- 111 -

.
:
-1
-2
:
( ) ( )
:
: :
. .
: :
)CH3OH (L) CH3OH (aq
/


1
1
2
2
3 3

: :

.
) .(
.
- ( )
KOH K + + OH -

( : )
H2O

H + + Cl -

HCl

H2O

NaOH Na + + OH -

H2O

HBr H + + Br HI H+ + I HNO3 H + + NO3 HClO4 H + + ClO4 HMnO4 H + + MnO4 = H2SO4 2H + +SO4

H2CrO4 2H + + CrO4- -

H2O

Rb OHRb+ + OH H2O

Ba(OH)2Ba2+ +2OH H2O

Ca(OH)2Ca2+ + 2OH-

- 111 -

 :
1
2 .
3
.
: 1- 3 1 3

0.03 M

HBr 0.25 M

2+
Ba (OH) 2 Ba + 2 OH KOH 0.055 M
0.03
0
0
CaCl2 -0.155 M

0
0.03 20.03

+
[ Ba]2+ = 0.03 M
, [OH-]= 0.06 M
HBr H + Br -
0.25M
0
0
0
0.25
0.25
+
[ H ] = 0.25 M , [ Br ] = 0.25 M
KOH K+ + OH- :
0.055M
0
0
+
[ K ] = 0.055M , [OH ] = 0.055M
CaCl2 Ca2+ + 2Cl-
0.155M
0
0
0
0.155 .0310
[ Ca++ ] = 0.155M , [ Cl- ] = 0.310 M
: :
: :





( )
( )

:

.
- 111 -

 :
- 1
2
.
: :
: :
+
NH3+H2O
NH4 + OH
HF
H + + FC5H5N+H2O
HCN C5H5NH + + OH-
H + + CNCH3NH2 + H2O
HCOOH CH3NH3 + + OH -
HCOO- +H+
C6H5NH2 +H2O
CH3COOH C6H5NH3++OH -
CH3COO - +H +
HNO2
H+ + NO2 C6H5OH
C6H5O - + H +
C6H5COOH :
C6H5COO - + H +
Ag2S
=2Ag+ + S
HSCN
H+ + SCNPb3(PO4)2
H2S 3Pb2+ + 2PO4 3-
H+ + HS
H2CO3
H+ + HCO3 H3PO4
H+ + H2PO4
H2C2O4
H+ + HC2O4-

( )

( ) ) ( Ka
.
HA + H2O
H3O+ + A][ H+ ] [ A-
Ka = ----------------------][ HA

-1
.
2
.
3
.

- 111 -


1 ( ).
2 ( ) X
.
3 =
4 .5%
10 -4 (
)
5

:
][ H+ ] [ A-
= ----------------------][ HA

Ka

: ( )

( ) =

:

( ) = % 100

( ) = ( ) % 100
2-3
0.1 M
= 1.34
Ka = 1.8 10 5

CH3COOH
CH3COO + H+
[ CH3COOH ]= 0.1 X 0.1 M
0.1
0
0
][ X ] [ X
0.1 X
X
X
1.8 x 10 5 = -------------------

][ CH3COO- ] [ H+
= -------------------] [ CH3COOH

] [0.1

Ka

X 2 = 1.8 x10 6
X = 1.34 10- 3 M
[ H+] = 1.34 10 3 M
- 111 -



1 ( ).
2 ( ) X
.
3 =
4 .5%
10 -4 (
)
5
: K b
B + H2O
BH+ + OH] [ BH+] [ OH-
Kb = -----------------------][B

: ( )

( ) =

:

( ) = % 100

( ) = ( ) % 100
: 2 - 3 ] [OH- ( Kb = 3.8 10 C6H5NH2
= 6.16
) 10 0.1 M

] [ C6H5NH3 ] [ OH
Kb = ----------------------] [ C6H5NH2
-

C6H5NH3+ + OH0
0
X
X

][ X ] [ X
3.8 x 10
= ----------------------------] [0.1
X = 6.16 x 10 6 M ] [OH
10

- 111 -

C6H5NH2 + H2O
0.1

0.1 - X

 3 3 ) (Ka = 4.9 10 10 0.1 M

( ) 3
( ) 2
([H+] )1

HCN
H + CN 0.1
0
0
0.1 X X
X
+

] [
= ---------------------------
] [
7 10 6
= -------------- = 710-5
0.1

] [ H+] [ CN-
Ka = ----------------][ HCN
)( X ) ( X
-10
4.9 10 = -------------0.1
2
X = 49 10 -12
X = [ H+] = 7 10 6 M

= % 100
= 7 10-5 100% %
= 7 x 10-3 %

/ HF
0. 1 M
) ( Ka = 6.4 x 10 4

HF
H+ + F 0.1
0
0
0.1 - X
X
X

] [ H+] [ F-

/ C6H5NH2
10- 4 4 x 10 10

+
C6H5NH2+ H2O
C6H5NH3 + OH

0
0
X
X
X
][C6H5NH3+][OH-
= ka
] [C6H5NH2

Ka = -----------------][ HF
)(X)(X
) )X) x (X
1 4 x 10- 10 = -------------4
6.4 x 10 =----------------------
0.1
X2 = 64 x 10 6
] [
X = 8 x 10 3
=
] [
][C6H5NH2
= % 100
X
4
] [
=10

= % 8
10 - 4 = X
( )1
0.04 M =

- 111 -



.. ( )
.
.
H2 O L + H2O L
H3O+ eq + OH - eq
H2O L
H+ + OH-
K W

(( Kw =1X 10 14 ))

]Kw = [ H+] [OH-

:
- 1 Kw
2 ] [H+ ] [OH- .
[ H+] = [ OH-] = 10- 7 M
[ OH-] < 10 7 M
[ H+ ] > 10- 7 M
[ OH-] > 10 7 M
[ H+] < 10 7 M
:
7
+
. 1 10
] M = [OH ] = [H
] [H+
H2O
] [OH- H+ + OH- .
] [OH-
] [H+ .
4 - 3
: 3 3
0.05 M

HNO3
2 x 10 -9 M -
0.01 M ,

HNO3 H + NO3 [H+] [ OH_ ] = 1 X 10 14 -

0.05
0
0
[ H+] [0.01] = 1 10 14
0
0.05
0.05
+
12
[ H ] = 1x10
M
[H+] = [ NO3]- = 0.05 M
[H+] [ OH_ ] = 1 X 10 14
+
_

14
[H ] [ OH ] = 1 X 10
-
[0.05] [OH_ ] = 1 X 10 14
+
-9
14
[ H ] [2 x 10 ] = 1 10
[0.05 ] [OH_ ] = 1 X 10 14
+
6
[H ] = 5 10
M
[OH_ ] = 2 x 10 13 M
: 1/ ] [ H+ 2 ] [OH-
. 0.001 M 0.005 M .
H2SO4 2H + + SO4 .

0.005 M
0
0
+
_
14
[H ] [ OH ] = 1 X 10
0
2 0.005 0.005
+
[ H+] [0.001] = 1 10 14
[H ] = 0.01 M
[ H+] = 110 11 M
[H+] [ OH_ ] = 1 X 10 14
[H+] < 1 10 7 M
[ H+] [0.001] = 1 10 14
[OH-]=110 12 M
- 121 -

, Kb = 4 x 10 -4

3 ] [H+ 0.01M CH3NH2

+
+
CH3NH2 + H2O
CH3NH3 + OH
][CH3NH3 ] [OH-
0.01
0
0
= Kb
0.01 X
X
X
] [ CH3NH2

)(X ) ( X
4
4 10
= --------------------0.0.01
X = [ OH ] = 2 x 10 3 M
]1 10 14 = [ H+] [OH-
[H+ ][2 10 3] = 110 14
[H+] = 510 12 M

( ) pH

.
.

PH

]pH = - log [ H+

[ H+] = 10 -

pH ][ H+

] [ H+ pH

POH

]pOH = - log [ OH-

[ OH-] = 10 -

pOH ][ OH-

] [ OH- pH

] [H+ ] [OH- PH POH

: log1= 0 , log10 =1
:
log X= y
X = log- 1 y
X = 10y

PH

[ H+] = 10 -

- 121 -

POH

[ OH-] = 10 -

 : 1 pH 5 ] [H+ : 2 pH 5.32
[ H+] = 10 - 5
:
] [H+ log 4.78 = 0.68
+
- PH
0.68
[ H ] = 10
( ) 4.78 =10
+
- PH
[ H ] = 10
+
[ H ] = 10 - 5.32 10+6 10- 6
[ H+] = 10 0.68 10- 6
[ H+] = 4.78 10- 6
((:

PH

[ H+] = 10 - ))

: ] pH = - log [ H+ ]pOH = - log [ OH-

[H+] = log- 1 - pH

[OH-] = log- 1 - pOH

: 1 pH 5 ] [H+ : 2 pH 5.32
] [H+ log 4.78 = 0.68
[H+] = log- 1 - pH
[H+] = log- 1 - PH
[H+ ] = log-1 - 5
[H+ ] = log-1 - 5.32
[ H+] = 10-5 M
)[ H+] =log-1( - 6 + 0.68
)[ H+] =log-1 - 6 log-1 0.68
)[ H+] =log-1 - 6 log-1 0.68
[H+] = 4.78 10- 6
( -6 5.32
0.68
)
: 4-3 pH 5-3
pH 3.301
H+ . 0.05 M log5 = 0.7
log 5 = 0.699
H+

+
] pH= - log [H
pH = - log 5 10-2

( pH = - (log 5+ log 10-2
+
- PH
+
- 3.301
[ H ] = 10
[ H ] = 10
) pH= - ( 0.7 - 2
+
3.301
+ 4
-4
[ H ] =10
10
10
pH= 1.3
+
0.699
-4
[ H ] =10
10
+
- 4
[ H ] = 5 10

