553 2

70



2008

) ( - -


Samimehdi41 @ yahoo .com

8 ...............................................................
10 ....................................................
. . 11 .......................................
13 ......................................................
 16 ............................
36 ...............
:
71 ....................................
:
88.....................................
119..............................
: 130..........................
138 ........................................

158........

184.......................................
:
20.......................................

/. .
,
" :
" , ,

.
.
,

.
, ,
,
,
 ,
.

,
, ,
.

, ,
2,5 , ) ( 2
.
,
,
.
, ,
,
.

.
, ,

, ,
, ,
.

,
,
, ,
,

.

,
, ,
, ,
,
.

. .
/

10/2007/ 10

10





.





.





.


.

-:



.




.





.







.



.



)(

.




.




12 .





.






.



.


.



.

/

-:



0




0

0

)
000(



0



.





0


0


) ( )
2000 (54
0







0




0


% 50
) 1987 (17
,


0 ) (




0

0





Empathy


.




.


) (


.

.


.

.




.
-:






.







0



.





.




.



) 1999 . (15





.






.

.


:
.1




) 2000 (59
.2





.
.3


.4


.
.5



.
.6

.
.7



.



) ( Occidentalization
)
(Modernization
). 2000 295 0(296








.

,


 ) (
.
) (

.

, .

,

.
) (

:
.1 .
) (
, ,
,
) (
, ,

) fast)) food, fast eats ,fast life
))
!

.2 .


.

.3 :
 ) (



.

) 1999
(19





.





.





)) ((1993









.
) (1995










:

:
1 ) (
.
2

.
3


.
4



.
 :
:
1

.
2
.

:


2002 .2003

:
pre - school child


).
1987 (19

determinants


.

child culture
))


(( ) 1987 (10
 .


.

:



.
:

4780

.
:
) (478
) (38
%10
) (12

)0 (466

*


.
 .

2002 0 2003

:
1


) (1 0

/ 0 0 *

/ 0 0

0 0
/
0 0
/

)(1



/

96% 1

87% 2
 85% ) ( 3
65% ) 4
(
49% 5
32% 6
12% ) 7
(
2% 8

) (1
%96






) 1996 (107

0

%87





)
1996 (155








.

%65


) Huizinga

( )
1994 (89 )
( %65




%50




0
2
) (2
)(2




75% 1

56% 2
52% 3

39% 4

38% 5
35% . 6
22% 7
7% 8

) (2








.











.

:
1
0
2
0

3


.
4 )
00 (
.
5
) (

.
6
.


1 ) )) (1994
(( ))
102 143
0
2 ) )) (1999

0
3 )) ) (1999

( ( .232
4 ) )) (1996
000
(( 0
5 ) )) (1987
:
0
6 ) )) (1987
(( 0
7 ) )) (2000
((
59 57 59 0
 8 ) )) (2000

:
59
48 . 55
9 ) )) (2000
:

(( 2
0
10 ) )) (1995

((


0
11 )
)) (1996
(( 0
12 )
)) (1994
(( 0
13 ) )) (1993
:
((
/
0


*
:







.







) (






.

 * )
( 4 . 2004

:


.





( )
)
1995 . (54







) 1988 .(1
-



.


.




).(Gilbert a Khl; 1982 P.52






) 1993 (45 )



( .



) (Berdie , 1993
-:
. .1
.2
.
. .3
. .4

 ) (1999


.
) (Werts . 1986



. )
(1988






.
) (1988





. )
(1990

.
) (1993
:

.




.



.



.
17

)(






) 1986 . (489




:

.
:
 .1 ) (
.
.2


.
.3


.
.4


.
.5


.
:

.

:
)(0.05
-:

.1
.
.2

.
 .3


.
.4
)( )( )(
.
.5

.
.6


.7

.
.8
.
:

2001-2000 .

:
Child :

))
(( ) 1990 . (65
Determinants :


.
Choice Future Career :


.

:


)
(
.
Vocational Guidance

) ( Frank Parsons (1854-
) 1908 Vocation Bureau
1908

-:Vocation

Choosing 1909

.1
.
.2

.

.3
.
Elton Mayo (1880-
) 1949


)( -1927
1932


.

.



.
)( Williamson


Factor Model Trait
1941 1969

.

)(

)(

)(


.






)
1988 .(121-114



Ginzbers 1951



-:
: :



.

: :
18-11
:
12-11

.
14-13
.
16-15



.
 18-17


.
: :
22-19 24 .

.
)(

:
.1
.
.2

.3

.

.4

.

)( ) (Osipow , 1997



.
) ( Super Theory
1953 )(

Development Vocational

. :
.1 :
14


.
)( :
-
.
-
.
-

.
.2 :
24-15

.
.3 :
44-25


.4 :
64-45



.
 .5 :
65



.






.

) ( Holland





) (

) (
)(
-:
.
.


.

