Introduction to the IEC 61400-1 standard

Peter Hauge Madsen

Ris DTU
IEC or ISO? (Electric component, machine or building
or a wind turbine)

Wind turbine generator system ~ Wind turbine structure

2 Ris DTU, Technical University of Denmark Title of the presentation 21-aug-2008

The wind turbine a complex system
service crane

gearbox
transformer generator
Nacelle
Power curve

Ris DTU, Technical University of Denmark 45700

3 Ris DTU Technology
IEC TC88: IEC 61400 standards series
IEC 61400-1 Design requirements
IEC 61400-2 Small wind turbines
IEC 61400-3 Design requirements for offshore wind turbines
IEC 61400-4 Gears for wind turbines
IEC 61400-(5) Wind Turbine Rotor Blades
IEC 61400-11, Acoustic noise measurement techniques
IEC 61400-12-1 Power performance measurements
IEC 61400-13 Measurement of mechanical loads
IEC 61400-14 Declaration of sound power level and tonality
IEC 61400-21 Measurement of power quality characteristics
IEC 61400-22 Conformity Testing and Certification of wind turbines
IEC 61400-23 TR Full scale structural blade testing
IEC 61400-24 TR Lightning protection
IEC 61400-25-(1-6) Communication
IEC 61400-26 TS Availability
IEC 61400-27 Electrical simulation models for wind power generation

IEC 60076-16: Transformers for wind turbines applications

Ris DTU, Technical University of Denmark Slide 4
IEC61400-1: 2005 Wind Turbines Design
Requirements

Principles

specifies essential design requirements to ensure the engineering

integrity of wind turbines. Its purpose is to provide an appropriate level of
protection against damage from all hazards during the planned lifetime

Content

External conditions (e.g. wind) Wind turbine classes

Structural design (e.g. load cases and methods)
Control and protection system (what to consider)
Mechanical system (e.g. yaw, brakes)
Electrical system (e.g. lightning)
Site assessment
Assembly, installation, erection
Commisioning, operation, maintenance
Ris DTU, Technical University of Denmark
IEC61400-1: 2005 Wind Turbines Design
Requirements - Amendment
Power production plus occurrence of fault or loss of electrical network
connection (DLC 2.1 2.4)
Partial safety factor for consequence of failure and component classes
Ultimate strength analysis
Partial safety factor for load (gravity foundations)
Critical deflection analysis
Blade (tip) deflection
Gearbox
Yaw system
Assessment of the topographical complexity of a site
Asssessment of wake effects from neighbouring wind turbines
Assessment of structural integrity by reference to wind data
Annex (Informative) Wake and wind farm turbulence.
Annex (Informative) Statistical extrapolation of loads for ultimate strength
analysis.
Annex (Informative) Contemporaneous loads.

6 Ris DTU, Technical University of Denmark Title of the presentation 21-aug-2008

Wind turbine classes
Wind turbine classes are defined in 61400-1 and intended to cover
most possible sites
Wind turbine class I II III S

Vref (m/s) 50 42,5 37.5 Values

A Iref (-) 0,16 specified

B Iref (-) 0,14 by the

C Iref (-) 0,12 designer

0,5
Class A
0,4 Class B
Class C
Vave = 0, 2 Vref
V(z) = V hub ( z/ z hub ) ; = 0, 2

0,3
Turbulence
intensity

0,2

0,1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Vhub m/s
Ris DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Wind in IEC 61400-1
Rayleigh distributed wind Extreme wind speed model:
speed: Steady:
PR (Vhub ) = 1 exp (Vhub / 2Vave )
2
0 ,11

Ve50 ( z ) = 1, 4 Vref z

Vave = 0, 2 Vref zhub
Ve1 ( z ) = 0, 8 Ve50 ( z )
Power law wind profile:
V(z) = V hub (z/ zhub ) Turbulent:
= 0,2
V50 ( z ) = Vref ( z )0,11
zhub
V1 ( z ) = 0, 8 V50 ( z )

1 = 0,11Vhub

8 Ris DTU, Technical University of Denmark Title of the presentation 21-aug-2008

Turbulence
Mann and Kaimal Model

1 = I ref (0,75Vhub + b ); b = 5,6 m/ s

lateral component 2 0,7 1

upward component 3 0,5 1
0, 7 z z 60 m
1 =
42 m z 60 m
Inertial subrange
S1 ( f ) = 0, 05 12 (1 / Vhub )
2 5
3
f 3

S2 ( f ) = S3 ( f ) = 34 S1 ( f ) E 1 Vhub = I ref ( 0, 75Vhub + c ) ; c = 3, 8 m/s

Var 1 Vhub = ( I ref (1, 4 m/s ) )
2

9 Ris DTU, Technical University of Denmark Title of the presentation 21-aug-2008

Measurements

Ris DTU, Technical University of Denmark 10 IEC MT01

meeting 14-
15 Nov 2007
Extreme turbulence model
Based on 50-year
return period and log-
normal TI:

Normalized turbulence:
1
I ref 1.44m / s

Vave V
1 = c I ref 0, 072 + 3 hub 4 + 10 ; c = 2 m/s.
c c
11 Ris DTU, Technical University of Denmark Title of the presentation 21-aug-2008
 Gust models
Extreme operating gust
(EOG)
36
34
EOG Wind speed in hub height

32
30

28
26
24
22
20
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time t s

Extreme direction change

(EDC)
Extreme coherent gust with
direction change (ECD)
Extreme wind shear (EWS)

12 Ris DTU, Technical University of Denmark Title of the presentation 21-aug-2008

IEC 61400-1 Design Load cases
Turbine operation
normal power production
start up and shut down
control failure or network failure
parked or idling state
yaw error

