The kinkajou has a short-haired, fully prehensile tail which it uses as a “fifth hand” in climbing. It does not use its tail for grasping food. Scent glands near the mouth, on the throat, and on the belly allow kinkajous to mark their territory and their travel routes. Kinkajous sleep in family units and groom one another. While they are usually solitary when foraging, they occasionally forage in small groups, and sometimes associate with olingos. Reproduction: Kinkajous breed throughout the year, giving birth to one or occasionally two small babies after a gestation period of 112 to 118 days. Population Status: Kinkajou population has been hurt by the pet trade. They are currently listed as least concern.Two-toed Sloth (Choloepus didactylus) Color: The sloth is the world's slowest mammal, so sedentary that algae grows on its furry coat. The plant gives its tawny fur a greenish tint that is useful camouflage in the trees. Habitat:It can be found climbing in trees in the rainforests of Central and South America. Size: Two-toed sloths are the largest sloths with a length between 23 and 28 inches, and a weight of 8 to 18 pounds. Lifespan: Sloths have a relatively long lifespan of 12-20 years in the wild, and they can live to over 30 in captivity. Diet: They eat primarily leaves, but also shoots, fruits, nuts, berries, bark, and occasionally small rodents. Behavior: Two-toed sloths spend most of their life hanging from trees, and are generally nocturnal animals. They are somewhat more active than three-toed sloths. Their body temperature depends at least partially on the ambient temperature; they cannot shiver to keep warm, as other mammals do, because of their unusually low metabolic rates and reduced musculature. Two-toed sloths also differ from three-toed sloths in their climbing behaviors, preferring to descend head first.

Reproduction: Two-toed sloths have a gestation period between six months and a year, depending on the exact species. The mother gives birth to a single young, while hanging upside down. The young are born with claws, and are weaned after about a month, although they will remain with their mother for several more months. Population Status: The two-toed sloth is considered a species of least concer because it has a large, widespread population that is not threatened with a serious decline. The main threat to these slow, gentle creatures, however, is deforestation. They are not fast enough to flee to safety when trees are chopped down—a major threat to the wildlife of South and Central American rainforest.Patagonian Cavy aka Patagonian Mara (Dolichotis patagonum) wey a Color: Cavies have a gray back and head with a reddish underbelly.

Habitat: The Patagonian Cavy lives in Central and Souther Argentina, They inhabit arid grasslands and scrub desert. Cavies like to live in burrows and will occasionally inhabit the burrows that were made by other animals. Size:Cavies are the third largest rodent in the world. Cavies will get approximately 2 ¥ feet long, and weigh between 18-35 pounds. Lifespan: In captivity, Cavies normally live 8-10 years and have been known to live for up to 14. Diet: The Patagonian Cavy is an herbivore and eats grasses and other vegetation. Behavior: Cavies are diumal. Cavy social structure is defined mostly by the fact that they are monogamous, mating for life. Cavy couples inhabit a territory of approximately 40 hectares. The male always follows the female—on guard for rival males and predators, Very little territoriality is evident, though males appear to have a dominance hierarchy. Reproduction: Patagonian Cavy young, called pups, are kept in a communal burrow called a creche. As many as 15 pairs of Cavies may deposit their young in one creche. Cavy pups are well developed and can start grazing within 24 hours of birth. However, they remain in the creche for up to four months where Mothers return several times a day to nurse their young. Cavies usually produce 2 young per litter and up to 3 or 4 litters per year. Population Status: The Patagonian Cavy population in the wild is decreasing, but the Cavy is not listed as threatened or endangered. Their decline is caused by two factors: 1) habitat loss and 2) sharing of territory and resources with European hares, introduced to South America by humans.Aoudad aka Barbary Sheep ( Ammotragus lervia) ade SO Color: Aoudads have a sandy-brown color, darkening with age, with a slight lighter underbelly and a darker line along the neck. Upper parts and the outer parts of the legs are a uniform reddish-brown or grayish-brown, Habitat; Aoudad are a species of caprid (goat-antelope) native to rocky mountains in northern Africa in Algeria, Tunisia, northern Chad, Egypt, Libya, northern Mali, Mauritania, Morocco (including Western Sahara), Niger, and Sudan (west of the Nile and east of the Nile in the Red Sand Hills). Although i in its native North Africa, it has been introduced to North America, southern Europe, and elsewhere. Size: Aoudads stand 2.5 to 3.5 feet tall at the shoulder and weigh 88 to 310 pounds. Their horns have a triangular cross section. The horns curve outwards, backwards then inwards, and reach up to 20 inch. The horns are smooth, but wrinkled at the base. Lifespan: Aoudads can live up to and over 