Doanh nghiep - Doanh nhan
THONG TIN BAT CAN XNG
trong giao dch tn dung - ngan hang
l NCS. VU THE HOAI - Trng ai hoc Cong nghiep TP.Ho Ch Minh
1. Ly thuyet ve thong tin
bat can xng
Thong tin bat can xng la mot
trong nhng nguyen nhan gay
that bai tren th trng, trang thai
ma o nhng ngi tham gia
tng tac nam c nhng thong
tin khac nhau ve gia tr hoac chat
lng cua mot tai san hay mot
dch vu giao dch tren th
trng(1). Thong tin bat can xng
xay ra khi mot ben nam gi
thong tin con ben oi tac th
khong biet ch thc thong tin o
mc o nao. Vi chc nang
quan ly nen kinh te - xa hoi, Nha
nc co vai tro ieu tiet e giam
tnh trang bat can xng thong tin.
2. He qua cua tnh trang
thong tin bat can xng tren
th trng
Thong tin bat can xng gay ra
mot so he qua chu yeu nh sau:
2.1. S la chon bat li hay con
goi la la chon nghch
ay la hau qua cua thong tin
bat can xng trc khi giao dch:
neu thong tin bat can xng xay ra
trc khi giao ket hp ong, co
ngha la thong tin b che giau th
se dan ti s la chon bat li cua hang Viet Nam
ben giao dch co t thong tin hn.
oi khi, no co the gay ra ton hai
cho ca hai ben.
2.2. Rui ro ao c hay con goi
la tam ly y lai
Sau khi hp ong a giao ket,
ben co nhieu thong tin hn co y
che giau nham at li ch nhat
nh, trong khi o chu the con lai
60
cua hp ong khong the biet neu
khong thc hien c che giam sat
(v du: mot doanh nghiep ky hp
ong tn dung vay tien e bo sung
von phuc vu san xuat, tuy nhien
doanh nghiep nay dung so tien o
e au t chng khoan, bat ong
san).
2.3. He qua cua thong tin bat
can xng oi vi lnh vc tn dung
- ngan hang
Mot trong nhng hau qua cua
tnh trang thong tin bat can xng
oi vi lnh vc tn dung - ngan s chuan xac, minh bach va van
hang o la tnh trang n xau con nhng khac biet so vi he
trong thi gian qua cha cai
thien ang ke. Theo d lieu
Ngan hang Nha nc cong bo,
tnh en cuoi thang 9/2013, tong
n xau noi bang cua toan he
thong ngan hang chiem 4,62%.
X ly n xau la mot trong nhng
van e rat c quan tam v lien
quan ti hieu qua kinh doanh
cua nganh ngan hang va viec
cung ng nguon von oi vi nen
kinh te.
3. Thc trang va e xuat
mot so giai phap khac phuc
3.1. Thc trang cung cap thong
tin trong lnh vc tn dung - ngan
Hoat ong cua cac to chc tn
dung, ngan hang thc hien kinh
doanh tien te va tn dung. Khao
sat ve thc tien hoat ong tn dung
hien nay, thu nhap t cho vay tn
dung cua cac ngan hang thng
chiem khoang 80%(2). Thong tin
ve oi tac bao gom cac thong tin
ve tiem lc tai chnh cua khach
hang cung nh kha nang san xuat,
kinh doanh va phong tranh nhng
rui ro co the xay ra.
i) He thong thong tin ke toan
va bao cao tai chnh cha chuan
xac, minh bach
He thong thong tin ke toan va
bao cao tai chnh la mot c s cc
ky quan trong giup cho cac to chc
tn dung, ngan hang nam c tnh
hnh tai chnh cua doanh nghiep.
Hien nay, he thong chuan mc ke
toan Viet Nam (VAS) cha thc
thong chuan mc bao cao tai chnh
quoc te (IFRS). Theo quy nh ve
kiem toan oc lap, tr mot so loai
hnh doanh nghiep bat buoc phai
thc hien kiem toan nh: bao
hiem, tai chnh - ngan hang, doanh
nghiep nha nc, doanh nghiep co
von au t nc ngoai, con lai Nha
nc khuyen khch kiem toan cac
bao cao tai chnh.
ii) He thong thong tin va c s
d lieu ve khach hang cha ay
u
He thong thong tin ve khach
hang la c s het sc quan trong
giup cho viec tham nh, xep loai,
la chon khach hang trong hoat
ong cua cac to chc tn dung,
ngan hang. Neu he thong nay
khong ay u se anh hng en
kha nang anh gia, tham nh cua
ngan hang. Trung tam thong tin tn
dung thuoc Ngan hang Nha nc
Viet Nam (CIC) la to chc duy
nhat thc hien cong tac thu thap
thong tin khach hang co quan he

vi cac to chc tn dung. Cac thong
tin hien co cua CIC co o cap nhat
cha cao va cac ch so con cha
ang tin cay tuyet oi.
iii) Con nhieu bat cap trong he
thong ang ky tai san, giao dch
bao am
He thong ang ky giao dch bao
am phan tan, thieu tap trung dan
en thong tin ve tai san, giao dch
bao am b chia cat va quan ly
cha hieu qua. Mc o ng dung
cong nghe thong tin vao quan ly,
lu tr va cung cap thong tin ve
giao dch bao am con han che,
cha ong bo gia cac c quan co
tham quyen ang ky, cong chng,
chng thc. Thong tin ve tai san,
giao dch bao am cha c au
t, hien ai hoa a anh hng en
kha nang tiep can, tra cu va khai
thac thong tin ve giao dch bao
am, dan en nhng rui ro cho cac
ben co lien quan.(3)
Tren the gii, sau o v cua
mot so ngan hang ln My,
ngi ta bat au nhn lai nhng lo
hong trong kiem soat bao am
von vay tren quy mo toan cau.
