You are on page 1of 43
MMR Bete ROMER 17-59 Bi A YAR PRAM PMAREAH RET RHERA = e. eoR" (4%) SFERELG ERAS DMM OA UGA he — ES WM THAMAHR? CoMEAP AMMAR PH AK ? Cad ie Ae RAL? AMAL PHSeF APRA? BHRALAMOS Oy PYAR + A IRIE > RS A — Ba A KBE 0 HF BR OTST EAA-AERDUE CHA-MLTEMHRA + RINKMMRES WMG REMREEZ LAF USAR PS OERE RSET » ASA SFEAAP ARS ORO DRS EHH + 42488 HA: 2001448 A6 Bs WBE M : 200241 A308 - * ARHTMOTRE PF OMMAS ARER > PHAR SRHERRALE PEATHH SEK > MGXEHTH: URSA RAPLPAERARBRRY PEROT BA > REG RAE I Rea BILE We ARP HERR GRAFF BSA + LS ADM MBM AOI RP OARAPSMMARM MARA + F 2000 FLEE RS THT OIE SD) EORARRAL RATT 3-6 40 SRR > AAT T BRT RA fe MOLAR RADAR «RA HIE Sto HR ASR TIE A + BU AH MATRA + RP BAAR RGR RCA TUR BUA TE ERAS A MBAS + E-mail: yelu@sh163.net ; #E RRA AB RM RE KA PBA E YG aE & 8] » E-mail: zhongdang@yahoo.com » MMMRR RBL+ RIAA ARR RABY LAH LR REE RIE HRA MAR H-MERHH > PARMA ART FREAMBBATH MBAS PAA MAE + BOE BARA BE + Matt]: MMAR. KER. MOK TR. RES ree ROT REP TES — HE RAI ? STARA BEBO RAS (CMRF BS ) MR RR ME BE (articulation) » ta @t@-5S FES, $2 AER CANA + RT + iB + A SRAELAA > RUEROIMIAR : ABEBR: ORAL + MBL ~ "BR SRB OFS IA > CRI ae SAE TRAE» RM AHL T RSS (SEBS + 1995b ; Zhang, 2000) « BAT PRR MRERE RAMA (MR » 1999) » CHI BAL AB HRRT RMS SPEAR - STRIFE PRR (occupation) » BAZAR (profession) RF > RMT ‘CERT L (PLR EARLE > TRAP | TES AUDIT AER » MRAM RAMA + "HSER, (professionalism) HE SHR LMR - CRORE DAES» — KS REST POEL > — ARE A IR A» LL ARBOR CRE > CHEANE » AISI Khas ‘TSAO » SERRA TELIA HH (liberal democracy) » SRBS{TIRATRLIK (Macdonald, 1995; Larson, 1977) > LURE EULER EASROYT + ES SERIREBE + EPH MBIT SPOKE » HHL GRERRLAREME ASE RitkQREN ORE CRRT HAKATA » OME ES SOFT S RBS EF + AREAS GE = BZ I TERR BRE, PEPMLELAM AE HMKRCSORAT REVSBREBWAS : SPAN A> 221 + DUNBAR + IAT ETE + PEROOLTHUERIHME + BOS AUST + PBSTBASEOORRAR HE + OR IEE, RASA BD BESS « TL» BREST RAR PRT MMR TORRE AE GR URES + MRM > CARR Hah BAS SRL(PY MRE) CAPA + RAVER + SBT ESEPEWARAR COR ASPB AHR MERE - EM AILE SAIN " MEE RE | ARMS ELEBSA (the establishment) AVRRRAGAR (Hackett & Zhao, 1998; Tuchman, 1978; Said, 1994) » ZEPRIMNATMCME » CAV ee BEST ALR BA GER BTL SE ROO + LL RT RO ER» BRL + ate Lips RES, EPREEM ARREARS ANTS ° SEAL A » PRES RTECS A CL aH a A A BLA: RAMBLAS RECR, - ERAT RE, IRE ROSIE > RARE (fame) - SECSOST HERE RPO NMRA SENS > RAPER RRR WS «RR AE, + SRNR aoe + REAR {& AHEM MR (discursive practices) » ALBA AAS PRS» WOT AMM | CLARRIE » (RESTA TEE + EARLS HE CM BRAM » SSSA > RMAIL SRR ROS PH Se AE ° (ARS > HB LER EE BAF LMS LUA FEL A PS EM | SRR -P ERE BS BRAZ: RARARRELNRA — EES FETA BA MAA (profssionalization) AUST > BLAZAC RCRA HK RMAC SAYA RARER hae RRB ORNRE : BERN» RETR ES ech ae FEAR PIABEED (Vollmer & Mills, 1966) + SRARFERE Site ERE + ay R-GRRAECHVRSER > SHA RLGRE RH AGIR - ETRE TE» CAPELLI ERRATA + (Q)SARS * (SIRES PRAT RARE A] + (ARITA TOD + DLR SERRE TRAD FFAG EE (Wilensky, 1964) » PEBTEIENE » SUSAR RHIAUET CRESS + LG + TARANTO RAR «SRR A PT RO “19+ MMB: B+ M ROLE HSH AOL | AGAR L (Beam, 1990; McLeod & Hawley, 1964; Splichal & Sparks, 1994; Johnstone, Slawski, & Bowman, 1976; Weaver & Wilhoit, 1996; Windahl & Rosengren, 1978) + PRAHA RBA N MRE Cee A Tae 1B ARETE > HEATLEY SR EL LS RO BSE FTA CHEE OE MTT AM» HR RR EPA» MRO MCKT MS ORS OE SBIR A ATEN PILGERABOS AAT MOB» LL > STB REE SEE 1 (professional communicators ) 3R479E (Ettema, Whitney, & Wackman, 1987, Tunstall, 2001) BARMLPSREBNCU ERE RHA —-BEARA > BARR AMA ABRE HHL LAER > RARER SEM : (QMS ALARA PRBS VER ARM A RBI + AM SEHY Say aCe Ne + (SIRES TORN Au PPOREAU TERR REAVER MTR EA LTE AAT IR: (4) aE RA + AR GEES BERR TER EBM RD | (SRM SZ AFR RUZ EMBRAER MIRREN ‘MERRY SEERA TG MEAL RR EE SILER « ZEEE + SAAR T ERATE BRRRAR + HALAS OFF RATER CSIGAR, (BRA) HOSE > ERE LLIN T RIC + PUA ERNST BRAT HAAN RARE RARER S HRMAEBS - ERE Fo PRESASRRKES GRMAPMLNEREE CRATIEA ROTEL + ADT RATL TOME +» RTBU ALL LEE + LAR RTI ASHSFTASHEA (Schudson, 1978; Gans, 1980 ; BH + 1994) » SRABSSAR ARERNRERABARWKRRAHTRLE (professional community) f9/FFR > UsmeTal eae Ay SER ATA Bn ae ORGANS » TMS » ER LAMAR > SLRS PAUSES T RAMEBFSA) , (hot moments) —iét » FEAR RAT SEE SEE SHG Gl + RAGA BRR RAPS (Zelizer, 1993) + +20+ RBG: TMA PM Kae ERE Ae ES ERBL > MACRANARE AE RMT BI RAR » Cit AERA MRR AEE A - SALT RHR PRATER + A 4 HJ (Bourdieu, 1990) Frat > SE ° Bs BH Ze YR ( improvisatory performances) » SCL HE(TH A HB RRR SR PRISE » sae PERALTA > PARR HTS © 97 ERAN ERED RSME erie RR + Peat eer RRA "EMER, (evaluative interpretations) » Mi —fait@ EEE FIR (GML: - PPUAMEAIS AER (frames of references) » RURMME—*TRN SHORES TT ALE » Ht MEARE » MRR ATM (Fairclough, 1992) » Se (Mace (LR ARRAEEES » ELLER » SEE HES PEGLELHOR CRHTSHMRRARE - PRON ELAR Fi REESE HATE SB RAS AR iB — PTCA» = RAS PS RRR SiS RNES RRR AONE HREM ES AS HIRD ° FHE 60 SEAT (ADI) MIRE LR Ih Mo AB RAL RE AROAP RARE T A» EAP IL AER B(KDG) BRAGREASH MAHAR "REN AF PRARGLACNL KAS T HES » RRL RTS TECHNBR LHL BERT RA MREST SRNR - HSE > HEE RE, HER AAT RLASR CAMS (HR RH 1994) - KLTANALRR RERBER LASERS MAB HMR y (Brandy, 1986) > fh (ht) AA CMRI CAT “PILAR ILE + (AE > PRUER et BiCH, Rh AA, RATA Tf PANEER (discursive field) » REGS AMAZE » Hb OST RATED FAL A EUR + PRT TIA TAS Aedes ABET 4 BUNA) ASE MRE REESE SRM RTT LT MRSA OBER - MRSS T BE LAK BAR ASR HAMELS HBOS (Yu, 1993; HMA RL 1994) + A BRA RAMKTS SL, AB BRERA 21+ MMAR: REM ROLEAA SPER RORAO REAR » PRTC EAA SRA» AAS RUS BR RRM KE BASIN » A » SUPRISE ROOE SA» RE BSRMABR - KA GSPRAMAL TOMBE PATROL SHAS “METER EMWRE SA | AMARC AT eRe TERRA AATRE BIER » HF MRE, BE BSN ART BIR BILe Menez Z— 3 -SRE PRIA LAS BRERA MNRAS + EERE FIDO ME) + IAPR ARRAS » TERT IE > WLM» BE PABBA BR + MTA T TEER (BRED 1997) CREF 90) MIBRAG + 1983-1989) + EPELTRAARL RATS NAN RASS BORG + Sit RAR CE RT EAT CCHS AE» STE SE. ARS > PREAH STR SARE SBT > A FUER ¢ PRB—-ARARS LARA » HEART RHE LAR CRORES » FOE + RL HEA)» ALLURE SOBRE A CROSSE > E58 + BU + EAS POR EAS) > SOTA FE PALATE TEE + RICH + HEM ATES - ATAILL + MR PR STR He CER SOR SRE + BASE ALR AERC LAP TIGR ALE, SRE «OES AS 5, HOMETG » BOVLSTBA RATS HEM T NPE RTA 9S | aE» ATT S [ATE BA (KDE) > URSA KSMSREP ERMAN DNS ALINE TSE" aT 1 ONE + © TREAT » RIZE OK PARTIE ) PALTZ the + MERA AAL P Pen (ET a ES OB AOEERAUEEH > 054 EME REMASTER » SOAK T ARRAS CERI LAR T RR (state) HMB HUA TRC EMMA KR (co-opt) HET a — BRAS > MER REN RMS SS - MASE BIRT ROARK: NEAPHRRAD | METAREERSR TERRE E AY AR WA SATECRNIIE | RNR ATE REN EA, + a BORMAN SLES (Liu, 1971) » RRA ATER ice PR PD 16s TH WR, SR - SPEER T LEER RRO BASLE (Cheek, 1997) + ALPE RIMS FMS "GGTRR BAAS MATER, AY +22 BOAR SP AL A OA hE tt EA STEN Ea PARAMS SR » REE RDN RE » She RAMU OAEERAE HRS SRE + DUR. BASILE By + CORRRNOF