Wind conditions
Extreme wind
Wind distribution
Turbulence
Wind shear
Dynamic events

Load type
Fatigue loads
Ultimate load

Ris DTU, Technical University of Denmark

The design load effect
Approach 1 Approach 2

Characteristic load Characteristic load

Dynamic and/or Multiply by load factor

non-linear analysis

Characteristic load effect Design load

Multiply by load factor Dynamic and/or

non-linear analysis

Design load effect Design load effect

1 1
f Fk fk
n m
14 Ris DTU, Technical University of Denmark Title of the presentation 21-aug-2008
Partial Safety Factors for Loads (ultimate)
Unfavourable loads Favourable* loads

Type of design situation (see Table 2)

Transport and erection All design situations

Normal (N) Abnormal (A)
(T)

1,35* 1,1 1,5 0,9

* For design load case DLC 1.1, given that loads are determined using statistical load extrapolation at prescribed
wind speeds between V in and V out , the partial load factor for normal design situations shall be f =1,25.

If for normal design situations the characteristic value of the load response F gravity due to gravity can be calculated
for the design situation in question, and gravity is an unfavourable load, the partial load factor for combined loading
from gravity and other sources may have the value

f = 1, 1+ 2
0,15 for DLC1.1
=
0, 25 otherwise
Fgravity
1 ; Fgravity Fk
= Fk

0; Fgravity > Fk

* Pretension and gravity loads that significantly relieve the total load response are considered favourable loads. In
the case of both favourable and unfavourable loads, the limit state function becomes

n S ( f,unfav Fk,unfav , f,fav Fk,fav ) R ( f d )

15 Ris DTU, Technical University of Denmark Title of the presentation 21-aug-2008

Partial Safety Factors (ultimate)
Partial safety factors for
consequences of failure:
Component class 1: n = 0,9
Component class 2: n = 1,0
Component class 3: n = 1,3
General partial safety factor for
materials, m:
1,1
m
applied to characteristic material
properties of 95 % survival
probability, p, with 95 %
confidence limit
16 Ris DTU, Technical University of Denmark
For non fail-safe mechanical
/structural components with
non-ductile behaviour m shall
be not less than:
1,2 for global buckling of curved
shells such as tubular towers and
blades, and
1,3 for rupture from exceeding
tensile or compression strength.
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS !!
Title of the presentation 21-aug-2008
Partial Safety Factors (fatigue)
Miner's rule
For loads and all normal and
abnormal design situations
f =1,0
Partial safety factors for
consequences of failure:
Component class 1: n = 1,0
Component class 2: n = 1,15
Component class 3: n = 1,3.
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS !!
17 Ris DTU, Technical University of Denmark
For materials:
m 1,5
provided that the SN curve is based on
50 % survival probability and
COV<15 %.
Welded and structural steel:
m = 1,1
with the 97,7 % survival probability is
used as basis for the SN curves.
Fibre composites:
m = 1,2
with 95 % survival probability with a
confidence level of 95 % shall be used
as a basis for the SN-curve
Title of the presentation 21-aug-2008
Assessment of a wind turbine for site-
specific conditions
Two approaches:
a demonstration that all these conditions are no more severe than those
assumed for the design of the wind turbine;
a demonstration of the structural integrity for conditions, each equal to or
more severe than those at the site.

Site conditions:
Topographical complexity;
Wind conditions;
Air density;
Earthquake;
Electrical network conditions;
Soil conditions.

18 Ris DTU, Technical University of Denmark Title of the presentation 21-aug-2008

IEC 61400-1 site assessment rules
Checklist
Extreme winds
Shear of vertical wind profile
Flow inclination
Background turbulence
Wake turbulence
Wind-speed distribution

19 Ris DTU, Technical University of Denmark Title of the presentation 21-aug-2008

12MW project 2006-2009
Hvsre cup/lidar to 300 m

Lines show mixing-length profile

Lines show logarithmic wind
using boundary layer height.
profile.
Symbols show data.
Symbols show data.
Notice good correspondance at all
Notice good correspondance
heights in the boundary layer.
only at <40 m height.

Colours: atmospheric stability - vu very unstable, n neutral, vs very stab

Ris DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Measured turbulence intensity
I

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Mean wind speed

Turbulence intensity measurements at Horns Rev, h=62m, No. of 10min values 7500.

21 Ris DTU, Technical University of Denmark Title of the presentation 21-aug-2008

Assessment of the topographical complexity
of a site
To obtain the slope of the terrain, planes are defined that fit the terrain
within specific distances and sector amplitudes for all wind direction
sectors around the wind turbine and pass through the tower base. The
slope, used in Table 4, denotes the slopes of the different mean lines of
sectors passing through the tower bases and contained in the fitted
planes Distance Maximum
Sector Max slope of
range from terrain
amplitude fitted plane
wind turbine variation
< 5 z hub 360 < 0,3 z hub
< 10 z hub 30 < 10 o < 0,6 z hub
< 20 z hub 30 < 1,2 z hub

The resolution of surface grids must not

exceed the smallest of 1.5 zhub and 100 m.
A complexity index ic is defined, such that ic
= 0 when less than 5 % of the energy
1 + ( 2 / 1 ) 2 + ( 3 / 1 ) 2 comes from complex sectors, and ic = 1
CCT =
1, 375 when more than 15 % of the energy comes
from complex sectors. In between ic varies
CCT = 1+0,15 ic linearly.
22 Ris DTU, Technical University of Denmark Title of the presentation 21-aug-2008
 Thank you for your attention

13 Ris DTU, Technical University of Denmark Slide 23 Det

Janu Norske
ary Veritas AS.