+
-1
+
.[H ] = log - pH [H ] = log- 1 3.301
)[H+] = log- 1 ( 4 + 0.699
[H+] = log-1 -4 log-1 0.699
[ H+] = 5 10 - 4

- 122 -

 : 5 3
6-3
log 6= 0.778
pH
3.32 log 4.79 = 0.68
4
6 10

+
HCl
H + Cl

4
6 x 10
0
0

4
4
+
- PH
+
0
6 10
6 x 10
[ H ] = 10
[ H ] = 10 - 3.32
[ H+] =10 3.32 10 + 4 10-4
[ H+ ] = 6 10 4 M
[ H+] =10 0.68 10-4
]p H = - log [ H+
[ H+] = 5 10 - 4
p H = - log 6 10 4

)p H = - log (6 x 10 4
+
-1
+
4
[H ] = log - pH
[H ] = log- 1 3.32
) p H = - ( log 6 + log 10
)[H+] = log- 1 ( 4 + 0.68
p H = - ( 0.778 4 ) = 3.222
[H+] = log-1 -4 log-1 0.68
[ H+] = 4.79 10 - 4
0.03 M -
HNO3 H+ + NO3=H2SO4 2H+ + SO4

0.03
0
0
+
[ H ]= [ HNO3] = 4.79 10 - 4 M
0.0
2 0.03 0.03
[ H+ ] = 0.06 M
]p H= - log [ H+
p H= - log 0.06
p H= 1.22
/
10 M Ba ( OH)2

+ 2OH0
2 x 10 M

Ba(OH)2
10M
0
0
10 M

Ba2+

[ OH- ] = 20 M
]pOH = - log [ OH -
pOH = - log 20
pOH = - 1.3

/ ] [OH- ] [ H+ pOH
pH 0.02 M Ba(OH)2
pH pOH
log 25 = 1.4
log4 = 0.6

2+
Ba(OH)2 Ba
+ 2OH0.02
0
0
0
0.02 2 x 0.02
-

[ OH ] = 0.04 M
]pOH = - log [ OH -
pOH = - log 4 10-2
pOH = - ( 0.6 2) = 1.4
[H+][ OH-] = 10- 14
[ H+] 0.04 = 10-14
[ H+] = 25 10-14
]pH = - log [ H+
pH = - log 25 x 10-14
pH= 12.6
pH
pOH 14

- 121 -

 pH pOH
[ H+] [OH-] = 1 10 14
-log ([ H+] [OH-]) = - log 10 14
- log [ H+] + (- log [OH- ] = - log 10 14

pH + pOH = 14
pH pOH
:
p H= pOH = 7
pH< 7 pOH > 7
pH > 7 pOH < 7
: pH 10.3
Log 5 = 0.7
] [ H+

+
- pH
+
10.3
[ H ] = 10
[ H ] = 10
+
10.3
[ H ] = 10
10+11 10-11
[H+] = 10 0.7 10- 11
[H+] = 5 10- 11 M

: pOH
5.5 ] [ OH- log-1 0.5 = 3

- pOH
[ OH ] = 10
] [ OH-
= 10 5.5
[ OH- ] = 10- 5.5 10+ 6 10-6
[ OH- ] = 100.5 10-6
[ OH- ] = 3 10 6 M

: : 8 3 ] [ H+ pH
] [OH- pOH Ca(OH)2
0.015 M
log 3.3 = 0.52

2+
Ca(OH)2 Ca + 2 OH 0.015
0
0
0
0.015
2x0.015
-[ OH ] = 0.03 M
[ OH--] > 110 7 M
[H+] [ OH - ] = 1 X 10 14
1 X 10 14
[ H +] = -------------- = 3.3 10 - 13
0.03
]pH = - log [H+
pH = - log 3.3 10 - 13
)pH = -( log 3.3 10 13
)pH = - ( log 3.3 + log 10-13
pH = - ( 0.52 - 13 ) = 12.48
pH + pOH = 14
pOH = 14 12.48 = 1.52

: 6-3 ] [ H+ pH ] [OH-
pOH
0.015 M log 15 =1.176

] [ H+] = [ HCl
[ H+] = 0.015 M
]pH = - log [H+
pH = - log 0.015
pH = - log 15 x 10- 3
) pH = - ( log 15 10- 3
) pH = - (log 15 +log 10- 3
) pH = - (1.176 3
pH = 1.824
+
_

14
[H ] [ OH ] = 1 X 10
1 X 10 14
[ OH-] = ------------- = 6.7 10 - 13
0.015
pH + pOH = 14
pOH = 14 1.824 = 12.176

- 121 -

 / C5H5 N
9 , 10- 4

0.001

+
C5H5 N+H2O
C5H5NH + OHNH3 + H2O
NH4+ + OHpH+pOH = 14
0.1
0
0
9 + pOH=14
0.1 10 - 3
10 - 3 10 - 3
pOH= 5
pH+pOH = 14
- POH
[OH ] = 10 - 5
pOH = 14 11 = 3 [OH ] = 10

[OH- ] = 10 - POH
=
[OH- ] = 10 - 3 M

] [ NH4+ ] [ OH -
0.00001
Kb = -------------------- = = 0.1 M
] [ NH3
- 3
- 3
0.0001
] [10 ] [10
5
] [OH-] [C5H5NH +
= --------------------- = 1 x 10
Kb = ---------------------][ 0.1
][ C5H5N
- 5
- 5
+
] [10 ] [10
NH3 + H2O
NH4 + OH
Kb = ----------------= 1 10 -9
0.001
0
0
][0.1
0.001 X
X
X

= 0.001
] [ NH4+ ] [ OH -
= C
Kb = --------------------
] [ NH3
=
] [X ] [X

1 10 - 5 = -------------------- = 1 0 .001 C
] [0.001
] [OH-] [C5H5NH +
X = 1 10 4 M
Kb = ---------------------]pOH = - log [ OH -
4
][ C5H5N
pOH = - log 1 10
=4
] [0.001C] [0.001C
-9
1x 10 = ----------------------------pH + pOH = 14
][C
pH + 4 = 14
pH= 10
[ C ] = 0.001 M
1
-6
= 10 M
[OH-] = 10 -6 M
pOH = - log 10 -6
pOH = 6
pH + pOH = 14
pH = 14 6
pH= 8

pH / 0.1 M
11 pH
0.001 M

- 121 -




M 1 . V1 = M 2 . V 2
V1
V2 ( )
M 1
M 2
M1
V2
= =
M2
V1
/ 1 0.001M HCl 0.0001M 10 /
/2 0.2 M % 1
%2 /
.

( )

.
KCN K+ + CNCN- + H2O
HCN + OH :
:
:
:

:
:
1
pH 7
- 2

.
NaCl Na+ + Cl

.
NaNO3 Na + NO3
H2O
OH- + H+

HNO3
- 121 -

NaOH

 / .
/
I K+
.
+
KI K + I
H2O
H+ + OH / pH
/ K
NO3 -
pH
.
+

- 1
2 H+
H+
OH-
3 7 .

+
KCN K + CN
CN + H2O
HCN + OH
.
.
.

KCN K+ + CNH2O
OH- + H+

HCN

KOH

/ ..
/ K
CH3COO CH3COO- H+ H+
OH-
CH3COO - + H2O
CH3COOH + OH
+

/ pH KCN . .
/
K+ CN- CN- H+
H+
OH- pH
CN - + H2O
HCN + OH
- 121 -

- 1 .
2 OH
OH- H+
.
3 7
+
NH4Cl NH4 + Cl
NH4+ + H2O
NH3 + H3O+
:
.

NH4 + Cl
OH- + H+

NH4Cl
H2O

.
.

HCl

NH4OH

/ C6H5NH3 Cl .
/
Cl- C6H5NH3+ OH-
OH H+ .
+
C6H5NH3 Cl C6H5NH3 + Cl
C6H5NH3+ + H2O
C6H5NH2 + H3O+
C6H5NH3+

/ PH NH4NO3 .
/ NH4+
NO3 NH4+ OH- OH- H+ .
pH pH .
NH4NO3 NH4+ + NO3
NH4+ + H2O
NH3 + H3O+

- 121 -

 ( )
pH .
.
pH = 7.4 pH .
.
:
: PH

( ) :
(
) ( )

)


- ( )



.
CH3COOH
CH3COO- + H+
CH3COONa CH3 COO- + Na+
] [CH3COO-] [H+
]Ka [CH3COOH
+
Ka = -------------------------or
[H ] = -------------------------][CH3COOH
][CH3COO-
][CH3COO-] = [CH3COONa
][CH3COOH
+
[H ] = Ka -------------------------][CH3COONa

] [acid
[H+ ] = Ka ----------------][salt

- 121 -

][salt
pH = pka + log ----------------] [acid

 ( )



.
NH3 + H2 O
NH4+ + OHNH4Cl

NH4+ + Cl] [NH4+] [OH-

]Kb [NH3
Kb = --------------------or
[OH ] = ---------------------][NH3
][NH4+
][NH4+] = [NH4Cl
][NH3
[OH ] = Kb x ------------][NH4Cl
-

] [base

[OH-] = Kb x ----------][salt

][salt
p OH = pkb + log ------------------
] [base

:
1 .
- 2
][salt
] [acid
+
pH = pka + log ----------------
[H ] = Ka ----------------] [acid
][salt
] [acid ] [salt
] [H+ ( )
pH
3
pH = (pH (2 (pH)1 :
pH
) pH)2 ( ) (pH)1
4 ] [salt] = [acid pH = Pka [H+ ] = Ka
5
][salt
] [base
p OH = pkb + log ----------------
[OH ] = Kb x ------------------] [base
][salt
] [OH- p OH
6
pOH = (pOH (2 (pOH)1 :
pOH
) pOH)2 ( ) (pOH)1
7 pH = pOH
- 111 -

