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    7 views17 pages

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    of 17
    og Utne Gleuses — They had booked tickets before they went fo the cinema. They will go home when the film is over © We use the following time conjunctions to introduce time clauses. wen - as - while «before «ater sine - until - whenever - a long as - by the time - a8 soon as the moment that -no sooner .than hardly. when + once - immediately the fstilastinext time et: © When the time clause precedes the main clause, a comma is used. e.g. Whenever he isin town, he visits us. time clause _ main clause | He visits ug whenever he is in Yow, main clause time clause main claus’ Sequence of Tenses © Time clauses follow the rule of the sequence of tenses. That is, when the verb of the main clause is in a present or future form, the verb of the time clause is in a present form. When the verb of the ‘main clause is in a past form, the verb of the time clause is in a past form too. Main clause Time clause present / future / > present simple or imperative Present perfect She takes off her shoes the moment that she gets home 1H call you as soon as | get to my hotel Turn off the lights before you leave. past simple / > past simple or past perfect past perfect He took a shower after he had finished painting the They had reserved a table before they went to the restaurant. 144 inking Words . ne A vet Tine Conjendicus = © ago- before ago = before now 9. My parents got married twenty years ago. ‘twenty years before now) before = before a past time eg. Helen and Mike got married last month They had met six months before. (= six months before last month) © untivtit- by the time ‘untill = up to the time when e.g. You must stay inthe offce untill you finishihave finished the report. = up to the time when you finish the report) Theyil be a their summer house untiltill Sunday. ‘up to Sunday) by the time + clause = not later than the moment something happens e.g. J wil have set the table by the time you come home. (= before, not later than the moment you ‘come home) by = not later than eg. I'l let you know my decision by Friday. (= not later than Friday) Note: a) not... untiiit 2.9. won't have finished my work until before Thursday. 'b) Both untiltil and before can be used to ‘say how far away a future event is. eg, There's only one week untilitillibefore ‘my summer holidays. © during - white/as during + noun = in the time period eg, We learnt several interesting ‘acts during the lecture, ‘wihilefas + clause = in the time period ‘29. We leamt several interesting facts whilelas we were listening tothe lecture when = (time conjunction) + present tense €.g. Weillorder some pizas when ourtriends get here when = (question word) + williwould 4.1m not sure when his nex book willbe published. o 6 7 a 9 10 & 10 " 2 Fill in the gaps with by, until, while, before, hardly .. when, as soon as, when, as long as oF by the time You can keep those COs for... Jong a6... you like. | can't do any washing the washing machine is repaired. We saw the smoke street We had gone to bed was a knock at the door. ‘Sarah parked the car we turned into our there Paul dashed into the bank | have to finish these letters I can leave the office Wait here | get back Iwas washing my hair the phone rang, You must be home eleven o'clock tonight ‘Sue reached the bank. ithad closed Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. A I must tell Steve the good news. B: Don't worry. I'l fal.. (tell him when | ..2ee (see) him. ‘A; How did your tear your dress? BI (step) on itas (en ‘out of the car. ‘A: Have you finished with the newspaper? B. Almost. You can have tater | (read) the sports section, When will they announce the results? They {(notannounce) them Until they (mark) all the papers, When did you realise you had been burgled? {knew it the moment | (arrive) home. You should be in bed by now. 1 (go) to bed as soon as | (finish) this chapter. Has your boss signed the contract yet? No. Im not sure when he Have you spoken to Uncle John? Yes. 1 (phone) him before | (Weave) the house. Did your fnends organise a surprise party for your bithaay? ‘Yes! No sooner than all my friends ‘surprise me! Do you see Catherine very often? We meet whenever she (have) the time, Can ! borrow your dictionary. please? You can have it once | (irish) with Has Lee cleaned his room yet? No, but he will have done it by the time Mum (get) home eror (sign) it arom Wopen) the door (Gump) out to Brorar 10 " Clauses - Linking 1 call you while/the moment | . get You can visit me wheneveritll you (want) to We went for a walk afteriuntil we (cat) breakfast OnceiBefore ne (read) the manual, fhe knew how to operate the machine | was doing the