)(



.
) ( Anne Roe

.
1957

.
) (



) .
1988 . (168-167

)(

)( Krumboltz ) (1979

)( Bandura




 ) .
1995 . (61





.



.

:



.
:

-2000
2001 275.124 161.223
113.901 4 638
) (1 :

)(1

*

* - .
 72283 28916 43367 /
1
70898 30336 40562 /
2
70181 29113 41068 1 /
61762 25536 36226 2 /
275124 113901 161223

:
) (2751
%1

) (78 %12

) (302

) (2439 ) (1359 ) (1080
) (2 .

)(2



837 359 478
813 371 442
789 350 439
2439 1080 1359
 :

:
.

.

*
.
:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
.5 .
.6 .
.7 .
) (1
.
:


) (1988

. * -. .
/ / . .
.
/ .. .
.
/ .. .
.
 6




) 1999 (82 ) (2

)
1988 . (15-11

* :


. 2000-2001
:


.
:

2
-:
:

0.05
.

* - /

.
 2

) (3 -:

)(3





*
23 5 18
305 90 215
889 463 426
681 250 431
541 251 290
2439 1059 1380
*

.
** 2 = 69.78
*** 2 0.05).( )(4
= 9.49
) (3
%31.2

. %43.7


 ) . (1988 )
(1999) (1993
.
:

) (0.05

.
2

) (4
. )(4




7 4-6
4


23 11 8 4
305 145 135 25
889 482 378 29
681 420 233 28
541 328 182 31
243 1386 936 117
9
* 2 44.17
** 2 0.05).( . 15.51 = 8

) (4
%26.5

 %40.4
6-4
%34.8




.
:

) (0.05
.
2

) (5 .

)(5










 23 2 1 20
305 49 119 137
889 173 531 185
681 166 367 148
541 187 247 107
243 577 126 597
9 5
* 2 = 182
** 2 0.05).( = 8
15.51
) (5
%31
)
(
%42
)
(
%42.4

) ( .

) (





.

:

) (0.05
.
2

) (6 .

)(6










23 1 4 18
305 49 116 140
889 123 482 284
681 111 362 208
541 132 367 42
2439 416 133 692
 1
* 2 = 190
** 2 0.05).( = 8
15.51
) (6


%31.7

%36
.

%41





) ...(.
:

) (0.05
) (
) ( . 2


) (7 .
)(7






 23 10 13
305 118 187
889 431 458
681 340 341
541 179 362
2439 1078 1361
* 2 = 46.43
** 2 0.05).( = 4
. 9.49

) (7

%33.7 %40









.
) (Werts , 1989) (1990

.

:

) (0.05
)( ) ( .
 2

) (8 .

)(8








23 22 1
305 176 129
889 730 159
681 535 146
541 388 153
2439 1851 588
* 2 = 86.66
** 2 0.05).( = 4
. 9.49
) (8
%27

%39 .
%26

%29 .






.

:

) (0.05
.
2

) (9 .
)(9






23 21 2
305 119 186
889 682 207
681 469 212
541 310 231
2439 1601 838
* 2 = 169.63
 ** 2 0.05).( = 4
. 9.49

) (9
%38

%29.3
.




.
) (1999
.
:

) (0.05
.
2

) (10 .

 )(10







23 9 14
305 129 176
889 417 472
681 285 396
541 240 301
135
2439 1080
9
* 2 = 4.87
** 2 0.05).( = 4
. 9.49
) (10
%34.7

.
%38.6

.






.
)
 (1988

:

) (0.05

2

) (11 .
)(11





23 3 20
305 159 146
889 512 377
681 365 316
541 230 311
2439 1269
117
0
* 2 = 55.84
** 2 0.05).( = 4
. 9.49

) (11
%32


%40.3



.
:
-:
.1


.
.2


.
.3


.
.4


...
.5


.

:
-:
-

.
 -

.


:
)" (1988 .1
" .
.2
)" (1988
) ( . "1986/1987

.
)" (1979 .3
"
.
)" (1999 .4
"
22 249
). (85-70
) .5
" (1988
" .
.
)" (1999 .6
"

. 149-115
)" (1988 .7
" .
) (1988 .8
"
"
4 15 )
. (215-185

 )" (1995 .9
"

). (62-52
.10 )" (1990
:
"
18 1 ). (139-123
.11 )" (1986
"
.
.12 ) (1993
"

"
8 3 ). (76-43
13. Berdie , R.F (1993) , "Factors Associated With
Vocational Interests" , The J of Educational Psychology ,
V.34pp. 257-277 .
14. Gillbert , E. & kahl, J (1982) , "American in Social
Structure : A New Synthesis" , Homewood , 1L: Dorsey
Press .
15. Osipow , S , (1973) , "Theories of Career
Development" 2nd Ed . Englewood , N.J : Prentice Hall .
16. Werts , C , e , (1986) , "Parental Influence on Career
Choice" . J. of Counseling psychology V. 15pp . 48-52 .


