‘ofthe individual ms liste indicate whether ation exits or not Even [the existence of nations can be deduced from the principle of vers, il ‘cannot be deduced what paticla nations exist and what thelr precise nis fre. What remaine ofl bck on the wil ofthe invcal who, in pars of| ‘elf determination, will himself a the member ofa nation. The doctrine ‘ceasonalyappeasin its pure state, sepped of academe anel and aceden {alaccretions. The Jewish nationalist Ahad Ha'am (1856-1927) hata passage in ‘which he dacastes the Fundamentals of Jewish nationality. le a mistake, be ‘writes, to think that Jewish nationality exists only when there ir an actal collecive national ethos. No doubt this national ethos came into being in ‘consequence of af ved in common aver a number of generations. “Once, Ihowever. he argues, ‘the «pnt of nationality has s come into being. ‘becomes phenomenon that conceme the individual alone, eal being dependent on nothing but is presence i his psyche, and on no external ot ‘objective actualy eet the spit of Jewish nationality in my heart sothatit stamp ally inward fe with is seal, chen the spit ofewsh nationality exis ‘nvme; and its existence isnot tan end even sll my Jewish contemporaries should esse to feel ie in their hearts’ Here are no auperthous appeals 0 phlology or biology no laborious amemps to prove that because 8 group Speaks the same language, or hat the same religion, or Ives nthe same terior, i therefore is @nason. All his easualy brushed aside, andthe ‘ation, ays Ahad H's, what individuals fein their ears She mation, Renan's own description ofthe nation is that itis a daly plebiscite: The _metaphor is felictous, if only Because it ndiates so well hat nationalism is ‘ulsmacaly based on wil, and shows how inadequate the doctrine sin dese ing the politcal proces. for a poltical community which conducts daly plebiscies must oon fill ino querulous anarchy. or hypnotic obedience ‘National selfdeterminaion i inthe final analysts, & determination ofthe wily and nationalism i, inthe fint place, 2 method of teaching the right determination of the wil...) Bur the readessness was che work not only of the revolusonary legend proceeded from a breakdown inthe transmission of pial habits an reli tos belief fom one generation othe next. In societies suddenly exposed to the new leaming and the new phlosophies of the Enlightenment and of Romanticism, orthodox seed ways began to seem ncculous and sees The attack was powerful and let he od generation bewildered and speech: less orf stempted to speak merely give voice to iitated admonition, ‘obstinate opposition, or horror sicken rejection, which only served to widen the sft andinerease the distance beeen the fathers and the sons. -] “This violent evolagnnsimmemoral restraints, this strident denunciation ‘of decorum and measure, was inevitably accompanied by powerful socal Strnns Which may expla the dynamic and violent character of naionals ‘movements. These movernens are ostensibly rected agains the foreigner the outsider, bu they are also the manifestation ofa species of cols ‘beeen the generations: nationalist movements are childrens crsades the! ‘ery names ate manifestoes against old age: Yeung aly, Young Egypt tx Young Turks, the Young Arab Party. When they are stripped oftheir meta ysis and their slgans—and these cannot adecustely account forthe Fen {hey conjure upin ther followers—nich movements are sen to sata need toll a wane Pucat its simples, the need iso belong together ina caheren and sable community. Such a need is normal satsied by the fara, the ‘cighbouthood, che religious community, Inthe let century and hal suck ‘escution all over the world have had vo bea te brunt of vilen soil anc ‘mrellecral change, and ici no accident that natonaligm war atts mos lexense where and when such issiutons had lle resdhence and were il prepaeto withstand the power tacks to which they became exposed. Thi ems a more sstisicrory sccount than oy har national isa mle cas ‘movement. les the eate thatthe German inventors of nationalist doctrine ame from a dass which cul be called the mil clas, and that chey were the operation ofnatcnalsm, If natienalsm crysalses around langage the peasants speaking varius demote versions of X do ofcourse form the fatural and pefered catchment ares for the