ironing duringiwhile he (wash) the car. They didn't get married until the time they (save) enough money for their honeymoon, Hl write to you as soon asjimmediately | (have) the results | got to the station tlljust as the train (get) home. (pullin), We won't move to a new house since/before the children (leave) schoo! They had fixed the roof untiliby the time John (come) back The students don't know whenitill the results (announce) Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold. ‘As soon as he woke up, he jumped out of bed. moment He jumped out of bed ..the moment he woke... up. She did some research betore she wrote her report after She wrote her report some research | had no sooner entered the house than the phone rang. hardly had the phone rang, Simon hurt his leg climbing a tree. while Simon hurt his leg atree. We can't go. We have to wat for the taxi to arte unt We can't go arrives ‘We opened the gate. The dog ran towards us. sooner We had dog ran towards us. ‘The shop will open at nine o'clock, The staff will have come in to work by then. time The staff will have come in to work the shop opens. Moira bought the ring only after she had made sure it was solid gold. before Moira made sure the ring was solid gold it Her phone card ran out during her conversation wth her mother. while than the Her phone card ran out her mother. 145 inking Words Glaus 146 ‘Dojphins are so appealing (that) itis hard not to like them. They are such intelligent creatures (that) they can ‘communicate with each other. Clauses of result are used to express the result of something. They are introduced with the following words/expressions: as a result - therefore - consequentiyias a consequence - 80 - so/such .. that etc. ‘© 8.0 resulttherefore/consequently €.9. The president was taken il and, as @ result! therefore/consequently the summit meeting was cancelled Tie president was taken il As a resultitherefore) Consequently, the summit meeting was cancelled. @ 8009. Itwas hot, $0! tumed on the air-conditioning © such a/an + adjective + singular countable noun eg. [twas such an interesting book (that)! couldn't put it down, © such + adjective + plurai/uncountable noun 2g. They are such good friends (that) theyve never had an argument. ‘twas such expensive jewellery (that) it was kept ina sal ‘© such a lot of + plural/uncountable noun €.. She invited such alot of guests to her party that there wasn't enough room for al of them. He has such a lot of money (that) he doesn't know what todo with it + 80 + adjective/advers 9. Hes $0 devoted that he deserves praise. He speaks so quickly that can't understand him. ‘© so muchitle + uncountable noun ‘80 manyifew + plural noun 9. There's $0 much tatfic that we won't be on time. He pays so ittle attention to what I say that it ‘makes me angry. He made so many mistakes that he failed There are so few wolves let that we have fo protect them. in s0, such or such aian. « 0... loud that | 2 They sell lovely things in that shop. 3. tought lot of shopping that I couldn't carry all the bags. 4 twas late when I got home that | dign't hhave dinner. 5. She dresses elegantly that everyone admires her. 6 Ihad bad headache yesterday that | had to leave work and go home. 7 Im hungry that I could eat anything for lunch, 8 He had put litle salt in the soup that it was tasteless. 9 twas ‘amusing film that | laughed all the way through 10 They have got fashionable furniture in their house that itis often photographed for magazines. 11 She is Interesting person that | could spend hours talking to her. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold. 1. {had a lot of homework to do, $0 I couldn't go out 80 I had ...60 much homework... to do that 1 couldn't go out 2 The bus was very late. We decided to take a tax so The bus was we decided to take a taxi 3. He was sleeping soundly. We couldn't wake him. so Hewas we couldn't wake him, 4 It was very exciting news and | couldn't watt to tell everyone, such [twas | couldn't wait to tell everyone. 5 Shes a very clever gil and her parents are very proud of her, such Sheis her parents are very proud of her 6 Jane doesn't spend much time studying. She may fa her exams, little Jane spends ‘she may fail her exams 7. Peter did a lot of work yesterday, so he has nothing to do today. much Peter did yesterday that he has nothing to do today 8 His luggage was heavy, He decided to calla porter, such He had that he decided to calla porter, Trafic is geting worse because/as ‘more people are buying cars. Tratfic is geting worse on account ‘of the fact that ‘more people are buying cars. Clauses of reason are used to express the reason for something. They are introduced with the following words/expressions: because -as/since - the reason foriwhy - because