:
*
.1 :
1912
) (1953-1870






.




. ) (


.
) 1979 .(4

. -: :
2001 / 4 / 11





) ( Permissive





.




.



) 1999
. (54
) ( The risk of abuse


.



.

.2 :

.


) ( Gill ) 1991
(18 ))

(( )
2000 (414))
:



(( .

.

.2-1 . Child Neglect

.


.


,


.
.2-2 . Emotional Abuse







.


) (1988


.

.2-3 . Physical Abuse

:






.







.

.2-4 . Sexual Abuse

.






) .
2000 ( 417-415


.




) 13-5
( 1994


) (130

 ) (28


.

.3 :




:

.3-1 :





) 1999 (55

.3-2 :







.
) 1988 . (124
.3-3 :









)
1999 . (67
.3-4 :





) ( . .
.3-5
:

) .
. (1985

.4 :

,



.

.4-1 :




.

.4-1-1 :





,
))
(( )
. ( 72

) 1989 (18




.


) ( )
. ( 31
.4-1-2 :


 )
2001 (225

)
( ) . (333



) :
( )
1993 . ( 41

:
.4-1-2-1 :

.
.4-1-2-2 :

.

.4-1-2-3 :

.
.4-1-2-4 :



.


,

.2- :
 ,





.



) (1924

) (1919
) ( SCF


.
1946
)
( UNICEF

) ( 1950

) ( 1959



)) :





(( .
 ) (1979
)(1989
) 1990
( )30
/ (191) ( 1999/).
1999 .(7


:
.

.

.5



.

.

.



.










.

,


,






.



:
.5-1

.
.5-2
.
.5-3

.
 .5-4

.
.5-5


.
.5-6




.
.5-7

) :(1979
10 3 .12-3
) " : (1999
"
37 10 .55-53
) " :(1999
"
CRC / C /2/Rev.8
.
) " : (1994
" 13-5 -1994
A/Conf. 171/13 22-4
.
) " :(1989
" .
) : (2000



" 27
2 .436-414
) " : (2001
:
"
38 . 273-189
) " : ( 1985


"
. 12-9
 ) " : (1993
.
) " :(1991

"
.
)" :(1999
:
" 37
10 .76-61
) ":(1988
" .
) " :(1988
:
"
.


:




.




.




.


) (
1948 )



( .

*

/ 30
2005 / 12 / 1 11


)



( ) . . (1989





.




.






.


1978





.











.
) . (1990



) (1984





-:
* .
* .
* .
* .
* .
* .
* ) .
. (1992















) . . (2002





) .
(2000

) . . (2000

1989



:
.



.

.

.
)
(2000






.



) (2004




.
) (2001





.



:

.

. 1989

-1

) ( .
-2

) 10
( .

/
2005-2004 .

-1 :





.
-2 :





) . . (1990
-3 :

) (1992

))


(( .
-4 :


) . 1989 . (1990



Content Analysis

.




) *(739


.

) (40

) (1 ) (426

) (17
) (9
) (400
) (1
.

)(1

10 10


202 117 85

198 112 86

400 229 171


) . (1996




.

-1
.


20 .

:
- : 41-1



.
- : 45-42









.
: 54-49 -









.

.
) (52


.

:



Content Validity


 ) (1989


**

.
. )
(2 .
:



***
)(%100
. Scotts




1-2
) (52
) (104-52

: -:

) (39 ) (52

) (13




) . (2
1.5 .

)(2

2 1.10 1 1.12 1



1 1.08 2 1.19 2



4 1.20 3 1.28 ) 3
(

6 1.30 4 1.29 4


7 1.33 5 1.32 5


9 1.39 6 1.43 6



7 1.45 7



8.
1.47 8
5



8.
3 1.18 1.47 9
5


1
10 1.49 0



1
5 1.29 1



1
8 1.34 2



1 1
1.49 3
0

: )

(

). (3

 )(3






2



1.7
3.07 1.67 1
5
9.19# 1.8

1.72 2
# 4
8.23# 1.6
1.51 3
# 5
11.25# 1.8
1.72 4
# 6
1.8
1.71 1.29 5
6
1.6
5.11# 1.52 6
4
22.21# 1.9
1.74 7
# 1

16.25# 1.7
1.91 8
# 1


1.2
3.48 1.20 ) 9
8
(

1.6 1
4.61# 1.71
1 0
.