AMM A A SB SB — HT ILE BS ADRS EER RE PARA + AARP 3 > ARS COM BR) (PFSBRLATER » 2000) ° Be TAS A > PETS LIEU HBL, a RHE SBS (LISSA ) HES BABII RTA RE A RIESE RET + ZE DORR > PHEAAB ROTM RB > RE RE T A STRATE HSA + BIT LOSER > HPS PA BBE A T a PT» RAS REAR EAS - HAA CMO RRR Aa > HAART PRA RY RAS APSE MY » LEA» PRR CAPE) Hee RAABMRAMS "PSE R RS ARO: | + MERE TE PARRA (HB > p. 242 2000) - HE HARARE RS LAMAR» PRASAD * PRE CSTE) A BMRB RR: CBS fH (60 Sat) SRR ANY - A > LASER CHB) ERAT RA AAMT AE RRR ARART BURRIS > BURL (60 SPS) > DUBS PE AIST RAE pe ERS IR Eh I a HY BEBE (GRUE » QEHER) + 1998 : FEESER + BAAR 2000) SULLIRING > TMARRTSHOR ‘ETT te EE ERE] + ChAT» 2000 fF > REPUTE RT EGR MSRARR RAR CHE) MAR > TISHER AIL SRBOCMEA AE RADE SRA, » STEERER AGAR AGE eZ © = > ARERR PRAGA + PRBCA HAT CATA HOMER RR + aA SOLER UR AANTMIRE SAME » BRT PRM ERS POBRSHRRSERENI PY Loar ° TRF SGA --ER + CERES RMP RHR AOE RES IOAA T AMOR » PCR AAAT AR LR * SURFS HB BTA ACB SESH + SB TAM il, RAB, AHS TA FAM » A — RAT GAGA BARE RR T MMAR Bet ROLEA ik CPOE (PRE ROS UTS A MAREE ET « Se LAER» SARS ARRAS Se aR + ENA (BIT) ASHE ( Wuthnow, 1989) + HeseeTBT et SE BAAR > BAM LA PB as Oe Sa I RS (BE) (2-H RH SSeS RT BG : ARAM + HT RAL(PRIER + MOAR ORE » ALSTHALEHITTISAER! (Johnson et al, 1976; Weaver & Wilhoit, 1996) + tHE ERISA PROS HORESE : PLOAE (RAHI BEE SOUT] BH > STATA > RPA SHER + Ke | CR BRS Sea ERA LR PMAREHAE | MNES ARWAEA SRL PATE BT ER BRIBES SARL ORE | BRS . RAT RAR - BAHAR SRILIPAT RA | BE EE BR eR AER BSH TOT RR BEAMLRS BERA | ABS MMBRERGM TRIER HNBR HE RMIT HSO PRB ALE DSMAMA THER emieaan MNT HURRAH EBM > TA RATE GE «BSE» MRNAS SAT + (SEEMS RRA T ARM RAITER » JK > TEESE TEE AAAI + WOU EAS RT HA GES BY CTY RE ER 0° EERO + ATE TARA A 5 PAPAL FAG oR —$_FS RAB GT > MATSTBA LATE {ERR THEY RAR > PAULL » SRR LEE ARR S AIR BY TCR + EER EATER, EE CERIN MR, - SERNA * MAPPED SER T EET RE CS CEM + 1996) > tHIBLALRR » ZEAIRIGUREIR FRR AlGIIEIS + AT LAGESER HER SUT RRS TAINS » RATER SRA AMER SRL ° SSR > —AHRRTRERRNSVSR A-AMUWRRT RRR ROCHA Be Sr LSE BE AT EAE IE eS GTS RAO PA TR ee MM Ra ARE A SE AY FAMMARS 1 RAT TRAN MRA » AIGEEI—e SARMLPS + MAE + MRA TARAS - ER MASTER LT OMNES MR EE (I) ° PS BOaE etl Fae Hl : RRA Ae eee SBR MBER LIES TAMARA ANB >» LAMA RRS LSE RSE Eh REC EARBEE - RATAAACRATMARAN RR - URSA ZOE COURAGE - SAM PRIMA Pree SOR - CRB RY > MRR AREA CHR REM » ES AS WD Uh 622 TE Me ( legitimation ) + RRRENRR: RETARD (power) HEABMAREN BE BRAN EBB pH RH (Tsou, 2000) « DUE > SUPERS a: TESh, Sd SR IESt, TAT stay HSE MALATE + FR - TRIAD ° EUR ATS [ARBRE BS + PASS RAIS AM - RMS MRE CEASERS SCAN, > RII UILALIT ES ~ (RRR AG - (REESE BOL PSSB RSH FR IE» SLAP MRS LOY AT D BRT) ARTA ARAEE PAREN - ery: iest, $2 FEEst, ArtHAa BS Rm SUBORERE > AER ERAGBIT - EMEA ASM * ARLE A ASS RIEU TBAME » ZETIA (professional peers) PA "ABLE MMB Reto M ROEIA BR 282, COCR > CEPT RATA LAURE EPRI» SRST BURCH MEA SPAS MUM ¢ ESCAUALSETESKAY - ATMOS» ORT "CPR | RSI AMS HEATERS TBD PALMER AH RESMRCRR BRRSA EAN SIGS - HWANG TE LIER OR, eS RM ° HERE ERWRTAR > SHS AAR INARA RB, (alternative) #535 BORED > AREA BMIGMYUB (ideological resistance) HELIA « MMIALASMM(: ARTRER DRIES ANE S * mAA St » TESCALSEIEAT REE + CoA > PRERAS 1994 Se AEHMAY RE PM, MSS HERA TN ARNEL + AU > EAR "SRM LES, » SMART PRERAAR EM CRABS) > REG Be) + CHERRIES) ~ CRTIGGEE) SATE RR A MRR TS RA SEIEAAAR ° HO HRRRERE » ESRI EARA RAGABLN MM SUEZ —ER BENT ENS COMED) BAHN Tt (BIB + 2000) ° AE ERA ARMS RS » HORA TEER iH TH BEN RIERA + CRS)» CHESHIRE) DRE 200 SRABMREEK MZABRAAARLB AN « SEALASANE EAA EAWED BE RAS RN - 1985 PARAL T CPR TAREE) (REO 1985) + EEE REO BILLREE ° HBS AEIOR BBS eT RR AWA ° GET RER AA CAR > RENE ML Ace HE ET EGR» BLT MRR AR RARER IE BUMEMNEORS FE,» RARE RM REM LBA CRE AS) iO > CORSA CATA) A CARA) MRE CARE B) ANB AMEERS RCRA) ICIIBIE >» DR GOR aT RATA BIT UCR PREHS/ OSA MAIL OS (CG) + EBERT EERE» BE oR EY a —_ PRA F Rs RH Gtr RAT SEER BUSHS, MEER RAR KANE PURE TRA ORhHRN MARS, SA, WERKE CAR BORBUBAA ° LORI (PRE ARRERR) RUARSTIL » MLO RM + LESS 126+ REAR PORTO TMM RRA ERE ASE SRAN ARG HREM MS ANB TWEE ° SRACMWLS + A SFIS T CAS) SEPT] + Me SSP RRA A + (EE > th CRA ALAS TRS FOS Bee ALA» ESRF) + PRE REA $F) FASB CAO PANES AR TAC CP « SAFIN RAHREMBRARGM ABE ESA » HRT R EY ALE i > SATAY SOR,» TLE TRANS eee MMR ABER » TEHLETAL » SCARIEST EMR HAG + HEL SRIRI PSUS RARERAE « HOSES » ADAGE "PS RAPRE > NAS ICRRL ° 5 "TE, FE, EAM AHR - Be Bae - EBA BPR AS AWB RPE AST + ARAL Lea (ARERR) SSRERETERY 1995 AT RAR ATBNSS - EMBLEMS» RR FEASE "SRE 1 HY» PBR 1990 4 (CAREER) hee FEMA —-Y) RS SE iAH 1989 HRM RA TRACE - MRR BE EAT FF > (DOVER AAO BARBLA - HE CRAMER > RAR» ARRIETA EL > (RRR ARES + SARE "te HE, >: BRM - (ORAR ACI (FMA ERR TIMER IB BRERSRRI-S CEE MTT LS (ZEAE + 1995) + BARS RAE ABR, WOR ALETT BARRE » BY AES PRT RSI TM SMM BA > SERRE EAE AMS » SUE H » REPRE ARC HOST RI LES - PRE A A CMRI MRE OREN: BO BEST BOA RECREATE CAB + BE» BELA) 89 Ho ATDRREMRBAT SABA ANH ROAM Ba, > Ae RATERS PERC, GS + EEE "GEC, PTC RRAVER RESELL ROLE» MER AME 1B EE MAA ZCRERAS ASR TAMMIE RET RARRA CLR TEDL TETE SS EARP ROTI AE « TPM CRATE ANE » GANT RARTH R ° TEL TLS RAS EB ART Re RTE BS (ERA 1996) > — FLEA ARAM BR » UE 25% HNO RAR THR SIFTER CORP, BREE CONROE ERM + RE) 5% HRTEM RBLAGT AMARANTE SAP RA RRM (BE 1276 MMB RR: Ret ROLEIA He. BUGS + 499% 2000) - HILT RA AAR FRAMERATE a AMM RRA SRAARATARS + MERRIE EAM ANTE AURA eRe Fel» HARRISON SREB - 2000 4 11 A 8 A PRAISE ROA BL EHP BUNS "PARAS » + TERT AMMELL » ReARTE 20 tHE SORNG > AH 5,000 SRATRULG + 55 BARA PRAMAS Poe ABA BOREAS SAZETSE » TARAS A TSO > CATE RURLAAS SUTHES TAR » EMI RRAGL » hitpRerEs SBT ARLES > SUMP LP RE BURST IRIAT > ARE « PERT E ESO PM ATM LSS LRN REPRE A RAD IT PURO PS + RE HIMSE "AUSTRIA 1 PORSATRAE + ELHRE * SARA E BIS CAVE » ( CALE) » 2000) » IBBEMIIAAS Me + LAMPE ERAS RMT, RE RIK HROUBEEE * MITE BORRERRASONE—M AEM > CRA) 78 ANG R NES > CRAM T aaa pai DIRE "BLL DA RBA + RASRIT | 1 —DiRsceeiteae— “SRP FORSROAR BUN MERE T CSIR» RRR TILA CC FARR) + 2000) ° CRRATRITR) AUR ZERLAR PUPAE ROAM I UBC KEL RRMA " AE ATENET - , ARM T PRM AT RNG ARMAS BRA , HSS, APS EAA (Johnstone etal., 1976: 113-132)» DAS RUS F He RAT BO RAT RE + 46 CGIAR) SARL + PREC BAUER + ORIL + ABRRPE + SMASH - RIAA ¢ SRE (ENECS > RRR SRE BPA SCR OM + Rp AMBRRKT HES RUNS —FRA SOSTSERLICA » ERB BLEM AS Ty (PRES) SEC RPS > RRSSACA AK OPRBRA (AMR) RAREUTESOS SAMOS ARLES URES HEN EN CRORE) IAAT CFB) LARK - RRLL PRAM RRAN RAT ESAT PERE ALBUS FY BANS ARIAT PSC A ESE AAR + SEH CRRAIRR) ERA LN AZCRHOHEM » GRRE RELI TDL +28 ASOBR PRAT OE YM MRA ORES A iSite A IRE CM STBAA , MORTAR + LE » PRE HEHEBMMAT fh RSVNERERRAR RY SRR HEGT CARAT SE + HRPM SR ERS + RAT RIT (Cav 1994, 