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 Q$3 .(c 5&  ' X'% 'G  '3 R ' 7'% 93  R@ = ;3
. G+ X ($ $ 6)*  X A bG '

5+ F3? $ (c ' & 5| r '3| '3 $ ` % $ 5+ 7'% UV 5

J =*+3 .
k = 40W
=KH 5+ r&c (c X&'M ' &   3+ mk  0.5cm =KH

X&'M ' & r  900K XM ' & r . G+ X k = 2.5 W mk 10 cm
. | 5
J f ' &c  F3? ) l? r . 3G Z? 460K

. | $Y 800K$ 
 '3  ! f| r  L3>  X'% 0
 X%^ ' .
$Y ! f| =6 5
J =*+3 =  G   ( sG ' 5| XG r+
.'3
Tg = 1300 K
Tc = 300 K
hg = 200 W
m2 K
hc = 400 W
m2 K

 .=  r>$ XAY+& 7'% 06) H =hg

19 W o
  2cm XM  5+ m c X'% = > H + m$ F3? i& $ 5939  .
XM ' & r  .=  G  G3L =*+$c I 5F 3cm C3+ 4cmX&'M
% $ 5+ 7'% 06) =*+3 G+ 100 oC I X&'M ' & r  600 oC
.5939 03^
k = 0.2 W
mk =*+$c

0.7 W
Z@' Us $ mK X'% = > H  0.1m =KH 5+ r&c r'3 ..

40 W
' 8 U^ $  m 2 K XAY+& 7'% 06) H  270K r 5+  +

10 W
. ' ' m 2 K XAY+& 7'% 06) H  330Kr 5+ R9 r3> Z@
.` % $ 5+ '3 R $ 7'% UV =*+3

Z@ ' 5939 R  . ' ' Ti r ' ro XM q@G 5+ X|$ C939 XM ' & .
I =KH R@ =*+3 G+ 5)G ' h XAY+& H  T r 5+ XJ
. 8+ k ' ' I b6?  | k?\ 5939 X'% =6 $ 5939 R r+ 5+
0,2,5,10,40mmI =KH  10mm  5+ X* r 5939 r+ ' }3? 5Y)
0.055W 5W
Z? m 2 K I X'% = >  m 2 K XAY+& H . | (J)
. 3G

X 93 q& 7 G 5+ X)M3s X'% 5 D ri q@G 5+ (Solid) L3 r 53) ' .,y
G+ 5)? ' hc XAY+& H  T r 5+ XJ Z@ ' 53) R  . 3G
: | =+d
T ( r ) T q&ri hc ri r
2

= 2 + 1
T 4hcT k ri

 5mm  5+ r F3? X+| ' 700A 7 G 5+ Xs)s9 (& .,,

H  30oCr3> Z@ ' +| R . ' (& 6 104 K W =6
25W
X'% =6 $ . | 5
J ' +| R ` r . ' ' m 2 K XAY+&
. | k?\ F3?

5939 R XM  .= 300oC ' (& 'K+ (c ' 5| r 5939 XM ' & r .,t
.=  G  G3L I 5F  b3 5939 R .= 5.5mm(c =KH  5cm
50 W
 4cm] 5F =KH  m 2 K (c X'% = >  9cm0 5+F =KH

0.35W
.= 30oC I 5939 X&'M : r . G+ X m 2 K (c X'% = >

47 W
m 2 K 5939 X'% = > . | 5
J ' 5939 R 03^ % $ 5+ 7'% UV
=*+3 . G+ 5)? ' 20oC r3> 7'Y ' X ' 5939 R > . 3G Z?
.} r3>  5939 R+ 7'% 06) XAY+& H

( k = 13 Btu )
]Y =& 4   1 03+ hft o F m$ H F3? i& $ r 53) .,-

$ M ]8> (c XA r . > X '3

 20 ft03^ 5+ r '3| $ X'% 7 
7'% 06) H  2300oF '3| M r>$ r  .= 1500oF '3|
18 Btu o
M $ 53) '3
 = =*+3 G+ hrft 2 F XAY+&
2
( = 0.27 ft )
h '3|
2
o ( = 0.02 ft , h = 0.65)
' 100 F =M3s 59 r ' hr $3* i& $ r&c .,/
4 BTu 2o
  3+ hrft F XAY+& H . > X ' 1200oF  r>$ Z@ '

' 20 hr =GW $ iL &c f| r =*+3 .= (*s &c O3 C| r+
` 5+ + '*+ (3) (b) 2 ft =KH 5+ = X+ '3 (a) r)9%
5)? ' X6 ` r' (c 5&  5| 2 2 2 @+ 5+ @s (C )2 2 Q6
.=

=*+$c i&$ 5  5+ r 53) .,

1bm BTu
= 36 , C p = 0.25 , h = 0.125 BTu
ft 3
lbm o F hrft o F
=M3s 59 r '
4 BTu o
X ' hft F XAY+& H + 1200oF r 5+ XJ ' ' 100oF

5
J $ r)9% ' ' + 500oF 5+ 53) f| r 5sc r+ ]$F ($ . >

 )* I XJ r' 5| 73? t qB' 5+ 53) (b) + XM 53) (a) . |
.=

7'  5+ Xs)s9 r 9 C3+ ]339c i& $  3lb ($ 5+ X8M r3  .,

H  70oF bJ r3> r 0.5ft23 X&'M `  . 3G X ] 50W
2.0 BTu 2o
o hft F XAY+&
+ 220 F 5+ 3 r 5sc r+ ]$F ($ =*+3 G+
.= bJ r 3 59 r

 ,)-  "+*)"# 
)  :'( 
Unsteady Conduction Heat Transfer

5+ .!3GX 5&3 'W  ' L = > 7'% 06) A* + X  r> +'| $ r'*+'
(c ' 5| = XA* 5 &$ XM })% r>'33 '  '3 $ 7'% 06) 0 (3
3> r )'  XM bG  3L 7P 9 5+ 5)
9 . | X P ($+ ' & r
5+ )+ 6 +  ($ $ X@ Q+ 7'3\ 5+ ' XM ' &  7P (3)+ G ($ 
'33 ( G RG' ($ $ '  53 Y r 7P is+ . | Z?  3L 7'3\
 ' & r X+ 1L  G+ X ($ $ r  L '*+ Q+ X A bG 5+ ( ' 5kJ9
= > r's{'  r'| M !)* X%^ =& R{'  R| M ;c r R@ iE
V
 . |  L $' X $ ' ' L 7'% 06) r+ (3 X r8 r9 . ' r j
' R > . G+ X 5 & (c $ ($ + R$ O3 r 7P  3> X ( G 
$ 5 9 ' ;W  Y  ( G  % C| r 5)K' I^ $ 7@ =M %
(Unsteady) ' L $ '3k H% R) ' . G+ X 'W  ' L 7'% 06) A* 5 &
' X 's+ X)9% r+ (Transient)'W  5s9% ' = P) ($ + '3 >  X@
= X + . + ($ $ 6)*  X A bG 5+ X@ ($ =GW $ iL !*& r 5|
. | r$*9  f '  3L bG 0c   =9% ' (3 X }3? =9%  R+ 5|
 r 53) [X'| @) 7l)K ' 'W  ' L = > 7'% 06) !|% 7F @
r+ XB)K rG'  G+ X XJ r> % r' 7F @ ( 3+ XM G 5+  r|
' r% Carslaw and Jager   Myers [Ozicik r+)| .=  G L (c %
7'3\ 5+ (3 X  G+ X a)K r$ bG  a)K r> 5 > r+ X3) r> %
5+ }3? r+)| X s 7VlJ Q^6' . ' 's+ XG'| (3Y b3 Hand Book
=36 ' (c XH' r> s  1  3G X L (3Y 5+ X' ;)| 7'3\
. |
X'% 5 D [= > 7'% 06) H 5| XG   L r> 5 > ' !|% 7F @
5+ V| r  r> N' | 5+ $ )*> XM{ 7'3\ 5+ Xsf? 3M  
=+ Fluent  NISA [ANSYS  r'Y r>'f? ] $ r'*+  3G X % Xc
. ' ' 7F @ R %
+ R >  ' L A* % r +'| '*+ X9 X
6 rG' + (3Y l? R'
 J UV)M r  N' l? r) '   H . 3G X Gc (c )  XJ % rG'
. G >3M Gc f % N' R + (3Y  5)? ' hJ+ '3