nationalism in queson. But ft practice, nacional: leaders and orgensasons have seldom if ever been very Ftidiows about shi. Although they dlscer the simple, robust, noble virtues ‘amar in X-speaking peasants, they donot really obec to ineorporating ‘Br Zapetking peesan'a, provided their sas canbe Xd: indeed, the leades, tnce in charge of ate machine, donot object 1 employing foreefl pers on when canalising risics, previously lacking in national conseioumess or even tempted by wrong on, i hight atonal ough In be ttepedely hyp opunh on enc oer nnualcacentaan Shar th epunt arg om he rron flaca arb soc srs snd the coneqentimprace of eae, and fom the fale af ‘ihesonal yes ode named in whch ney opera forming ‘Sep on gh hen roe hwy tara eae Spina of msn thee tr cri why grea cig fom tal complains) moder lyaisar ete om pb ke those boc sre dele bythe anguge Gate wider or in the er Tic) ofan cacaond se sd that when thse bound te nade ‘Shr than gen they mat be ge enogh to reste sani epable of ing on cata se, inther wed, we hve expe wy teeem opyovohing wales a very sal Go he tba dl or Ghent why they sr cura st we ave no ely plained te wpperimif these nite the cosh thar yay engendering “tare ot sale than hos preening ath cons eam Chisenom), noonhandng he the cee wider cations, whee they ex ara mould proves convenient peated shared language inctier wore, we hve no expand the se pec of sana, ppoed ois ning endeney A Model Conse ny aitrry pends epi ag etry under one Sins pls ove (The mode can accommo, sth posble ‘inor micony bons continous andes emp, an one pte Eyres ofthe clipe) The chances are tht the tertony compris nny tang 0 hac nomtandng oma nse tig atte cee, herein racer ifston of owe. mk ee ee areal ecto further mean oftndependencs thnks tothe eas ncouteredby inyattemp trey flee centration premoder condone btn ‘ut they ae probly the bo means of contig he ral popasons of che backend ei stop, language not an oporaniue. The le fae poled score ay not be wena wh he ope peeged in ‘igs tn Onn Trader ay ba peyote ‘eral repo nf hoz ceupatona ere eons) rospigs tick we fret concerto pope ae anc ower ven though the meribverip of exsing groups ay and general wl ex ‘press itself in ‘cultural’ form. : Sree Now cone the pone forms ofthe impact of modemiy on sch a soc aces the proorson and inthe importance of esy, cm sequent on the wansfonraton of conc Meester obit of soneine: emergence fan indus pean and above theft oe ‘Pitclangunger perp the ngage ofthe ol aan of the expe SIRES tunqunge ofthe moderaonenston of he new daria retinona and‘edscatond tachins The lee seuctres av beng Sted? “insu has aeady bee nscated above and thesis py aur honor iembeacon logy an eet zens depents ot tetany nd edoeaon ince one ave lngunge But he factors nica ISELy segue tbere mlb au forthe seqonton of is parce ‘Ronpor tl csenship. compa by sentiment flay conc cms oft Bu why shoul thre do be new die naoalsn?—wby ‘Sicidscmne ertouesand in eaueme ne cven enteral dconinuooe orulasons, decde oop for «te cseshp oder than thas of he oo Tertoped lungnge ane enefoh, aon) onthe troy ofthe anit el ccaoc te soesied enough thatthe snaerisnot hake ngaage 8 RE Siticees neon’ snore ther own, Tlssalo ue fe Sythe very many. who do mop afew language and spe of bog ‘Bagangone Vngerp och hear besing or sou desoying bane Sear ical tbe romance mana bese Higandes iiagow become Anglophone, Beer in Marakat become Arabephon. Ganda in Ven ct ee, tes frothing of language were the ony robles one dae raonal ned eer se. “Te reson neal ato sk Somednes teensy the drat saton very clo almost inpossbe (ough or ong 0 ly ‘Ticingsangge tray sometimes event poste seems or ‘Sieagtourteoetpa lun of ones onm nen Theresa ype ot SSEEEY coe why iis sometimes eee i elo change Suc ESRI ate Ge cries te segusement tha an Agen hed wo abjue Stl person eto bcome seaman and simpesble to change sabe pigncmaon, incaser wher te nono be exered is ened pct Steer ct ntour Bt thee icin ae themoets consequence ater an ‘ne Thse othing nthe sure of hig wich decrees ta a vile {Sige pole unt mas contin only members ofthe sane nd of gre an By more tani segarer simi inthe clon ofharreyes Ander Sioa ch bvequeny made a feshofolour, cha the Boe doce Fadi iel weaker ager corporate clos ihlantssndor and moderaaton pasos proceedinan uneven ma re jst rool ts the ext