1998) > CRHATIAR) ESET IRA BRSS LR e AL HR Zi 1949 SELMA PCR CT» AAT IE CORRES AR SETAE MARR: RBA RAMMADRRFH EARL HERP TRA 2 CGR) BEVERY SEOR > IANS I A FURIE RBCER RB RAH, (HAR 2000 » HAAN) ¢ TEATRO) MMAR ANGRRAN BREA REPRE RA TABAHITEE ¢ REPS ARAT STA SSRA SIR + TEE PATA RAISES SE SEES CHAT ENED aK RERRN EMS ATR Be . S788 "Wide, + HR! AYES TES, 92 FRESR RET A TRAE 2k 78s (horizontal) #8 > SEB EMMI MLFIAK, (vertical hierarchy) AY TBA > tht AE ABNOR (power relationship) AYIA] - SRAM ACER RHRS TRE > PORN EAR MER ee (TAREE fE) RF AAUSRAEM - ZENER RIT TS + OR AE PUY HIRE ART (HERE > 1997 ; BRISK » 1999 ; Pan, 2000a, 2000b) » SUILAISIME » EHO, SBRUCARENAA IERIE, (legitimate) » EH RA, RADE fe (GE AAEM RNIB» SEH (control) HALRB 29 > ATE BAH], (coercion) 40 "KER, (co-opt) SERNA RE RRA ° “ At AAW > ER (ERS BOR "SL, SRA ER REA DIOR HIM (legitimate) FIMBUE (routinized) » Me DUebHE HIME FORAHEBIZ ABD - HE 1994 SE + SOMES Judy Polumbaum #tfHH + PE ‘ARCA SARI ie RH Ha Re» PE + {CAHIR NAGE (Polumbaum, 1994) > Hite ER LEASES MMR: RET OM ROE THRASH AEM el EM PAS Sl » STB HMR SPERMS - A ARPES REM wT (Freidson, 2001; Larson, 1977) > SSCS BG RB AI TAS tA) REE HS BA PRAT + SOME ON + SH FA LIBERA + LAN SAE (HERS RE MEDAL RRAR TEs SKIER, MEARS RHR Re BF "Wel, PR A ER + RE SEERA RRS, > th BS Sr aS TER» STA GROTH RIESE ART ARAI STIR | 1996 AE TC ARIR SLUR T "HEHE TB TORR s 5 AUPE CILIRRR > 1996) > PAM REMDT AN EE ES ER "MS, WEA MA, MARAAMME AR, BON Bae NE, > ELA > Re FRATA PE ARRLE 1991 AER —ARSMERH > BUST SUR ACN iL BME CAR, + BUTE RITES AR + 1991/1997) > EB AWE + CRICK T RAR RRP AHA ASOR «IRE > NTR OS CAST RSA + (BY I CK DH) TRA Hb RBAASE SAM, GR RST FFE SERIE + ROSES Aiea A, ERIM + ASTER AE 1984 SEA —(BaMad p> SORA BALMER R AIC + BR BIR: TT APES WOR LIRS AM » WSLS! "RROD BGR, AOE i FIRE > HH AR PPRAO Sie» (HELE » REA RAUL Pe TL FSB A LAI LR + TO RIS TIL A ES Le fF > PBA L PE RAC S MES BAS A + BEAASEE + REE APRMLPSEL EP BEIRS IR (HA » 1984/1997) + HOREARRE > TB ER AAR ALLE A DART RI RS EH MLTR "RISER F 4 (the establishment intellectuals) (Cheek, 1997; Hamrin & Cheek, 1986; Goldman, Hamrin & Cheek, 1987) TEA ~ FATE Sa BGR > BUTALBITAL SARA AMIUE NRSR RNACOSSR LS, ° Ha RNA CAD) + ISERE ORAT + SCARE RRR » SRA CERREGHORENT SB PAR » AAA AR RE RAAT SON, BiH > PALS RANE ASE ° +305 BRS PG a MR RE A ee Rh APH 1993 SCRIP NRRL A RMS Cae fis > MAMET HEERAMRL , (RB 1993) » HEARSE Ps EBIOFRHMBEERELT HELE, NEY ARS RTE WR: RARHRRREWERARA (BM 1998) - RR RMAC BAL (Pee ERATE I RD + EEA REAP E (LE " SRE ATBANE BEESCS [URI PR RAVES » RETA L (PAPERS MIRTLE TOM "RI, RES SEs (PRE + 1994) + EPCATABI ESA "ROHS 1 BURRRIEL— > LER PTB EE Ss PU CARES + ARLHS MRR PST ERY IE SERAUER RE CERT OEE Bea GLEE | Se TEL, PCE (PRE > 2000) + SMNRBR RAM SARE + SURNANEREE > TREO BRM HUCRACHMERARSMNRL—B - RIMM CLARA STE + ERRATA RS TOR,» i "ROAR THR CAR) + RE FERN ACRE + TE EEA IN DIRE (FARR » 2000: 166- 176 ; UME + 1999: 343-366) ° PRR — (ER CRRA) BORE WRARIMET SMRERLAARNRERAM CRE SM + RL > (BA) RR + A ER Re, SMe 7H. BA KE, PLES E ABR AREA ROE SEM » HE REPEL TR CRA I + RA FR Fe BAA EEE (AOA AR + SUPE) SUPRA PATE CHUTE + SOG + I AE) ARMA RK MAAN FTREAGHHLE RS, MANERAMALE PINs LES MR: AK CARIES » BURR ARATE RE HST BOR POISE BHM - SAM Rit RAVNASEES RAMEE BH BZANBRERT ER: CARRT EX, SRR R HE infrastructure)» BUT AHURA TSM ° OP EASE “Wei ETP RESP IIE SRIF RS + ARF» Eh» ARS EMRE SBP LZ ITEM » CE PAPAS ER «BRERA EE > SAMIR TR MEST Lb - ERGOA A RERER ES oe MMR: Reto ROLEIA BEN SEL + A AB ta La RE A BE I ALOE PNVGURT ° ORR A ERRATA » SERRE ROA» CRORERITAL EMIS MAR (AETT + SE + 1991) » FEAR AIEEICM » TERE SEESARRS + MOSUM ATTA » TRIO SC RAAT BORE ° (BE * PL OFF RFT EBA EY TBS AL, AOZETa] » SRL TTAB ATSAR BY + FESS SME, BCEHETNTMER + AREER ME ME SMES CRALNR UALR ARR SME RS - RHEE RSE RALEAM — BMD ARAR TE SE SA RT 9 Es Ma RTs Be ER ROTI ITRNS » RRR CERT Bs RAO - AOMMMEAL AMARAER AIG SAR + HR MGR, RAMEY RR Al, KA Oe Ae AAAHIE CHAR RAB AL SUTRA LIRR * EM — BRANT 38) AMR Ces —— ami HIN Aa —— AS RASA » SEAR EMS, AL ATARI TRACER AMEE» SERB HEARD - HUMAN LIES ME, RERERMRA CRAB RIE » PALL HIPTATAE ee ests te Mette PURI Z ATT» EO SAT TE» BORER ST SE(EEY + LIRR ODN » SARE ARMA ( SUTRAS ERR, ) BE 42 IRE > WH | UE a, POR a IR Es RES PEER TRAUMA TE ME 1 + See ART FRE « AS + ETRE RHETT HB, (btAO 2001 6 Ae CA) PERSE + AAD) + ZEB, HOR > EH "cdi; BURL DORR EA SEES » ROL RAE + RAT "Petts 70 CER COR ORAL, PARR Si, at RCRIeRR BBs FEROS + WR SEMIN RRA — (UH! + RR > AT (SEs Pt 7 LY A RSS AAP» DUSTY AMR POI ME (legitimacy) FIZRIRA] - BATHE RMA FST Baia) «°° RASA" BC aicAa , AUATHE—(8 AAA BK MaMA BSW, - AAR H- > HMLCPLABARER PCA > SERRE» BE, By PERE | | > ERIE ATER» HT +325 BRS hh a ME RA RE A SE BAL (ELSE TSAI HA» CER + RSS + ABR + ATE T RE AGL y+ BRIE Ey PRM HS SR BE He PS A TH Gh + RODEN BA EE BOT HT ALTAR ° CoA ChE) (et ( PRL, HOR RR ORIL + BD AAR, A) eT AIRE "BRR, EAE TTS 1993 EAARSTRNME - BAS» ALIS FICS RE EME BRERA RIE EAA "BRIE, BRT RsMARRERBMAAM IB» BRTMA SRA (HTTARERRS ¢ TLS PER + ARRAS FRAN BT ERAANIERE « RMBT Ah RRM E HM AUR SSAA Cat Bay Aaa PBel "RGU ) AAS - HR RET Be A PET BOPRSGSS » CRANE — Hit LAE, BE) - REA SUAALHR » RCALDD TEMS PAGGREE > OER RETR RE STAT, AO TiSt » ERE EAN RE RZ OAT ME KE ERMA CMA RAE SM - RRR RE Sea BREE BE > ATS RARE SARA + KART CERT RRP TS BPZCENADMA BEANE MARRS MRR BRR TUE i, SITTER » LNT + ATA AIR ROAR "SiS He, ONG] APA ARERS MA RAPA FRR, BE > THK TEE EH RSME SAA + AOS (RIE + Ree 2000) > DALERBASEAR " RAUCH , FLBCRPTRTRRTEHE RAE ZE + SSM OMMRZALATRE + ARRAS - HAI ER Aero (PSA CARD + FUMRRAFE » Ze 1993 AERIS + eb HUAN STILE COE) T — EPG TROL RAFAL + At (2000) FRALAMIES "RATER AULA 1 + FILLER > (SEARS ST TIE CRE 7 RRR LAE - Ze CRTBRRRE) BUYEAIMAURRSCD » (60 438i) AR HMA FTAS CMANERRA DRAM RSS AR(ERA (BLE + EBLE + 1999) » — AREA ALE > HIMBHE TIP FCPS CHL) RAF (Time magazine) + FAR CHEK) BATBIITIONER » 12 EE) MRRROMGABRLIT BA RENE AI Bis | TE {GDOCL " RABBS , SRAAMA + LIRR - ewe + AAEM SRT FRI +335 MMBRL REP OM ROLEIA RAE HARM AR » RRR NRA MR Tea GC: HMLRAVERSNAS - PAAR RRA - SM» Ze COSA) A BUTE MAME! - TEE + SIBLE SUTORY PIN, BRS AB EAM REM ASM Bir AER + (RPI STL AS ERARES - GATE REA ART CR fi: HMERHEKRERAANEED RABRNSRS Ree S URBANRES - CARER UMN Se COM BR ER BE ‘#181. Cmuckraking journalism ) HVESEE « RM (HTB) MALAI AT SABRE MB BSE Fh CMM A HEHE) - HK: BR A hy CEPR) RRA RK - ESAS LAA O° RARHLE MAHAMPSRT MEF, - PESTA RCE H PARE PRAT ANE RAI RAR HANBURY BEE - RRL T MAAS CMR Pa LenS FRE SE ° ie A WHR, RACTRRNREREROE | AR Cl TE, OR SG, HOBOR ATER (CEM > DL ROK, A MPA, SRR SHI7) (adversary) RUA» SPIES PN STBAL PEER Wee, ET RT RIL(PS A CNSR ° PARROT TIT RIO - TAR > CRRA S FALE RICA al» RT aA SE = ML» OR BEE RURAL > BAR PICT "HANG 4 AUER T° BHATT