 )fL M!
2T 2T q& T
Rf'| 7l)K ' + 2 + =1 (,)
x 2
y k
2
T 1 T q& T
r 53) 7l)K ' + + =1 (t)
r 2 r r k
k m
2
= Diffusivity (-)
c s
1KL H > = 7'% 06) H k [($ [X'% C D q& }3? 7F @'
. G+ X

:Xsf? U > r+ X9

.($ + 5@ r 7P 3J  ( G  ($ 7  R@ :d

Lumped Capacity System X %g  2h %g U .8

 X ' T r 5+ XJ ' ( !*&

3lK ]&
C j r
V !Y%
A X
& `
To 59 r

k $ . G+ ($ $ X@+   =M3s !*& '  Q$3 3G Z? C)G
 !)* '
) # bJ 0 $ XAY+& =6 + 5*6' !*& M ' ) > =6 X@ Xsf?
5@ !Y% : G+ '+ $ bG 5| = $Y X) Z? R . G+
h V
( ) < 0.1
A
(/)
k
X
& ` hx
=V +  (= 5lK 03^ x) 3G 5)MG (Biot) 3+ @++  (3 5+ ' 6
k
:  (+ $ 7'3l+ }3? G  R 5+ 3G  ( Bi
hx
Bi = < 0.1 ()
k
bJ 5+  G Y+& 7'% =XM r 7P :r C$3 $
T T T ( hA )
hA(T T ) = cV = e cV ()
To T
= 0
59 G ()
T = To
(+$ I2h )D
(* X '  > (c (' Q  U" [ ' ' @ f? U" M ' # Z?
' bJ  '  G 5)B !)* # 0% . ' ' (U^ bJ r + 7B))
 U" r R)? U > .   bJ  + 0 @ 5+ qG !)*   3G 
.= ($ $ @+ (3 5+ (c 73)J

: G+ $ 7'3l+ !#% 7F @

T1
h1 A1 (T1 T2 ) = 1C1V1 t
(.)
h A (T T ) + h A (T T ) = C V T2
1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
t
:C9 bG +
T1 = T2 = T0

T1 ()
t = 0

: 3G 
 $ G 5+ !#% 7F @ '3L 7'3\ 5+ 7F @ R)G3 +

p
 h1 A1 hA
+ D T1 1 1 T2 = 0
1C1V1 1C1V1
(,y)
h1 A1 T h1 A1 + h2 A2 + D T = 0
C V 2 C V 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 C 2V 2
:$ r>)'L R)? k ' +
h1 A1
K1 =
1C1V1
h1 A1
K2 = (,,)
2 C 2V 2
h2 A2
K3 =
2 C 2V 2
: 3G   $ ]? 5+ 7F @
(K 1 + D )T1 K 1 T2 = 0
(,t)
K 2 T2 (K 2 + K 3 + D )T2 = 0
: cX = + ($ $ @+ 7'3\ 5+ (c 73)J  U"  }3? 7F @ 8) % +
T1 = T + Me m t + Ne m t
1 2
(,-)
T + Me m1t + Ne m2t
T2 = T1 + (,/)
K1
:  G a@ $ 7'3\ 5+ =+3d }3? b+' '
(K 1 + K 2 + K 3 ) + (K 1 + K 2 + K 3 ) 2 4 K 1 K 3 (,)
m1 =
2
(K 1 + K 2 + K 3 ) (K 1 + K 2 + K 3 )2 4 K 1 K 3 (,)
m1 =
2
T0 T
M= m2 (,)
m1 m 2
T T
N= 0 m1 (,.)
m1 m 2
Semi-Infinite %# ," = )D- '( % .:

w
 . , To " `W F = 0 _S3  /#( (b3
2 2 2
T T T T
+ 2 + + q / k = 1
x 2
y z2
(,)
2T 1 T
=
T ( x ) = ? 
x 2
T (o ) = To >0 r$ G
(ty)
T ( x o) = Ti 59 G
gVLF 
 | 5+
T ( x ) To x
= erf
Ti To 2
(t,)
T kA(To Ti )
Q = kA x =o =
x
.( , B ,"i ,52 %S5 = o _S3  `W :%"i ,5 2 (c

2T 1 T
=
x 2
T ( x o) = Ti

k T >o
x = o = qo
x
2Qo
:XJ ;3&
T Ti = exp( x 2 )
kA 4

Q x
o (1erf x )
kA 2
2qo 2 qx x
T Ti = / exp( x 4 ) o (1 erf )
k k 2
.( ,B T F " ,WS  /#( %# ," = )D- (

~
 59 G
T ( x o) = Ti
T :r$ G
hA(T T ) x = o = kA x =o >o
x
T Ti x hx h 2
= 1 erf exp( + 2 ) :XJ ;3&
T Ti 2 k k
x h
1 erf ( + )
2 k
lf!  fL XfL  f jSfk + ,D-  F!" G F'( % .>
 B ,C*"-
%# ," ISk (a)

2T 1 T
= (a)
x 2
T ( x o) = Ti = o

T
=o >o
x x =o

 T h
x=L = (T T ) x = L > o
x k
;)| 5+ % r+ .= WL (s Separation of VariablesN' | 5+ (a) C9 @ %
. | 5@& Myers
:;3&

hL
Sinn L Cos n x ( n L ) 2 L2
T ( x ) T = 2 (Ti T ) e (b)
k hL
n =1
n L ( + sin 2 n L )
k

. 3G X 5
J $ C+' $ n 5|
hL hL
n L tan n L =  = Biot 3+ 
k k
=6 5+ = > =6 =
* X9 . ' d 7'% 06) '   Xsf? k $
. > X ( $ Bi  + 5| = XAY+&
Bi = hL (tt)
k
. > X ( 5'3?  + 5| = !*& '  3 3B (f X
Fo = (t-)
L2
k
)+ 7'% = > d' 3B (f   = )'f+ kX@ G+ )'f+ 5D > =
c
  d > XJ R' .=  | !' XA> XJ 7'3\ 5+ ' (b)C+' Heisler .=
:!' > XJ R' . 3G X   O3H 5+ Fo Bi @+ X+
= T ( x ) T
Ti=59 r
i = Ti T (t/)
To=f| r
o = To T
5
J a)K bG r+  a)K r$ ' ' 5JB\ f| r (3 X (,<7) XJ $
. |