52.60# 1.1 1
1.08
# 9 1

 1.1 1
0.16 1.10
2 2

47.69# 1.2 1
1.30
# 9 3



33.45# 1.4 1
1.78
# 5 4

1.6 1
3.45 1.68
9 5

14.00# 1.4 1
1.68
# 7 6


38.98# 1.4 1
1.18
# 7 7


1.9 1
3.68 1.95
0 8


24.83# 1.4 1
1.73
# 9 9

14.48# 1.34 1.5 2
# 3 0


20.97# 1.86 1.6 2
# 0 1

4.03# 1.66 1.5 2
7 2


0.38 1.84 1.8 2

1 3

# 4.22 1.70 1.8 2
1 4

0.71 1.63 1.6 2
7 5

4.77# 1.54 1.6 2
5 6
3.58 1.63 1.5 2
4 7

.
0.78 1.39 1.4 2
3 8
0.01 1.33 1.3 2
2 9

6.30# 1.77 1.8 3
7 0
18.6# 1.87 1.6 3
# 7 1
11.12# 1.86 1.6 3
# 1 2

5.03# 1.64 1.6 3
7 3
9.19# 1.88 1.7 3
# 2 4



2.08 1.94 1.9 3

8 5
1.86 1.88 1.8 3
7 6

9.17# 1.56 1.8 3
# 0 7

8.26# 1.64 1.8 3
# 6 8

2.23 1.86 1.7 3
5 9


3.81 1.79 1.8 4
8 0
3.72 1.57 1.6 4
6 1

4.26# 1.49 1.6 4
8 2


6.32# 1.81 1.7 4
7 3

2.11 1.92 1.9 4
7 4



4.56# 1.93 1.8 4

3 6
6.97# 1.56 1.7 4
# 8 7


1.86 1.55 1.5 4
8 8


2.36 1.62 1.6 4
9 9



9.17# 1.58 1.7 5
# 4 0

4.10# 1.50 1.5 5
6 1

5.87# 1.52 1.6 5
5 2

. = 1
0.05
3.841
0.01
6.635
# 0.05
## 0.01

 : )

)
10(

). (4
)(4

01
01
2

6.2 1.58 1.74 1

5#
4.8 1.8 1.66 2
9#
21. 1.32 1.65 3
71#
#
0.6 1.69 1.74 4
0
33. 1.07 1.44 5
62#
#
1.2 1.47 1.56 6
5


1.9 1.79 1.70 7

4
6.4 1.94 1.82 8
0#

8.5 1.11 1.27 9
6## ) (
23. 1.89 1.57 10
81#
# .
12. 1.11 1.32 11
39#
#
0.0 1.11 1.10 12
0
5.0 1.21 1.39 13
7#

5.9 1.68 1.83 14
4#

29.
1.53 1.87 15
13#
#
0.0 1.68 1.70 16
7
5.2 1.11 1.23 17
4#

0.2 1.94 1.96 18
8



19. 1.89 1.62 19

53#
#
5.9 1.32 1.36 20
0#


1.6 1.89 1.83 21
9

10. 1.79 1.75 22
25#
#
8.9 1.96 1.83 23
8##
10. 1.58 1.79 24
29#
#
6.4 1.53 1.70 25
5#
0.8 1.51 1.57 26
8
27
6.3
1.53 1.70
0#
.
11. 28
98#
# 1.25 1.49


7.6 29
1.22 1.40
3##
20. 30
29# 1.58 1.91
#
13. 31
94# 1.79 1.96
#
7.6 32
1.78 1.91
4##
0.9 33
1.68 1.62
6
44. 34
83# 1.76 1.96
#
2.3 35
1.87 1.96
9
67. 36
25# 1.88 1.87
#
37
1.5
1.48 1.62
8

38
1.8
1.68 1.62
3

39

2.4
1.79 1.83
8



0.0 40
1.79 1.79
1
0.0 41
1.58 1.57
1
42
0.0
1.48 1.49
1

2.4 43
1.79 1.83
8
5.5 44
1.87 1.96
4#
18. 1.75 1.96 45
33#
#
20. 1.95 1.91 46
66#
#
0.2 1.49 1.53 47
5


4.1 1.47 48 1.62
7#


1.4 1.58 1.66 49
0

0

 20. 1.76 1.44 50
72#
#
13. 1.65 1.38 51
57#
#
1.2 1.58 1.49 52
5
. = 1
0.05
3.841
0.01
6.635
# 0.05
## 0.01

:

.

)
(52
) (39 ) (52
.









.







.


) (2





.

: )

.
) (3

.











.

: )

)
10( .
) (4

10
10







.

.


:
.1



.
.2

.

:
.1

.
.2

.
.3


.
.4
.
.5

.
.6

.7 .
 .8


.
.9

.

:
* - /
.
** -. .
/ .
. .
/ .
 / .. .
.
/ .. .
.
.. .
.
*** -.. .
/

:
)" (2002 -
" 2 .
2000 -
.
)(1989 -
" "

.
)" (2004 -
"

.
)" (1989 -
: "
.
-
) " (1996
" .
)" (1984 -
"
.
)" (2001 -
"
38
. 273-189
)" (1990 -
" .

)" (1992 -
:
"

. 129-67
-
. 2000
30 1978 -
23 22
. 1980 1979
)" (1990 -
"
.


