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    Chapter 2. Measurement and Experimental Techniques PDF

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    toney luka

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    me - Measurement ee Seg Lame EO TCLS * Dare Crna ge hi Warren eee Sue e Dre ere renmeR nC reo Ms the world and create new, useful substances. We see the work of chemists in everyday life. They make the ma pert Coa Coc eave on CoC Oy eee a eck een Rte fener 8 ©) artificial leather in furniture; the artificial sweeteners Eo NT Yee Cetin EU Race a acer Wee a ON Coum cece en es ra hoa Chemists design and perform experiments to test 25 Collecting Gases and Renae RRO ROR Uae core Dict Reluctant Codec Dec oe en i egeU Leu that take accurate measurements. feel the chemistry SCR CRA moo eu Lg Recon se Coe ccm Dee PREM ese etree BRU toss uu you will conduct. You will also learn how these Petri ecite Were ce UO VG nS SLL Frye rere Se Oe Eo Coane a i i i i athem-nid (7) The Kelvin and Celsius temperature scales are related to each other by the formula Temperature in k = temperature in °C +273, For example, 0°C 5273 K. (+ data logger ‘temperature Fig. 2.2 Apparatus for measuring ‘temperature bulb 2.1| Measuring Time The International System of Units (Si. units) is a system of different units used to measure quantities of different things. In order to communicate scientific information easily, scientists all over the world use S.L, units as a common standard for their measurements. In the laboratory, a stopwatch or stopclock is used to measure time, The Si. unit for time is the second (s). Other units, such as the minute (min) and the hour (h), are used to measure longer intervals of time. Two types of stopwatches are shown in Fig. 2.1 knob ted to start, stop and reset the stopwatch secondary dal 1200 ‘measures ime in minutes main dial ‘measures time in seconds Analogue stopwatch Digital stopwatch Fig. 2.1 Apparatus for measuring time 2.2|Measuring Temperature In the school laboratory, the mercury thermometer can be used to measure temperature (Fig. 2.2). The S.L unit for temperature is the Kelvin (K). However, another unit for temperature, the degree Celsius (°C), s also commonly used. ‘The mercury thermometer measures temperature from -10 °C to 110 °C. Each division on the scale of this thermometer represents one degree Celsius (1°C). The accuracy of this type of thermometer is 20.5 °C. A temperature sensor can be connected to a data logger to measure temperature. This gives more accurate readings of temperature than a mercury thermometer, Data logging Is useful for recording temperature changes continuously over a period of lume. You can use a data logger to record and study the changing temperature of a substance that is being heated or cooled. Data loggers are also commonly used for taking measurements outdoors, e.g. humidity of different environments and pH of different sources of water. Mercury thermometer mercury thread Clinical thermometer 2.3|Measuring Mass ‘The mass of a substance is measured with a beam balance or an electronic balance (Fig. 2.3). The SL unit for mass is the kilogram (kg), Often, very small masses of substances need to be measured in chemistry experiments. In these cases, an electronic balance, with an accuracy of up to 0.01 g (two decimal places), is used for precise and fast weighing. Beam balance Electronic balance Fig. 2.2. Apparatus for measuring mass Using a mass balance, 2 Chinese physician carefully measures out Srmounts of different herbs to make traditional medicine: When making ‘modern medicines, chemists often Use maze balances that ore many = ¢_hem-Aid 2.4|Measuring Volume Scientific experiments often involve liquids. Fig. 2.4 shows some laboratory apparatus commonly used to measure the volume of a liquid. The different apparatus have different degrees of accuracy. Which apparatus you choose for an experiment depends on the volumes you are measuring and how exact you need the volumes tobe, | measuring cylinder : — conical flak - i t —— besker Chloride