5+ 8c 'c = + ' =
* (t<7) XJ $ (3 X G+ ]$F r8 6 '  
o
:C+' |

= ( o )( )
i i o

(,<7) XJ (t<7) XJ

. | 5
J ' r
.{ |  B) (-<7) XJ $ (3 X 5kJ9 > '  G 6) 7'% 5
J r+}

 Q = CkJ9   G a 7'%

Q0 = CV (Ti T )

%# ,"  (b)

2T 1 T 1 2T 2T 1 T
+ + + =
r 2 r r r 2 2 z 2
hro T (r o) = Ti
Bi =
k T (0 ) = R@
Fo = 2 T
ro k = h[T (ro ) T ]
r r = ro

XL (c)

2
1 (rT ) = 1 T
r r 2 r
T
T (o ) = Finite, T (r o) = Ti ,h r = ro = h[T (ro , ) T ]
r
hro
Bi =
k
Fo = z
ro
$ )+ 5'3?  r+ >J R 5# 3G 5&3 + Heisler >J $  B) ]8>
5| = ]$F 3G 8 > 5'3? r> r 5sc r+ y/t $ ) | 5'3? ' .= } \ y/t
]Y Heisler r> XJ '   R 5| 3G 5
J Summation$ r)+ 7V &
.=  

 F!" +$ D-  '( % (?)
%# ,"
\ " F 4 (a)

2T 2T 1 T
+ = (t)
x 2 y 2
Z?
T = T1 ( x, ) T2 ( y, ) (t)
. 3G X 5Y) (t)' (t) ( | R& +
1 T1 2T T 2T 1
( 21 ) = ( 2 22 ) (t)
T1 x y T2
R 3G X 2 L2 2 L1 =KH 5+ = X+ 7JB\ ' = > 5*  % 5+ Y 5Y)'
:=G3 (3 X W9 )*> % + Heisler r> XJ b3 =9% 
T T T T T T
=( ) 2 L1 ( o )2 L2 (t.)
T^ T^o
T1 T T^ T
2 L1 2 L2 2 L3 !" " O!Y (b)
T T T T T T T T
=( ) 2 L1 ( ) 2 L2 ( )2 L (t)
Ti T Ti T Ti T T T 3
]!  S
\ "  (c)

 2T 1 T 2T 1 T
+ + =
r 2 r r z 2
T = T1 (r ) T2 ( z ) (-y)
T T T T T T
=( )cyl ( )2 L
Ti T T T T1 T 5JB\
XAY+& H  1200Kr + $3 $ r '3| ' ) 0.11  5+ r F3? r>'3J :
J
W
r  | X 03^ 7  5D G+ 300K '3J 59 r  . 3G X   ' 100
m2 K
+ 800K 5+ (c f|

:;)| 5  H 0 & I
^
= 7832 k = 51.2
C = 541, = 1.21 10 5
hro / 2 100 0 / 05
Bi = = = %488
k 51 / 2
. |  B) 5)G
 N' $ (3 X iL
hA 4h
T T t t
= e vc = e cD
Ti T
800 1200 4 100
ln( ) = 0.811 = t
300 1300 7832 541 0.1
t = 860( s ) = 14 : 20 56
r Al2O3 ( > 3
| 73) G 5)M 3
| 73 $ 40mm  5+ + r 5 :
J
W
- $ iL 3G X M h = 1600 300 K r + X9 + (  800K (c 59
m2 K
' X ' 6 5D 5+ XF3^ X$ $ iL 5 r . 3G X  L 5 ' 5+ X6 5d
(;)| r) ' 3M 0 &)

 = 3970 c = 1068 k = 22.3 = 5.259 10 5
o/2
1600
hL hr 2 = 0.72 > 0.1
Bi = c = to = 1424 3
k 2k 22 / 3

- ($  G a 7'% (r C+' $)  G a 7'%

Q = cv(T () T ) Qo
Qo = cv(Ti T )
T () = T + (Ti T )(1 Q )
Qo
:!' (<7) ' 3  $
hro 1600 0.02
Bi = = = 1.43
k 22.3
t
Bi 2 Fo = Bi 2 ( 2 ) = 0.95
ro
Q 0.56 T = 300 + (800 300)(1 0.56) = 561K
Qo
:-5
.= t = 35s ($ ' 53) 5)*>  ` R8 r T ( )

  
 3! FN 
r @+  =9%

1 T 2T
=
t x 2
T (t = 0) = Ti (-,)
T ( x = 0) = T1
T ( x = 1) = T2
Explicit  `k U
1 Ti n +1 Ti n Ti n1 2Ti n + Ti +n1
=
t x 2 (-t)
t
Ti n+1 = 2 (Ti n1 2Ti n + Ti +n1 ) + Ti n
x
Implicit  ,+=P U
1 Ti n 1 Ti n (Ti n1+1 2Ti n+1 + Ti n1+1 )
= (--)
x 2 x 2

 c X = + (f > '3^ 5+ > 5| X* 7F @ 8) 5+ 3G XY  H N'
.= (s ]  ($ 0 5
 $ N'  > N+ rM .]  > ' !> 5+ =
* 5 
N' X9 3G X  M R 3G 7
J ' M  X@ = ' L X H N'
+ `\ N' r' L r+ . | G' = R  3G ' M   = ' L `\
:!G+ 5)G
t 1
2
< (-/)
x 2

:0

`k U

 Ti = 0
T ( x = 0) = 20
T ( x = 1) = 100
T1n +1 T1n
t
(
= 2 Ton 2T1n + T2n )
x
1
T Ti (-)
n=0 1 = 2 (20 2 xo + o) T11
t x
1
T2 T2 o

= 2 (T3o 2T2o + Ti o )
t x
1
T2 0
= 2 (0 2 yo + 0) T21
t x
.!| X n+1 ($  ] ] ( |  L 5+ qG !'c = + ' 56 / > r 5| X)
,+=P U
T11 T1o
= 2 (To1 2T11 + T21 )
t x
1
T2 T2 0

= 2 (T11 2T21 + T31 ) (-)
t x
1 0
T3 T3
= 2 (T21 2T31 + T41 )
t x
.!'c X = + i 7F @ 8) $ ' ;3& ) 5x  t ;K) +
!"     
 3! FN 
1 T 2T 2T
= + (-)
t x 2 y 2

:`k U
Tin +j 1 Tin j n
= (Ti n1 j 2Tin j + Ti +n1 j ) (Tin j 1 2Tin j + T i j +1 ) (-.)
t x 2
y 2

t 1
r' L G < y = x (-)
x 2 4

p
Tin +1 Tin
t
=
x 2
(T n +1
i 1 j 4Tin +1 + Ti +n1+j1 + Tin ++11 + Ti +n1+j1 +1 ) (/y)

w
[] 2L =KH + =K '3 + *> >J 72

~
[] r0 q@G + = X+ 53) *> >J 72

 (!24 " 2) 01)/2 
)  :./ 
Convection Heat Transfer (External Flow)
:= $ 7'3l+ XAY+& I^ $ 7'% 06)  +'# X\ 5+'
7'% 0 
 O3

q = h A(T T )