20 years. Diet: They are found in arid mountainous areas where they graze and browse grass, bushes and lichens. They are able to obtain all their moisture from food, but if liquid water is available they drink it and wallow init. Behavior: Aoudads are crepuscular: active in the early moming and late afternoon and resting in the heat of the day. They are very agile and can achieve a standing jump over 7 feet. Aoudads are usually solitary, and freeze in the presence of danger. The main predators in North Africa are leopard and caracal. Reproduction: Although breeding can occur throughout the year, there is a peak from September to November, with the subsequent young being born from March to May. After a gestation period of 160 days females give birth to 1 (rarely twins or triplets) lamb that will be weaned at 3-4 months. Females may give birth twice per year. Newborns are able to negotiate the rocky hills almost immediately after birth. Population Status: The aoudad is classified as a vulnerable species by the IUCN. In recent years, its numbers have been reduced in many places from over hunting by local people, to whom it represents an important source of meat, skins and other parts; however, it is believed to still occur in much of its original range.Grant's Zebra (Equus quagga boehmi) Color: This northern subspecies of Plains Zebra is striped with white and black on a coat on its head, neck, flanks, haunches and whole of the limbs down to the hoofs. Shadow stripes are absent or only poorly expressed. Habitat: Grant's zebra can be found in the wild from northem Zimbabwe to the Sudan in East Africa. It habits grasslands, especially those with scattered trees. Size: Grant's zebra measure approximately 4 ¥ feet tall at the shoulder and weigh between 500 and 700 pounds. Lifespan: The average lifespan of zebra is 25 years. Diet: Grant's zebras are grazers. They have a main diet of grass and are able to eat coarse grass that most livestock are not able to eat. Behavior: Zebras live in stable family groups of up to 17 members headed by a single stallion. Mares stay with the group; offspring leave. Females in the herd will establish a dominance hierarchy. During travel, group is led by the dominant female and her foal, followed by other females and her foal, followed by other females in their order of dominance. Members in a zebra family recognize cach other by sight primarily (cach zebra's stripe pattern is as unique as the human fingerprint), but also by voice and smell. Reproduction: Female zebra may produce a foal every year. One young is bom after a gestation of 361-390 days (approximately 1 year). The newborn has brown stripes and is short-bodied and long-legged. Population Status: Grant's zebras are not in danger yet. They can eat coarse grass and are resistant to diseases that affect cattle, so as long as the African planes exist, so will the Grant's zebra.Miniature Donkey (Equus asinus) . . Mf Color: Mini donkeys come in many ranges of colors such as spotted, white, sorrel, chocolate, or black Gray-dun, the various shades of gray with the dorsal stripe and cross is the most common color of these donkeys. Habitat: Miniature donkeys are native to the Mediterranean islands of Sicily and Sardinia, They are identified as cither Sicilian or Sardinian donkeys according to their ancestry, although the 2 types do not differ. Size: The size of these donkeys varies from 26 inches at the withers to 36 inches. Although 26 inches i: considered extraordinarily small. As an adult a mini donkey will weigh from 250 to 450 pounds. Lifespan: The life expectancy for a well cared for miniature donkey is 30-35 years. Diet: Mini donkeys like all donkeys are herbivores and grazers. In the wild they would munch mostly on grasses, shoots, leaves, and flowers. Behavior: Wild donkeys live separated from each other, unlike tight wild horse and feral horse herds. Donkeys have developed very loud vocalizations, which help keep in contact with each other over wide spaces. The best-known call is referred to as a “bray”, which can be heard for over 3 miles. Reproduction: Jennies (female donkeys) are pregnant for about 12 months, though the gestation period varies from 11 to almost 14 months, Jennies usually give birth to a single foal, twins are extremely rare. Population Status: These donkeys are nearly extinct in the land of their origin and have been brought to their current state of being by breeders in the United States who have bred for years for size, disposition and conformation.Miniature Mule (hybrid of a Miniature Horse mother and Miniature Donkey father) Color: The color of a Mini mule is the same as horses and donkeys. Habitat: Miniature mules, like many hybrids, are not found in the wild. Size: Like all hybrids, mini mules are larger than both parents. Mini mules range in height at the withers between 38 inches and 48 inches. Lifespan: The average lifespan of a mini mule is 25-30 years. Diet: Miniature mules are herbivores and grazers eating mainly grasses, shoots, leaves, and flowers. Behavior: Miniature mules tend to share characteristics of both horses and donkeys. They are mainly pets or are show animals. They can be very sweet and friendly toward people like mini horses and very stubborn and loud like mini