 /9 3 pH
0.15 M
0.3 M pH
pKb = 4.74
0.15 M
log1.64 = 0.22

][salt
p OH = pkb + log -----------------] [base
0.3
p OH = 4.74 + log ---------------0.15
p OH = 4.74 + log 2
p OH = 4.74 + 0.3 = 5.04

0.1
---- ------ = 9 10 - 6 M
0.2

Kb = 1.8 x 10 5

Kb = 10

] [X] [X
1.8 x 10 = ------------------][0.15
X = 1.64 x 10 -3 ] [ OH
]p OH = - log [ OH-
]p OH = - log [1.64 x 10 -3
p OH = 2.78
p OH + pH= 14
pH = 14 - 2.78 = 11.22


5

]H ] = 1.8 10

]pH = - log [H+

pH = - log 9 10 - 6
) pH = - ( log 9 + log 10 6
pH = - ( 0.96 - 6) = 5.04

p OH + pH= 14
pH = 14 - 5.04 = 8.96.
pH
NH3 + H2 O
NH4+ + OH 0.15
0
0
0.15 X
X
X
+
] [NH4 ] [OH-
Kb = -------------------------][NH3
pKb = - log Kb
Kb = 10 - pKb
- 4.74

9 3
H pH
0.1 M 0.2 M
Ka CH3COOH = 1.8 10 5
Log 9 =0.96

] [acid
+
]H ] = Ka ------------][ Salt
+

10 3

) ( P Kb = 4.74 0.1
M pH 9
log 1.82 = 0.26

pH +pOH= 14
pOH = 14 9 = 5
][salt
p OH = Pkb + log -----------] [base
][salt
5 = 4.74 + log ---------------0.1
][salt
0.26 = log --------0.1
][salt
log 1.82 = log -------0.1
][salt
1.82 = --------0.1
[salt] = 0.182 mol/ L

- 111 -

 11-3

0.3 M
pH 4.31
log 0.37 = - 0.43 k a = 1.8 x 10 5

PKa = - log Ka
PKa = - log 1.8 x 10 5
PKa = 4.74
][salt
pH = pka + log -------------] [acid
][0.3
4.31 = 4.74 + log-------------] [acid
][0.3
- 0.43 = log -----------------] [acid
][0.3
log 0.37 = log -----------------] [acid
][0.3
---------- = 0.37
] [acid
[acid ] = 0.81 M

/ 1M
= 9.3

log 4 = 0.6
4.6

p OH + pH= 14
p OH = 14 9.3 = 4.7
[ OH-] = 10- POH
[ OH-] = 10- 4.7
[ OH-] = 2 x10 5 M
C6H5NH2+H2O
C6H5NH3++OH 1
0
0
5

1 - 2 x10
2 x10 2 x10 5
] [C6H5NH3+] [OH-
Kb = -------------------------][C6H5NH2
5
5
[2 x10 ] [2 x10
Kb = --------------------------= 4 x 10 10
1
pKb = - log Kb
pKb = 9.4
pH + pOH = 14
p OH = 14 4.6 = 9.4
][salt
p OH = pkb + log ----------------] [base
][salt
9.4 = 9.4 + log --------------1
log [salt] = 0
log [salt] = log 1
[C6H5NH3Cl] = 1 M
n C6H5NH2Cl = V x M
n C6H5NH3Cl = 0.5 L x 1 mol / L = 0.5 mol

- 112 -

 / 11 3
) 0.5mole ( 26.75 g
0.1M
kbNH3 = 1.8 10 5

NH3 +H2O
NH4+ + OH 0.1
0
0
0.1 X
X
X

+
[ NH4 ][OH = Kb
][NH3
XX
5
1.8 10 = --------X = 1.3 10 3
0.1

=

1.3 x 10 3
= 1.3 x 10 2 =
0.1
pKb = - log Kb
pKb = 4.74
][salt
p OH = pkb + log ----------------] [base
0.5
p OH = 4.74 + log --------------0.1
p OH = 5.44
[OH ] = 10-POH
[OH+]=3.6x10-6 M

=

3.6 x 10 6
= 36 x 10 6 =
0.1
1.3 10 -2
= 361 = ------------------
36 10 6

361

/

0.05 M 0.7
Ka CH3COOH = 2 x 10- 5

pH
CH3COOH
CH3COO- + H+
0.05
0
0
0.05 X
X
X
+
] [CH3COO ] [H
Ka = -------------------------][CH3COOH
] [X] [X
-5
2 x 10 = -------------------------][0.05
+
X = 10 3 M ] [H
] pH = - log[H+
pH = - log10 3
pH = 3
:
pH = (pH (2 (pH)1
0.7 = pH2 - 3
pH2 = 3.7
][salt
pH = pka + log -----------------] [acid
][salt
-5
3.7 = - log 2 x 10 + log ----------0.05
][salt
3.7 = 4.7 + log --------------0.05
][salt
- 1 = log ---------------0.05
][salt
----------- = log 1 - 1
0.05
][salt
---------------- = 0.1
0.05
[NH4Cl] = 0.005 M
n NH4Cl = V x M
n NH4Cl = 0.25 L0.005 mol/ L = 0.00125 mol

- 111 -

 ( )
:
/
( .
)
/

.
+
CH3COOH
CH3COO + H
CH3COOk CH3COO- + k +
HCl
H+ + Cl
CH3COO- + H+ CH3COOH

:
][ salt] [ H+
pH = pka + log --------------------][ acid] + [H+

:
- 1

M1 V1 = M2 V2

] [H+

.
M V
= ] [
V
2

.

- 111 -

 11 - 3
pH 1mL 10 M
0.1 M 0.1 M pKa CH3COOH = 4.74

M . V
10 0.001
[ HCl] = ------------------ = --------------- = 0.01mol/L
VT
1 L
HCl H+ + Cl0.01
0
0
0
0.01
][ salt] [ H+
pH = pka + log --------------------][ acid] + [H+
0.1 - 0.01
pH= 4.74 + log
0.1 + 0.01
0.09
pH = 4.74 + log ---------0.11
pH = 4.74 + log 9 - log 11
pH = 4.74 + 0.95 - 1.04 = 4.65

:
/
.

/
/

.
+
CH3COOH
CH3COO + H
CH3COOk CH3COO- + k +
Na OH Na + + OHOH- + H+ H2O
/ pH .
/
pH .

- 111 -

 :
] [ salt] + [O H-
pH = pka + log ---------------------] [ acid ] - [O H-
] [O H-

:
- 1
M1 V1 = M2 V2

M V
= ] [
V
2
.
/

0.1M 0.1 M
2 mL
5 M
pH (
)
4.74 = pka

][ salt
pH = pka + log------------------] [ acid
0.1
pH = 4.74 + log------------ = 4.74
0.1

M . V
5 0.002
[ NaOH] = ------------ = ---------------VT
1 L
[ NaOH] = 0.01mol/L
NaOH Na+ + OH
0.01
0
0
0
0.01
0.01
] [ salt] + [O H
pH = pka + log ---------------------] [ acid ] - [O H-
0.1 + 0.01
pH = 4.74 + log ---------------------0.1 - 0.01
0.11
pH = 4.74 + log -------- = 4.83
0.09
pH = 2 pH - 1 pH
pH = 4.83 - 4.74 = 0.09

- 111 -

 / 12-3 pH
/ 01M
0.1M
/ 1mL
10M
pH
4.74 = pKa
:
-
][ salt
pOH = pkb + log------------] [ Bace
0.1
pOH = 4.74 + log -------------- = 4.74
0.1
PH + POH = 14
pH= 14 4.74 = 9.26

/
[H2SO4] 1 x V1
[ H2SO4]2 = --------------------V2
10 M x 0.001L
[ H2SO4]2 = ------------------= 0.01M
1L
+
=H2SO4 2H + SO4
0.01
0
0
0
0.02
0.01
][ salt] + [H+
pOH = pkb + log-------------------][ Bace ] - [H+
0.1 + 0.02
pOH = 4.74 + log----------------0.1- 0.02
pOH = 4.74 + log3 log 2
pOH = 4.74 + 0.5 0.3
poH = 4.94
pH + pOH = 14
pH= 14 4.94
pH = 9.06
pH = ( PH)2 - ( PH)1
pH = 9.06 - 9.26
pH = - 0.2
:

/
HCl H+
OH- .
NH3+H2O
NH4+OH
+
NH4Cl NH4 +Cl
HCl H++Cl / . .
/
pH .

- 111 -


][ salt] + [ H+
pOH = pkb + log -----------------][ base] - [H+
/ 0.5 mol 0.3 mol
, log 5 = 0.7
pKb NH3 =4.74
pH 0.1 mol
log3 =0.5

+
2H2SO4 2H + SO4
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.1
+
] [ salt] + [ H
pOH = pkb + log -----------------][ base] - [H+
0.3 + 0.2
pOH = 4.74 + log -----------------0.5 0.2
pOH = 4.94
pH + pOH = 14
pH = 14 4.94 =9.06

KOH OH

+
NH3+H2O
NH4 +OH

+
NH4Cl NH4 +Cl
KOH K+ + OH / pH .
/
pH .