ARMM REN MAEM » RAAB + thal BE GS, ME, WR RSWUETMEENE RIM R-DESR 3889 E FAVE, CGR > 1997 | BRBBR > 1999) + SEM CES REE Ae RRS ASHTECH (mutual co-optation) » HOST RM ROEE BML,» hes THEPES LAER - ERRATA: Ob SR RE ‘EERE EPH PR « MR RRR ha PRLS EE A HPRRABAN TALE TARA BE ETE - 52> SANS : ASU ERD Bit AMORA RE AB OS PEIN ° STAT MBSR: PTO FM Ra BRE A ee IRR ORR MR REHROR ERR BALES CSE + ie PAPE + RRM IL— (ASMA (representation) (9% +» MSAC RATE * RRA AE BRT AMSMA - SPAT ILA GEH (cognition) +E SORE T (A MAVEKMT (affective attachment) » RABMMKKAAHACL (Ree RRR HS CHSIRSURE NA CHRTSRA EM Se CAAE FREE RCUELER + PRB » SRE RL RASA I aS TA et ACH LES » Temes SaaS ERE » BRAS RTI SAAR CAS ae MSZ RARSR AACR ARAS AB mAMte SURG PRL » PMLA KAMMRRAAS ES Oe RI fi > UPI > EMBRAER | BREE SRAM (Ettema, Whitney, & Wackman, 1987; Tunstall, 2001) - SZ MAR SF PRM CPA S OES RNR JG? TLL AM PN 82 9h AUBERT AIRES EREMANEOES + TMRRSRES AME HEM » BME ARRAS ESS ER + SRC MAA AES (9 2 Al + MET RE SRLAZ— A + — + LARPS + ALT BE GRRE GET A RAERBER MN AE AR RC AAT BEEMAN RS > RR A - HL OE CRA MRE SCE SHR TUET ° Se + PERE arb ERE DART DORR CMR MAIS IAS + BE AR BR RRR « KR + GL RES STL EE ES I + CLES + Hepa «ME Ho BE > MAGA SE AM RAR RENEE (reward) » IE SALA + BB + BTS SSE > AMR + RE AER REE ER REE — > SE + MSU RATTAN BL (hh) BERR GER - ER Rest » A: GEAR MILER ES LAGE & (Beam, 1990) » Wise ARAN PREG EES » RCRA S HRAPRAST HARSH RANA TER CECE + RD IA MAT ATER AZ ET AHN ER * 138+ MMR REP ROLEAA PCR > ZEALOFER > TSIATSER (PRE AREER) FF > BLAST EML + TRE PRG MAT SRRSALHILE RSLNARRKR SALE St CLES) | BTM TRAE MARIE + LER AR OE COMER T ESE ANKE » RRP RBZ RS TO FRERM AKER Hh} PRERAREGRET REDS EMNRRE Fil > FORMA» LIAL) Vel LAR » TERRORS BT RARER [ALR ES - AIRE» ARR RR MESES + ATE RRL T HRT + LOR RRO 9 SPRERAVE RAE (SiR 8:00) > ASRS > TAGE ASIA RRS BA + SPR A RAR STS EE + SEE T SEE (SE ‘TESA - SRE + 2000: 442-531) + FADER > ERTL REA RB tT I RAR TE SE SET MRALTAR > LEAS - HM SPR AMEM RIA, RMP ASTEE + Leal» ERP RRS » EA RASEC ABI > IEEE BUS "KBE SAMS CHR AD » SEARS » RIG TEH RGAE AUORLUGARE - ERRRBEME » ALARA BE » te POL (PARA SER HORI FS 7 BBA A EAA Ti EL SRBA AE » SRSA sth He aT LAR AER ACGR » BBIRG > MRSS > BET BE, QREBEMERLIG RABNAZ, - RAE HRM: RASTA SARS T MS > (RHR THER TM, ° BUTERA SPR + HLT —SURAA] + PEI BAL KT « SSE SF A AE ES ASAE A ° SAAN RAR RAMA LSS TES EL SCR AR AR ASTRA EES ZEB RO N° PERE CTE) A: BASBALEBAMN > MAMANIRGIEMTA cEWALIFBEIR FR > RAT EEILIRA - RIA RARE RAR Pe PRANTL > POLIS LR TNS (bargain) SOAS BID [EE > 3 BACCHEH to22 75 FEAST AM (collective bargaining) WRIHE » BIR > BAAS MAR, TEAC REMM LANES ie OR BRIA + SAME LNRAAMEABTMCRANERER BH, RARER BBO: PETA PM MRR ARR E RE R- RRREVA SANTANA RRS A + th NTMLIFAD + LEA > ERODED» ACA » RELATE» PRUE CARMEN RMT H , - —KTMRBELERAS REY * BAERS REA] "RAT TIGTR + HRS > AR TRRABEL AL PRUE, - ERS TMAH RAS RMR HORE "ABE s+ TT RTA » ( LLB AR ey OO EAT BARNES > HRS RUA RSS CHR» Hoa + RK PERANES MARMARA AEA) MAN BRICS > SHAT BSE ONY 10 RM CEST BIIMARL) » {AZE 1997 & 6 A 30 Abe» tisRaeen PE ARA RS ' RARER ARIEL + HORE BORE AGH BREE BUSA BRE + TERE T STRESS RTE AY AL AR HMLRAREMAEA ARERR RAO EPR SWARMS» ELE BR RAT EA SN TOR HMCRALRASH TRALEE (AMAL 5) FORD (QS Lead EA RN Ae) th: BRE BE SHARE TAM SMA RAR » ARE EIS PRS MEARE MARKSRTR + =. ARRAY: "iis HORA aS PMCRANS AAP RATRAAN EE CRATRAR RS RAR FTL MS ZIMMER « SO ERSTE RM, CEREAL FECAL LAS + ELAR REHEAT ICIS + TEAM ER) ERS PSAs MAA, CHORE PARE RS RL MLAS HASSCHG ER (icon) °° RIG» (PRR AMER » IBRD {EET SEEGER A PR + ER TBAGE RES ? HOPE RRA A 2 HPCE AR BT 2 HR ES ESCA ? SBME » TPA + TAL eA FE SRGBMARS ERSGAE - FMARALRBLOA SKASRLASWNGONA TRMGRLS - HRA > SERBS MADISM » DIVES OR MIE A +37. MMP RL Rt+—M RISA ACRES LM ROSA RSRRS ARMY (TRIE) MAMA EIT - SBR CHBTRES HERR MMOS, ° (BE REET BA + HAE AROMRECEH E SL EEE EEG» LE RS , - ERGANSEL MMCRAMLRAS RTM R ZH » PHS EET + ART SEAT RRA AIAG « LURES BHR, (media logic) BIATEA 848376» (popular journalism) (Altheide & Snow, 1989; Dahlgren & Sparks, 1992; Hartley, 1996; Langer, 1998) > SAUL AMAL L(Pon eee RENT DUS (TFERTBDORMS) FOSEREAY GMAICIL » ° (RAI BITR + Ze CRAM) ROAM) » BAER MATER BA ES ER POATERSEH - PMAARWHARAM - HANTS - RATA LUBA PRASRE SS + SB FS SEES RECREATE + RACK "2; HARMS SE RE: ZEAE RK RAPA MRS STIRS » IE» (FR LR WK + SRST ACRIED ¢ UM PRERS CARRERE» fr SER CART OCT EUR» RAE SEL + AUREL EE FTL RIBS | RAE + A URL TREE + RRA AE - ALR CTR) ——RHIEUKES SRE, AE —OORe (EH Te B-KAMER WARS RM OMRHR, - RABMRER IPA, HBRBE ‘SSIBIR + ATE RCCURETER + SRUPRIERES > HIRT BHA « TRE RBM > MEE Rue KR STR BB SPM A REIT BORECA ° HRT RRR ERASE RACER HAMM 3 RMA AREATEC (ELIEBA ~ RABI » 2000 » pp. 384-401) » MBE RB UMA » WRERSL AMER AT AAS LAE MEETS APSE RATS ESE PER A se tM PN T° RNS + —ABRRT REL, SHARCMRK EMRE RET >» S-ER BRT SIR ERAS "Ree FL TBE | ESA «EK RELIES MRE Bl > TAR TENGESTBA » ACER ALIA Si aE « FRAMING RT LP eR MEE S RAE! BY + SIRE ADEE » STROMA AREY T TT SRPORI MSRM + TEMS FE HT RAO PRET AD OS MMR RA ERE Ate CHEM MOAT MR ERMA, SSAA MRT > te PCRS A AMA + SRC (PRE RTRE) BAC (El SOM, BALAVAAR (2000) HEH» STRAP " MUTA RA CALL EE URC FLAS + PE + ATA + RES «SAE + Rete + NE - Hetty SMALL) RRM RAUCH ° RSA SERGE MARES LE > HF ARAYA A + RN RRO HEMES » LARA PTIER AA» PE GORE REA ABR - ROR A RIT RRR FET SATS + SODAS A UT BS CA EE SAR + A CERT SE» (OMA MSR AE TLS EIFC A BU + HE Be BRODLT MT, + A HAA CMROWRAME AA - ME RR. hOB PA WAR CHORE ARMA BOR RAAT RACE: 5 BARA EE RS Ee SROCT + ATE AL HF RRBBPHESA RUT RMR BETS - SMR HAR BF UE RRO RCS REPS ee OO BICM + SERA RAIL,» VE HUGE DURREE » EBOUL Ee WRERE ABE BCS RTE + SALEM T 15 ATR SBT IRD » BRAT — ARIE + TEAR BOER BF PSR RRR BSR PRRE , RE HAS SUE» PEARSE ° ZEDLOSERA + RS AORTA AT EAI SLAB BART RRTOMEGA T PEL » MLAS HARES ESAT RES + BOR BE AYRMEAN » MUR TE ZED 20 ERS K + BUMS A CERES 7 TRUE tt ES a LB EHH + SLE HHS > MCRAE MLS BRM + =~ HRURIPISE = ORR WFMB) AORGRE PALA SE TS I BES» TLL AR EHRRRAL- ASRS SRE SLIP ER MNF E - ERR AA AREAS SIG + SSO BVA + EPR TAURSEOLI » SE IZ LS - ROR ROSIER MMB Reto M ROE A: POH ERAN AARARS RTL SRA? SL S RARENER- AMES MARERLSRS RMA SRB GBR Warren Breed ZF 1955 FNAME PHL | MAE EL OTIBA , AVR] (Breed, 1955)» fA -Fa HDRES ALA AT MTA EASE PRT BRE ACARD + ECE REA ate SSPUPTHE SIRE REO ROI » CERT REAR» EPRAY + SAT AUR ERSTE Sh KERNEN AGRES ERE TARE LAS AYSHERTEEGE (conform to) MBAR AR ICH » SLACRIERME » Breed ATH TRE PES Pe RR ° SUPER A s POT Sa A SEF ° ZR BUNGE » MEET TRA RAL PRISLER HG - SRRE RAMA SH ES BEREAN TES EMM AR AAT > ANIMAL ]— ieee | 2H FKAHLSROLS HAVA | SAHARLRARRKMMES SOPHIE: PEAY RRO RE ORR MT SBC (Freidson, 2001) + itt > SAG HRA ARAN: MRSOC A REEMA EL RTA » CIT RRR, SHY TRAE LENT TR PALATE SAPO LL TERA TRS ORE - Ze MRSC) E+ PMRRASARVBAABUNBRAM > AES LU TAA FE > GL > SRE RAE BBA ZA Ze OMS TF aT CREA AM RILRR AS HMRI ARISTA SENS "ORR $1) EMR Fo AMARA RAB SESE ZEEE Ro WIA + LPBEA LR PHMILAE » AOSTA P UTTAR ¢ Ze HOAs TF PMRRANERAAATERRE > BSL ERIE FR FURAE LAEGER » MISES L-—@RsEE + BAR » BTINUERR (news frames) £93848 ——A ILFORD - RAMS MRR ES > BL FRET AEATS HE ARNN FT PEE LL EL RRR E | ERA HELA MILA RM ° BE RMA ROMMERARLET RA PRRPIIIR > BEBU SCRUGGS ARES AMG, PRET 40+ RB ASR SP AE A A RE A > RUATHIATAR > ERMAN Y Ay MRR SSE ° LE SRM » MRM RNIERAULR » SpA RRSUSMAAME MTT WR, - HLM MARAE SB, MSZ — > CEMA AIT + ESP MRAY A MTO te BR AS R— HMR AN TRAEEE SHINE TAR ANE Hs RX) PMC RRS Se HERS AAT REM TSE ER - lk ARTE, Atl GREY » SAAR RK ORT ARRAS BRS ORLA SETS EME » RDA E "LTH | PE BMWS - SHOE RRLEN EAMG, HSER RUASIR | ROSE SE-AGTHGE MOMS PH AN RARRE TLE BT Be SR RIMMCRA UTAH RAR TIGA TIN iF WE, RRR RHEME TIMES RS + EE FT RGAER BABE EA + Se (FMLA A AER» AEE MOEC RAID > MET RSE ASTBE ¢ URE BB» hE > ERS » HARE RE, SEE PR LEC AUBREY "BE, + COR MLER ISHS STP a LB EMTRRA HRSA ARMAGH OREM THe BRETT RR REA KMPH, + A Flo BEAR OR HE LARHOSLE + (AAI RR T ESRF « THB RSL — ERAS ME ETRE TRAE HAS CARTERS BRERA TERRAIN > BUA THERTEDE TH ° (HI BT ARRAR + HRA ORES PAIS 5 > LASHES RTS ZEA RRMA AR » ORE SERS HUERRILAT ) >" RETIORIRAMBLTT 1° BCS Ki RSMAGRGRBSHURE, LORERMNE MERE BSL RRESO ZRF ROHR SE BERR RAB MIC « BE + COTS HELI PRAT LACE 2 MHRA FRA RES * EHREMRATBUZA + GUCMEBHAT + RSD + CMON ROE RS SOM LIRR» ROR BAA GE LS + SIR + CPPS ABE) - REN » ZeMRLE BF al MMB Bet M ROLEA THRESH, WTRRR: “RE TRRTIARRE, - Eee: SHAMAN A CHARM TES REAR MAS EMRE FEATREAS > RSMAS AN | BBR RIERA hs KERR » A RE SRA eS - FRG BASRA HMTENORLRSGT - SRM BATHE RIESE + HMA LURE, RIMES CHRP RARALE TERN RFRA ETRAORAR, | BREE "SCORER, > "RMRRHLTER, > SAREE CHE SORURG ° ILE > REA SCTE BOREAS CEM PD » RGR ABAICA RT + HAE > SB SE BET + Me RETRAE(# , > (UII SE » PRISMA» RAGE TERR ANE RPA > RE BRS ETI + ASS, + RIGHT TBRBES COME AY AIR > DCRRWNRD "PMR SRR > DURES IRELERS » HE FPARNSRABZNTA A OSH LEE» REE TTA PRRHBR REAM Me BR MR, he REL acquiescence) » (ft EA MATTERM AAS AIRE - ENRSARREAR OD EAR BERR EMI BHSHZ PF APL BORTTATR TRO » Ait PRE ERAK » MRTEL ERE CORRES » AR BNRS/RROTHERS » BERR ARERR EY + AUTARTMMRRARAE BIEN KR Hh AYMARA REBATE PRR CS HOLS > MRAM ER BREEN P AMS RONT RMIT » BR» CE FRR "BR ORR HAR) REM + DAR FR WER | AAR TEIA ROR + IRL BY» MOSER + 1B RREBEAA > HAMA T SAG » AAEM RBA > BDI — Ay UR A . ATT AERIS ¢ SEH IR + HSL ATID » RRND» UE « EIRRMRINA > ASTIN PR TRRUATRRS ES: > AE» ORS» SETH + ARTIC > PAL IEE SPR A OT A SAU TA ER « OP HARA DA BRE RA Be EET ET AIMS SCHREAN : HIER PURSE» ST HUTA RR > SAAC + SP EI AE AT ade KAR PRAGMA MRAM R ES ASE NR + DRERANAM TICES RMT DER > BLE SS RNR - CAT PHSHREST EI ABO SD AS » ORT HB AMOR > MERA TBR RL 10 MICA SUMO EE] A TRR ° St OG > ERROR RREABLL » RIGS > REE LACRSL E— RAD SAG - (EAL aP A] ae PT] BE + Le) — SAB tS FR THRE + aft AMS EERIE» 78 BADE » SBR» RAH » HLA REELIPE! TBS EAR RRMA S ARNE RZ > ERHARD MOD > LE ALDI BSH RIE BR RRL AREM AN > EMME ANS AP > MEE LR Ro RETR SSE Mea MN TPN ° CERIN SE PEER SRR ARORA AMR SCAU] + ROGUE RAI > STBICE KS CMT EM RE BEG > ARE IPT Peo zaae ° Loan > ER ERA ARR CIR RT FAINT RB) ATR Ph > SRAUSH SCBA — AR "ARSE, AUSRRS + BIER OSE (CTR e LS BA (Pan, 2000b : BRERA + 1999) + SEMER IER » 7EM — RIB HINER AAD > WSS BEATIN EM SAU ATEN © FAURE > EIR» EA BUT a8) "ABS | AA ETE CH» BPRS fee fi: #58 : BRERVR AMAL SERNAME TAME PIRATE A AMER TSAR * BURR AR SOR TERRE (ALR + PRA SS REPUB RTE CP SAT EM) > RAT LAS ELS IEE EE BAA + LE "MG, + SRE, CRRA ASE - RSS - ae MARAE PCM > ROAR RR ARERR TEN Se MAHER» TE ESE RABNES > Mp GNA - SBALPPAEAER > Sree SSA EASA + SAMRAT RRA PRES + GE BREATHER TELE TMRRED - CLR BEAL UR HIGUESER + SREY TRIER TAL (PR | CRE MOP: Ret WM ROLE BUG RG SUTTONS (BRT) ALP RE OOR H CRS BURY + DR RBAARIBRAN DASE R BREN SRE : Che Mitel ER BRERA AM SR RAE HD + RRMA E MR RA Ht + MRE SL ANAS Le BRT RE MRED Wh BRE SMES AY + SCHLTR ATR DAL PR PRSE SEAT A RR SCH TTAB «EUS ASCH TRR-AHRSER MAY Bis TRE SCMMERAIH-REESS ERREMURME FURR RRR PMS ZS | BANE GETS RRA + REREAD RS ALAR > DR aR ARAUSEIL SLE SUR B » MEN AER ARE + PEA LSE BREW URBSAARAAD URRHERABAF RMN Hat (Freidson, 2001) > HIE EHF ZIM - MUTA ZI + ARRAS ABORT TERN SANSA» AC —BRE SER PK DRT SES » LSE ROR» DER EF aE ‘SOIL ASE FTES (Macdonald, 1995) + ‘PARAM AE » RA SRT (PR RAE Ae IS "PIECEAA AGES » BUMP RUE MER — ite BARRE OT * ANG Lik aS FR AMER ICA + BH SEOCEAY RSE SEM CP aR AE Re RGWMPARRIRE SAHMLPS, NATUR SARL Bs ROMS > RATER Lae BASRA RD ° BAMAT LU ASCH ELA FRSA PR MARAE MRE T STRIATE: HRA Lae ob > SHERBOURNE | PHM RGR, WR MERA AL THRE ME BEACH LER ENASAT ANE eP USE EMAAR + BRT SRN STATE + SEHORLERER + STBAGCAR ES RAAIER ER a aS _L AT ARA Hl BER BE» ZE BRE 20 ERIK » HBA SEAE AE Se = HERLAO ME: CRIES + TNO RAE RRR EAE» PMCRAR AAA ONARES RRS LR NIE RAE SHES BE» DREAMT RSET APTS « +44 RBS PEC PM REE A STEER CR: BRERA HLH ARE - ARAM PRH BR + BRACE LSS St UI RR PE EL BALL ER PALS EE» (SESE BEA ROHR» BRR + HEBLY REL SNAG > PREAH a SAE » STE RE Hae ick ETRED » FREER + AR TERR» BSe + BRA SERA SB > TITAS BE RL BS ET ARE EN TREE « ARRAN MRE MMB EN CH RRA » He BE ERENT T PRE, ARCEMIS ARRD > BA T PRAT At + AR PSA RAR FS TERE MERA HT TA A EL > SE LEER AT AES + A ST BR A (1990) HF >: PERMA AR» REM AAP PHS RATIZ ER - SHIA FRESHER > HMM RMEES ARE AR EAI AL (p.1) + RPA ES SAORGRS + ES RE + AR + PERS RIT SRS STRAT AI (pp. 2-16) >» RRSURAT EC » MUERTE RE POEL GLAS + Prt RSENS RHEE A ETL, (Yu, 1993) » ia Bae EPRI RISES (AO Benjamin Franklin) AS FEGM ADR BIRC AAI SRE FRAY ' 237RE, BARAT] (Mott, 1962; Emery, Emery, & Roberts, 2000) + ERPRMAMURRA ORAM SRM MO THES > HER MER BOL NRA + 1 TRA "AIPA + 2K AMRF CER ASHI «LT RRA HSE COSA APAMENEEDA HATER TEM RSS SOAR, (REE 1998 pS)» BRALANVHEUKREONPRAMERS » MAT eB ‘AE(PAUERES LER + SUM ATER A ROAR A » ARMS Bete ‘BE PIE EAT RE + SECT > ARS SRDS» RUE REED AUB > LGRGIAL AE , PARRA TEAM TTR» OR TH APU - BARR MEERA FAR HBAS HEE +45 MMR Reto ROLES WAR EAR MMO - PERS | SER DOUBT MOPS CSRER NMA RAMEE R RN EREOR - Be RMR ORES RARER BAT » HEE RATT AERATED « AAAS FINS RCRD 7 ES AR + HRY + RCI AY FMA SREANTRAVRLERRPURURMH MN - ise Pe BAT BRAEMAR AEE + HIRE TM + TITS * AS CEOS TERA + LEASES RRSC PAT + HENTRES » SAZE » RTA HASHIM, (Geertz, 1973) > AXHHRR- PER GER > Ree "BG REPAIRS - BARRERA HEMLie MAREE (ERLE ARE EOE ZF PARES > BT ER? 1 HOI» BD ammo rrsnace LARSEN ? ESA TSU e CBE? ASSIST AN PARES » Be + EMIT AEE Fe WZ-BAMRRS COTA RR - RAMA » MILFS S LI BR: CURR | ALASRER RATS IIT AS + TARTS ATTA Se LAB "REM, BU ASTRA IERIE » RDA AUST DA SRARHGS » LB PURE AETTS | RRA ARES « ch MEA WTO Ree RAIMA AT A TS > LC TE RELA » RASS BE FE > BBR