donkeys. Reproduction: Like all hybrids, miniature mules are sterile and can not reproduce. Population Status: Since mules are only found in farms and in captivity they are not recognized by the IUCN.Fallow Deer (Dama dama) Color: Fallow deer have many color variations with the four main variants being common (spotted or brown), menil (pale fawn with spots), white (but not albino), and malinistie (black or very dark brown). All fallow deer have white spots on their backs, and black tips at the ends of their tails. Habitat: The Fallow deer is a Eurasian deer that was native to most of Europe. Over time they have spread (thanks to humans) to the Middle East, the Mediterranean region, and Great Britain. They prefer mixed woodland and open grassland. Size: Bucks (male deer) are 55 to 63 inches long and 35.5 to 40 inches tall at the shoulder, and they average 125 to 190 pounds. During breeding season the males also have a large set of antlers that add to height and weight. Does (female deer) are 50 to 60 inches long and 30 to 35 inches tall at the shoulder. They average a weight of 65 to 110 pounds. Lifespan: The average lifespan is 12-16 years of age which is in captivity. In the wild they do not live as long because of predation and the elements. Diet: Fallow deer are grazing animals eating mostly grasses, shoots, leaves, flowers, and other plants. Behavior: During the mating season, or rut, bucks will spread out and females move between them, at this time of year fallow deer are relatively ungrouped compared to the rest of the year when they try to stay together in groups of up to 150. The Fallow deer is easily tamed and is often kept semi-domesticated in parks today. Reproduction: Females give birth to one fawn a year (rarely twins) after a gestation period of 233 days. ‘The fawn will start weaning from the mother after 6 months. Females will stay with the herd, Population Status: The Fallow deer is listed as least concern.Sika Deer (Cervus nippon) Color: Sika deer range in color from mahogany to black and rarely white. Sika deer are one of the few species of deer that do not lose their white spots with maturity. Habitat: Sika deer are native to much of East Asia, and also introduced to various parts of the world. It was previously found from Vietnam to the south and Russia to the north, They are also found in Taiwan and Japan. Size: Both bucks and does range in size from 30-40 inches tall at the shoulder and weigh 65-160 pounds. Lifespan: In captivity Sika deer can average a lifespan of 15-18 years. Diet: Sika feed on grasses, leaves, twigs, and tender shoots of woody plants depending on season availability. Behavior: In areas without human disturbance, sika deer can be active for the entire waking day. Lifestyles vary between individuals, with some occurring alone while others are found in single-sex herds. Large herds will gather in autumn and winter. Sika males are territorial and keep harems of females during the rut, which peaks from early September through October but may last well into the winter months Reproduction: Fawns are born primarily in May through August. After a7 % to 8 month gestation period a single fawn is born (twins are rare). Population Status: Sika deer are listed as least concern by the IUCN.Reeves's Muntjac Deer (Muntiacus reevesi) Color: The muntjacs short, soft coat is a reddish brown in color, with the undersides, including the lower Jegs and the ventral surface of the neck and chin fading to creamy white. The forehead and nose are black, while the surrounding face is generally a pale tan. Habitat: Muntjac is a species found widely in China (Gansu to Yunnan) and in Taiwan. Size: Muntjacs average 3 feet in length with a height of 16 inches. Their tail adds 4 inches and they weigh between 24-35 pounds. Lifespan: Lifespan in the wild for muntjac deer is unknown. In captivity they can live to be 16 to 19 years old. Diet: Muntjac are omnivores eating grasses, sprouts, fruit, seeds, carrion, and eggs. Behavior: These small deer travel in solitary or in small groups. They are more active at dawn and dusk, although observations show they can be either diurnal or nocturnal. When alarmed in the presence of danger, muntjacs make a sharp barking sound, which is surprisingly loud and gives them their alternate name “barking deer”. Both sexes defend small, solitary territories, chasing away most con specifics who are viewed as resource competitors. The male has short antlers, usually four inches or less, and uses them to push enemies off balance so he can wound them with his upper two inch canine teeth. Reproduction: Breeding occurs primarily from January to March. After a gestation period of approximately 7 months, 1 (sometimes 2) babies are born. They will be weaned by 2 months old. Population Status: In Hong Kong, they are a protected species under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance Cap 170. Overall it generally remains common and widespread, resulting in it being list as least concern.Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius) Color: The normal colors for camels is light brown, However, through selective breeding white and black camels have been bred in captivity. Habitat: The native range of these camels is unclear, but it was probably the Arabian Peninsula. The domesticated form occurs widely in North Africa and the Middle East; the world's only population of dromedaries exhibiting wild behavior is an introduced feral population in Australia. Size: Mature height of dromedaries is between 5.8 and 7.5 feet at the shoulder. Mature weight can range from 660 to over 1500 pounds. Lifespan: Camels have a relatively long life expectancy of between 40 and 50 years of age. Diet: Camels are herbivores eating mainly grasses, shrubs, and trees. Behavior: They are desert animals and have numerous adaptations for life in an arid habitat. They have webbed feet (to prevent sinking in the sand); they can close their nostrils and they have a double row of eyelashes to keep out the sand. They can endure long periods without drinking — up to 17 days. When they do drink, they can take up to 30 gallons at a time. By producing dry feces and little urine, they can conserve water. The hump stores fat, which they are able to draw upon for sustenance; and oxidation of the fat manufactures water. Reproduction: During competition for females, males threaten each other by making low noises with the fleshy fold of their mouths, stand as tall as possible, and repeat a series of head movements including lowering, lifting, and bending their neck backwards. Upon confrontation, fighting males attempt to bring their opponent to the ground by biting at his legs and taking the opponent's head in between his jaws. The winner cams the right to breed with the female(s). After a gestation of 390-410 days the female will give birth to a single calf that will stay with her for 1-2 years. Population Status: Dromedary camels are listed as least concern.Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao) Color: The plumage of a Scarlet macaw is mostly scarlet, but the rump and tail-covert feathers are light blue, the greater upper wing coverts are yellow, the upper sides of the flight feathers of the wings are dark blue as are the ends of the tail feathers, and the underside of the wing and tail flight feathers are dark red with metallic gold iridescence. Some individuals may have green on their wings. Habitat: It is native to humid evergreen forests in the American tropics. Their range extends from extreme south-eastern Mexico to Amazonian Peru, Bolivia and Brazil in lowlands from 1,640 feet up to 3,280 feet. Size: They are around 32 inches long, of which more than half is their tail. Their average weight is about 2.2 pounds. Lifespan: The Scarlet macaw can live up to 75 years in captivity, although, a more typical lifespan is 40 to 50 years, Diet: They eat mostly fruits and seeds, including large, hard seeds. They also feed on fruits, nectar, and buds. Behavior: A typical sighting is of a single bird or a pair flying together above the forest canopy, though in some areas flocks can be seen. They may gather at clay licks with multiple macaw and smaller parrot species, Reproduction: The Scarlet macaw lays two or three white eggs in a tree cavity. The female incubates the eggs for about 5 weeks, and the chicks fledge from the nest about 90 days after hatching, and leave their parents about a year later. Population Status: The Scarlet macaw is a Convention on International Trade in Endangered Speci (CITES) listed species, meaning they are illegal to take from the wild without specific special permits. They are not endangered as of 2008 but are very vulnerable to the pet trade.Blue and Gold Macaw (Ara ararauna) Color: Blue-and-golds are vivid in color with blue wings and tail, dark blue chin, golden under parts and a green forehead. The beak is black and the naked face is white, turning pink when excited or angry. Habitat: They can be found in the woodlands of tropical South America from Trinidad and Venezuela south to Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, and Paraguay. It extends slightly into Central America, where it is restricted to Panama. Size: Blue-and-golds can reach 29-34 inches long and weigh 2-3 pounds. Lifespan: The average life expectancy for a blue-and-gold is 60 years, but can live to 80. Diet: They diet varies including fruits, palm fruits, nuts, seeds, leaves, flowers, and stems. Behavior: Blue-and-golds feed in the top of the forest canopies and usually stay in pairs but are sometimes found in flocks of up to 25 birds. Reproduction: The Blue-and-gold macaw generally mates for life. It nests in a tree hole and the female typically lays two or three eggs. The female incubates the eggs for about 28 days, and the chicks fledge from the nest about 90 days after hatching. Population Status: It is endangered in Trinidad, and is on the verge of being extinct in Paraguay, but still remains widespread and fairly common in a large part of mainland South America. Therefore it is listed as least concern.Catalina Macaw (hybrid of a female Blue-and-gold macaw and male Scarlet macaw) Color: The Catalina macaw usually has a yellow orange chest with green on the top of the head and green to green blue, with shadings of orange on the back of the neck and back. Habitat: Catalina macaws can be found in the wild in South America but are more common in captivity. Size: At full size, Catalina's can get to be over 34 inches long and weigh more then 2 pounds. Lifespan: They average 60 years of age, but can live to be 80. Diet: Catalina macaws diet includes fruits, nuts, seeds, and flowers. Behavior: Catalina macaws show traits of both parents. They show the intelligence and talking of the Blue-and-gold but can also like attention like the Scarlets. Reproduction: Catalina macaws are a hybrid and are therefore sterile. Population Status: They are very rare in the wild but are not a recognized species by most organizations.Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) Color: These cockatoos are completely white except for the crest on top of the head which is a bright yellow. Habitat: They can be found in wooded habitats in Australia and New Guinea. Size: Sulphur-crested cockatoos reach a length of 18-22 inches and a weight of approximately 1-2 pounds Lifespan: These birds are long lived and can live up to 70 years in captivity, although they only live about 20-40 years in the wild. Diet: The normal diet consists of seeds of grasses and plants, grains, berries, roots, buds, insects, and weeds. Behavior: Their distinctive raucous call can be very loud; it is adapted to travel through the forest environments in which they live, including tropical and subtropical rainforests. These birds are naturally curious, as well as very intelligent. They have adapted very well to suburbans areas of Australia. Reproduction: Their breeding season is August to January in southern Australia and May to September in northern Australia. The nest is a bed of wood chips in a hollow in a tree. Two or three eggs are laid and incubation lasts between 25-27 days. Both parents incubate the eggs and raise the nestlings. ‘The nesting period is between 9 to 12 weeks, and the young fledglings remain with their parents for many months. Population Status: Although their numbers are very high and they often considered pests in Australia; they are a protected species under the Australian Commonwealth Law.Moluccan Cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis) Color: Moluccan’s have white-pink feathers with a definite peachy glow, a slight yellow on the underwing and underside of the tail feathers and a large retractable recumbent crest which when raised reveals bright red-orange plumes, Habitat: Moluccan cockatoo is a cockatoo endemic to south Moluccas in eastern Indonesia. Size: Mature birds can reach 20 inches in length and weight between 2-3 pounds. On average females are larger than males. Lifespan: A Moluecan can live 65 or more years. Diet: The diet of these cockatoos includes seeds, nuts, fruit, berries, and some insects. Behavior: In the wild the Moluecan (or Salmon-crested) cockatoo inhabits lowland forests below 1000 meters. In the wild they are generally seen in small groups. They will raise their crest when threatened, revealing the bright plumage to frighten potential attackers. It also has one of the loudest calls in the parrot world and in captivity is a capable mimic. Reproduction: There is no definite information about the reproduction of the Moluecan cockatoo in the wild. Possible breeding may take place in May. In captivity they usually produce 2 eggs and incubation lasts. 28-29 days. Nests are in hollow trees and wood chips are placed in the hole. Both parents incubate the eggs. Population Status: The Moluccan cockatoo is a vulnerable species, and has been listed on appendix I of CITES since 1989, which makes trade in wild caught birds illegal. Numbers have declined due to illegal trapping for the cage-bird trade and habitat loss.Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) Color: The neck of the Emu is pale blue and shows through its sparse feathers. They have brown to grey-brown plumage of shaggy appearance; the shafis and the tips of the feathers are black. Habitat: Emus are the largest birds native to Australia. They are common to most of the mainland of Australia, although it avoids heavily populated areas, dense forest, and arid areas. Size: Emus are the second largest birds in the world. The largest can reach up to 60-75 inches tall, 3-4.5 feet at the shoulder. They can weigh between 40 and 110 pounds. Lifespan: In the wild the Emus life expectancy is about 10 years. In captivity they may live up to 20 or in rare cases to 30 years, Diet: They eat a variety of native and introduced plant species; the types of plants eaten depends on season availability. They also eat insects, including grasshoppers and crickets, lady birds, soldier and saltbush caterpillars, bogong and cotton-ball moth larvae and ants. Emus require pebbles and stones to assist in the digestion of plant material. Behavior: Emus can travel great distances at a fast, economical trot and, if necessary, can sprint at 31mph for some distance. They are opportunistically nomadic and may travel long distances for food. Emus will sit in water and are also able to swim Reproduction: Emus form breeding pairs in the summer months of December and January, and may remain together for five months. Mating occurs in the cooler months of May and June. Males lose their appetite and construct a rough nest in a semi-sheltered hollow on the ground from bark, grass, sticks, and leaves. ‘The female will lay an egg every other day until an average of 11 (up to 20) very large, thick-shelled, dark-green eggs have been laid. The number of eggs varies with the rainfall. Males incubate the eggs and he will not eat, drink, or defecate, and stands only to tum the eggs, which is done about 10 times a day. Incubation takes 56 days, the chicks will be full-grown in 5-6 months. Population Status: They are currently listed as least concern. A population estimate in 1992 put their numbers between 630,000 and 730,000.Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) Color: Males are peacocks and female are peahens. ‘The peacock has bright plumage of that is predominantly blue with a fan-like crest of spatula-tipped wire-like feathers and is best known for the long train made up of elongated upper-tail covert feathers which bear colorful eyespots. The peahen has a greenish lower neck and has a duller brown plumage. Habitat: Peafowl are pheasants that are native to South Asia, but introduced semi-feral in many other parts of the world. It is found in moist and dry-deciduous forests, but can adapt to live in cultivated regions around human habitations and is usually found where water is available. Size: The peacock is a large bird with length from bill to tail of 40 to 46 inches and to the end of a fully grown tail as much as 78 to 90 inches and weigh 8 to 13 pounds. Peahens are smaller at around 38 inches in Iength and weigh 6-9 pounds. Lifespan: In captivity birds have been known to live for 23 years but itis estimated they live for only about 15 years in the wild. Diet: Peafow! are omnivorous and eat seeds, insects, fruits, small mammals and reptiles. They feed on small snakes but keep their distance from larger ones. Behavior: Peafowl roost in groups on tall trees but may sometimes use rocks, building or pylons. Birds arrive at dusk and call frequently before taking their position on the roost trees. Peafowl are best known for the male's extravagant display of feathers which are thought of as a tail, although the feathers actually grow from their back. Reproduction: Peacocks are polygamous, and the breeding season is spread out but appears to be dependent on the rains. The males display in courtship by raising the upper-tail coverts into an arched fan. The peacock faces the female initially and struts and prances around and sometimes turns around to display the tail. The nest is a shallow scrape in the ground lined with leaves, sticks and other debris. The clutch consists of 4-8 fawn to buff white eggs which are incubated by the peahen only. The eggs hatch after 28 days. Population Status: The current status of peafowl is least concen, however due to illegal poaching for meat numbers are declining,Helmeted Guineafowl (Numida meleagris) Color: The body plumage of the guineafowl is gray-black spangled with white. They have an unfeathered head, in this case decorated with a dull yellow or reddish bony knob, and red and blue patches of skin. Habitat: It is originally from Africa, mainly south of the Sahara, and has been widely introduced into the ‘West Indies and southern France. Size: The Helmeted Guineafowl has a round body and small head measuring 21 to 23 inches long and weigh about 3 pounds Lifespan: Guineafowl can live as long as 12 years in the wild and probably longer in captivity. Diet: Their diet consists of a variety of animal and plant food; seeds, fruits, greens, snails, spiders, worms and insects, frogs, lizards, small snakes and small mammals. Behavior: Guineafowl are a gregarious species, forming flocks outside the breeding season typically about 25 birds that also roost communally. ‘These birds are terrestrial, and prone to run rather than fly when alarmed. Reproduction: It breeds in warm, fairly dry and open habitats with scattered shrubs and trees such as savanna or farmland. The nest is well-hidden, generally unlined scrape and a clutch is normally 6-12 eggs which the female incubates 26-28 days. Population Status: Helmeted Guineafowl are currently listed as least concern by IUCNAmerican Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) Color: Alligators generally have an olive, brown, gray or nearly black color with a creamy white underside Algae-laden waters produce a greener skin, while tannic acid from overhanging trees can often produce darker skin Habitat: American alligators are mostly found in the Southeastern United States, from Great Dismal Swamp in Virginia/North Carolina to Everglades National Park in Florida and west to the southern tip of Texas. They are found in the following states: North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Texas, Virginia, and Oklahoma. Size: Adult male alligators are typically 11 to 15 feet in length, though rarely exceeding 14 feet, while adult females average 8 to 10 feet. The tail accounts for half of the alligator’s total length. Lifespan: The average lifespan of a wild American alligator is about 50 years, but they have been know to live to 70 in captivity. Diet: Once an alligator reaches adulthood, any animal living in the water or coming to the water to drink is potential prey. Adult alligators will eat razorbacks, deer, livestock including cattle and sheep, and are often known to kill and eat smaller alligators. Hatchlings (young alligators) are restricted to smaller prey items like invertebrates. Insects