] [ salt] - [O H-
pOH = pkb + log ---------------------------] [ base] + [O H-

- 111 -

 / 0.1 mol 0.2 mol

Ba(OH)2 pH 9.3
kb NH3 = 2 10- 5

pH + pOH = 14
pOH = 14 9.3 = 4.7
[ salt] = n / M
[salt] = 0.4 M
, [Base] = 0.1 / 0.5 = 0.2 M
] [ salt] - [O H-
pOH = pkb + log ---------------------------] [ base] + [O H-
] 0.4 - [O H-
+ log ---------------------------] 0.2 + [O H-

4.7 = - log 2 10- 5

] 0.4 - [O H-
4.7 = 4.7 + log ---------------------------] 0.2 + [O H-
[OH ] = 0.1 M
Ba (OH)2 Ba2+ + 2OH0.05
0.05
0.1
nNaOH= M . V = 0.05 0.5 = 0.0.025 mole

- 111 -


( )

. .

.

AgCl

,

.
/ ..
/

/
/ mol/ L
/ g / L
/
/ g / L
/
g / L
= S
M g / mol
/ ( ) kSP
/


. ( ) kSP

] [ = S

- 111 -


KSp = [ A]x [ B ]y

( K SP )

:
:
:
13-3 44
12-3
ksp

Pb(IO3)2
PbSO4
-5
KSP = 1.6 10 8
3.9 10 M

:
= S mol/L
2+
Pb(IO3)2
Pb + 2IO3
] = [Pb2+ = S
S
2S
] = [SO42 - = S
S = 3.9 10-5 M
PbSO4 S
Pb2+ + SO42KSP = [Pb2+ ] [IO3 -]2
S
S
-5
-5 2
2+
2
) KSP = 3.9 10 (23.9 10
] KSP = [Pb ] [SO4
KSP = 2.37 10- 13
1.6 10 8 = S 2
S = 1.26 10 4 mol/L
13-3
14 3
KSP
(M = 332 g / mol ) Ag2CrO4
0.0025 g BaSO4
0.0215 g
( ( M = 233g/mol

g / L
g / L
= S
= S
M g / mol
M g / mol
0.0025 g / L
0.0215 g / L
5
= 1.110 mol/L = S
= 6.5 x 10 5 mol/L = S
233g/mol
332g/mol
Ag2 CrO4
2Ag + CrO4
2+
2BaSO4 S
Ba
+ SO4
S
2S
S
5
5
5
5
5
1.110
1.110
1.110
6.5 x 10
13 x 10
6.5 x 10 5
]KSP = [ Ba2+] [ SO4
]KSP = [Ag]2 [CrO4
)KSP = (1.110 5) (1.110 5
] KSP = [13 x10 5]2 [6.5 x10 5
KSP = 1.2 10 10
KSP =1.09x10 12
- 111 -

 15 3
g / L ( 143.5 g/mol) AgCl
KSP AgCl =1.8 10 10

+
Ag Cl
Ag + ClS
S
S
+
] KSP = [ Ag ] [ Cl-
1.8 x 10 10 = S2
S = 1.34 x 10 5 M
g/ L
= Sg/ L
=1.34 X 10- 5 143.5g/ L
= 192.3 x 10 5 g / L g/ L

/1 : 2 PbSO4
Pb3(PO4)2 M 10 1 x 10- 4 M
KSP PbSO4
7 , Pb3(PO4)2 KSP

++
-++
PbSO4
Pb
+ SO4
Pb3(PO4)2
3Pb + 2 PO4-S
S
S
S
3S
2S
-4
-4
-4
7
-7
1 x 10
1 x 10
1 x 10
1 x 10
3 x 10
2 x10 7
] KSP = [Pb++] [SO4--
] KSP =[1 x 10- 4] [1 x 10- 4
KSP = [Pb++] 3 [PO4--- ] 2
KSP =10 8
KSP = [3 x 10-7] 3 [2 x10 7 ] 2
KSP = 1.08 x 10 33
/ 4 AgCl
/ 3
) ( M = 143 g / mol
( M = 62 g / mol ) CaF2
0.000143 g 100 mL KSP
0.0124 g / L KSP CaF2

AgCl

g / L
mg
1000
= S
S = ---------------- -----------M g / mol
M g / mol
VmL
0.0124 g / L
0.000143 g
1000
= 2 x 10 4 mol/L = S
S = ---------------- --------------62g/mol
143 g / mol
100 mL
Ca +2 F
CaF2
5
S
S
2S
S = 1 x 10
M
2
+
]KSP = [F] [Ca
AgCl
Ag + Cl
-5
-5
-5
]KSP = [2S]2 [S
10
10
10
KSP = 4 S3
] KSP = [Ag+] [Cl--
KSP = 4 (2 x 10 4) 3 = 3.2 x 10 11
KSP = [10 -5] [10 -5 ] = 1 x 10 10
- 112 -

 /6 PH Zn(OH)2 / 5 ] [F-
= 8.3 KSP Zn(OH)2
log 5= 0.7 M 4 x 10 4 = CaF2 CaF2 KSP

+
++
PH = 8.3
[ H ] = 10 8.3
] [ Ca
[ H+ ] = 100.7 x 10 9

[ H+ ] = 5 x 10 9
] [ F-
] [ Ca++
[ H+] [ OH_] = 10 14
------------- = ------------[5 x 10 9] [ OH_] = 10 14

[OH-] = 2 x 10 6 M


] [OH-
] [Zn
4
++
4 x 10
] [ Ca
------------------- = ------------------------------- = ------------

6
2
1
2 x 10
] [Zn
++
4
[ Ca ]= 2 x 10
------------- = ------------++
CaF2
Ca
+ 2F
2
1
4
4
4
6
2 x 10
2 x 10
4 x 10
[Zn ] = 1x 10 M
++
- 2
] KSP = [Ca ] [F
Zn ( OH)2
Zn++ + 2OHKSP = [2 x 10 4] [4 x 10 4 ]2
1x 10 6
1x 10 6
2 x 10 6
KSP = 3.2 x 10-11
KSP = [Zn++] [OH- ]2
KSP = [1x 10 6] [2 x 10 6 ]2 = 4 x 10 - 18
/ 7 /8 ] [F-
Pb3(PO4)2 Pb+2 = 0.002 M = MgF2 3x10 7 M .

KSP
++
Mg F2
Mg + 2 F

3 ] [PO4
0.002 M

=
2+
3] [Pb
] [PO4

------------- = ------------ = 0.002 M 2

= 0.001 M


7
3x10
] [PO43-
------------- = ------------3
2
3[PO4 ]= 2x 10 7
Pb3(PO4)2
3 Pb +2PO4
7
2x 10
3x10 7
2 x 10 7
KSP = [Pb]3 [PO4 ]2
KSP = [3x10 7]3 [2 x 10 7]2
KSP = 1.08 x 10- 33

- 111 -

 /10 ( 303
/ 9 (M= 78 g / mol ) CaF2
9 ( M PbSO4 = g / mol KSP =3.9 x10 11
KSP = 10 8
.

++
PbSO4
Pb + SO4
CaF2
Ca + 2FS
S
S
S
S
2S
8
++
]KSP = [ Pb] [ SO4
] 10 = [ S
KSP = [ Ca ] [ F-]2
][S
S = 10 4 M
3.9 x 10 11 = [S] [2S]2
g / L
39 x 10 12 = [S] [2S]2
= S
39 x 10 12 = 4 S 3
M g / mol
S 3 = 9.75 x 10 -12
S = 2.14 x 10 4
= 0.0303 g / L ( g / L
g / L
PbSO4 )
= S
M g / mol
g / L
4
2.14 x 10
=
78 g / mol
= 1.67 x 10 2 g / L g / L
= 1.67 x 10 2 g

g / L

g / L

/ .
/
/11 BaSO4 Ag2CO3
KSP BaSO4 = 1x 10 10 , KSP Ag2CO3 = 4 x 10 12
Ag2CO3

+
=
Ag2CO3
2Ag + CO3
BaSO4
S
2S
S
BaSO4
= Ba++ + SO4
S
S
S
+ 2
=
++
] KSP Ag2CO3 = [Ag ] [ CO3
]KSP BaSO4 = [ Ba ] [SO4++
]4 x 10 12 = [2S ]2 [S
]10 10 = [S] [S
S = 1 x 10 -4 M
S = 10 -5 M
Ag2CO3 BaSO4
- 111 -


*

:
= KSP Q sp
< KSP Q sp

> KSP Q sp

: Q sp
.