Viet Nam, nhng g dien ra tren
th trng tai chnh, ngan hang
trong nhng nam qua an cha
nhieu tai hoa lau dai hn la thanh
cong, cac vu an kinh te ln trong
lnh vc ngan hang va chm
c khi to. Tnh hnh n xau
trong lnh vc tn dung - ngan
hang cha c cai thien ang
ke, s minh bach trong cac giao
dch bao am cha cao, he thong
d lieu quoc gia ve giao dch, tai
san bao am ang thiet lap nhng
cha c khai thac co hieu qua
3.2. Mot so giai phap khac phuc
Trong nhieu lnh vc ton tai
tnh trang thong tin bat can xng,
th giai phap thng c s dung sat ve thc tien hoat ong cho vay tn dung tai Viet Nam, Ha Noi.
e han che tnh trang thong tin bat
can xng la tang cng c che phat
tn hieu e can bang thong tin, thc
hien c che sang loc va c che
Doanh nghiep - Doanh nhan
giam sat sau khi giao dch. Trong quan co chc nang lien quan mi
o, can chu y mot so giai phap c biet c nhng thong tin nay,
ban sau ay: trong o co cac to chc tn dung -
Th nhat, tang cng thc ngan hang. Viec nay se tao ieu
hien c che phat tn hieu e ben kien cong khai hoa thong tin ve
co nhieu thong tin co the phat tn tai san oi vi chu n va con n,
hieu en nhng ben t thong tin. ong thi giam bt cac thu tuc
Can ay manh tnh minh bach giay t, van ban chng minh tai
trong he thong ke toan kiem san khi vay.
toan, viec ap dung chuan mc Th ba, hoan thien cac thiet
bao cao tai chnh quoc te (IFRS) che, cac quy nh phap ly minh
la can thiet thay v chuan mc ke bach, chat che, nang cao c s vat
toan Viet Nam (VAS). Trung tam chat ha tang phuc vu cho cac to
thong tin tn dung (CIC) can nang chc tn dung, ngan hang. Hoan
cap va cap nhat thong tin chnh thien cac tieu chuan anh gia xep
xac, rong khap e co kha nang loai oc lap, tham nh gia tai san,
ap ng thong tin phuc vu cho thuc ay viec thc hien cac giao
hoat ong tn dung cua cac ngan dch qua he thong ngan hang, giam
hang. thieu lng giao dch bang tien
Th hai, tang cng kha nang mat nh hien nay n
tiep can thong tin ve tai san, giao
dch bao am trong lnh vc tn (1) Ly thuyet thong tin bat can xng
dung - ngan hang. Cac thu tuc ve (Asymmetric Information) - George Ak-
giao dch bao am phai c xac erlof, Michael Spence & Joseph Stiglitz
lap bang van ban, c cong cung nhan giai Nobel kinh te nam 2001
chng, ang ky va c cong bo va tr thanh mot ly thuyet tieu bieu cua
cong khai. Nen co nhng bien kinh te hoc hien ai.
phap kch cau, tao sc hap dan (2) Khao sat ve thc tien hoat ong
lam cho ngi dan co thoi quen cho vay tn dung tai Viet Nam cua Cong
gi tai san vao ngan hang, ieu ty Tai chnh Quoc te (IFC) va Hiep hoi
nay nha nc, cac to chc co lien Ngan hang Viet Nam do Chng trnh
quan se co c thong tin ve tai Phat trien Kinh te t nhan thuoc Cong
san cua cac oi tng co lien quan ty Tai chnh Quoc te (IFC-MPDF) to
khi thc hien cac giao dch tn chc ngay 27/6/2013 tai Ha Noi.
dung. (3) Bo T phap, Bao cao tong ket 10
Kinh nghiem cac nc Tay nam ang ky giao dch bao am (2002
Phi, viec quan ly tai san rat tinh - 2012), Ha Noi (ngay 23/11/2013).
vi thong qua he thong mang cua
Nha nc. Ngi dan khi ang ky
chu s hu tai san se c thong
bao va c quan ly qua he thong
noi mang, nhng ch co cac c
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1) Bo T phap (2013), Bao cao tong ket 10 nam ang ky giao dch bao am (2002 -
2012), Ha Noi.
2) Cong ty Tai chnh Quoc te (IFC) va Hiep hoi Ngan hang Viet Nam (2013), Khao
3) George Akerlof, Michael Spence & Joseph Stiglitz (2001), Ly thuyet thong tin bat
can xng (Asymmetric Information) (cung nhan giai Nobel kinh te nam 2001).
4) Quoc hoi khoa XII (2010), Luat cac to chc tn dung (co hieu lc t 01/01/2011).
5) http://www.sbv.gov.vn/portal/faces/vi/vim/vipages_trangchu/ttgs/ttgs/ttgs_vbqppl.
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