and larvae, snails, spiders, and worms make up a big portion of a hatchling’s diet. They will also eat fish at any opportunity. Behavior: Alligators live in freshwater environments, such as ponds, marshes, wetlands, rivers, and swamps, as well as brackish environments, Large male alligators are solitary, territorial animals. The largest males and females will defend prime territory. Smaller alligators can often be found in large numbers in close proximity to each other, because smaller alligators have a higher tolerance of other alligators within a similar size class. Reproduction: The breeding season begins in the spring. Although alligators have no vocal cords, males bellow loudly to attract mates and warn off other males during this time by sucking air into their lungs and blowing it out in intermittent, deep-toned roars, During breeding season, the female builds a nest of vegetation, sticks, leaves, and mud in a sheltered spot in or near the water. After she lays her 20 to 50 white, goose-egg-sized eggs, she covers them under more vegetation, which, like mulch, heats as it decays, helping to keep the eggs warm. The temperature at which the alligator eggs develop determines the sex. Those eggs in temperatures ranging from 90 to 93 degrees Fahrenheit tum out to be male, while those in temperatures from 82 to 86 degrees Fahrenheit will be female. Intermediate temperatures will yield a mix of males and females, The eggs take approximately 65 days to incubate and hatch, the female staying close by and protecting the nest as well as the young for about five months. Population Status: Although not currently a threatened species, the American alligator at one time was very near extinction. Thanks to a combined effort from United States Fish and Wildlife Service and state wildlife officials in the South, the American alligator made an enormous comeback and was pulled from the endangered species list in 1987.Dumeril's Boa (Boa dumerili) Color: The color pattern consists of a grey-brown ground color with darker patches, forming an effective camouflage against the leaf litter of the forest floor of their native habitat. Habitat: Along the western coast and southwestern regions of Madagascar, it is found in a semi-arid habitat, that gets fairly low amounts of rainfall. Size: Adults usually grow to 6.5 feet in length with the maximum reported to be 8.5 feet. Males usually have longer flatter tails, while females tend to be larger overall. Lifespan: The lifespan of the Dumeril's boa in the wild is unknown, however in captivity they have a known lifespan of 20+ years. Diet: Their diet consists of small animals, such as birds, lizards, and small mammals. They are also known tc prey on other snakes. Behavior: Dumeril's boas are solitary like all snakes, coming together for breeding purposes only. They are some of the tamest of any snake in the world. Because of this Dumeril's boas have become very popular pets in the last few years. Reproduction: The mating season is between March through May and the young are born some 6 to 8 month: later. Females give birth to a litter of 6-28. The young are born 12-18 inches long. Population Status: Dumeril's boas are listed as a vulnerable species due to deforestation, human prosecution (they are often feared and killed on site), and illegal pet trade.Ball Python (Python regius) s usually black or dark brown with light brown or gold sides and dorsal blotches. The belly is white or cream that may include scattered black markings. However, those in the pet trade, through selective breeding, developed many morphs (genetic mutations) with altered colors and patterns Habitat: Ball pythons are found in Africa from Senegal, Mali, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Benin, Niger, and Nigeria through Cameroon, Chad, and the Central African Republic to Sudan and Uganda. They prefer grasslands, savannas, and sparsely wooded areas, Size: Ball pythons are the smallest of the African python species. Adults generally do not grow to more than 3 to 4 feet in length, although some specimens have reached 5 and even 6 feet, but this is very rare. Females tend to be slightly bigger than males measuring 4 to 4.5 feet. Lifespan: Like many snakes species, the lifespan in the wild for Ball pythons is unknown. In captivity the average 20-30 years of age, with the record being 48 years. Diet: In the wild, Ball pythons feed mostly on small mammals, such as African soft-furred rats, shrews and striped mice. Younger individuals have also been known to feed on birds. Behavior: This terrestrial species is known for its defense strategy that involves coiling into a tight ball when threatened, with its head and neck tucked away in the middle. In this state, it can literally be rolled around. The python also has the tendency to hiss loudly when it feels threatened. Favored retreats include mammal burrows and other underground hiding places where they also hibernate, Reproduction: Ball pythons lay anywhere from 3-11 rather large, leathery eggs (4-6 being most common). These are incubated by the female under the ground and hatch after 55 to 60 days. Sexual maturity is reached between 6-18 months for males, 12-36 months for females. Parental care of the eggs ends once they have