XAY+& 7'% 06) H !*& ' & $ ' X?| $  5+ 0 r

.= U@ f ]5 A (3 5+ 5+' R

. G+ X h Q+ ( |  L  NV  X@ ]  l? R '

>5939 C3 Y  53) U^ ' [=K `  U^ '  ' > $ CF 72
   >(c  [>5939 ' J $  L Q+ (h) XY+& 7'% 06)  H
.=? >3M ' hJ+ '3 )+ g' 03^ '  R . G+ Pr  Re  @++

:- GY " D &

:!' 5)*)F ' X| '3^ 5+
ij + f i = 0

xx , x + xy, y + f x = 0 (,)
+ yy , y + f y = 0
yx , x

 5s'3+
xx
xx , = (t)
x
x
X Y% r fi . )*> XG+ 1  xy =& ' 0 r> 1  5+ xy , yy , xx
.= ]& 
I^ $ 7F @  !' Closed Form Solution V| 7F%| r+ }3? 7F @'
.  % + I rG'
: 3G X 5)G3 $ 7'3\ 5+ r @+  !| + { 7F ' !|% 7F @
u u u p 2u 2u
+ u + v = + ( 2
+ 2)
t x y x x y
2 2
v v v p v v
+ u + v = + ( 2 + 2 ) (-)
t y y y x y
u v
+ =0
x y
R . )*>  5)$3s ['? p [!A  X6? = r> 5B93 v, u 3lK ]&
7'3\ 5+ 5D 7F @ R % s X\ = 5| '  5)*+ ;3& X| =9% ' 7F @
8 7'
 5+  XM{ r 3& (r3E|) r  rG' 7'3\ 5+ 5D  XJ
X (f9'*+ 0 (&) G+ fD XM 0 = 5| XA)9% ' .= XAY+& 7V &
7F @ 8c . | k?\ (Diffusion)1KL  '? 7V & +6 ' XAY+& 7V & $ (3
X^ '3k R + . |  L (c r+ f 5)*+ r> ;3& (3 X  3G X %  =%'
% 3
 =@+ R > =  G U\ 7F @ R % =& X&3 + NV M 0 \
')M '   c = + X+Y r> N' | 5+ r +'| ) $ r'*+ [Q& XJ
.= 5)? ' ( 
. 3G X 5)G3 $ 7'3l+ XAY+& 7'% 06) *B 59 @
T T 2T 2T
C p (u + v ) = k( 2 + 2 ) (/)
x y x y
% i|3)  7F @  )+ = ]$F }3? 59 @ % r+ 3G X 5k%V 5| '3 >
r' L  7F @ ( 3+ XM { $3> bG R'   R@ (u , ) = (   3G
)
* r  r> ;3& is+   J XJ r> ;3&  )*> $ s XAY+& 7V &
R@ =& X+Y r> N' $  B) $3> =9% R' . 3+ >3M X
6 X9  J
r>8) q3 =M  ' X 's+ 03 @ '3+ s\ H  7'% 06) H
' (Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV)  (PIV) Particle Image Velocimetry )  r $ 
5)BGc r> (& ' 3lK+ ]3)  06)  7'% 06) r>   L $ r I   I 
 r  [XJ %' R66J r> NV +  f  c ' ' X k 5+ .= 5)M !>?

r>8)   > RG3+'3' 06) r>   L $ r)+ X+Y r> N' r 's+
. + X !>? X + < X'%
,44S5 F U
H IM M! !" 4S5
The Laminar Boundary Layer Equations Using Scaling Principle
CF C9 @ 0% . 8+ k ' ' L 03^ 5+ =K CJB\  ' $ WL !# 0 (&
 u=0 $ = 7P  !>  ' 5@9 '3  @+ J $  B) + ' $
5 % C
9 $ x C\? ' .! k ' T = T  T = To $ '  7P  u = U
$ = (c ' 5# = $  (3 5+ $ CF =KH ) = $ CF =KH
' = [ T  [ U = 5JB\ $ ' ?# $  5+ 5% ' .( # P U  B\
$ qB' + 5% ' ) $ CF 5+  f C% ' 5Y) ' .= P '?  B\ y =&
: 3G 5)? k ' x,y 7P + $ (Scale) @+ (L 03^  5JB\
x ~ L, y ~ , u ~ U , ()
t  , 7F  5+ 3+ h%
 1K+ R C@9 $ 
 3G 5\3 (3Y 5+
.   '
$ > . G+ ) U L + = >(   U + = >5B93 5# !# Z?
' !)3 C9 @ 8c (= )' Z? =K CJB\ '3 ' ) !  k U\ '? 7P
: 3G   1  $ 7'3l+ x =&
U U .U U
+ ~ 2 ()
L L L
UL
~1 ()

Re L ~ 1 (.)
:5Y)
2u
 'f+ C
 5# = ]$F G+ 5
 !> XY+& 5 & + 1KL 5 & 5c +
y 2
5# = ]$F . G+ 5
 !> f F+ >Re + 7V & 5c + R++ . G+ 1  % Re
(3 8c [ G+ ) $ CF =KH + (& + 3  =& ' 5lK 03^
=? '  )
Continuity 8)3L
u v
+ =0
x y
()
U v

L
U
v~ (,y)
L

 x =& ' !)3
2 2
u u 1 P u u
u +v = +( 2 + 2 )
x y dx x y
U U 1 dP U U
U. + U. = +( + )
L L dx L2 2

U2 U2 1 P U 2 (,,)
+ = + ( + 1)
L L x 2 L2

<<1
U U U U UL U 2
~ Re = . =
2 L2 / Re L L2
L
L2 L
P
G+ ++ + XAY+&  1K+ X'f+ 5
 8c ~ o  is+ 
x
U 2 U
~ 2 ~ 1 (,t)
L L Re L
y =& ' !)3
v v 1 P 2v 2v
u +v = +( 2 + 2 )
x y y x y
U U U 1 P U 2 U U
U. + . = + ( 2+ )
L2
L L y L L.L L 2
(,-)

U U
2 2
1 p U 2 2
+ = + + 1
L2 L2 y L2 L


<<1

iL
1 P U 2
~ 2 (,/)
y L
sG

U 2 U 2 2
P P ~ dy P ~ P +
L2 L2
o
(,)
P P U 2 2 p U 2 2
~ + O 3 ~ + O . 2
x x L x L L
9
P dP
= ( P is independent of y, Flow is inviscid )
x dx
(,)
P dP U 2 2
~ + 0 . 2
x dx L L

 :x =& ' !)3 C9 @ ' }3?  c = + ) $  B) +
U 2
U 2
1 dP 1 U2 2 U
+ ~ . 2 + 2
L L dx L L
(,)
U2 1 dP U 2 2 U
~ ( ) +
L dx L L 2
<<1
:x =& ' !)3 59 @ R++
dU dP
U + =o (,.)
dx dx
: 3G 5)G3 $ 7'3l+
2
u u dU u
u +v = U + 2 (,)
x y dx y
5*6
P P
,
y x
P U2
~ o( )
x L
P U 2 (ty)
~ o( 2 )
y L
dP
y U2 2
~ o( 2 L ) ~ o( ) << 1
P U L
x L