14 3
2 10 M

KSP CaF2 = 4.9 x 10 - 11

CaF2
Ca2+ + 2FX
2 10- 2
KSP CaF2 = [Ca2+][ F -]2
4.9 x 10 -11 = X (2 10- 2 )2
4.9 x 10 -11
X = --------------------- =1.23 10 7 M
4 x 10- 4
-2

16-3 46
10ml 1.11 SO4 10ml 1.111
KSP BaSO4 = 1.6 x 10-10
Ba2+
2-

: SO42-
0.01 x 10 = M x 20
M2 = 0.005 M

M1 . V1 = M 2. V2

Ba2+
M2 = 0.0005 M

Ba2+ + SO420.0005
0.005
- -8
Q = 25 x10

Q > Ksp

0.001 x 10 = M x 20

M1 . V1 = M 2. V2

Ba SO4
]Qsp = [ Ba2+] [ SO4--

- 111 -


/ 12
KSP = 1 x 10 8
1 x 10 5 M CaCO3

2+
=
2+
CaCO3
Ca + CO3
]KSP = [ Ca ] [ CO3
5
X
10
]10 8 = [X] [10 5
X = 0.001 M
0.001M
/13 0.2 M Al3+ Ni2+ PH
KSP Ni(OH)2 = 1.6 x 10 - 14
KSP Al(OH)3 = 2.2 x 10 - 32
log 8 = 0.9
Log 11 = 1.04 ,

++
3+
Ni ( OH)2
Ni
+ 2 OH
Al ( OH )3
Al + 3 OH
0.2
X
0.2
X
2
3
]KSP = [ Ni ] [ OH
]KSP = [ Al] [ OH
- 14
2
1.6 x 10
]= [0.2 ] [X
2.2 x 10 - 32 = [0.2] [X]3
[X]2 = 8x 10 14
[X]3 = 11x 10 32
Log [X]2 = Log 8x 10 14
Log[X]3 = log 11x 10 32
2 Log [X] = - 13.1
3 log [X] = - 30.96
Log [X] = - 6.55
log [X] = - 10.32
- Log [X] = 6.55
- log [X] = 10.32
POH = 6.55
POH = 10.32
PH + POH = 14
PH + POH = 14
PH = 14 6.55 = 7.45
PH = 14 10.32 = 3.68


: 14 NaOH 0.1 M
ZnCl2 KSP = 1 x 10 17 , Zn(OH)2

Zn(OH)2 ZnCl2
NaOH
++
ZnCl2 Zn + 2Cl
0. 1
0. 1
0. 2
+
NaOH Na + OHX
X
X
++
++
- 2
Zn(OH)2
Zn + 2OH
] KSP = [Zn ] [OH
0.1
X
1 x 10 17 = [0. 1 ] [X ] 2
[X ]= 10 8 M

- 111 -





.
/15 80 mL Ca(NO3)2
0.004 M 20mL NaF
M 0.0004 CaF2
KSP CaF2 = 1x10 - 11
:


Ca(NO3)2 Ca + 2 NO3
M x V
++
[ Ca(NO3)2 ] = [ Ca ] = ------------- V L
0.004 M x 0.08 L
++
[ Ca ] = ----------------- = 0.0032 M
0.1 L
NaF Na + + FM x V
[NaF ] =[ F ] = ---------------------- V L
0.0004 M x 0.02 L
[ F ] = --------------------- = 0.00008 M
0.1 L
CaF2
Ca++ + 2 F32x 10 -4
8x 10 4
Qsp = [ Ca++ ] [ F-]2
Qsp =[32x 10 -4][8x 10 4]2 = 25.6 x 10 -11
CaF2
KSP > Qsp

/16 ) ( M = 276 g / mol

Ag2CO3 = , 345 x 10 4 g / L

10 6 M = CO3
0.1mol AgNO3

KSP Ag2CO3
g / L
= 1.25 x 10 4 = S
M g / mol
Ag2CO3
= 2Ag + CO3
1.25 x 10 4
2.5 x 10 4 1.25 x 10 4
] KSP = [Ag] 2 [ CO3
]KSP = [2.5 x 10 4] 2 [1.25 x 10 4
KSP = 7.8 x 10 -12

AgNO3 Ag+ + NO3
0.1M
0.1 M
0.1M
Ag2CO3
Ag2CO3
= 2Ag + CO3
0.1
10 6
Qsp = [CO3 = ] [Ag]2
Qsp = [10 6 ] [0.1]2 = 10 -8
KSP > Qsp Ag2CO3

- 111 -

 /17 0.001 M Mg(NO3)2 NaOH

pH = , 9 Mg(OH)2
KSP Mg(OH)2 = 1.8 x 10 - 11

++
Mg(NO3)2
Mg + 2 NO3
0.001 M
0.001 M
0.002
pH + pOH = 14
pOH = 14 9 = 5
POH
[OH ] = 10
[OH-] =10 5 M
Mg(OH)2
Mg(OH)2
Mg++ + 2OH0.001 M
10 5 M
Qsp = [Mg++ ] [OH -]2
Qsp = [10 - 3 ] [10 5]2 = 10 -13
Ag2CO3
KSP > Qsp

Ag+ +Cl

A gCl
A gCl
Ag+ +Cl_ AgNO3 Ag+ + NO3

( )

NaCl Na+ + Cl_ AgNO3 Ag+ + NO3

Cl- Ag+
A gCl

:
/

/
.
/ NH4Cl . AgCl
/ Cl-
Qsp AgCl .
- 111 -

*
.
*
.
* .

* ( ) =

=

- 1
.
- 2

3 S y .
15 3
= 1.57 x 10 ) Ba(IO3)2
- 0.02 mol/ L
:

2+
Ba(IO3)2
Ba + 2 IO3
S
S
2S
-9

(Ksp

Ksp = [Ba2+] [IO3-]2

1.57 x 10-9 = ( S) x (2s)2
4 S3 =1.57 x 10-9
S3 = 0.39 x 10-9
S = 7.3 x 10- 4
= 7.3 x 10- 4 M

Ba(IO3)2
Ba2+ + 2 IO3y
y
2y
+
KIO3 K + IO3
0.02
0.02
0.02
2+
Ksp = [Ba ] [IO3-]2
1.57 x 10-9 = ( y) x (0.02)2
y = 3.9 x 10-6 M
:

- 111 -


( ) =

141
7.3 x 10- 4
( ) = = -------------------
1
3.9 x 10-6
111
17 3
MgF2 6.5 x 10

NaF 0.1 mol / L

++
MgF2
- Mg + 2 F
S
S
2S
++
- 2
] KSP = [ Mg ][F
6.5 x 10 9 = [ S ][2S]2
6.5 x 10 9 = 4 S 3
S 3 = 1.625 x 10 -9
S = 1.17 10-3 M
NaF
MgF2
Mg++ + 2 Fy
y
2y
+
NaF Na + F
0.1
0.1
0.1
++
KSP = [ Mg ][F-]2
6.5 x 10 9 = [y ][ 0.1]2
y = 6.5 x 10 7
6.5 x 10 7

1 : 1800
1800
9

- 111 -


/18 AgCl
0.01 M M 10 8 = AgNO3
AgCl KSP

Ag + + Cl10- 8 M 10- 8 M

Ag+ + NO30.01
0.01
+
] KSP = [Ag ] [Cl-
KSP = [0.01 ] [10- 8 ] = 1 x 10 10
AgCl
10- 8 M
AgNO3
0.01

/ 19 0.1mol
Mg(NO3)2
MgCO3
= CO3 2.6 x 10 4 M KSP
MgCO3

++
Mg (NO3)2 Mg + 2 NO30.1
0.1
0.2
++
Mg CO3
= Mg + CO3
2.6 x 10 4
] = KSP = [Mg++ ] [CO3
KSP = [0.1 ] [2.6 x 10 4 ] = 2.6 x 10 5

/21 ] [HCl
/20 0.01 mol
+
AgNO3 AgCl AgCl ] [Ag
KSP AgCl =10-10
1000 , 10 8 M
AgCl KSP

+
+
AgCl
Ag + Cl
] KSP = [ Ag ] [ Cl

8
-10
8
10
]10 = [10 ] [X
KSP AgCl
HCl

H+ + Cl
X
X
X
+
AgCl
Ag + Cl [X] = 0.01 M HCl
S
S
S
+
]KSP = [Ag ] [Cl-
]KSP = [S] [S
KSP = [S] 2 1
KSP AgCl

pH / 22 3.7 = H2SO4
AgCl = y
Pb
)(S
PbSO4
( ) =
) KSP = 10-8 ( M = 207 g / mol
( )y
log2 = 0.3
y = 10 3 S

AgCl
Ag + + Cl
+
3.7
pH = 3.7
[ H ] = 10
10 3 S
10 3 S
10 3 S
+
0.3
4
3
[H ] = 10 x 10
= 2 x 10
AgNO3 Ag+ + NO3+
-H2SO4 2H + SO4
0.01
0.01
0.01
2x 10 3 1x 10 - 3
]KSP = [Ag+] [Cl-
PbSO4
=Pb++ + SO4
]KSP = [0.01] [10 3 S
X
2 .. KSP = 10 5 S
]=KSp = [ Pb++ ] [ SO4
KSP
]10 8 = [X ] [1 10 - 3
[S] 2 = 10 5 S

5
[X ] = 1 x 10 M
5
S = 10
M
1 2 m pb = M mol / L M g / mol V L K P =10-10
S
- 111 -

 / 23 CaF2
/ 24 0.5 M
0.02 mol CaCl 2 0.1 M ,
11
CaF2
0.1 mol KSP CaF2 = 3.2 x 10

Mg+2 ,
++
CaF2
Ca
+ 2 FKb NH3 = 2 10 5
X
X
2X
KSP Mg(OH)2 = 1 10 11
++
- 2
] KSP = [ Ca ] [ F

3.210 11 = [X] [2X ]2

][ base
32 10 12 = 4 X 3
[ OH- ] = Kb ----------------X = 2 10 4 M
] [ Salt
n CaF2 = M x V
][0.5 M
5
n CaF2 = 2 10 4 mol/ L x 1L
[ OH ] = 2x 10 ----------------n = 2 10 4 mol
] [0.1 M
CaF2
[ OH- ] = 1 10 4 M
CaF2

CaF2
Ca++ + 2 F
y
y
2y
Mg ( OH)2
Mg++ + 2OH++
CaCl2
Ca + ClX
1 x 10 4
0.02
0.02
0.02
KSP = [Mg++] [OH-] 2
++
2
] KSP = [ Ca ] [ F
1x 10 11 = [X] [1 10 4] 2
3.2 x 10 11 = [0.02] [2y ]2
[X] = 0.001 M ][Mg++
32 x 10 12 = 0.08 y2
][Mg++
y2 = 4 10 10
y = 2 10 5
= % 100
n CaF2 = M VL
][Mg++
n CaF2 = 2 10 5 mol/ L 1L
0.001
n CaF2 = 2 10 5 mol
= % 100
=
0.1 M

= % 1
= 0.00002 - 0.00020
= 0.00018 mol

/ ..