Cfion account ofidue to - now that - for etc. © because e.g. | 100k a taxi because it was raining, Because it was raining, [100k a tax © asisince (=because) e.g. They bought him a gift asisince it was his bithday. As/Since it was his birthday. they bought him a git. @ the reason for + noun/-ing form the reason why + clause e.g. The reason for his resignation was (the fact) that he had been offered a better job. The fact that he had been offered a better job was the reason for his resigning The reason why he resigned was (the fact) that hhe had been offered a better job. © because ot/on account ot/due to + noun because of/on account of/due to the fact that + clause eg, Allfights were cancelled because ofion account (of the thick fog. All fights were cancelled due to the thick fog He asked for a few days off because ofion account of the fact that he was exhausted, He asked for a few days off due to the fact that he was exhausted. © now (that) + clause e.g. Now (that) they have children, they have less tree time. @ for = because (in formal written style) A clause of reason introduced with for always ‘comes after the main clause. 4g. The citizens of Harbridge were upset, for a new factory was to be built near their town, Clauses - Linking Rewrite the sentences using the word(s) in brackets. ‘She went to bed because she was tired. (since) ‘She went to bed since she was tired. ‘The singer cancelled her appearance. She was feeling unwell. (on account of) She hadnt eaten all day, and therefore she was hungry. (as) He was rude and, asa resull, the teacher punished him. (because of} ‘The reason why the Prime Minister did not attend the ‘press conference was that he was out ofthe country (for) He has passed his exams, so his parents are pleased vith him, (now that) The job was very dangerous. so she turned it down. (the reason for) His car ran oul of petrol, so it wouldn't move, (due to) He was late. He took a taxi. (since) & Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold. Iwas very cold. so | wore my coat. as wore my coat 26 It was... very cold. We didn't go for a walk because it was raining account We didn't go for a walk the rain. He didn't tidy his room, As a result. his mother shouted at hi, because His mother shouted at him his room, She didn't close the gate. As a result, the dog escaped due The dog escaped she didn't clase the gate The reason why she got a lot of presents was thal it was her birthday. for The fact that it was her birthday was a lot of presents, We didn't understand the lecture. so we asked the tutor to explain, since We asked the tutor to explain, the lecture ‘The car skidded on the road because it was icy due The car skidded on the road ice. | couldnt sleep because it was noisy. of | couldn’ sleep noise. 47 inking Words Clauses of purpose follow the rule of the sequence ‘of tenses, lke time clauses (page 144). 49. He borrowed some money so that he could pay his phone bil ch (Cees They met na eats Note: We can express negative purpose by using: to discuss their a) prevent + noun/pronoun + (trom) + -ing form holiday, e.g. She covered the sofa witha sheet to prevent They met in a café it (from) getting dirty 0 that they b) avoid + -ing form could discuss 4g. They set off early in the moming to avoid their holiday, getting stuck in tat Cue tpn we don ns (Sp rine at wat of an action. That is, they explain why someone does. something. They are introduced with the following It was three o'clock on Saturday 148 words/expressions: 10 - in order to[s0 as to - so thatlin order that in case -for ete. © to -infinitive e.g. She went shopping to look for some new clothes. © in order to/so as to + infinitive (format) e.g, He ald a postgraduate course in order toiso as to widen his knowledge of international politics In negative sentences we use in order not to or 50 a5 not to, We never use not fo alone. 2.9. He wrote the number down in order not tolso as not to forget it 0 that + can/will (present or future reference) e.g. Emma has booked a first-class ticket s0 that she ean travel in comfort ‘80 that + could/would (past reference) e.g. He recorded the maich s0 that he could watch it later. Note: In order that has the same structure as so that. However, it is not used very often as it is formal ‘e.g. We will send you the forms in order that you can ‘make your application @ In case + present tense (present or tutu reference) ln case + past tense (past reference) In case is never used with will or would. e.g. Take your creditcard in case you run out of cash, He took a jumper in case it got cold. @ for + noun (when we want to express the purpose ‘of an action) 9. He went to the doctor’ for a check-up. for + -Ing form (when we want to express the purpose or function of something) ‘e.g. We