P P
<< (t,)
y x
Y =& ' ]3) 
P
=0 (tt)
y
Energy Equation  C9 @
T T 2T 2T p p
C p (u + v ) = k ( 2 + 2 ) + T (u + v ) + (t-)
x y x y x y

:!$ L 7V & 'f+ C

 '+ 5+ (3#
U U 1 1 U 2 U 2
C pT ( + ) ~ kT ( 2 + 2 ) + T (U o o + U + (t/)
L L L L L L2
'  @+ 1K+ ' ) G+ 5
 !>  ' >  '% $ CF =KH !# Z?
:!' ( 3G   `H3 )+ '3 R
k 1 1 U3 2
(1 + 2 ) +
U U
+ ~ ( 2 + 2)+ (t)
L L c p L Cp L L C PT
<<1 <<1

 u 2 v u v
= 2( ) + 2( ) 2 + + ( + ) 2 (t)
x y y x
U 2 U 2 U U 2
~ + + ( + 2 )
L L L
U 2 U 2 U 2 2 U2 U2
~ 2 + 2 + 4 + 2 2 ~ 2
L L L
U2 U2 U 2 U 3
2 = 2 ~ ~
L / U L
:5Y)'
T T T P 2
u
C p u +v = k 2 + Tu + ( )2 (t)
x y y x y
(b ) (a)

:!G+5)G 5# ) !# k U\ a ] $ }3? 7'

 '
u 3 / L U2 U2
~ = if Ec = << 1 (t.)
Inertia C pT U / L C pT C pT
:=G3 (3 (b) ] '3 ' G+ Ec<<1 5# = ( # k U\ + $ (a) ]
U 3
L 1
~ = (t)
pressure term T U 3 T
L
0c  $ +
1 1 1
~ o(1), = ( ) p = (-y)
T T T
(;c ) 7@ +
T ~ 0.05 >> pressure term (/y)
7'3l ' 5# . G >3M k U\ f '? ] !# k U\ $ 5D 0% > 5+
: 3G   $ 7'3l+  C9 @
T T 2T
C p u +v = k 2 (/,)
x y y

Thermal Boundary Layer Assumption FH M P

q = hA(TS T )
5# 538 > G+ !*& $ ' ?# $  5+ 0  T [`  Ts 5+' R '
:R++ [  ]Y = > I^ $  7'% 06) !*&  f ' G 'G f V

T
q = kA y =0
y
0 7'% = > H

 T
T

 ' > $ CF ' = Q$3

'% $ CF '  Q$3
=K `  ' + $ CF 72

:=G !>3M }3? C9 @  | +

T
k y =0
y T
h= = ? !| ]3@ + h 5
J +
TS T y
T = f ( y ) = ? 

W
Local Heat Transfer Coefficient :X@H3 XAY+& 7'% 06) H :h
m 2 C
: 3G X a@ $ 7'3l+ =K 5JB\ r+ 5| = b3) 7'% 06) H h 
x x

hdA h (1) dx
% Z 5+ =K 5JB\ r+ h = o
x
= o
x

dA o (1) dx
o

. A  5
J ' h G+ $ 7'3\ 5+ X@H3 XAY+& 7'% 06) H  :0
hx ( x ) = ax 0.1
x
1
x o
hx = hx ( x)dx hx ( x) = ax 0.1

x x
1 a
h ( x) =
xo ax 0.1 dx = x 0.1dx = 1 / 1ax 0.1
xo
h ( x) = 1.1hx

. 3+ >3M $ 7'3\ 5+ hx  hx 7P 5| 3G X 5k%V

p
Gf
f\  ,Cf*"- f
f OP  %N FH M [5 D &
:Sk

(Colburn-Reynolds Analogy) /h3L &H3+ "5 FH M M!

5k%V .! 'c = + '  ' >  '% $ CF 7F @ 
 >1K+ '
R++ .= i#3) < # 7F @ % $ (c )
* 7F @ R % 5# #
g3$V+ % 0 + . 'c = + f (Closed Form) 5)*+ % M bG ' (3
5+ =
* = Q$3 5+ Z? + 5# = '3 R ' V# >N' $  Blasius
C9 @ 7'3l+ ' $CF Xf& 76) *B 7F @ (3 y + P)
hJ+ '3 g3$V+ + % f& R ' 5)
9 . 3  % )%+  =G3 93 @ *B
.=? >3K '
R'#<(3? N' ' '+ 7'% 06) H  \ H R@ + 5# 8 N'
Z?  y =  y=0 C\? ' 7F @ $ 08) 7'3l+ 5# = Von-Karman
 7F )# 5+ 5@& + 3  3M . G+   = + 5 & D Q$3
. > ' 5@9 '3 ' #W9}3? H' >N' 7'% 06)
 !)3 06) ]f  R+ 5+ XY+& 7'% 06) hJ
 ' 5&3 9& 7 $ 
06) (3  3G '  f? k $ 5# 538 > 8 7'
 5+ . G+ 7'% 06)

w
f H'  $ # *B 5+ '3+ !^V)  ]'c (& ' ' 7'% 06)  !)3
. c = + 06) q3  + !> 5+ 7F @

 ' >  '% $ 5F 72

u u 1 p 2u 2u
u +v = + ( 2 + 2 )
x y x x y
(/t)
v v 1 p 2v 2v
u +v = + ( 2 + 2 )
x y y x y
p
.= X)' Z? =K CJB\ '3 ' [ = 0 :Z?
x
2u V 2 V 2 2u 2U
>> =0 (/-)
y 2 2 L2 x 2 x 2
:Xs ' > r$ 5F 59 @
u u u 2
u +v = 2 (//)
x y y
:X'% r$ 5F 59 @
T T k 2T
u +v = (/)
x y c p y 2
:=G !>3M !| X @+ X+ ' 7F @  )+
U T T
U = T = y = y
V T S T l
(/)
v
P x
V = P = x =
V V 2 l
: 3G X \%  G @+ X+ C9 @
T T 2T
u + v = Pr 2 (/)
x y y

)L  Pr = (/.)

' G+ Pr=1 > . G+ 7'% 1KL 5+ !)3 1KL =
* f? k $ )L 
k $ 5)
9 . G >3M ++  ' >  '% $ CF =KH 5# =  + 7'3lc
1

 (//) C9 @ 5+ 5&3 + (3# = Pr 5#  ( (3 98)  + % + H'

3

t
: # Z?   = Q$3 + ' $ Q+3 (3 (/)

~
 U = f1 ( x , y Re)
(/)
T = f 2 ( x y Re Pr)
:!' G+ 1 a@ $

u u V V
= y =0 = = f3 ( x Re)
y
y=0
y L
V
Cf = = f ( x Re) (y)
1 V 2 1 V 2 L 3
2 2
Cf 1
= f 3 ( x y Re)
2 Re
:$ =*'
 '% 'G a@ I
^
T k (Ts T ) T
q y =0 = k = (,)
y
y =0
L y
q k (T Ts )
h= = f 4 ( x Re Pr) (t)
Ts T L(Ts T )
: 3G a@ $ 7'3l+ = @++ 
hL
Nu = = f 4 ( x* , Re, Pr) (-)
K
G /  // 7F @ 5+ 9 + 8c G+ Pr=1  > 5#  5k%V (3#
>3M 5+ 7'% 06) H  \ H 5Y) ' . 3+ >3M 5+ f f4  f3 Q+3
:!| X a@ $ 7'3l+ ' (3)) @+ X+  . 3+
Nu h Cf
St = = (/)
Re Pr VC P 2