- 112 -

 16-3

KSP = 1.8 10 11 pH = 10.5

pH + pOH = 14
10.5 pOH = 14
pOH = 3.5
[OH- ] = 10 3.5
[OH- ] = 10 0.5 10 4
3.2 = 10 0.5
[OH- ] = 3.2 10 4
M g ( OH)2
Mg2+ + 2 OHS
3.2 x 10 4
KSP = [Mg 2+] [OH -]2
1.8 10 11 = S [3.2 10 4]2
S = 1.7 10 4 M
/ 18 3 ) ( KSP = 1.2 10 17

pH = 6
pH = 9

pH= 6
pOH + pH = 14
pOH= 14 6 = 8
-
POH
8
[OH ] = 10
[OH ] = 10 M
Zn (OH) 2
Zn++ + 2OHS
S
10 8
KSP = [Zn++] [OH-] 2
1.2 10 17= [S] [10 8] 2
[S] = 0.12 M 6

pH= 9
pOH + pH = 14
pOH= 14 9 = 5
POH
5
[OH ] = 10
[OH ] = 10 M
Zn (OH) 2
Zn++ + 2OH- S
S
2S
++
- 2
] KSP = [Zn ] [OH
1.2 10 17= [S] [10 5] 2
[S] =1.2 10 7 M 9
:
7
1.2 x 10
0.12M

0.12

6
= = 10
1.2 x 10 7

- 111 -

 : 19 3 III 2 x 10 - 10 M
KSP = 5 x

= 6.3
log1.58 = 0.2
10 38

Fe ( OH)3
Fe + 3 OH2 x 10 - 10
X
++
KSP = [ Fe ] [ OH]3
5 x 10 38 = [2 x 10 - 10] [X]3
[X]3 =2.5 x 10 28
[X]3 =250 x 10 30
[ OH] = 6.3 x 10- 10
[ H+ ] [OH-] = 10- 14
[ H+] = 1.58 x 10 5
]pH = - log [ H+
pH = 4.8
/ 26 Zn(OH)2
pH = , 8.3 NaOH

pOH + pH = 14
p OH = 14 8.3 = 5.7
[OH-] = 10 POH
[OH-] = 10 5.7
[OH-] = 2 10 6
Zn (OH) 2
Zn++ + 2OH10 6 M
10 6 2 x10 6
KSP = [Zn++] [OH-] 2
KSP = [10 6] [2 x10 6] 2
KSP = 4 10 18



10 6 M
= 100

= 10 8 M
Zn (OH) 2
Zn++ + 2OH
10 8
10 8 2 10 8
NaOH Na+ + OHX
X
X
++
KSP = [Zn ] [OH-] 2
4x 10 18= [10 8] [X] 2
X = 2 10 5
n=MV
5
n= 2 10 M 1L
n= 210 5 mol

/ 25 Zn( OH)2
KOH
( 10 6 M ) 4 10 8 pH
, KOH

++
Zn (OH) 2
Zn
+ 2OH10 6
10 6 2 x10 6
KSP = [Zn++] [OH-] 2
KSP = [10 6] [2 10 6] 2
KSP = 4x 10 18
] pOH = - log [ OH-
] pOH = - log [2 10 6 -
pOH = 5.7
pOH + pH = 14
PH = 14 5.7 = 8.3 KOH
Zn (OH) 2
Zn++ + 2OH4 10 8
4 10 8 8 10 8
KOH K+ + OH
X
X
X
++
KSP = [Zn ] [OH-] 2
4x 10 18= [4 x 10 8] [X] 2
X = 1 10 5
] pOH = - log [ OH-
pOH = - log [1 10 5 ] = 5
pOH + pH = 14
PH = 14 5 = 9 KOH

- 111 -

 ( )
2-3
: 1-3
-1 pH
:

-2
1 ml -1 HCl 10 M

1 ml -2 NaOH 10 M
PH

-3
[ HCl]1 V 1

[HCl]2 = --------------------VT
10 M 0.001 L
[HCl]2 = = ------------------- = 0.01 M
3-3
1L
+
/ 4 3 M= ( CH3COOH
HCl H + Cl
) 60 g/mol 250 ml
0.01
0
0
PH
0
0.01
0.01
+
2.7 PKa = 4.74
[ H ] = 0.01 M
pH 2 = - log
+
log1.8=0.26 log 2 = 0.3
] [H

pH2= 2
- PH
+
[H] = 10
[H ] = 10-2.7
pH = pH2 pH1
[H+] = 100.3 10-3
[H+] = 2 10-3
pH = 2-7 = -5
Ka = 10- PKa
Ka = 100.26 10 5

Ka =1.810- 5
CH3COOH
CH3COO- + H+

0
0
-3
-3
-2 10
2 10
2 10-3
/ 4-3
][CH3COO-] [H+
) ( ksp=1.5710- 9 150
Ka = ----------------------- mL
][ CH3COOH

(2 10-3 )2
Ba(IO3)2
Ba2+ + 2IO31.810- 5 = -----------------------S
S
2S

KSP = [Ba2+ ] [IO3 - ]2

= 0.22 M
1.5710- 9 = 4S3
m = M M V
S3 = 0.410- 9
m = 0.22 60 0.25 = 3.3 g
S = 0.73110-3 M
-3
m =0.73110 x 487 g/mol x 0.15
L=0.0534 g
1000mg
mg = 0.0534 g ------------- = 53.4mg
1g

- 111 -

6-3
AgCl
1.34 x10-5 M
-1 CaCl2 0.1 M
-2 AgCl
1x10-6 M
: /
+
AgCl
Ag + ClS
S
S
-5
-5
1.34 x10
1.34 x10 1.34 x10-5
]KSP = [ Ag+] [Cl-
KSP = 1.79 x 10-10
AgCl
Ag+ + Cly
y
y
++
CaCl2 Ca + 2Cl
0.1
0
0
0
0.1
0.2
+
]KSP = [ Ag ] [Cl-
1.79 x10-10 = y x 0.2
y = 8.95 x10- 10 M CaCl2

1-3

[NH4]+ = 0.01 M
[ OH-] = 1.2 10 -5 M
Kb = 1.8 10 5

+
NH3 + H2O
NH4 + OH
0.01 1.2x10 -5
] [ NH4+ ] [ OH -
Kb = ----------------][NH3
[ NH3 ]= 0.00667 M

/
-

] QSP = [ Ag ] [Cl
QSP = 1 x10-12
KSP > QSP

4-3
Ka = 4.5 10
) HNO2
0.12 M 0.15 M
) PH 1 g ) ( M = 40 g/mol
log 12 = 1.08 , log4.5= 0.65 , log 15 = 1.18 .
log 175= 2.24 , log 95= 1.97

:
m
][ Salt
[ NaOH] = [OH] = -------- =0.025M
pH = pka + log -----------M V
][ acid
][ Salt] + [OH
0.15
4
pH = pka + log -----------------pH = - log 4.5x10 + log -------][ acid] -[OH
0.12
0.15 + 0.025
pH = 3.35 + 0.10 = 3.45
pH = 3.35 + log -----------------0.12 - 0.025
pH = 3.35 + log 175 log 95
pH = 3.62
4

- 111 -

 11-3
9-3
BaSO 4
PH
- 10
Ksp = 1.6 10
9
] 1 mL [NH4+ ] / [ NH3 H2SO4 10 M
pKb log -1 0.26 =1.82 4.74

++
-2
pH + pOH = 14
pOH = 14 9= 5
BaSO4
Ba + SO
][NH4Cl
S
S
S
++
-2
p OH = pKb NH3 + log ------------] KSP = [ Ba ] [ SO4
-10
2
] [NH3
1.6 10 = S
+
-5
] [NH4Cl] = [ NH4
S = 1.26 10
][NH4 +
M 1 V1
5 = 4.74 + log ------------------[H2SO4]2 = ----------------] [NH3
VT
][NH4 +
10 M 0.001L
0.26 = log --------------------[H2SO4]2 ----------------- = 0.01 M
] [NH3
1L
++
-2
][NH4 +
BaSO4
Ba + SO4
log-1 0.26 = --------------------y
y
y
] [NH3
H2SO4 2H+ + SO4
][NH4 +
0.01
0.02
0.01
1.82 = --------------------++
-2
] [NH3
] KSP = [ Ba ] [ SO4
-10
1.6 10 = y 0.01
y = 1. 6 10- 8 M

14-3
13-3
( M = 332 g/ mol) Ag2CrO4 BaCrO4
100mL BaCl2
0.1 M
Ksp = 1.1 10 12
KSP BaCrO4 = 1.2 10 10

+
=
Ag2 CrO4
2Ag + CrO4
2+
=
BaCrO4
Ba + CrO4
X
2X
X
+
2
X
X
X
] = KSP = [Ag ] [CrO4
BaCl2 Ba2+ + 2Cl)1.1 10 12 = (2X)2 ( X
0.1
0
0
1.1 10 12 = 4X3 X3 = 0.275 10- 12
0
0.1
0.2
X = 0.65 10- 4 mol/L
] =KSP BaCrO4 = [Ba2+] [CrO4
m = M ( mol/L) M (g / mol) V L
1.2 10 10 = 0.1 X
m = 0.65 10- 4 332 0.1 L
-9
X = 1.2 10
M
m = 2.1610 3 g

- 111 -

 11-3
( M = 53.5 g/mol
) 500mL 0.15
pH 9
log 1.8= 0.26
1.8 x 10 5

pH + pOH = 14
pOH = 14 9=5
][ Salt
pOH = Pkb + log -----------][ Base
][ Salt
5 = 4.74 + log -----------] [ 0.15
][ Salt
log 0.26 = -----------] [ 0.15
][ Salt
1.8 = ---------] [ 0.15
[ Salt] = 0.27 M
m = M g / mol M g / mol V L
m NH4Cl = 0.27 x 53.5 x 0.5
m NH4Cl = 7.22 g
-1