sage he et few geerns, oF se Process which ase the rete rosin, the eae ery ad wht Tove the musimum oppeaniy for pot evluen and for he ‘itking and redrawing floats. Ths gh al wave doesnot “ious pr ofthe wri ancy on the coary his them = Tenn tboaghofcoune novnaaynestandordety sacs). sent, ERNEST GELLNER «1 -ationals a phenomenon connected nat so mich with indstriistion or ‘modemisstion as sich, but witb is uneven difusion. The uneven impact of this wave generatera sharp socal stration Which, alle che tratfcstions ‘of part soceses, i) unhalloved by custom, and which has ie ro cause t to be accepted asin the nature of things, which (snot well protected by ‘isis socal mechani ut on the contrary ess in a situation providing Imiximam oppommiites and icentves for revolution, and which) is rem dab, and i seen to be remedable, by ‘national secession. Under these {irummstances atondliem doe become a natural phenomenon, one owing tal inescapably irom the gesralstuaton. Consider the dal wave of modemsatio, sweeping over the word, in devasaing but untidy lod, aided or obstructed by pre-eising currents, deflected or canals by the rocks and sandbanks ofthe older soil world Suppose it passes, in successcn, trntoies A and B, where both these are inially under the same roveregny (suppose both, fr instance, tobe parts of ‘urhypothetical empire) Theat that the wave hic A fst and B late, means that atthe time when dislocadon and misery ae 2 their height in B.A is tlready approaching afisenc orn Restow’s phase, the period of mass ‘oneumpion. Bplay nted wit A, i slum area ofthe ttl society Comprising both A and B, What happens tthe men originating from 8? Here two alternatives must be considered: s 8 fasly homogeneous cls ally with Aor not Suppose fe ofall that so. The men of, les educate, ‘more ‘backward’, move recenty tom from the and or rational equl- ‘omy wil provide the lower rks of he prolerariat of the total society AB, but being easonably simular tothe more ‘advanced and privileged workers of ‘it would be dificult to excuse them wholly from the advantages gained by workers fom A: some ofthese pes wl spl over. Their exclusion fom the ‘moral community, thee matetl dsnhentance, will ot be complete, More ‘over hel potenti leaders, ncading the small group of those fom Bpossess- {ng advanced education, wll have po particular ificaly in sing up within ‘ABD, So al inal is ely dar region B, though discontented, wil remain ‘thin he lager society, either awaking the moment when the high tide of ‘Prosperity reaches it as well, or anticipating evens by lage scale migration ‘But suppose instead chat the men of B are ly radealyerencated from those of A that chey can easly be picked out inthe screet—in virtue of Pigmentation, or deeply rooted snd religiously sanctioned customs, ay. Theit Sutton sconrespondingly worse: for less,Fanthing ofthe benefits accruing, tothe more advanced prletana, sis overta them, Above al thei con tenvcan find ‘national expression the pivdeged are manifest ferent fom themseves, even if the shared nationality’ of the under privleged men fom sas cffiom a purely negative tate, shared exclusion from privilege and | om the ‘nation’ of the priveged. Moreover, the men from B now do have leaders: thie small intellectual lass probably cannot easy pass into A, andeven ft can, snow hasan enormous incense no todo soft suceedtsin ‘Sraching land, bythe rales ofthe new national game, in which ineletass ck tabeseuable aeossfomtes, wil have a virtual monopoly ofthe ‘earable posts in the newly independent Band ‘Way Ghoul have been cfc for the low proletartans from B to be insoneated, a lets onthe level oftheir naive-A fellow workers, i land? In genera, advanced lands do not have snyinteresinsaring her prospeiy ‘wath the ils waind atest arial. The slidars ofthe working cassis ammyeh ‘The tomatoes thrown in Algiers at Monsieur Guy Molle, bring home fe ‘hn the need for an iberal policy, were not chown by members of the Tnvtocracy, nor even, 1 belave, ofthe hae burgess, la cases when, how ver the sew enteansi the industrial wold arent markedly distinguishable fom the older ones, shey cannot really be exciuded—it& not practaly feasible, This is where culate, pigmentation, ec, become important: they [Provide means ofeacusion forthe benef of the privileged, and 2 means of