use a spade for digging. ‘afternoon and Ben was in the park. He had taken tis sister, Katy. with him 1) so that/for she ‘could play on the swings. While they were playing, Ben noticed that a small bird was siting near a tree. He walked towards it 2) in order to/s0 that have a closer look. He walked slowly and Quietly 3) not to/s0 as not to a frighten it. The bird had a broken ) wing, so Ben and Katy went home = TT) and got a box 4) for/to carry iin =" When they had put it in the box, they took it to the vet 5) to/for treatment. The vet was very gentle 6) in order to/ so that he wouldn't hur it. The bird recovered a few weeks later and the vet released it inthe park again. Join the sentences using the word(s) in brackets. 1. He got the car out of the garage. He wanted to wash it. He got the car out of the garage 60 that he could wash It 2 Lalways lock the doors and windows, | don't want to be burgled. (avoid) 3. The doctor examined the patient. He wanted to find out what was wrong with him, (S0 as to) 4 Ive taken out a loan. | want to buy a car. (to) 5. Wellltake some food with us. We might get hungry. (in case) 10 10 She is studying medicine, She wants to become a doctor. (se that) He put his keys in his briefcase. He didn't want to lose. them, (in order not to) They will ake some magazines with them. They may get bored. (in case) She set her alarm clock, She didn't want to oversleep. {s0 that) We put the letters on the table. We didn't want to forget to post them. (so as not to) Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold. We took a taxi, We didn't want to be late not We took a taxi ..90 ais not to... be late Tony is employing more stall. He wants to expand his business, that Tony is employing more staff his business Take your mobile phone. It possible that someone ‘may call you. case Take your mobile phone you. We use a microwave to cook food quickly for We use a microwave food quickiy, We took a camera. We wanted to take some photo- ‘graphs, that We took a camera ‘some photographs, ‘She applied sunscreen. She didn't want to get sunburnt not She applied sunscreen sunburat. | did my homework. | didn't want the teacher to be angry with me. that I did my homework not be angry with me. Mark called John, He wanted to ask him for some advice to Mark called John for some advice. He checked his answering machine, There may have been a message for him, case He checked his answering machine message for him. SShe put her jewellery in the hotel safe. She didn’t want itto get stolen, Prevent She put her jewellery in the hotel sale stolen, Clauses - Linking ZA Exclemcitens ‘Exclamations are words or sentences used to express admiration, surprise, etc. To form exclamatory sentences we can use what (alan), how, such, so or a negative question. © 80 + adjective/adver e.g. This cake is $0 tasty! He works so hard! © such + a/an (+ adjective) + singular countable noun 9. This is such an original design! © such (+ adjective) + uncountable/plural noun 9. You gave me such valuable information! She's wearing such elegant clothes! © what + a/an (+ adjective) + singular countable noun 29. What a lovely view! What an unusual pattern! What a day! ‘© what (+ adjective) + uncountable/plural noun e.g. What expensive furniture! What comfortable shoes! © how + adjective/adverb e.g. How clever he is! How well she behaved! ‘© negative question (+ exclamation mark) 2g. Isn't she a graceful dancer! G2) ran m wnat ny om, 300 enon 1. How... sweelly she sings! 2 scary film that was! 3. She's pretty! 4a loud music! 5 clever man he is! 6 Thisis ‘great news! 7 tied they look! 8 He benaves rudely! 9 ‘awl thought! 10 its tiring journey! " lazy of you to stay in bed all day! 12 Hels ‘amazing musician! 43), Rertras he sentences nn many ways s'poraibte, ain the example, 1) Wat dtcous food! How declous th ood el Thee euch delicous food! Thi foodie 0 delouel en thi food delcovel Tne is such an teresting sory! How young he looks! He's so nandsome! Don't they havea tovely house! Doesnt she look happy! 149 10 inking Words A Cletses ct Centicsi- . He prefers 10 make things by hand althoughieven though he could use ‘a machine. Clauses of contrast are used to express a contrast. ‘They are introduced with the following words/phrases: but - although/even thoughithough - in spite ofidespite - however - whileiwhereas - yet - ‘nevertheless - on the other hand @ buteg. twas cold, but she wasn't wearing a coat @ although/even thoughithough + clause Even though is more emphatic than although. Though is informal and is often used in everyday speech. It can also be put at the end of a sentence. €.g. AlthoughiEven though/Though it was summer, it was chil. ‘twas chily althoughleven thoughithough twas ‘twas summer. I was chily, though, in