12-3
g / L
Ag2SO4
( PKSP Ag2SO4 = 4.92 ) M = 314 g/mol

p KSP = - log ksp
Ksp = log -1 - pk sp
Ksp = log -1 - 4.42
) Ksp = log -1 ( - 5 + 0.08
Ksp = log- -5 log- 0.08
Ksp = 1.2 10 5
Ag2 SO4
= 2Ag + + SO4
S
2S
S
+ 2
] = KSP = [Ag ] [SO4
)1.2 x 10 5 = (2S)2 ( S
1.2 x 10 5 = 4S3
3 x 10 6 = S3
S = 1.43 X 10 2 M
=1.43 X 10 2 x 314 = 4.396 g/ L
g/L
K2SO4
Ag2 SO4
= 2Ag + + SO4
y
2y
y
= K2 SO4 2K + + SO4
0.15
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.15
+ 2
=
] KSP = [Ag ] [SO4
1.2 10-5 = (2y)2 0.15
1.2 X 10 -5 = y2 0.6
Y2 = 2 10 -5
= Y
Y = 0.44 X 10 - 2 M
g/ L

- 111 -

 15-3
( M = 56 g / mol ) KOH
200mL pH
11

pOH = 14 11
pOH = 3
POH
[OH ] = 10
[OH ] = 10 -3 M
KOH K+ + OH
10 -3
0
0
-3
0
10
10 -3
[OH-] = [KOH] = 10 3 M
m=M x MxVL
m KOH = 10 3 mol/ L 56 g/ mol 0.2 L
m KOH = 0.0112 g

: 16- 3 1.11
Sr2+ Ba2+
Na2SO4 BaSO4
Sr SO4 Ksp BaSO4 =1.6 x 10-10
KSP SrSO4 = 3.8 x 10-7

BaSO4
Ba2+ + SO420.01
X
2+
-] KSP BaSO4 = [ Ba ] [SO4
]1.6 x 10-10 = 0.01 x [SO42-
1.6 x 10-10
[SO4--] = ------------ = 1.6 x 10-8 M
1.11

Sr2+ + SO420.01
X
2+
-] KSP BaSO4 = [ Sr ] [SO4
]1.6 x 10-10 = 0.01 x [SO42-
3.8x 10-7
[SO4--] = ------------ = 3.8 x 10-5 M
1.11
SrSO4
] [SO4--
] [SO4-- SrSO4

SrSO4

- 111 -

 11-3

1 mL 10 M

M1 V1 = M2 V2
10 0.001 = M2 1
10 mol/L 0.001
[HCl] = -----------------------1L
[HCl] = 0.01 M
HCl

H+ + Cl
0.01
0
0.
0
0.01 0.01
+
[H ] = 0.01 M
pH = - log 0.01
pH = 2

14-3
) ( M = 40 g/ mol
0.1 g / L
1 10 7 M
CaC2O4
pKSP = 8. 64

0.1 g/ L
++
[ Ca ] = ------------------= 0.0025 M
40 g/ mol
pKSP = 8.64
KSP = 10 KSP
KSP = 2.29 X 10 9
Ca C2O4
Ca++ + C2O4-0.0025 M 1x 10 7
]Qsp = [C2O4--][ Ca++
]Qsp = [1x 10 7][ 0.0025
= Qsp = 25 x 10 11
ksp > Qsp

- 111 -

 21-3
19-3
1.12 NH4Cl Pb(IO3)2 M 1.1
1.11 NH3 1 mL NaIO3 2.4 x 10-11 mol/ L
KOH 10 M PH Pb(IO3)2

kb NH3 = 1.8 x 10-5

:

PH KOH
2+
Pb(IO3)2
Pb
][ salt
+ 2IO3
-11
-11
-11
2.4 x 10
2.4 x 10 4.8 x 10
pOH = pKb + log -------------+
NaIO3 Na + IO3
][base
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.02
2+
2
-5
]KSP Pb(IO3)2 = [ Pb ] [ IO3
pOH = - log 1.8 x10 + log --------------11
2
)KSP Pb(IO3)2 = ( 2.4 x10 ) x ( 0.1
0.01
- 13
KSP Pb(IO3)2 = 2.4 x10
pOH = 5
PH + POH = 14

PH = 9
2+
Pb(IO3)2
Pb
+ 2IO3
S
S
2S
PH KOH
2+
2
]KSP Pb(IO3)2 = [ Pb ] [ IO3
M1 . V 1
-13
3
2.4 x 10 = 4 S
[KOH] = -------------------5
S = 3.9 x 10 M
VT
10 0.001
[KOH] = ------------------- = 0.01 M
1
][ Salt] - [OH
+ log -----------------][ base] +[OH

pOH = Pkb

0.02 0.01
pOH = 4.7 + log -----------------0.01 + 0.01
POH = 4.4
PH + POH = 14
PH = 9.6
PH = PH2 pH2
PH = 9.6 9 = 0.6

- 111 -

 21-3
Fe(OH)2
9.5
PH = 11

22-3

1.2
= 1.3 10-10

PH + POH = 14
POH = 4.5
[OH] = 10-4.5

C6H5OH
C6H5 O + H+
0.2
0
0
0.2 X
X
X
][C6H5 O ] [H+
Ka = -------------------][C6H5OH
2
-10
X = 0.26 x10
X = [ H+] = 0.5 x 10- 5 M
PH = - log 5 x 10-6
pH = 5.3

= ----------------------

-

POH = 14 9.5
{ OH ] = 10-POH
[OH] = 3 x 10-5 M
Fe(OH)2
Fe 2+ + 2OH
1.5 x10-5
3x10-5
KSP = [ Fe 2+] [ OH]2
KSp = 13.5 x 10 -15

PH + POH = 14
POH = 4

POH = 14 10

[ OH ] = 10-POH
[OH] = 10-4 M
Fe(OH)2
Fe 2+ + 2OH
y
y
2y
[ OH] = y + 10-4
KSP = [ Fe 2+] [ OH]2
13.5 x 10 -15 = y x (10-4 )2
y = 1.35 x 10 -6 M

= 1.112
C6H5 O- + H+
0
0
X
X
][C6H5 O ] [H+
Ka = -------------------][C6H5OH
2
X = 26 x10-14
X = [ H+] = 5 x 10- 7 M
PH = - log 5 x 10-7
pH = 6.3
PH = PH2 PH1
PH = 6.3 5.3 = 1

- 112 -

C6H5OH
0.002
0.002 X

 23-3
%1
PH = 2.7
1.1 PH
4.4

+
-PH
[H ] = 10
[H+] = 10- 2.7
[H+] = 2 10-3 M
] [
= %111 ----------------
] [
= 1.2
][H+] [X-
Ka HX = ----------------][HX
-3 2
) (2 x10
Ka = ---------------- = 2x10- 5
1.2
][ Salt
pH = pka + log -----------] [ acid
0.1
pH = 4.7 + log -----------0.2
PH = 4.4

24-3
0.05 mol Ba(OH)2

HCN NaCN 1.3
PH
Ka HCN = 6 x 10-10

:
Ba(OH)2
[Ba(OH)2] = 0.05 mol / L
Ba(OH)2 Ba2+ + 2OH0.05
0.0 5
2 0.05
[OH ] = 0.1 M
]POH = - log [OH -
POH = 1
PH + POH = 14
PH = 13
PH = PH2 PH1
PH = 13 7 = 6
: :
Ba(OH)2
][salt
PH = PKa + log ------------][ acid
0.3
-10
PH = -log 6 10 + log ------------0.3
pH= 9.22
][salt] +[OH
PH = PKa + log ------------------][ acid] [ OH
0.3 + 0.1
PH = 9.22 + log ------------------0.3 -0.1
PH = 9.52
PH = PH2 PH1
PH = 9.52 9.22 = 0.3

- 111 -


/ 1 ..
/ .
/ 2 - :
:

:


:

.
:


.
:

: :
/ 3
:


.
:

.. (
) .
H2 O L + H2O L
H3O+ eq + OH - eq
:

pH
- 111 -

 :


KCN K+ + CNCN- + H2O
HCN + OH-

/4 .
/



.
/ 5 . .
/
I- K+ OH- ,
H+ , K+ , I
.
NaCl Na+ + ClH2O
H+ + OH / 6 PH
/
K+ NO3-

pH .
pH /7 0.04 M K2SO4 ) 7 , 14 , 4 ( .......
7 /
/ 8 ] [ H+ 0.1M M ........... = NaNO3 0.1M
( ) 10- 13 , 10-7 :
.............. = NaOH
/ 9
/

- 111 -

/10
/
K+ CH3COO- CH3COO-
H+

..
H2O
H+ + OHCH3COO - + H +
CH3COOH
/11 .
/ CH3COO-
CH3COO- + H2O
CH3COOH + OH-
/ 12 PH KCN . .
/
K+ CN- CN-
H+ HCN
PH ][ H+
H2O
H+ + OHCN - + H +
HCN
/13 NaNO3 ..... NaNO2 ...........
/ ,
/ 14 0.05 M : CH3COONa 0.05 M
NaNO3
: CH3COONa
pH 7
pH 7
/ 15 .
/
NH4Cl + H2O
NH4OH + H+
/ 16 C6H5NH3 Cl .
/
C6H5NH3+ Cl- C6H5NH3+