hatched, leaving the young to fend for themselves. Population Status: Ball pythons are listed as “least concern.” Thanks to local cultures beliefs that Ball pythons are symbolic of earth because they are so low to the ground, they are very rarely killed and often allowed to move freely through homes and villages. In the event that one is killed accidentally, the Igbo tribe in Nigeria will build a small coffin and hold a short funeral for the animal.Green Iguana (Iguana iguana) Color: Despite their name, Green iguanas can come in different colors. In southern countries Green iguanas appear bluish in color with bold black markings. On certain islands the color may range from green to lavender, black, and even pink. In the western regions they are red, and in the northern ranges they appear orange. Habitat: The native range of the Green iguana extends from southern Mexico to central Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia and the Caribbean; specifically Grenada, Curaco, Trinidad and Tobago, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and Utila, Size: It grows to 5 feet in length from head to tail, although a few have been known to reach almost 7 feet with bodyweight upward of 20 pounds. Lifespan: The average lifespan of the Green iguana is 15 to 20 years Diet: Green iguanas are primarily herbivores, feeding on leaves, flowers, fruit, and growing shoots of upwards of 100 different species of plant. Behavior: When frightened by a predator, Green iguanas will attempt to flee, and if near a body of water, they dive into it and swim away. If cornered by a threat it will extend and display the dewlap under its neck, stiffen and puff up its body, hiss, and bob its head at the aggressor. If threat persists the iguana can lash with its tail, bite and use its claws in defense. Green iguanas use “head bobs” and dewlaps in a variety of ways in interactions, such as greeting another iguana or to court a possible mate. The frequency and number of head bobs have particular meaning to other iguanas. Green iguanas are preyed upon by hawks and their fear of hawks is exploited as a ploy to catch in the wild. The sound of a hawk's whistle or scream makes the iguana freeze and it becomes easier to capture. soci Reproduction: Females lay 20 to 70 eggs once per year during a synchronized nesting period. The female Green iguana gives no parental protection after egg laying, apart from defending the nest burrow during excavation, The hatchlings emerge after 10-15 weeks of incubation. Juveniles stay in familial groups for the first year. Male iguanas in these groups often use their own bodies to shield and protect females from predators and it appears to be the only species of reptile which does this. Population Status: The population of Green iguanas is decreasing in the wild due to the destruction of their habitat, exporting for the pet trade, and over-hunting. In parts of Latin America, the native have long eaten Green Iguanas, There are currently steps being taken to farm iguanas, providing them with a larger habitat and inereasing the wild population.African Sulcata Tortoise or African Spurred Color: The carapace (top shell) is tan to yellow in the center of each scute (the external plate or scale of the shell). Each scute is outlined by brown growth rings. The plastron (bottom shell) is light tan to yellow with no markings. The skin is very thick and the legs are covered in dull, spine-like projections. Habitat: Sulcata tortoises inhabit the southern edge of the Sahara desert, in northern Africa. Size: Sulcatas are the third largest tortoise in the world and the largest not found on an island. Adults are usually 18 inches in shell length, and weigh 70 to 100 pounds. Specimens with 24 to 36 inch shells weighing 150 pounds is not unknown. They grow very quickly, reaching 6-10 inches within the first year. Lifespan: The oldest known specimen of this species was 56 years old although it is believed they can live up to about 80 years. Diet: In the wild, Sulcatas graze, similarly to cows or sheep, mainly on dry grasses and weeds. Behavior: Sulcatas bask extensively, usually in the morning or late aftemoon, as temperatures are warming or cooling. They actively forage throughout much of the day. Some spend the heat of the day hunkered down in a shallow, self-dug, pallet beneath a bush; others may dig very deep and well-formed burrows. Like most tortoises, they are essentially terrestrial, but on hot days may enter shallow water to soak and cool down Reproduction: Breeding takes place right after the rainy season, during months from September through November. Sixty days after mating, the female begins to roam looking for a suitable nesting site, For five to fifteen days, four or five nests may be excavated before she selects the perfect location in which the eggs will be laid. Once the perfect nest is dug, the female begins to lay an egg every three minutes. Clutches may contain 15-30 or more eggs. After the eggs are laid, the female fills in the nest, taking an hour or more to fully cover them all. The ping pong ball sized eggs will incubate for 212 days and the hatchlings will emerge after the next rainfall. Population Status: African Sulcata tortoises are currently listed as vulnerable with the IUCN.