*





.
) ( 1987

.1 :





) (

Pollution


.

--------------------------------
)) :
((
/202002/






.
) ( 2001




.
.2 :







.

 .3
-:
.3-1 .





)
(



Hyperactivity
) ) (
( 2001

.3-2 -:


Noise Level
)& Gloss
(Singer 1972



.

Decibel 90
)(Mc Anderw,1993



.







)
( 1981

.3-3 -:



) (

..





.



) ( 2001

) ( Williams


%95

(Online , 2000) .
)
( 1986

) ( Down's


.

1991

.

.3-4 -:

)
(

)
(
..

DNA .

) ( 1990

) 5
 ( 10

. )(Wassermun , 1998

) (

)
( .













.

.3-5 -:





) . (1999

.4



.






.



:
.4-1
.
.4-2
.
.4-3
)
( .
.4-4
)
(
.

.4-5

.
.4-6

.
.4-7

.


.1 ) )) (1981
(( .
.2 ) ) (2001
((
. 129 120
.3 ) )) (1999


(( :
23 229
. 284
.4 )(1990
))

((
.
.5 ) )) (2001
(( 11
.
.6 ) )) (1989
((
142 .
7. Glass.D.L & Singer, J.E(1972) ((Urban Stress)) N.Y.
Academic .
))8. Mc Andrew, F.T., (1993) ((Environmental psychology
Brooks / Cole Publishing Company, Pacific Grove,
California.
9. Online. B.K.C (2000) .
10. Wasserman, G.A., (1998) Lead Exposure and

11. Intelligence in 7-year old Children: The Yugoslavia
Prospective Study Environ. Health prospect. Sep.
105 (9), P.P 956-962.


: *

:



.







.
.

.



.



:


. 2006 / 5 / 15

 :






.

.



.
:


.



.
:



) (

.

) (


.




) (



.


.




.......
.
,
,

,
,
" )
( ,

, / .


,



1970


. Veena
Das )) ,
,
(( Ritu Menon
@Kamla Bhasin

:
. -
. -
. -

"

)) ,
" ) (

.

, /

.

, ,
.

.




) (



%95
%51
%6
8
10 % 70

.



-:
- -:





.

- -:





.
-






.
-




... .
-


.

.

-










-:
-
-
-

- ) )) (2002
(( .
- ) )) (1998
((
.
) )) ( 2004
(( ,
, .


:


9/4/2003








.



.


.










 188 1959



). ( 2006









.

.

1980

.
2006



%14
) ( 60-16
%68

) . ( 2006




300 90
100


2003

) .
( 2006











.
) ( 2006



.




) . ( 1995







) . ( 1999









) . ( 1999



.
) ( 1999


-:
/


-:
-1 ) (
.
 -2


.
-3

.
:

-:

-:
-1

) 30 ( ) 30
( .
-2

) ( )
3-1 ( ) 4 ( .

:

/
2006 . 2007

:
Need
) ( 1988


.
) ( 1977

.

.

Widow

) (
))
(( ) (1983

Work Widow


.
:
-1 .

.

-2 .

.





) ( 120


) ( 100

)(1

) (1



4

1-3

30
30


4 6 5 6 9 15 -1
-2
6 11 7 9 15 24

-3
7 19 9 16 19 35

8 13 5 10 16 26 -4

.

10
25 49 26 41 59
0
-3 .

.
-:
-1
.
-
) (40

). (1
- ) (20
.

-

) (1 ) (2
) (3 .

-4 .

) ( .

.
.
..
.
..

 %85
)
( 16 -:
-1 :


.

-2 .


.
-3 .
) (


.
-4 .



. ) (2
.

)(2





1

. 2
3
. 4




 5

6

7

8
.
12
) (
.





13
.
14
.

15

. 16

:
:

) 30 ( ) 30 (
2

). (3

)(3


30 30

2

0.09 23 11 7 33 15 11 1
*24.35 13 13 15 44 13 2 2
1.83 30 7 4 36 14 9 3
0.50 20 12 9 33 15 11 4
**7.55 25 8 8 22 19 18 5
0.21 21 11 9 30 14 15 6
0.46 23 10 8 29 17 13 7
0.71 24 13 4 31 19 9 8
*16.41 5 19 17 46 6 7 9
*14.46 10 16 15 37 12 10 10
0.68 19 10 12 30 16 13 11
0.48 23 10 8 36 11 12 12
*9.32 22 14 5 34 7 18 13
0.40 15 15 11 24 18 17 14
0.28 16 15 10 26 19 14 15
0.08 22 11 8 31 15 13 16
** * 0.01 =2
0.05

) (3


30 -:
-
.
 -
.
-
.
-
.
-








30

.
:

) ( ) 3-1 (
2
) 4 (

). (4
 )(4

4
3-1


2

1 1
4.14 9 3 31 9 9 12 8 6
3
1 2
8.66 9 2 33 8 8 10 9 7
4
1 3
*29.16 4 2 36 9 4 5 8 13
9
1 4
7.81 5 4 29 13 7 8 9 9
6
1 5
8.80 4 3 20 14 15 9 9 8
8
1 6
3.89 4 4 22 14 13 12 7 7
7
1 7
1.98 5 4 24 14 11 12 8 6
6
1 8
**13.23 4 3 28 13 8 7 15 4
8

1 9
3.31 6 5 21 13 15 16 6 4
4
1 1
2.67 6 6 20 15 14 14 7 5
3 0
 1 1
5.86 5 4 25 12 12 8 9 9
6 1
*12.46 1 1
4 4 34 9 6 8 8 10
* 7 2
1 1
*17.11 4 3 31 11 7 7 6 13
8 3
1 1
3.45 6 6 15 19 15 11 8 7
3 4
1 1
1.74 7 6 20 19 10 10 8 8
2 5
1 1
9.46 4 3 27 11 11 8 11 7
8 6

= 4
* 0.01
** 0.05
) (4


-:
-
.

) -
( .
-
.
 -
.











.

:
-1
.
-2

.
:
 -1

.
-2

.
-3

.
-4


.
-5



.
-6


.

) ( 1995 -

. 12
) ( 2006 -
.
( 2006 ) -
:
. 9/5/2006
 ) ( 1977 ) ( -
2 .
) ( 1999 ) -
(
65 : -100
. 141
) (1983 ) -
( .
) ( 1988 ) -
( .
( 2006 ) .. .. -
.
. www.zawaggate.com
) ( 1999 ) ( -
)
(
.

) ( 2006 ) -
(
. www.amanjordan.orgla-news
) ( 1999 ) -
(
)
(
.


:















.



)) ((
. 286

.









.
:




) ( 1998

Pozanski




. ) ( Featherstone, 1980




.

-:
-1 .
-2
.

-3
). . (2001 ,
) (Moors,1982



.
.






.

-:



-:
-1
-2
 -3
-:
-1

-2
.
-3 )
(

.
-4



.

:
-:


-:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-:


-:
-1 .
-2 .
 -3 .
-:

-:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .

:



) ( Travis ,1976



.
) ( Gath,1973
) (







.
)(McConachie@Domb,1981

,





( (Meadaw,1980



.
((Harris,1988


.





)
(.
:

15-14

. -2005
2006 /.

:
 -1 Children With
Special Needs
"Garrison@Force,1995


"




)(
.
-2 Aggressive Behavior
Benton,1984


.
-3 Psychologically
Loneliness Feelings ) ( 2003


.
-4 Self esteem
) ( 1988
.

-5 Child
) ( 1990 "

.

:
 )
( Causal Comparative Studies





.

:

) (15-14.

) (60


) (1
.

)(1




1 15 30

15

15 30 2

 15


60 60
-:

-:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
) (234 .

)(2



.



14,01 185,6 30
* 0,90 58





 13.12 182,4 30

* 0,01

)(3

.



-5 3-4 1-2



13 10 7
5,99 *0,36 2




12 9 9






* 0,05

)(4

.






9 14 7

5,99 0,48 2





10 15 5







* 0,05

:
) ( 2003
)

(


.

:
-:
. :

.
.


.
.

Principal
Componts
.((spss
:





).(5
)(5




0,88
0,81

0,85

0,79



-:

)(1 ) (3 )(2

)(3 ) (1 )(2
) ( ) (9
)(27-9

-:




-:
. -1
. -2
. -3

) (6 .
)(6

.



1
0,86 58 412 20,2 30





38 214 30







2
*263 58 456 203 30





552 238 30





3
3,22 1696
1,80 58 30




3,66 18.6 30





0,05
-:


-:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
 ) (7
.

)(7



.
.



1
057 28 4.06 172 15





321 18 15





2
*216 28 312 192 15





317 222 15
6






3
*261 28 24 151 15





332 171 15
6




* 0,05

-:


-:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
) (8

)(8




.



1
0,37 28 436 19,2 15
2




397 20,1 15
4




2
*242 28 296 19,6 15
7




311 228 15
6






3
396 211 15
090 28 2




312 194 15
9




0,05

) (8 ,7 6




.








.


)(8 ,7 6

.
))( Travis 1976
(Berslala Weitzman @Messener 1981) (Featherstone 1980
.





Aggression


Hostility
) (Bass ,1999
) (8 ,7 6





.
)
( ,( Harris , 1988( Meadaw , 1980


.


) (



Rosenberg,
.((1999




.

-:
-1

.
-2

.
-3


.

 -:
-1


.
-2

.
-3


.
-4

.
-5

.
-6
)
(
.
-7

.