spite ot/despite + noun’-ing form €.g. In spite of Despite his qualifications, he couldn't get a job. ‘He couldn" get a job in spite ofidespite (his) being quaiiio. In spite of/despite the fact that + clause 9. In spite of/Despite the fact that he was qualified, he couldnt get job. © howeverinevertheless A comma is always used after however/nevertheless. eg. The man tll of the ladder. HoweveriNevertheless, re wasnt hurt, © whilerwhereas €.9. She sal, whilelwhereas her brother i rather short © yet (ormatstilt 2.9. The fire was widespread, yet no propery was damaged, My car is old. Stil itis in very good condtion © on the other hand 69. Cars aren't environmental trendy. (On the other hand, bicycles are (Bicycles, on the other hand, are. GA), croose ne conectanauor 1. .Aw the heavy snow, we managed to get tothe office. A Inspiteot B However © While 2 needing a rest, the team continued to work A inspite B Despite Although 3. lke peaches. | don't like bananas, A whereas B onthe other hand © though 4 The film was good, itwas also very frightening A despite B but © inspite 5 Paul drives a car, Charles rides a motorbike. A whereas |B even though © despite 6 she isn't fond of classical music, she went to the concert. A However B Even though © While 7 being hungry, Sally didn't eat anything, A However -B Yet © In spite of 8 The alarm went off, he didn't wake up A whereas -B yet © while 9 we left the house early, we still missed the bus. A Although —B Despite In spite of 10 He wasn't wearing a coat, itwas very cold A whereas B eventhough © despite GB, compete ie sentences 1 In spite of the rain. the football match took olace ‘Although ...6 was raining, the football match took place. 2 Even though we were late, we stopped to have something to eat Despite 3. Even though they are good friends, they argue a lot In spite 4 In spite of having a lot of money, they are very mean ‘though '5- In spite of winning the competition, he wasn't satisfied Even though 6 Even though he woke up early, he was late for his appointment. Despite Rewrite the sentences using the word(s) in brackets. 1 Ilive in London. Sarah lives in Manchester. (while) Ilive in London while Sarah lives In Manchester. 2 We went to the party. We were very tited. (though) 3. She doesn't earn much money. She works very hard. (in spite of) 4 He was il. He went to work. (despite) 5 This appliance is very expensive. Itis impractical. (yet) 6 The teacher explained the question in detail. | didn't Understand it. (stil) 7. drank a pote of water. | was stl thirsty. (even though) 8 The'ilm was boring, We continued to watch i (in spite of) 9 David can't play football. He is good at basketball. (on the other hand) 10 twas very late. The guests didnt leave. (nevertheless) 11 Usa went shopping. She didn't buy anything. (but) 12. The boy fell of his bicycle. He wasn't hurt. (however) 13. He was ted. He couldn't sleep. (although) 14 Brian is good at Maths, His sister's good at Science (whereas) 15. Janel is clever. She finds some subjects aificult (still 16 He's ich. He is not happy. (despite) cs 1 Dennisis tired. He doesn't want to go to bed. (although, Rephrase the sentences using the words in brackets, as in the example. despite) 1a) Although Dennis is tired, he doesn't want to go to bed. b) Despite (his) being tired, Dennis doen't want 0 g0 to bed. 2 It was a lovely day. They stayed inside. (howeve spite of) 3. Martin is a good cook. He rarely cooks for his friends, (stil, though) 4 The house is in bad condition. They paid a lot of money fort. (even though, nevertheless) 5 The lecture was very important. Few students attended (despite, yet) 6 Thore wasn't much food in the fridge. We managed to make a meal. (although, however) 7 She hadn't slept well, She looked fresh and lively. (stil, in spite of 8 His parents are very rich. He never asks them for money. (nevertheless, yet) 9. Thad seen the film before. | enjoyed watching it again, (though, despite) 10. Geline Dion is my favourite singer. | haven't been to any of her concerts. (even though, however) Clauses - Linking © cli NE ; 1 t They look as itfas = though they are in a hun, Clauses of manner are introduced with as iffas though ‘and are used to express the way in which something is done/said, etc. @ We use as it/as though atter verbs such as act, appear, be, behave, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste to say how somebody or something looks, behaves, etc. e.g. He is acting as iflas though he's had bad news. We also use as ifs though with other verbs to say how somebody does something. 