.
- 111 -

C6H5NH3 Cl C6H5NH3+ + ClC6H5NH3+ + H2O

C6H5NH2 + H3O+
/11 PH NH4NO3
/
NH4+ NO3- NH4+

.. PH
PH .
NH4NO3 NH4+ + NO3
NH4+ + H2O
NH3 + H3O+
/ 14 :
/
NaCN 0.2M NH4Cl 0.2M
NaCN
/ 19
................. ( . , )
/
/21 :
:
(
) ( )

.
:
.
:
/
. mol/ L
: g/L

: KSP

.
- 111 -

 :

.
, . KSP
/21
.
/

.
/22
.
/


/ 23 pH
..
/
pH .
/ 24

/

.
/ 25 pH
..
/
pH
.
/ 26
. .
/
pH
.
- 111 -

 / 21
/
pH .
/ 24 ..
/

.
/ 29 .
/
/31

/

.
/ 31 NH4Cl . AgCl
/ Cl- AgCl
AgCl
, .
/32 :
/
.
/33 ,
/

,
/ 34 NH4Cl AgCl
/ Cl- AgCl
AgCl
KSP
AgCl
Ag+ + ClNH4Cl NH4+ + Cl-

- 111 -


/ 1 ] [ H+ ] [ SO4 2- 0.2M
/2 ] [ OH- ] [ Ba2+ 10 M Ba (OH)2
/ 3 200 ml
0.01 M (
)
/4 0.1 M ( ) HA % 1 . 10 5 /
/ 5 % 2 Ka = 2 x10 -5
/ 6 ] [OH- 500 mL 1.7 g Kb = 2 x 10 -5 .
0.002M /
M N = 14 g / mol
, M H = 1 g / mol
/1 0.05M 2 %
[H+] /4 0.01M C6H5OH M 10 -6 0.04 M
/9 ] [OH- ] [H+ :
100mL Ca ( OH)2 2 10 -3 mole
100mL 0.12 g ( , ) M= 60g / mol

Ka = 1.8 10 5

/11 C5H5N ]10 -6 M = [H+

Kb = 10 9
3L /
M 0.1M ] [OH- Ka = 1 10 5
/11 (][OH-] < [H+]( , ) [OH-] > [H+]( , ) [OH-] = [H+
/ 12 (][OH-] < [H+]( , ) [OH-] > [H+]( , ) [OH-] = [H+
/ 13 3
.......... .......................
/ 14 0.01 mole 100 mL
4 . 0.001 /
/ 15 0.01 M ......................
/ 16 = 0.002M PH
/ 11 HNO3
0.188 g /
ka = 6 X 10 5
11

- 111 -

 / 18 pH
] [ H+ 6.4 /
10.3 /
0.01M 2%
/ 19 3.76 log-1 0.24=1.7 .
pH / 21 0.04 M K2SO4 4 ( .......................

) 7 , 14 ,

/21 ] [ H+ 0.1 M ......... = NaNO3 0.1M .........= NaOH

/ 22 NaNO3 ............ NaNO2 ( .............. / , )
: 23 0.05 M CH3COONa 0.05 M
NaNO3
: 24 ,
/ 25 0.1 mol HCN
= 4.7 ] [H+ KCN
10 5 M /
log 5 = 0.7
Ka HCN = 5 x 10- 10
-

/26 NH4Cl 0.01 M

0.1 mol /
p Kb = 4.75
8.25
/21 pH 0.1 M C6H5OH 0.1mol
Ka C6H5OH = 10 9
C6H5ONa ,
/24 0.05 M , %2
NH4Cl
0.002 /
6
/29 = 11 = %2
0.7 0.005 /
/31 0.1M
log8 = 0.9
0.8 M pH Ka = 10 -5
5.9 /
/31 0.02 mol NH4Cl
8.3 /
= 4 log2 = 0.3
//32 KCN HCN pH 4 6
0.32 /
( 32 g/ mol) = KCN

- 111 -

 / 33 100 mL 5
0.001 ,
0.05 /
log 5 = 0.7
Ka = 5x10- 4
/ 34 0.2 M HCN KCN pH
Ka HCN = 5 x 10 10 ,
0.1 mol HCl
log 5 = 0.7 , log3 = 0.5

+
HCl H + Cl
0.1
0.1
0.1
] [ KCN ] [ H
pH = pka HCN + log ----------------][HCN] +[H
0.2 0.1
+ log ----------------0.2+0.1

-10

pH = - log510
pH = 8.8

/ 35 0.5 mol 0.3 mol

pH 0.1 mol
log3 =0.5
log 5 = 0.7
:
pOH = 2 pOH -1 pOH
] [ Salt]+ [H
][salt
- pkb + log pOH = pkb + log
][ Base] [H
] [ Base
0.3+ 0.2
0.3
- Pkb + log pOH = Pkb + log
0.5 0.2
0.5
pOH = 0.4
pH = - 0.4
pH ( )

- 112 -

 / 36
] [H+ 0.00001 M 0.05mol HCl ] [H+ M
log 2 = 0.3
0.00002 p Ka CH3COOH = 4.7

HCl
+
-5
] pH = - log [ H
pH = - log 10
pH =5
] [ CH3COOK
pH = p Ka CH3COOH + log ----------------------] [ CH3COOH
=
=

5 = 4.7 + log -----------

0.3 = log -------------------- =2

1 = 2
HCl
] pH = - log [ H
pH = - log 2 x10 -5
pH = 4.7
+
HCl H + Cl
0.05
0
0
0
0.05 0.05
+
] [ salt] [ H
2 0.05
pH = pka + log -----------------4.7 = 4.7 + log -------------+
] [ acid] + [H
+ 0.05
= 0.1 M
[ acid] = 0.1 M
+

/ 31
0.05 M 0.02 0.0002
NaOH 10 M 0.3
2 mL
/
log 2 = 0.3
: .

/34 0.1 M 0.2 M
0.3 NaOH
25 mL /
Ka CH3COOH = 2 x 10 5
1M
: 39 C5H5N

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 : 41
0.1M
, 0.08 M : HCl
log 8 = 0.9
HCl
10 M -
/ - 1 - = PH
/41 0.02 mol C6H5NH2
PH C6H5NH3Cl = 4.74 PH 1 mL HCl M 10
4.24 /
log 3 = 0.5
/ 42 M 0.1 HCN M 0.2 KCN
H+ = , 10 -5 HCl ] [KCN ] [HCN
HCl . pH . HCl 4.4 /
/ 43 0.1 mol 0.01
PH 5.3 pH 0.05 mol
5.7 /
KOH log 5 = 0.7 , log2 = 0.3
/44 pH = 4.5 0.01 mol
HCl 10 M
1 mL /
log 3 = 0.5
Ka = 10 4
0.5
/ 45 HCN KCN KCN HCN 3
1 0.1 mol H2SO4 pH 0.2 HCN
0.8 , 0.6 /
log2 = 0.3
log 3 = 0.5
.
/46 ( M = 500 g / mol ), 0.25g/ L = Ba( IO3)2
25x10 6 g / mol /
M 0.1 NaIO3
/ 41 1mL 10 M
KSP BaSO4 = 10 - 10 10 8 /
/ 44 CaF2 ,
NaF H+ 8 10-9 M 3210 10 M
210 4 /
Ka HF = 6.4 10 4
/49 ( M= 303g/mol) PbSO4
, = 1.7 0.01
0.03 /
/51 PbSO4 = , 10 4 M
1 mL /
10 M 10 6 M
/51 ] [Pb2+ = ,10 3 M KI
0.02 /
PbI2 ] [Pb2+ 10 5 M
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 /52 BaSO4 :
1
2 1 mL H2SO4 10M
1.7 , 10- 8 , 10- 5 /
PH KSP BaSO4 = 10 - 10 ,
/53 H2SO4
PbSO4 M 10- 4 10- 6 M
/ 54 0.002mol NaF CaF2
%1 , KSP CaF2
/55 0.02mol KI PbI2
4x 10 9 /
100 ,
/ 56 Pb++ PbSO4 M 0.01 H2SO4 M 10 - 6
10 4 /
PbSO4 .
/57 PbSO4 = 10 4 M 210 6 M 1mL H2SO4
-1 ,2 /
pH .
/54 4 M 0.2M
Fe+2 KSP Fe(OH)2 = 1.6 10 14 , KB NH3 = 2 10 5
log 2 = 0.3 0.016 /
/59 NaOH Zn(OH)2
KSP = 4 10 15 ,
/ 61 ( M = 56g/ mol) KOH Mg(OH)2
5.6 /
= 11 ] 5 10- 8 = [Mg2+
/ 61 PbSO4 M 0.01 Na2SO4 100
PbSO4
.
: 62 = SO4 BaCl2 0.01 M
.BaSO4 BaSO4 10- 5 M
: 63 200 mL 0.004 M BaCl2 600 mL
0.008 M K2 SO4 . BaSO4
/
KSP BaSO4 = 1x 10- 10
150mL 0.1 M Mg(NO3)2 250mL 0.1
: 64
-9
NaF M ) KSP MgF2 = 6.4 10 ( MgF2

- 111 -

 : 65 Mg+2 Mg(OH)2 0.1 M

0.1 /
Kb= 0.00001
,Ksp= 10-11 ,
:66 0.1 mol Ba+2 Sr+2
Na2SO4 Ba+2 SrSO4 ,
Ksp BaSO4= 10-10
Ksp SrSO4 = 4 10 7
: 61 HCN KCN KCN HCN 3
1 0.1 H2SO4 pH 9.3 HCN
0.2 /
pKa = 9.3
.

/ CaF2 HCl 0.05 M

7.66 10 3 /

KSP CaF2 = 3.3410 11 , Ka HF = 6.810 4

- 111 -