. 1 ) "(2003


"
12 . 3
 ( " 1998) . 2

"
)
. ( 55
( " 2002 ) . 3
:
. "
(" 1988) . 4
.
( " 1990) . 5
"
.
6. Breslaw,N.Weitzman,M.@Messenger,k
"Psychological Functioning of siblings of disabled
children .pediatrics,1981,61,344-353
7. Benton,H(1984).Crime and Delinquency
Encyclopedia
Britannica,Chicago:PublisherMicropedia.
Garrsion,K,C,2Force,D.G.(1995) The Psychology
of exceptional Children,N.Y.Ronald Press.
8. Buss,A.@Perry,M./(The Aggression
Questionnaire ) ,Journal of Personality
and Social
Psychlogy.Vol,63,No03,pp.452-458

9. Featherstone,H.A (1980) " difference in the family "

N. Y : Basic Books.
10. Gath,AThe School age siblings of Mongol Children.
British Journal of Psychiatry
,(1973).123 p.p,161-167
11. McConachie,H.@ Domb,H.An interview study of the
Siblings of mentally handicapped Children, Mental
Handicap (1981),11p.p,64-66.
12. Moors .D (1982) Education of the deaf .psychology.
principles and practices Houghton Mifflin C-
London.
13. Travis ,G.(1976) Chronic illness in Children :Its
impact on child and family .Stanford ,CA: Stanford
University press .


*
) (
:








%50

) 1987 . (16-15
)
(






.

. . .
*
) (
/ . 2006



) (

.




.



) 1999 . (7




)Siegel and
( Hanson 1992


/
.






.
) 2005 ( 241


)
( Kindergarten Heartwood
) ( Pittsburgh

:
Courage Loyalty Justice
Respect Hope Honesty love
) 1999 (6 .








.
) . 1988
( 478








) (
) (
) (
% 37.05
% 62.95
)

1996 ( 47
:

 -1

.
-2
.
-3
) ( .
-4
.

.

-:
-1
) (
) ( .
-2
.

-3
.

,
) (5 ,
/ 2005 2004 .

-: Kindergartens
 ) 1989
( 20 )





( .

-: Personality

) ( Allport
"

" ) 1984 . ( 4

.
Ladd @ Price 1987


.
58
)
(

,


,

.
) ( 1999


839 ) 416
413 ( 6-4



.
-:



.


.




) ( .
)
(


.

-1 - :


. ) (60 )(30
) (15
) (15 ) (1 .

)(1

30 15 15


30 15 15

60 30 30
-2

,


-.
-3


. 1999
-




.
) (46
:

-1 : -1
7 )(7
-2 : -8
16 )(9
-3 : 17
23 )(7
-4 : 24
33 )(10
-5 : 34
42 )(9
-6
: 46 43 )
. (4

-
:
(1

. %90
(2 .



% 50 ,
% 50 .
(3

.

:
-

.
-

0.85
50
.
-

50
0.82
.
-

.
(4

) ( ,
:
- , 4 .
 - , 3 .
- , .
- , .

184-46
) (1
.

(5
2005-2004





) (2 0

)(2


142 164 171 175
155 125 171 159
131 133 142 141
127 153 106 159
144 102 156 141
182 130 153 145
142 174 161 151
141 139 161 175
138 132 147 160
172 171 166 164
169 160 164 165
171 137 155 168
162 128 148 162
153 130 144 154
140 134 130 142

-1 :
"

) (
) ( "

) (3 .

)(3


) (








154.5
14.35 30
3

* 1.89 58

146.0
18.36 30
3

0.05
-2 :

)

( )(4
.
)(4











11.1 157.4 15

2.95 28

19.02 140.8 15

0.05

-3 :

)

(
) (5 .

)(5


.

0.07 28 16.41 151.6 15
* 7


 15.97 151.4 15
7


* 0.05

: -:


) (
) ( .
)
( 1999

.

)(5

.


.
: -:


.







.
: -:


.


.

-:

-

.
-


.

 -1

.
-2 )
(
.
-3
.
-4

.

-5

.
-6



.


- ) " (1987
"
.
- ) " (1999
" "
:
"
.
- ) " (1987
"
" "
) ( 498-475
/
- ) " (1984
" .
- ) " (2005


" 51 . 265-239
- )" (1989
:
" 6-3
.
 - ) " (1999

" "
" 351-281
.

- )(1996
"
" .
- ) " (1999 =
" "

" .
- Ladd , G . @ Price , j ( 1987 ) Predicting
Childrens Social and School Adjustment Following
the Transition Form Preschool to Kindergarten
Child Development . 58 .5 . 1168 1189 .
- Siegl , D. F , Hanson , R . A (1992) prescription For
Literacy : Providing Critical Educational
Experiences . E R I C Digest EP 340001 92.


:




.





( ( sub culture
) , 2004 , . ( 117
) Disequilibrium
(

,
)) Craw , 1977

) (
) ( ) (







) (



.


,
,
.
- :





.




.
/ 3 / 20
2003

2003 / 4 / 9




.
________________
_____________________


) 1980
(







.