ammonia Fig. 2.12 Fused calcium chloride (ie. calcium Fig. 2.11 Quicklime (alum Ciloride that has een previously heated) can oxide) s used to dry ammonia, De used te dry most gases. How do we measure the volume of a gas? It is possible to find out how far a reaction has proceeded by recording the volume of the gas produced in a reaction, [A gas syringe is used to measure the volume of a gas. The gas syringe measures a maximum volume of 100 cm’. It is made up of two parts, the barrel and the plunger. ‘At the start of an experiment, the plunger is pushed in fully to expel any gas in the syringe (Fig. 2.13). As the gas from an external source enters the syringe, it pushes the plunger outwards Fig. 2.14), plunger barrel Jo 10 20 30 40 so 60 70 a0 90 100 Lescilnaicissisaitateitatd 7 Fig. 2.13 Gas syringe atthe stat of an experiment 925 from external Source e.g. gas _ 995 collected — Produced from | fa a chemical — | Teaction) =—0 10 20| 30 40 50 60 70 60 90 100 a Fig. 2.18 24cm of gas has beon collected, Key ld leas ‘A stopwatch or stopclock is used to measure time accurately. ‘A thermometer is used to measure temperature accurately. ‘An electronic balance is used to measure mass accurately. Aburette or a pipette is used to measure the volume of a liquid accurately. ‘A gas syringe is used to measure the volume of a gas. The method of collecting a gas depends on the density and solubility of the gas. aeN Worked Example The apparatus shown was used to collect a dry gas. What are X and ¥7 o> = x oY x y A concentrated sulphuric acid ammonia 8 concentrated sulphuric acid catbon dioxide © water carbon dioxide D water ammonia Thought Process Ais incorrect as ammonia reacts with concentrated sulphuric acid. Cand D are incorrect because water would dissolve ammonia and make carbon dioxide wet. Carbon dioxide is denser than air and is collected by downward delivery. It does not react with concentrated sulphuric acid. Thus, Bis the answer. Answer 8 Question Methane is insoluble in water and is less dense than air. Describe, with the aid ofa diagram, how you would collet a dry sample of methane gas. Concept Map at OT eee (Vee Occur Pelee aU cay oy or Rea Ge Perec) hours (h) Ruled Rec Br beara enn Pury Pa ey Derry Nerd Sra ks) roe sr battens * in cubic centimetres (cm’) Peni eee RSet burettes, pipettes and syringes y ssnnynans ououvesrs vo wmesionon [S Foundation 1. What would a chemist use to measure exactly 25.5 em of dilute hydrochloric acid? Burette Beaker Measuring cylinder Pipette ooo 2. Gas Xand gas ¥ can be collected using the apparatus shown below. What can you infer about X? delve tube | peal Xs less dense than air, Xs slightly soluble in water. X's denser than ¥. Xs less soluble in water than ¥- coer From the common laboratory apparatus shown below, select the best apparatus to perform each of the following tasks. (You may use any of the apparatus once, ‘more than once or not at all.) if = [oOcm i 0am beaker 4 See Vv soem Watch giass 20cm Me oe pipette Sing sone Burette 4) Measuring 80 cm? of alcohol b) Measuring 35 cm? of hydrogen ©) Measuring 21.1 cm of vinegar 4) Bolling 40 cm of a non-flammable liquid ©) Holding 2 g ofa solid for weighing 1) Holding 5 cm? of water for heating | Challenge Imagine you are working in a laboratory that ‘makes tablets for relieving indigestion, The tablets ‘work by reacting with water or acid in the stomach, Carbon dioxide gas is produced as a result, You are asked to determine if taking the tablets with alcohol will affect the speed at which the tablets work. 4) State the aim of your investigation. 'b) Describe how you will carry out your investigation. Include diagrams of your experimental set-up. You can use any or all of the apparatus below. 3 (100 em®) conical flasks 3 balloons S rubber bands 3indigestion tablets water alcohol ‘measuring cylinder stopwatch ‘mass balance [Ammonia gas can be made by adding concentrated ‘ammonia solution from a dropping funnel, shown below, to sodium hydroxide pellets placed in a round bottomed flask

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