T SRAM EAU TH A» PAIRS «TAC AER — EBA * PARA > HARES MRS AME BES, » PM PUAR FRR SAA + PRS >» eee Ee PAA RE BAHASA * ECA BAAS ARE SR AOI aes ee aS SAEETUILPLMIE - EEE SZ REPU ARER + Alt > BUSAN Gea MAA T AER ¢ RARER OTL EE BSE BRASS + PRED IETTTS A EE AO ERR + HAIL TE MRE eae LAOS OS - STB LPR Site SCA IURR RAI — EBS + FE HS EAL THT HA EH TB HRY SE RE (McManus, +b + BAIR SP LAL AH AP AEE AS 1994) « BER (1) ERASER TI ¢ HES. (ideation) » §48B (discourse) ~ #0 WR (practice) BEE AHONERPRER + BUREN MMM GAB GSR Robert Wuthnow Ff 1989 HERAT Communities of Discourse » TEES B {EP + Wuthnow HHT T ERROR + SOE + EAB A PERAEA RMR + LURE RRR ER AE CROONER ° HEY 89 CHER) ARP EN (RATER) > RASAATAN ERASMAS We TEARS ECL TST» SELMAN A MSE STAN SE + STIS «OER ~ STE HEP RRRS ARMA » KIROIE BFA Gans (1980), Johnstone, Slawski, & Bowman (1976), McQuail (1992), Mott (1950), Schudson (1978), Siebert, Peterson & Schramm (1956), Smith (1998) > 2FGGLHAOEE » SBeberiyet HEBVNEAABUTE RTA > CMBR Le FR. POV LR AE » NRE RNR Schudson (1978) #1] Zelizer (1993) » SpA ee MSE Se AUTRE ae EE Bb RTS it @ RE ZAM A Siebert, Peterson, & Schramm (1956) ° SSAA ZE ART | + ATRL AO STB (public journalism » 3% "THERTRLs » civic journalism) SSE PHURAAR SEEMZ MATER » FA Black (1997), Glasser (1999), Miraldi (1990) » BEDE ESAT BEAMS, » FA Sproule (1997) » RERMHI LRA G TAP ILS ALE EMER | EIS ERR + OO RTE, + RTRT BA, Al ASB Fs EMS RAR AEC» PRAT CAPRA « GE 19 HERE FPSEBY 20 HAC) » SRST CEE AT fe SRY ST 1 DSRALWRS > RAM RRLASIT PER BR Gans (1980), Mott (1962) #1 Schudson (1978) » (it P7BAMERE » SR EBERT AL TA BARR ¢ (1) ETT » AORTA 1909 4E89 The Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ » MEYE#%% Sigma Delta (2) Q) a7 MBAR: Reto M ROE Chi) » BER 1922 4F A The American Society of Newspaper Editors CASNE) + #UX#32%% 1912 4689 Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication ( AEJMC » 38 238% + eh 1912 4 a@I2#9 American Association of Teachers of Journalism #11 1917 #21209 American Association of Schools and Departments of Journalism ystimiAz) + (2ST MERIAIA HH $0 1923 BSB AME (ASNE) AMT BART ER! (Cannons of Journalism) » #2 » SPJ ff 1926 EAE T BOAITASMERY » [LBB (National Association of Broadcasters, NAB ) ff¢ 1929 EAT A CAST RRHEAY + (IETHER RRIBANA » On 1904 EEF AS (University of Illinois ) FORTE AB (University of Wisconsin) BAREAUATRAR EH > aR BASRBUAB 1908 FANRETZ SE + DUS ES EAI REIL + LIS RT AG RANA (accreditation) HH > M1 1948 HRORCMAKAASS (American Council on Education for Journalism) Afi T SBMA AT T 38 RATBLGEA + SALEBY (AOE FULEBS ) ASR TLL Be Se a HL UR (PRT ESM + BT American Press Institute, The Freedom Forum, National Press Foundation, The Pew Charitable Trusts 245 M7 IA OES» HE ER AEST AY AM) FOF (HO Columbia Journalism Review, American Journalism Review) #9##XL + $52 Emery, Emery & Roberts (2000), Hohenberg (1983) #1 Mott (1962) + SEP RET RLAIAV » LEMS MAIR ee HARPS PASH >» RU CIRO RIA (state) 89 R=BGPI, + PM LBR ABELL » RELATE AE » HE ASR BAR » 20 CRG) E> K-MMRMRAMBRSOS ie (EE PMAIRMAAERACA KARAM RAS HRS > RT BARGES AMR (fA » 2001473 A) « JERR TG ARABS (Habermas, 1989) + (LR + SRM EL ANT EPR LEARN THRE, RAK FA ASR + ME SUA RRISHH + #BBUAESE Be (totalitarian) MUBEIS > BLA RR RRDRIG TT BAe [Al 32S ER LTR (state) HORE SUT Cates BARE - (6) PRS — AA + ME CR) ME PE, CUETO > RE (4) (5) +48 + (a 3 KBAR PG eR PE RRS A BUS 1912 ALR ABBR LARGE ALA SOO AAS + 1916 AE TIL» fE CRSMER) HEE > 1918 FERAL MARMARA - 1919 4 11 7 A BPEL APRS > RRS CEI) SRAM: RTRISEZE RR HEFNER MALIRARM SR > GBM Joseph Pulitzer BAUR SAS » MEAS IS + ONE SA PMB > LSE (ETAL > HS BA FRG » SIBLE» ROAR + SHE AT RE Ta LEESHRZER SHEE Bit GE) —a EPEMARA Re Rita ZH, (RAAB ARATE 1987: 114-115)» ARBRE HE 1924 SERROY CATR) oH > RISA EAS Ol + HEBER RRC HL IE RAMBLE | RTCA TT RS ZAM SAFER F (LL 132-135) + Son Ze 1943 49 A BBY CARRE) b> SRT (RMR RTE SHEAR) NX BRAEMAR MSL AMAL - HRCA BS TREES RABRENN (BARLSMT) > (BURR BE > BRE TORR BRIER TIN 5 (REE KSAT GASRBGAS > 1987: 268-269) + ICR MARRS > LIne BRERA + emer HHEMZER AS AAR (199Sa) + eal PH BSPROETA (ARAB) MMARERMR SRE CRHAR) HNC KENANPERO REN | RRS GR, ° 1985 2 CHBIAESR) ARB APREESE ATR GIR + MAE CARAS) Mm ASRa " PReRARE RAL, » 1 1992 43 A 26 A> CHRIS) ECR NRE CRORE) S > PERTH SERB EGAORERG ¢ # RMP Lait > BUPA HE EST RRA » BUREN > Me Ae ERE BE PRS A SER! » Eh > BR (CIRAL - RSLS» ATA» MRE NE URTSERL + ITT 8 (BRAG! » RES TRE — ER BOTOtE > TEE — REPOS» MRNAS» ISH + LAY SEAR MRAL + (TRAD + SATO a9 MMR ROOM ROLES (i ay) a 3) FRA ATANEl » (ERLANAURERARET + DRAB EAA > PRL ZF BURGER T RS ARI (ARTEL) HUST ih DRT EASA »¢ HEMT ABR, Staurt Hall (1980) SYSC ABIES ° HA» SCANLAN BAY cS RIES ( sign- vehicles) RATA ° CLARA MAY » BMGT ES ( ise ) FARES BREMNER ARMA MER AR BE Pict ER $A AB ESB LFA CL Fairclough, 1992) ° Z@iWRRRAMBRAABA “RIRETH” (expressive actions) » 5% Edmund Leach (1976) » $7 GRERSUPSRIET AAT BAHRRABNES RRO > RMK—-—eN RA (HA HC) G95 [SR + FVTS FAABALURRCORS (USE RRT » SAIASRRSC HE)» BUM ‘SE BET A SURE + Tif 1 (control) BY SRE "HH, (resistance) BR" RH 4 opposition) » (2A > Msi SZEl]—RSHHA/FAS REE NS > BRAGA FLAS Ui) EAGLE BARES RAVCRRE HE, DUM RR > BR RRA, LAARSHANER (MABEUIRRENER S 9 (willing consent) +» SERGE WIAD + A Antonio Gramsci (1971) » SHE—BRaRZERR IMATE PAOHED » 5B Todd Gitlin (1980) » S98 "HE fel 92 "HA, ZMVAURBMNRZ IT » FA James C. Scott (1989) #1 Michel de Certeau (1984) + PRORSSACTTL BRE + RLM —RGERHA + BALLS > AT MH (HET AARNE S PARAL BRAIARE > FUE > SEE REPRO MAB T Re UBER» SCBA T BLY BENE SNA Bs Bie - Ast MAREN MMR > SH Robert Wuthnow (1989) » ROGIER RATBGE 7—8 AEPUIMRC AIRY» CMHC CCHAS) BA RRARAPRREMR RRERERVERAR Ki RHGAARAST MURS BEMER BURGE (ARAM) Bl a ° RE /\MER Bruce Lincoln 2S > HMA LMM aS + QUA ARIE EO EPR SK BN UK) (co-opt) © od) a9) 8 an RSG PRECEDE TMM ARO ERE RR HGRA RRAS RE, HES ERMHAATPAAT Bi 4A 5 RL BAY HOE, SAS RE « BAL Bruce Lincoln (1989) » RSH A HD, PR SMANRITES - SRIRAM ATU AT OE "Stel , ORL AREA RE PERSE » BL RAZR Tae is TRHBE - HE AKRAEP TRIM MARE SE RATES (BARTS LPO AE)» RT RTE SPH AUERIBAM > CULES EE (anchor) » SRA SM MEAD SMMHRE AMARAS HER PARMAR AER 3 > MASERU > RMA" Ra (SHORBEL, identity) EABSEMAUHES: » CGAY ATER, (essentialist) HE TRPRAT CAD OLE (SRE RUAIIAR) ENS —SEA—(BC( + BBS > OEE DAMP ARRAN ANRENERRA > SHR REAS (RUS AERIS > DIOR + SCC A RHE * Staurt Hall (1996: 4) ‘01 bt fill 2 Sh He BES 1} BE (EE ft FB identities) : SHRI ARE RA > ER + CAME WIRR AE + foe FRRLMATCAY > URES THUAN » EAE BSR T OC NAY Set» BRYAN, ° Put > Hall SPAR» SHARE "SARRN » TRE SURAT, (Cp. 4) > SPECIALHGRIIHL fA, (the Other) AYZE » i SOBER HA 5 TAEDA SARE "MTT ORT ES 1 (act of power) (p.5) » 5 Staurt Hall (1996) + 1996 4F > TEMAS EAEPRERER P+ PRESTR TOUS Ms BR, + RA, BH APRERMHREMARAMAR, + "Be