=K ` ' + 7'% 06) H Q$3 72

7'% 06) H ( 'c = + + 5# =*c 8+  ' j = > (-) C+'
$  ( h, k , C p , , , L,U ) \ )'L =B> & 5+ '3  +Y N' $ XY+&
. 3   B) (3 Re  Pr, Nu @++  5
:(/) C+' = >

7'% 06)  = (  R+ 5+' 5# ' 5&3 . ' ] $ 93' 5+ (/) C+'
P
R + [= c = + =0  Pr=1 bG ' 5+' R 5)
9 .   '+ 5+'
x
 B) (3 Pr   $ @ a^ + (3 5+' R $  ( (3 3&
: 3G # $ 7'3l+ 5+' = '  [] 3 
Cf 2

= St Pr 3
0 .6 < Pr < 60 ()
2
' () C9 @  ' ) # 16 '? (  =K CJB\ ' 5)BGc (& ' :7
. 3+ >3M } \ 
6 7'3l+ f =9% R
. 'c = 5+ ' q hx hx +' sG ' :
J

Vx
Re x = < 5 105

:!' .t CKB\ 0 & $
1 1
0.332 Re 2 Pr 3 = Nu x
h L &1
Nu x = x hx ]3@ x > +
k &1
q = h (T TS )
1
hx = 0.664 Re1x/ 2 Pr 3

q = hx (T Ts ) = hx (100 20)
` % $ 5+

b4T +  H /-

b3  G L +Y >03? $ + a)K >5 > ' $ 0 (& +
$ ' . 3G X a@ $ 93' *%+ Nu 53) r+ 0 r+ .=*& 3 a)K (66J
.= G 5A' 53) ' $ (& + ' 7E> +Y 5+'
hD
Nu = k
(,)
Re = VD

[] 53) ' $ (& 72

K4 ,"*5 W"
hD 1
.= 0 !? N u D = = C Re mD Pr 3 r ' 3M ] 
K
$ 93' a)K   $ 5+  Q6 + 7
> 5+'  6
-
ReD c m
0.4-4 0.989 0.330
4-40 0.911 0.385
40-4000 0.683 0.465
4000-40000 0.193 0.618
40000- 4 10 5 0.027 0.805
 Q6 + >53) ' $ (& +  }3? 0 & '  G 5A'   5# 3G 5&3
R j 0 & $ + (...   [@H1G Q6) a)K >5 > +  = } \
. 3   B) Q^6

a)K Q^6 + 7

>   6
-

R ' $ 7'% 06) O . # '3
 $ 7lK + )K CJB\ ' $ 3> (& :0
. ++ ' 53)

Re D 9 10 3 1.5 10 5
C = 0.228
m = 0.731
:-5
> (c = 5| G+ X 3&3 |  53) 03% N u ( |  L r+ (X+Y) X33 b+'
X&'M (& ' XAY+& 7'% 06) hJ
  s 5+ 0 5 | +  .= 7B)
:!$ LX
(c r 5| X)K }' `  r' r$3 '3^ 5+ 50oC r  1 arm '? ' 3> (8
03^ r
 + $ 93'  = 0.1m (c rL  0.2m 5JB\ 03^ . ' (& = 100oc
 3> $c (& =  = ' 6D 3> 5+ 5JB\ $  06)  .= 4 10 4 5JB\
G >3M ' 6D  06)  [ 3G 10 atm (c '?  ++

 : 
:;)| r) 0 & I
^
m
T f = 384o k p = 1 atm k = 0.0299 pr = 0.7
m.k
q = hL ( w L)(Ts T )
hL
Nu = = 0.664 Re0L.5 pr 0.33 = 118
K
k 0.299
hL = 118 = 118 = 17.6 q = 17.6 x(0. 02) (100 50) = 17.6
L 0.2
:iL =  G B*  ,y '? ] = *'
2 = 10 1 2 = 0.1 1
UL UL
Re L , 2 = = 2 10 ( )1 = 20 Re1 = 8 105

$ +  G >3M N3P (& iL = 5)GW 5 10 5 $ $  =  G $ $ 93' 
: 3   B) | r$ 5F X+Y 7F @

Nu =
hL L
k
1
[
= (0.037 Re 0L.8 871) Pr 3 = 0.037(8 105 )0.8 871 (0.7 ) ]
1/ 3

0.0299
N u = 961 = 143.6
0.2
q = 143.6 (90.1 0.2)(100 50) = 143.6
. G >3M  $ '*+ XAY+& 7'% 06) iL

| 1K+   (A) U\ 1K+  $ ] 5kBJ  rF+ ` (:

s (B)U\ V
. ' ' bJ r3> (& Z@ ' ` R =  G

Ts=100o  = ) | XAY+& 7'% 06) ' 6 t  , 7F% $  | '
=' 6D =9% > ' XAY+& 7'% 06)  G+ U = 0.20 m s T = 20o 

: 
:m 6- cL F#
- Rh\
7'% 06) G >3M N3P  )+ ( > $ 5JB\ r' (& t =@H ' 5| XAYc$
:!| X   $ I^ 5+ (c' 6 5
J r+ X9 . c X 3&3+ , =9%' ) |

UL 20
Re L = = = 1.09 106
v 19.2 10 6
Re x = 5 105 xc = 0.48 0 =9% ' r+$ 56 5+ ( ' $ 


 [ ]
N u2,1 = 0.037(1.09 106 )0.8 871 (0.7)0.33 = 1366
= [0.037(1.09 10 ) ](0.7 )
6 0.8 0.33
N u1, 2 = 2140
h 1<h 2
N u2 > N u1 q1 < q2
(28.7 10 3 )
h1 = 1366 = 39.2
1
q1 = h1 A(Ts T ) = 39.2 (0.5 1)(100 20)
q1 = 1568W

285C r + =KL $+ '3# $ ( 'c (+ $ iL 10cm QH 5+ X)* @ 1 G (>
' 7'% 06) (f  X ' 50C b3) r + r  # M r3> (& '
m
(.  + 2 = + ' + R? # Z?)= ' 6D '3# $ M r 5kJ9
s
3>

T=285
T=50

: 

D = (0.1) 2 + (0.1) 2 = 0.2

: ! 5
J ' $ 93' 
UD 2 0. 2
Re = = = 49688.8
18 10 6

C = 0.246, m = 0.588
18 106
Pr = = = 0.66 : 3M 0 & I
^
27 10 6
 k = 27.2 103
1
hD 1
N uD = = C Re mD Pr 3 0.246 ( 49688.8) 0.588 (0.66) 3 = 123.64
K
k 27.2 10 3
h = N u = 123.64 = 7.52
D 0.2
W
q = h (Ts T ) = 7.52 (285 50) = 1767.2 2
m C