49. She talks as iflas though she knows everthing © We use as if/as though + past tense when we are talking about an unreal present situation. Were can bbe used instead of was in all persons. e.g. He spends his money as ifias though he wasiwere a milionaire. (But he isn't) He behaves as ifias though he owned the place. (But he doesn't) Note: We can use like instead of as it/as though in spoken English. 2.9. She looks like she's going to faint, (informal spoken English) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. 1. She was wandering up and down the street. She looked as though she ...aS... (be) lost 2 Although he had a degree in French, it sounded as though he (noUspeak) it wel 3. The sky is dark. Itlooks as fit (cain, 4 There is a strange smell in the kitchen. It smells as though something (burn) 5. Tom is twenty-five years old, but he sometimes acts as though he (be) a child 6 Colin was out of breath, He sounded as though he (eun) 7. Jirm has only just learned this game, but he plays it as| ithe (play) itfor years, 18 We had never met before, but she greeted me as i we (know) each other all ou ves, vl 92 = Linking Words Keletive Cleuses z (rah ‘A camels an animal which that ives in hot countries. ‘A computer is something which’ that we use for storing information. AA telighter is someone whoithat puts out fires and whose job is very risky Relative clauses are introduced with a) relative pronouns (who(m), which, whose, that) and b) relative adverbs (when, where, why). We use: who/that to refer to people. © whichythat to refer to objects or animals. Whojwhichithat can be omitted when it is the ‘object of the relative clause; that is, when there is ‘@ noun or subject pronoun between the relative pronoun and the verb. It cannot be omitted when it is the subject of the relative clause. We can use ‘whom instead of who when it is the object of the relative clause. Whom is not often used in everyday English. €9. a) Jsawa friend. | hado't seenhimyfor years. | saw a friend (wholwhomithat) | hadn't seen for yoars. (Wholwhomithat is the object. theretore it can be omitted.) 5) Imeta woman\Spewas rom Japan | met @ woman whoithat was from Japan (Wiholthat isthe subject, therefore t cannot be omitted.) © whose instead of possessive adjectives (my, your, his, etc.) with people, objects and animals in order to show possession. eg. a) That's the boy ~ [his bicycle was stolen yesterday. ‘ That's the boy whose bicycle was stolen yesterday. ) That's the building — its windows were ‘smashed, That's the building whose windows were smashed. © We usually avoid using prepositions before relative pronouns. 9.) The person to whom the money wil be entrusted must be relable. formal English unusual structure) ) The chair that you ar siting on s an antique (usual structure) ©) The chair you are siting on isan antique (everyday Engish) Which can reter back to a whole clause. €.g. He helped me do the washing-up. That was kind of him He helped me do the washing-up. which was kind of him. (Which reters back to the whole Clause. That is, it refers tothe fact that he helped the speaker do the washing-up.) © We can use the structure allimostisomela few halt oneitwo, etc. + of + whom/which. 9. a) He invited a lot of people. All of them were his trends. He invited a lot of people. al of whom were his tends. ) He has a number of watches. Three of them ate solid gol. He has a number of watches. three of which are solid got ‘Thatis never used after a comma or preposition @9. @) The Chinese vase, which is on the cotlee table. 18 very expensive. (NOT: . 3s on the coffee table.) 1) The bank in which the money was deposited is across the street. {NOT The bank in $a the money ..) © We use that with words such as all, every(thing), some(thing), anything), nothing), none, few, litle ‘much, only and withthe superlative form. 9. Is his all that you can do for me? (more natural than. all which you can do.) The only thing thatis important to me is my farmly Its the best song that ve ever heard whoithat subject cannot be omitted (people) wholwhomithat object can be omitted (people) whichithat subject — cannot be omitted (objects. animals) object can be omitted whose (people. possession ~ cannot be omitted objects, animals) fer to place, usually after nouns such as place, house, street, town, county, etc. It can be replaced by whichithat + preposition and, in this case, whichithat can be omitted. eg. The house where he was bor has been demolished. The house (which/that) he was born in has been demolished. © when to reter to time, usualy after nouns such as. time, period, moment, day, year, summer, etc. It can either be replaced by that or can be omitted, ‘e.g. That was the year when she graduated, That was the year (that) she graduated. ‘© why to give reason, usually after the word reason. Itcan either be replaced by that or can be omitted. 