Tlemtfcauon, ee, forthe underprivileged, Distance seas be crossed, ca [eove aswell to relaforce chromatic or clrra differences. Nationalism snot {he awakening of ations to selfconscousnes:itinvents nations where they \Trnozeait_burit does nced some pre-exiing diferentiating ars to work Sh. oven fa incated thes are purely negative (Le. consi of dsquaiffing _thloks rom entry to privilege, without any postive similarity berween those ‘Who thar the dsqulification and who ae destined to form a new ‘ation. {Fs incdentaly shows how mistaken Rostow iy in away ln ereiting ‘rac ‘penaonalny with te crucial colin econornic development This Obseva nnsedstote tamed upside-down, Irs the need fr growth which generates atonal, not vice vers “The wo prong of nationalism end tobe 2 proletariat and an tligensi ‘the proleacat bin general morally uprooted, but it need noc always be ‘Meraly uprooted. physically eraoved fiom is previous raral habitat Fer instance, te beginnings ofthe Algerian national revolution were ithe Aures Trouneaine, amongst wagers leas exoved na superficial sense fom the ‘radonal tal onder, who had remained in ther old area and who were fropephually forhest removed ffor the modem urban and industrial ‘Rouren Yet as Germaine Tilion showed, they were sropted by a kind of Souiegicl action at 2 dance: they were, in he expressive phrase, clk {loess Ye dis Kind of phenomenon should not lad one to generalise and ‘Kppowe shat the peasants’ must always coassote the ‘vanguard’ of sah movements, an thatthe indussl prletasa proper hasbeen bribed’ andhas oldu a dea that an be part ofa genealied mye ofthe ters mode ‘ach a can be found for instance inthe works of the late Franz Fanon. For Ihounce, ao-one bribed the lterly uprooted inhabitants of the Moroccan Fie adit was dey who effectively cared out the struggle for ational independence. tn general both an intelligentsia anda proletariat required fran effective atonal movement, Theit fates dverge after the achievement of national Independence. Forte ioellecras, independence means sn immediate and ‘cornous advantage jobs. and very good jobs. The very numerical weakness fan underdeveloped ieligensa isis greatest assex: by cresting national {mit whote fontier become in efec: dosed o foreign talent (excep in “virory shoe term capacity), they create 2 magniiezat monopoly for them selves. For he prlerarians onthe ater hand, independence mustinthe shor. ‘un bing dslsion: the hardship ace not removed, indeed they ae likly ro be incresed bythe dive for raped development and the fcr that a national [government can sometimes allord tobe harsher than a foreign one. 8) Nationale and High Cultures (Bar nationalism not the awakening ofan old, tent dormane force though {hat is ow it does indeed present tll. I en reakty the consequeace of « new form of social onsization, based on deeply intemaized, education ‘lcpendent High ealtures, ech proected by ov tat, Ieuse some ofthe preenstent caltures, generally raaforming them nthe process buiteannot posily use them all There are too many of them, A vible higher cle: Sustaining modem state cannot fill below certain minimal size (uns tffectparaeion tsneighbours):-ad theres only soom fra mies number ‘of such stazes on this earth ‘The high rato of determined slumberers, who will not rise and shine and who refuse to be woken, enables ufo tar the tables on nationalsmeas-seen byitselt, Netonlim ces iteef ab natura) and universal ordering of the poll fe of mankind, nly obscured by tat long. persistent and mysterious Somaolence. As Hegel expreted this vision: ‘Nations may have had » long. ‘nstry before they finaly each their detraion tha of forming themselves int tates" Hegel immediately goes On ro suggest char his prestae periods really prehistoric (a: 0 would seem that on this view the real history of ‘ation only begins when feacquresis wn stat. I-we invoke the sleeping ‘Beauty nations, nether possessing a sate nor feeling the lack of, gains che ationlist doctrine, we tac accent socal metaphysc, which ses nation tthe Bricks of which mankind is made up. Cates of nationalism who de ounce the pols! movement bus taily accep the existence of nations, do ‘ot go far enough. Nations asa natural, Gd given way of casing men a8 tninherent hough long-delayed polieal destiny, are 2 myth; nationalism,