  ) , 03^ 5+ r 5JB\ r+ ' 7'% 06) r'3  X+Y b+' $  B) + : 4QD
[ G
 5d + ) , = + (c r' + N$ 5# X6?  r 3  =9%  ' = X+ Z
( # A ' 3M 5Y) 5JB\  3> +  Z? + iE). # 5*6

p
' + (& ' 7'% 06)  \ H 5
J + +Y b+' $ 5\VM
-
[] B\ 5 % C$ + =K 7JB\

w
[] &'M >(& + 7'% 06) H
-

' 5 

~
 
 5JB\ $ 5 

 :.6 
(07)4 %#" 2) 01/2 
 
Convection Heat Transfer (Internal Flow)
.= ;3 0  5939 ' & R+ XAY+& 7'% 06) H
]'c Laminar

!' q3

N3P Turbulent

q = cte =+d X'% 'G

Tw = Ts = cte =+d ' & r r$ bG q3

r$ bG $ X3  =9%
q = q( x) Tw = f ( x)

Entrance5939 r ' 5% ' (, : X'+

Fully Developed (5)? 5@3) 5939 r ' $ ' 5\? ' (& (  (t

( '  Q$3  5)? 5@3  Q$3) M (& 72

:!' 5)? N)* 5% '
:=

 5939 '
r2
u = 2u av 1 2
ro (& r+ (,)
p 2u y2 5JB\  R+
+ 2 = 0 u = u av (1 2 )
x y L

:Xs ' > 5)? 5@3 (& '

u T 1 T
= r (t)
x r r r
u
x = 0

X8)? 5@3 bG v = 0 (-)
p = const
x

Bulk Mean Temp  ,=* Z F b!5

Tm =
uc TdA = uTdA = f ( x)
ucdA V A av

T
r = ro (/)
Tw T T T
f ( x) w = r = const
Tw Tm r Tw Tm r =r Tw Tm
o

T h
q = h(Tw Tm ) q = k r = ro = cte h = cte
r k
(5)? 5@3 (&' ) .=* x $ X@+ h 5| ! X 5Y) iL .= 5939 Q6 ` A

 !5 n /-  FH Z2 l

@++ G '  Q$3 =+d '% 'G   =+d '3  =9% ' 5#  ( (3
x $ 6)* Nu 5Y) ' 3G 6 5)? 5@3 %V\  #  P x =& ' (c
. 3G '+ >'3 ' $ =+d '% 'G + (&  )+ . c = +

q = h(Tw Tm ) = cte
dTw dTm T Tw Tm
= = =
dx dx x x x
u Tm 1 T
= r
x r r r
2V r 2 Tm 1 T
1 = r ()
ro2 x r r r
r = ro T = Tw T
T T = f (ro r m )
r =0 = 0 x
r Tm
r2 To = g (ro )
u = 2uav (1 2 ) x
ro T
Tm = (ro m )
x
:5| =? 5Y) (3 X F+ b+' g+
q = h(Tw Tm )
48 k hD 48 ()
h= Nu = = = 4.36
11 D k 11


 OP ]!5 F" ,5hS  ,"*5 Z"
:5)? 5@3 V
| r 5F (& .,
.= 5)?' 's+ TmrY+ Tb 1K+ R'
T Tw
= f (r )
Tb Tw
q = h(Tw Tb )
()
q = k (Tb Tw )
df df
k (Tb T ) r = r = hA(T Tb ) h = k r = r
dr dr
.=* x Q+ f h 5Y)' G+ X  x $ X@+ nD =  (3D

(q=constant) :=+d '3 X'%'G 1-a

Tw1 q=cte Tw2
Tb1 Tb2

hd
Nu = 4.36 = 4.36
k
q = hplT T =
q (.)
hpl
T = Tw1 Tb1

 . |  B) f $ 5+' $ (3 X 5
J r+ 5Y)'
T = Tw2 Tb2 ()
=+d '3  <1b

Tw
Tb1 Tb2

hd
Nud = 3.66  = 3.66
k
q = hplT
(,y)
T = Tw Tb ( x)
:X
6 N'
(Tb1 + Tb2 )
T = Tw (,,)
2
:I N'
dT b
m& C p Tb 1 + hpdx (T w Tb ) = m& C p (Tb + dx )
dx
dT b
hp (T w Tb ) = m& C p
dx
Tb 2 l
m& C p dT b
hp
Tb1
T w Tb
= dx
o

m& C p T w Tb 1
ln =l
hp T w Tb 2
m& C p 1 (,t)
=
h T Tb 1

ln w
T w Tb 2

q = m C p (Tb 2 Tb 1 ) = hpl T
&
m& C p (Tb 2 Tb 1 )
T =
hpl
Tb 2 Tb 1
T =
T Tb 1
ln w
T w Tb 2

=+d '3 r U\ r> 5939 ' 5@3 0%' r 5F (& .t

 0.0668( D ) Re Pr 0.14
hD L
b3) N u = = 3.66 + a
2 / 3
(,/)
k av

[L
]
1 + 0.04 ( D ) Re

'3 r '

Tb1 + Tb2
Tba = Tlog (,)
2

: 3G (Sieder and Tate) =  '  5+ 3+ 8 U@ C+'

N ud = 1.86(Re D Pr) 3 ( ) 3 ( )0.14
1 d 1
l w
D
Re Pr > 10
L (,)
q = h plT
1
T = Tw (Tb1 Tb 2 )
2
=3 $ sG ' =+d X'% 'G  U\ r> 5939 ' 5@3 0%' r5F (& + .-
.= G   ( X@H3

5@3 (& + 5939  ' Q6 '  Q6 + 5939 + b3)  @H3 = 72
5)?

 Tb1 + Tb 2
( )
2

dk F 33   !5 U[ /-

(Colburn Analogy) (Reynolds Analogy)
u
= ( + m ) (,)
y
. 3G a@ N3P (& ' 5+  =&f9 m
T
qw = C p ( + H ) (,.)
y
 G+ 1  '% 'G M Q$3 Z? + . 3G a@ 5+  1KL H f H
:=G !>3M 5+  1KL H  5+  >=&f9 ++ Z?
y
= (1 ) (,)
R
y
q = q (1 ) (ty)
R
m = H (t,)

= , Pr = 1 (tt)
(ty)  (,) $ 8c
qw T q
= dy = dT
C p w y C p w
u au Tb
qw
c p w du = dT
o Tw
(t-)
qwuav
= Tw Tb
c p w C p w
hx =
q uav
hx =
T Tb
!'
1
w = C f uav
2
(t/)
2
hx C
= f (t)
c puav 2
(3))  a@ 5+ 5&3 +
Cf
St x = (t)
2

 := G   ( X+Y I^ $
2 Cf
St x Pr 3
=
2
St = Nu
Re Pr
1 cf
Nu = Re Pr 3 .
2
&
2 (t)
f = 4C f
n = 0 . 3 Cooling
Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr n n = 0 . 4 heating

Re D > 104 ,0.7 < Pr < 100, L 60

D
: |P XM 3M
0.14
1
N u D = 0.023 Re Pr av 0.8 3

w
:
 & , T = Tlog (t.)
Tb1 + Tb 2
Tba =
2
Tw = cTe T = Tw Tb
.= G 'G M >(& ' +Y b+' $   J  @ 5+  f& R ' :7
>0
 5+ 3+ +)#   5)?L 7'% 06) >;)# ' (3 ' I b+'
.[,]  [,/] # 3Y)*& '%

p
5)? 5@3 iF3+'3 (&  =+d '% 'G + >5939 '%  ' + = 72

w
 !8 
  :. # 
Radiation Heat Transfer

. WLX 7'3\ i^P)s9 3 ') 7'3\ 5+ X+ r X&3   $

0.01 m < < 200 m X'% 3 a^

0.2 m < < 0.7 m XA a^
Black Body  !*& :0c   !*&
:5| !A3 X  X *& 5+
. | X ;W& ' X+ r 5 > .,
.= =M3s 7& 5 > ' 3 ') .t
.= )+ (*s r ' r8 !*& > $ (c X'% r ') .-