BR, + RPSL TLE REE ° USLIEPA + RIBS » 2000: 15-16 + SH ISR + SORE RBAATRRI ORAM » CERO + RULER» OP AMER AT— SARL PS > eT RRRE RSPRALS MG - PGK PRATRAERE BRBABRALIEA "PREP MANUA + (BR SB» LT RARARR | BS BOE "SE A RT RAAT ERMA » EA HI AA TR ER “81+ MME: Re+—M ROE (9 SACL SRI T SRR ATE CPE TE * ERM PRT MELE » SERRATE AANA HER SHER MA ZA + SRAM ARE MIE LAER > AO CALE) BYE Bs RERERCHLPRAT WBE MPRGARNRSH - RGAE TLRS » BARE WAS 2016 > BUR RZ SCL RUR AS TERR » Hoa MANE + HA ASRS » SHS ECT» HO HBR BARR: HG) RAB BREE ABA ° (9 BUSES BARAT "eG eR Hil TEL BS LRM + Tt {al MSR, AGES» RET MMIRRIPUEY “ISH | AAO! » RESURCBR AE SOMME E (BURG : iE (BREA) BSE ME BAAIT BONS > Rite EASA » ERT BARS ET RAR > PERRI TE ES TD» THE EEE RG T MERE» MLPA T RNB BUEED RAMEE ARE RLS - ERAT ROR MAL—RMMRS EBA AW PEM - SRE) AAT L A] > AGE RFT hte (BCA) BUNNIES BIG - NRHA > S xl Stephen Reese (1990) OO ERA RAR, TR MPRA CRORES - SRR HCE RASA SEAT RE DUNG » RIBAS > HT — RRR ARIAS > AO Rupert Murdock, Gerald Levin, Ted Turner, Michael Eisner + i23G@ARAia# ASSES + (HIF GR TEA : PREMIERES PRS El > MERIAL SHARE > Hit» ERANHAR AH PRIMGEIT ES > HH MAS AG ET BIER « SER CPS) - hie: (BRM FARKAS) - 2000 4 11 FA 8 I + http://cpj.ihw.com.cn/20001108/ Content/00218178.htm + FBT HZ AE (1994) > CHBTRINSERSR) ILE | HRA RABBI ° CERRAE) AGGER (2000) > (HUBRCH ATRIA TIABS) CLE RASA SP HP RA RE A tT ® ABs SERRE (1998) ° CAAT: MRF RBA) (Jonathan Spencer, Gate of Heavenly Peace» BBW) » TLR: PRB « TERR (1996) > (7E CAPER) BOEHEE) > CHTEIRR) 2A H3-4> FEB (1995a) > CRTBAB Ra) > WEIN: AEA Rhee ERR (1995) + (FHP RAMEN BMRS) » CHAS) (HS BE) 38> SOSH (1993) ¢ (ERS PBSTRNE) AEE "ROR RTRNE , Be LAE TR) > COPRLSTRNSESE 1994) (361-362) > ALES + HBRITRRIE REAL « ZEST + REE (Zeta 1998) > CRTRITRAIRTBD) ° JERE: SPRUE + 2S (1995) > (R——BIELH) > CHBECH) - 12A + Rie (HAA) Stl: (ABRAM BER has) » 2000 11 5 8 Bi http://www.nanfangdaily.com.cn/zt/jz/zijz.htm + ‘HESS (2000) > (HEC MAMA PMC E BARR) + ree PRATT EAI © BAASAR (1991/1997) > (TRAE P RE)» CARR eT) (FE 350-352)» URE JE RLARRHAABUIEL + BE (1999) > ((EIH 1998) » Ee. ERR (FH 1999) > (A RRRSE : BT FCAT) (A 343-366)» IER : SCARE ATLURRGEL + Be ERR (ER) (1999) > (AMA : STRATA) + ILI: 3c ACB SHERI * PRE (1994) + (REARAUAIAE MY ¢ WR ITHEZE AL FREARHEAL HR) > SEAMEN + http:/Avww.media-china, com/emzy/xwpj/taofengxinwenjiang/tf07.htm * BREE (2000) > (ARRENTERES) > SEIEBS - TRG CAs) > CATCRERRES ¢ HERA WAREAMESR) (2-176) > EAS: EA RRHInRR + HESS RMN (EM 2000) - (AAR: PRIRRSAME BR) -b 5: EMEA RRHinEL © BRED (1997) > (SBRIRSMLGR) > CBG) + 11: 112 BBA (1984/1997) + (RTBABRISRRAUBRRE) + COREHR) CH 33-49) + at St: BTSEHANL + EB (1985) > CHR ABA) + AAG: Zee RAGA ° MMBAL: Re+—-M ROA BEBE (1994) + ( SaBI TRA Se RN IEA RUTHE Se aE)» CRAB) +» CRE BE) Hsi-s4> RES# . BRAG 2209 (2000) > ( LARPS IRS) > CHRIAR) (MBH) 40-45: (RBH) +A 31-34> AEGE . AR (1998) > (PRR MMAR BI, >» CaTBHEC HB) 3:4-7- Ef (1998) > CARRE: BRET + STRAT) ° BUN * PULA > RGAZ (1999) > ( SAGES TATRA SE) + CBIRRTESRD > 5:32:38 BRIBP (1999) > (LOS PRIMO ATER) > (—+—1H) > 414+ UESHE (1990) > (ARE) » HMR CER) > GET BCH) (Hl 1-18) + aa: PAARL « BAAS AMM RBMS (HE) (1987) + CHBDSTIRICHE), ° EE: bie ARABI ° ¥—FL (2000) > (BRL CHEMADGBE) ) > ERIE» RNA (ME) (2000) > (AS RRE * SRSA) (A 177-203) > bY: LHSAR ARBRE + WEE (2000) + (RA + KURATA) CAL 242) + ALR + PARISH it: STIL (2000) » ( BeMAVE A —— MST HEEL) » 2000 AE 11 A7 E> ABR88 www.people.com.cn>2000 4F 11 A 8 H>aRim ae « CRRA) RASA (1983-1989) © CABAFLAM) 1-10 > ACER + BFSELLAR fits WEEM (1996) > (PARSE PREAR SEAR I) > CMB BE)» 54: 111-139 + EAE (1997) > CPRSTBAGCR ATARI)» CRTRIRLMETASE) » 3: 62- 80+ SUBS (2000) + CBRABSHER)) > CHB > PUTA BRHAABGIEL WEPSER + RMB (2000) > ( CHBARIR) TERLETE) » FRIEB - RABI Ca) CAPBRGRE * PRBRREM ABR) (A 222-275) + bie: LAR HanBIL ° RAGA PRECEDE MMR RRS AE BK (1994) + (ARE T EER) > CBE) + 3: 152-154 + MY (1998) > (BER BM) » CM IH) > RANTS AROS http://211.94.197.130/ flxxzy/sixiang/xieyong/xieyong.htm « AEGT + RBS (1991) > (ERIE) > AUR : LPR LUHRL Altheide, D. & Snow, R. (1989). Media worlds in the postjournalism era. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. Beam, R. A. (1990). Journalism professionalism as an organizational-level concept. Journalism Monographs 121. Columbia, SC: Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Black, J. (Ed.) (1997). Mixed news: The public/civic/communitarian journalism debate. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Bourdieu, P. (1990). The logic of practice. Cambridge: Polity Press. Braudy, L. (1986). The frenzy of renown: Fame and its history. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Breed, W. (1955). Social control in the newsroom: A functional analysis. Social Forces, 33, 326-355. Cheek, T. (1997). Propaganda and culture in Mao’s China: Deng Tuo and the intelligentsia. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Dahlgren, P. & Sparks, C. (Eds.) (1992). Journalism and popular culture, London: Sage. Emery, E. & Emery, M. (1984). The press and America: An interpretive history of the mass media (5 Ed,). Englewood Cliff, NJ: Prentice Hall. Emery, E., Emery, M. & Roberts, N. (2000). The press and america: An interpretive history of the mass media (9* Ed.) Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Ettema, J. S, Whitney, D. C., & Wackman, D. B. (1987). Professional mass communicators. In C. Berger & S. H. Chaffee (Eds.), Handbook of communication science (pp. 747-780). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Cambridge: Polity Press. Freidson, E. (2001). Professionalism: The third logic. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. Freidson, E. (1994). Professionalism reborn: Theory, prophecy, and policy. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. Gans, H. (1980). Deciding what's news. New York: Vintage Books. Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of culture. New York: Basic Books. Glasser, T. L. (Ed.) (1999). The idea of public journalism, New York: Guilford Press. +55 MMP RRs Bt+—M RIUFA Goldman, M., Cheek, T., & Hamrin, C. L. (Eds.) (1987). China's intellectuals and the state: In search of a new relationship. Cambridge, MA: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University. Habermas, J. (1989). The structural transformation of the public sphere: An inquiry into a category of bourgeois society. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Hackett, R. A. & Zhao, Y. (1998). Sustaining democracy? Journalism and politics of objectivity. Toronto: Garamond Press. Hall, S. (1980). Encoding/decoding, In S. Hall, D. Hobson, A Lowe, & P. Willis (Eds.), Culture, media, language: Working papers in cultural studies, 1972-79 (pp. 128- 138). London: Hutchinson, Hall, S. (1996). Introduction: Who needs “identity”? In S, Hall & P. Du Gay (Eds.), Questions of cultural identities (pp. 1-17). London: Sage. Hamrin, C. L. & Cheek, T. (Eds) (1986). China's establishment intellectuals. Armonk: ME. Sharpe. Hartley, J. (1996). Popular reality:Journalism, modernity, popular culture. London: Edward Arnold. Hohenberg, John (1997). The Pulitzer diaries: Inside America’s greatest prize. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse. Johnstone, J. W. C., Slawski, E. J, & Bowman, W. W. (1976). The news people: A sociological portrait of American journalists and their work. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. Langer, J. (1998). Tabloid television: popular journalism and the “other news”. London: Routledge. Larson, M. S. (1977). The rise of professionalism. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Leach, E. (1976). Culture and communication: The logic by which symbols are connected. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Liu, A. P. L. (1971). Communication and national integration in communist China. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, Macdonald, K. M. (1995). The sociology of the professions. London: Sage. McLeod, J. M. & Hawley, S. E., Jr. (1964). Professionalization among newsmen. Journalism Quarterly, 41, 529-539. McManus, J. (1994). Market-driven journalism: Let the citizen beware? Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. RAE PT Dh eb Ra RE A se Te McQuail, D. (1992). Media performance: Mass communication and the public interest. London: Sage Publications. Miraldi, R. (1990). Muckraking and objectivity: Journalism's colliding traditions. New York: Greenwood Press. Mott, F. L. (1950). American journalism: A history of newspapers in the United States through 260 years, 1690-1950. New York: MacMillan. Mott, F. L. (1962). American journalism: A history, 1690-1960 (3rd Ed.). New York, Macmillan. Pan, Z. (2000a). Improvising for social change: Interpreting China’s journalism reforms. In C. C. Lee (Ed.), Power, money, and media: Communication patterns in Cultural China (pp. 68-111). Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press. Pan, Z. (2000b). Spatial configuration in institutional change: A case of China’s Journalism reforms. Journalism, 1, 253-281. Polumbaum, J. (1990). The tribulations of China’s journalists after a decade of reform. In C.C. Lee (Ed.), Voices of China: The interplay of politics and journalism (pp. 33- 68). New York: The Guilford Press. Reese, S, (1990). The news paradigm and ideology of objectivity: A socialist at the Wall Street Journal. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 7, 390-409. Said, E. W. (1994). Representations of the intellectuals. New York: Vintage Books. ‘Schudson, M. (1978). Discovering the news. New York: Basic Books. Siebert, F. S., Peterson, T., & Schramm, W. (1956). Four theories of the press: The authoritarian, libertarian, social responsibility, and Soviet communist concepts of what the press should be and do, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. Smith, J. A. (1988). Printers and press freedom: The ideology of early American journalism. New York: Oxford University Press. Splichal, S. & Sparks, C. (1994). Journalists for the 2ist century: Tendencies of professionalization among first-year students in 22 countries. Norwood, N.J. Ablex. Sproule, J. M. (1997). Propaganda and democracy: The American experience of media and mass persuasion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Tsou, T. (2000). Interpreting the revolution in China: Macrohistory and micromechanisms, Modern China, 26, 205-238. Tuchman, G. (1978). Professionalism as an agent of legitimation. Journal of Communication, Spring, 106-113. +87 MOPAR: Ret+—M ROFIA Tunstall, J. (Ed.) (2001). Media occupations and professions: A reader. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Vollmer, H. M. & Mills, D. L. (Eds.) (1966). Professionalization. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Weaver, D. H. & Wilhoit, G. C. (1996). The American journalists in the 1990s. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. Wilensky, H. (1964). The professionalization of everyone? American Journal of Sociology, 70, 137-158. Windahl, S. & Rosengren, K. E. (1978). Newsmen’s professionalization: Some methodological problems. Journalism Quarterly, 55, 466-473. Wuthnow, R. (1989). Communities of discourse: Ideology and social structure in the reformation, the Enlightenment, and European socialism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Yu, X, (1994). Professionalization without guarantees: Changes in the Chinese press in the post-1989 years. Gazette, 53, 23-41. . Yu, Y. S. (1993). The radicalization of China in the 20 century. Daedalus, 122, 125-150; Zelizer, B. (1993). Journalists as interpretive communities. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 10, 219-237. Zhang, Y. (2000). From masses to audience: Changing media ideologies and practices in reform China. Journalism Studies, 1, 617-635. ASO: PRETRDEE MMAR ORES RSE Imagining Professional Fame: Constructing Journalistic Professionalism in China’s Social Transformation Lu Ye, Zhongdang Pan’ ABSTRACT Professionalism is increasingly becoming a salient issue among Chinese joumalists and journalism educators. What is journalistic professionalism? How is it being constructed in China’s media reforms? How does the construction process reflect contradictions and tensions in China’s media reforms? These are the questions addressed in this paper. We argue, professionalism is a discourse on journalistic practices and institution; it is also an ideology based upon the notions of public service and public interests, farther, it is a model of social control. In this paper, choosing how journalists imagine their professional fame as a point of entry, we examine the discursive practices of constructing professionalism in China’s media reforms. We show that professionalism in China has multiple traditions, faces constraints from various forces, and reveal itself in a fragmented and localized form. Based on the empirical analysis, we demonstrate that constructing the discourse of professionalism is an important dimension of the ongoing media reforms. It also signifies the deepening of the reforms. Keywords: media reforms, professionalism, journalistic practices, discursive practices, professional fame, social change * Dr. Ye Lu is Professor at School of Journalism, Fudan University, China. Dr. Zhongdang Pan is Associate Professor of Department of Communication Arts, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA.

You might also like