) , 1989 ,
. ( 359



" "

)) Auden : .
) , 1988 , . ( 182


,
,

,

,





) , 1989 ,
. ( 326




,



) ( Crisis
Context ( ( Sleikeu < 1990
:
/ .
/ .
.
.






,
.






) , 1987 ,
. ( 34 33




.

15
20
,

:
.
.


) , 2001 ,
. ( 49




,




:

.

-:



.
)
(



.


.









/ .

:
.1
) (05,0
)
(
) ( .
.2
) ( 05,0

.
.3
) (05,0

.
.4
) ( 05,0
)
(

/ 18 -17
. 2005 2004

1 Anxiety

) , 1988 , ( 109 :
.1
.
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
.5 ,
.
.6


.

-2 Anxiety Social
) , 1987 , ( 33
,

. ( ( Stingier @ Heidenreich , 1999
) , 2001 , ( 48
.

-3 Emigrate / Immigrant
) ( Oxford , 2005
:
" Immigrant
" )
( .
" Emigrate /

" ) (
.
Child -4

"
"
) , 1990 , . ( 65

(1 :

Causal Studies Comparative



) . 2004
( 182

(2

2003 / 4 / 9


18 17


)
( 30





) ( 60 ) ( 1 .
) ( 1









30 14 16

30 16 14

60 30 30

(3

:
.
.
.
4 -3 -2

) (2



 .




*62,1 58 07,1 6,21 30
7 3
11,1 4,20 30
4 6

* 01,0

) ( 3
2
.
2 8 7 - 5 -1
4

9 13 8

*10,0 2
9 14 7

2 =5.99
* 05,0

) ( 4
2

2
.




4 26
16,0
1
*
3 27

2= 3.84
* 05,0

- :
-1
.
-2

) ) ( 2001 , ,
( 1988 ,
.
-3

*
.
) ( 26
.


Face Validity


) 3 (
 ) ( 4

,
%85
) ( 22
) . ( 1

Test-Retest

) ( 30

)
. ( 0 ,87

) . 1983
( 297


) ( 1 2 3

) ( 3 2 1

) ( 22
) ( 66 22

.

) * . .
(
) . . .
(
/ . . .

.

2005

) ( 5
.
) ( 5





= 16 =14 =14 = 16
43 42 44 42
41 34 47 49
44 42 31 42
42 43 58 43
38 34 54 39
42 39 58 41
47 35 51 54
39 41 49 48
42 36 39 58
52 40 56 40


43 48 47 41
41 38 46 44
40 29 49 39
47 46 52 50
51 ---- --- 45
39 ---- --- 45

-1 t test
)
/ (
.
- 2 Chi- Square
) /
(
.
-3 Person R

) , . ( 2000 ,

:
-1 :
"
05,0

 )
( "
) ( 6 .

) ( 6


) (

2 ,30 58 ,20 ,73 3
* 6 45 0


,03 , 23 3
42
6 0

0 ,05

-2 :
)
0 ,05

(
) ( 7 .
) ( 7


.

,96 ,19 1
3 43 6

* 2 ,68 28

,47 ,07 1
4 39 4

* 0 ,05
-3 :
)
0 ,05

(
) (8 .

) ( 8


.


,64
7 ,16 14
1 ,56 48
*
28
5 ,32 45 16

* 0 ,05

-4

) ,05
0
) (
) ( 9 .

) ( 9


) (



,19
3 ,96 16
43

2 ,26
28
*

,64
7 ,16 14
48


* 0 ,05

: - :



.

.
Suliven
 .
) 1977 . ( 153
: - :



.


.
: - :








,




) , , 1989 , ( 347


.
: - :


.







.

- :

18 -17
.



.

.1

.
.2

.
.3

.
 .4
/
.
.5

.

) " ( 1983 .1
"
.
) " ( 1988 .2
"
.
) " (2001 .3

"
/ . 77-47
) " ( 2004 .4
: "

. 163-133
 ) " ( 1987 .5
" 111
.
, , , ) .6
" ( 1988
"
, , 16 , 3 . 196 181
, , , .7
) " ( 1988

"
) ( 149
, 215 ,
.

, , , .8
) " ( 2000
" , 2 , .
, , , .9
) " ( 1977 " , 2
, .
, ) " ( 1989 .10
" , .
, ) " ( 1989 .11
" "

" 401 345

, , .
 , ) " ( 2004 .12
"
, .
) " ( 1990 .13
"
, .
14. Crow . G . A . ( 1977 ) Crisis Intervention ; A
Social Interaction Approach New York ; A Association
Press .
15. Sleikeu .K . A ( 1990 ) Crisis Intervention
Boston ; Allyn and Bacon . PP 30 36 .
16. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary 2005 .
University Press .

/ 0

. 1982
-
) (
. 1989


. 1997
. 2004

0


.


.

0 1987 -1985

. 1993

. 1997

. 1999

. 2005