( 3 03^  7'% 5&' *% + Eb  !*& @@ 7'  ' 3  G '
03^ 5+ J 5 )+ > + = uK f G ' 5# 538 > .= G 
: 3G 3+ !> 5+ R (3 I
^ # % 6 R + 06) )>3# >3
maxT = 2897.6 mK [5215.6 m R]

.=  !*& $  5+  G 6) r 8+ XJ $ `

VL C+'
C1
E b , =
c2 (,)
5 exp( ) 1
T

~
 :Rf)93+ r 5+'

Eb = Eb, d = T 4 (t)
o

: !*& 7\3lM  }3? b+' ( G RG' r+

. ' T r  >

q = EA1 = Eb A1
A1 '# 567

E (T ) ;W& H (-)

 8
9 = =1
Eb (T ) '# 567

:!' X'% 0 @ $

E A = EbA1 =
1b231 12 3

A1b3  G ;W&  !*& 5+  G ' \

 3G X ;W& { !*& b3  G 'M  { !*& $ 1+ I^ $ 5c 5|D
.  X'+ X'% r 0 @

`W G H hN  A"5H" jc'-

!*& (c $ '3
  1+'+ [;W& 0 @ 7'3\ 5+ ' X `  5+ X+ r 5c
. 3GX

 G = G + G + G
 ' X+ r ()
+ + = 1
('3
) 06) H :
;W& H :
gs@ H :
:=G !>3M 8c ( = 0) > X  '3
 3M $ ' X+ r  !*& 5| !| Z?  iL

!*& 3M r ^M 5+ Q@ : Eb

J = G + Eb ()
. G+ )3 ' J }3? C+' '
J Eb J Eb
q = A( J G ) q = A( J ) = (J )

1{ ()
$ k U\ Z?+

 J Eb
q = A( J )
1

q = A( Eb J ) = A( Eb J )
1 1 (.)
Eb J
q=
1
A
:!' 1+ I^ $ r  | 0 
 ]*& r+ iL

Eb = J  !*& r+

View Factor  OP

 ' j ` 5+   #  ' I ` 5# = X+ r $ r*| 7'3\ 5+  H
.!> X ( Fij +  %V\ ' (c
= ! 

:+ = ++ ' t ` 5+  #  ' , ` 5#  ' 6

q1 2 = J1 A1F12 ()
:+ = ++ ' , ` 5+  #  ' t ` 5#  ' 6
q21 = J 2 A2 F21 (,y)
:+ 3+ >3M ++  G 59 
  # ' 6 = '
Q1 2 = J1 A1F12 J 2 A2 F21 (,,)
:0 @ ' 

: OP ]" Z" &

 Ai Fij = A j A ji
N (,t)
F
j =1
ij =1

$ R .= $ '3  H N2  @ [XJ N 5kBJ ' 1+ 0 
 5
J r+
. 3G  i 7'3\ 5+  H 5| 3G X (+  `H X8>
F11 F12 ...........F18
F F .............F
21 22 28
(,-)
M M .................M

Fn1 Fn 2 ...............Fnn
. 3G 5
J fY '3^ 5+ >  H ]  5| =* ]$F X9
uK '  H ]  (3 X  H r+  G 5)B X 5+'  $  B) +
. 3 

:
J

F
j =1
ij = 1 F11 + F12 + F13 = 1 (,/)
. G+ X B\ N 3M 5+ =
* ; J { !*& >  H

F11 = 0
F12 + F13 = 1

F12 =
[( w 1 + w2 ) 2 + 4 ]
1
2
[
( w2 w1 ) 2 + 4 ] 1
2
(,)
2 w1

F13 = 1
[(w w )
1 2
2
+4 ] 1
2
[
( w2 w1 ) 2 + 4 ] 1
2

2 w1

:
J
. |  L (c M 5+ =
*' , '3  G H

> $ =  ++ '3 3M 5+ =
* '3   H 5|  ;3& (3 X 8  +
X'
 5  G >3M 1+$+  ;W& '3 (' 3G '3 5 + ' '3 $ 1+ 5D
. + X  ' r8 r&  = '3 (' ? (c  ]  G+ '3 r' XlKG !D 

,5hS U FQ5
F11 = 0
F11 + F12 = 1 F12 = 1 (,)

:, 0 '  sG

X D-  ,"5 Fo



 :$ sG ' 0 r+

q12 = A1 J 1 F12 = A1 Eb1 F12

(,)
q 21 = A2 Eb2 F21
:, `$ r 0 

q = q12 q 21
1 = A1 F12 Eb1 A2 F21 Eb 2 (,.)
4 4
1 = A1 F12 6(T T ) 1 2

:!' X| '3^ 5+

N
q1 = Ai Fij 6(Ti 4 T j4 ) (,)
j =1

:
J
. 'c = + ' !*& ` $ X96) r , 0 '
N
q = Ai Fij 6(Ti 4 T j4 ) = A1 F12 6(T14 T24 ) + A1 F13 6(T14 T34 )
j =1

( w1 + w2 ) + 4] 2 [( w2 w1 ) 2 + 4] 2
1

F12 =
[ 1

2 w1

F13 =
[( w 1 + w2 ) 2 + 4 ] 1
2
[
( w2 w1 ) 2 + 4 ] 1
2

2 w1

  &:;   92 

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ed., Oxford University Press, London, 1959
[2] Arpai, V. S., Conduction Heat Transfer, Addison-Wesley,
Reading, M.A., 1996
[3] Myers, E.E., Analytical Methods in Conduction Heat Transfer,
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1971
[4] Kays, W.M., and Crawford, M.E., Convection Heat and Mass
Transfer, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1980
[5] Bejan, A., Convection Heat Transfer, John Wiley & Sons, New
York, 1995
[6] Eckert, E.R.G., and Drake, R.H., Jr., Analysis of Heat and Mass
Transfer, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1981
[7] Siegel, Ro., and Howell, J.R., Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer,
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1981
[8] zicik, Boundary Layer Value Problems of Heat Conduction,
International Textbook, Scranton, P.A., 1968
[9] Incropera, F.P., and Witt, D.P., Introduction to Heat Transfer, John
Wiley & Sons, New York, 1996
[10] Leinhard IV, J.H., and, Leinhard V, J.H.,A Heat Transfer Text
Book, Phlogiston Press, Cambridge Massachusetts, 2001
[11] Holman, J.P., Heat Transfer, McGrow-Hill, New York, 1997
[12] White, F.M., Fluid Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1999
[13] White, F.M., Viscous Fluid Flow, McGrow-Hill, New York,
1991
[14] Kay, W.S., and London, A.L., Compact Heat Exchangers,
Krieger Publishing Company, Malabor, Florida, 1998
[15] Saunders, E.A.D., Heat Exchangers: Selection, Design, and
Construction, Longman, Harlow, 1988