9. The reason why she left her job was that she didn't get on with her boss. The reason (that) she left her job was that she int get on with her boss. How much do you know about films? Fill in the ‘gaps with who, which, whose, where or when, 1 Name the actor .who... plays Mr Bean, ® Frowan atkinson B Rolph Harris 2 Name the US president was first an actor. A James Caner B Ronald Reagan 3 Name the US city Hollywood can be found A Los Angeles B Las Vegas 4 Name the fre tells the story of a strong mythical character. A Aladdin B Hercules 5 Name the character... nose grows when he tells es A Pinocchio B Peter Pan 6 Name the year the first studio was built in Hollywood A 1991 B19 7 Name the year Tianic was released. A 198 B 1988 8 Name the superero lives in Gotham City ‘A Superman B Batman 9 Name the place The Lion King is set A Anca B America Clauses - Linking 10 Name the city lived. A Paris, the Hunchback of Notre Dame B Prague Complete the sentences with who, which or where. ‘+ The Coca-Cola Company, 1)... which... was founded in 1892, is famous all over the world. '* The company, 2) soft drinks, is based in Atlanta. ‘+ John S. Pemberton, 3) invented Coca-Cola, intended the drink to be used as a cure for common ilinesses, ‘+ Frank Robinson. 4) worked for John Pemberton, chose the name Coca-Cola © Fanta, 5) was originally produced in Germany. was bought by the Coca-Cola Company, Sprite, 6) ‘was introduced in 1961 is also made by the Coca-Cola Company, ‘© The US Patent Office. 7) the trademark ‘Coca-Cola’ was registered, has also registered the trademark ‘Coke’ and the glass Coca-Cola bottle = In America, 8) Coca-Cola was frst produced there is a large soft drink industry. but the Coca-Cola ‘Company is the most successful ay 1. When did you buy the jacket produces many ill in the correct relative pronoun/adverb. Wit can be omitted, put it in brackets. (which/that)...you are weaning? 2 Is that the git sent you a Valentine's card? 3. The reason John is successful is that he works very hard. 4 What did you do with the money I gave you? 5. Sam is mending the chair he broke yesterday. 6 Is this the place 7 Have you met the people door to you? 8 il never forget the day bom 9 Claire is reading the book yesterday 10. Ive been running. That's tm out of breath 11 This isthe town ‘my favourite singer lves. 12, Whatis the name of the woran works, in the chemist's? 13 Is this the boy 14 inever forget the time swimming pool 15. Where are the children window? you lost your jacket? lve next my daughter was she bought parents own the factory? she fellinto the ball broke our 193 = Linking Words 4 One of the most famous buildings in the world is the White House, 1).whlc.. isthe oficial ome ofthe US president. The White House i in Washington OC. 2) there are many ‘ther important ouilings and monuments, The ty. 3) was founded in 1790, was deliberately planned as a natonal capital. George Washington, 4) was the fist US president and 5) name was gen fo the city, wanted it to be the place 6) the naton's government would permanently re, ‘The White House. 7) as orginally named Executive Mansion. was bul n pale grey sandstone. The colour ofthe stone, 8) was so dierent from the surounding red bok bulldings, was the reason 9) the mansion became known as the Whe House, The main bulding, 10) many presidents have ived, is part ofa large complex 11) Consists of over 130 rooms. People fd the White House fascinating and that is the reason 2) the pars ofthe compex 13) are open tothe ole are toured every year by one and a hall milion peodle 14) want 0 ee the place 15) ther president ves and works. Complete the pairs of sentences, as in the examples. 1 Tomis playina football with a boy. The boy is his cousin A The boy ..who/whom Tom Is playing football with is his cousin 8 Theboy fom is playing football with is hi cousin. 2 Sam has gone to a party. The party is at his friend's house A The pany 8 The party 3. twas taking © a woman, The woman is my Doss. ‘A The woman B The woman 44 She works fora iter. The wate is very famous A The writer B The writer 55 Lent my jacket to Pam. The jacket is made of leather A The jacket B The jacket a, Join the sentences, as in the example, 1. My brother has lots of friends. Many of them are in his class. My brother has lots of friends, many of whom are in his clase. 2. Myfather has a large collection of coins, Many of them are foreign, 3 I baked lots of biscuits yesterday. Very few of them are left now. 4 She knows lots of people at work. A few of them are from New Zealand. 5 I have four aunts. None of them are marries 6 There are thousands of trees in the forest. Some of them are very old Link the sentences in order to produce ‘one sentence. The beginning is given. 1. The coach was packed with tourists. The coach was,

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