Culture e Fede - Vatican - 05a

CULTURE E FEDE CULTURES ET FOI CULTURES AND FAITH CULTURAS Y FE SPECIAL EDITION PONTIFICIUM SSNIISLeni we (SANA VATICANARLaurent Mazas PTheodore Mascarenhas Rew Miguel Angel Reyes Dr. Richard Rouse sGouenseaeeet Dr. Renzo Panzone Sig.ra Paok M. Fontana Sede Pontificium Consilium de Cultura 1.00120 Citt de Vaticano “Tel: #39-06.6989.3811 Fax ¥39-06.6988.7368 rivista@culeura.va Progetto grafico Clavelia Dimieco Edizione e stampa GIF PRESS Finko di stampare: marzo 2012 Foto di copertina: Cella stamina adulea (orwnneostem.com) REDAZIONE E ABBONAMENTI ABBONAMENTI REVUE TRIMESTRIELLE (vec des textes en angle, espagnol frangais ot tallon) ‘Abormement anne Pour Europe 28 € et en dehors de l'Europe 35 § USA payable par cheque ou imandst postal (en dehors de [Eurape, utiliser une banque des Etats-Unis) & Yordre de: atures et Fo, Conse Pontieal de ts Culture (00120 CITE DUVATICAN. 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VIERTELJAHRESSCHRIFT (mie Belergen in Englisch, Franzésisch, allanisch und Spanisch) Johresabonnement Fir Europa 28 € und auferhalb Europas 355 USA zahlbar mittelsInternationaler Post-anweisung oder Scheck (auferhalb Europas durch ein Bank von USA) zugunsten von: Culture e Fede, Papstlicher Rat fir die Kuleur (00120 VATIKANSTADTINDICE CULTURE E FEDE VOL. XX -ANNO 2012 -N.1 Editorial-Trafny / Smith. STUDIA on -Wrat are Stem Cells?- Overcoming Misconceptions... Where Do Stem Cells Come From? .. ~ Stem Cell Therapy and Hearth Failure -A Potental Paradigm Shift in Treatment of Chronic Hearth Disease .. = Umbilical Cord Blood Banking .. Targeting Aucoimmune Diseases with Adult Scem Cell Therapy. Considerations to Create a Cell-based Therapeutic. ‘The Pharmacy of the Future, Make Versus Buy: the Decision to Outsource Cell-based Manufacturing. = Ending The Dispute Over Seam Cell Therapies nn = Humanism in Stem Cell Research: Necessary Conditions for Optimization 19 = Edueation as a Challenge: Necessary Tool for a Better Future .21 =Will Advances in the Life Sciences Change our Vision of Man®...23 DE NAVITATE DICASTERI sereseneenennenenseerren26, = XVI Seduta Pubbiica delle Pontificie Academie ennsonnon-28 = Messaggio del Santo Padre in occasione della XVI Seduta Pubbiica delle Pontficie Accademie ~ Gaudi en Roma. = 15"Tertio Millen Sarees ~An Azerbaijani Concert Comes to Town, > Ciencia fe en fa Ciudad Santa nnn ~ Nuova Fondazione in Vaticano dedicata al dialogo wala scienza, la teologia € la filosofia .. MISCELLANEA ssc ccccsscucntcineacstenmeeninconerin GO - 36" sessione della Conferenza Generale del UNESCO .....40 -A Hungarian Success Szory: the Fifth World Science Forum ..42 ~ Declaration of the Budapest World Science Forum 20/ | ‘ona New Era of Global Science nanan = Entre ciel ec terre, 4s eee ae ANDO DI DUE CONCORS! werewoereeenernnenernenes SE RECENSIONES crecrsrsone 53 NEN VEL sence eerste eae RO LITTERAE AD EDITOREM MISS/E ceccsvcsneenennnee SB.EDITORIAL Mires ts tha ce Sapien at Os woven ecole ine. The International Conference on Aduule Stem Cells Science and the Future of Man and Culture beld at the Aula Nuova del Sinodo in Vatican City between November 9" through 11%, 2011, gathered together the foremost experts in adult stem cell research, Church leaders, policymakers, ethicists. government represen tatives, ambassadors to the Holy See and representa: ves of the srem cell therapeutic business community. This event accentuated how far we have come scienti- fieally from fifty years ago when the first adult stem cell article was published by Till and McCulloch. At the same time, the conference highlighted the importance of the need co gain a better understanding of Man and culture and begin to broadly reflect on the possible interaction nat only between natural sciences and ethics, buc also beeween natural sciences and humanities. ‘The purpose of the conference was to bring together the foremost experts in adult stem cell research, Church, leaders, policymakers, ethicists, government tepresen- Robin L. Smith ‘atives, ambassadors to the Holy See and represenrati- ves of the stem cell therapeutic business community t0 understand the impact this new medicine will have on culture and on people's faith, unite us all toward the common goal of ending needless human suffering by the advancement of stem cell therapies. Faith and science do nor need co bein appesition to one another, People do nor have to choose berween their faith and science We need to look closely at the conditions of possible dialogue across disciplines and perhaps among institu tions. The term “dialogue” indicates a special type of relation where people meet each other and communi- cate 10 each other. Ics real, alive, dynamic and due ta perfection relationship based on open, respectable, humble and free from prejudices desire of knowledge which isrich with curiosity and orientated to the truth The need for dialogue is one of the important reasons why this conference was organized, ‘The conference was an expression of mutual effort of the Pontifical Council for Culture and biopharmaceu= tical company NeoStem as well as their charitable organizations STOQ and the Stem for Life Foundation. ‘Those institutions, so heterogeneous and apparensly focused on very different goals, have reached a common understanding through clase and dyna la boration. This partnership is critical ax by joining forces, we can work together and produce the biggest social impact. ‘At this conference we found that beyond death rates and suffering, behind the grief and loss, there lies so much hope — and real people whose lives have been, transformed by adult stem cell therapies. Four patient advocates attended to speak about their experiences with adult stem cell therapy and we look for the time in the not too di apy can be common place and standard of care in. mod sant Future where adult stem cell ther ern medicine. Sei remains one of the most influential factors in the furure nce has a major impact on the fusure of man as it of culture. The exploration and understanding of thisEDITORIAL Msgr. Tomasz Trafny horizon appears noc only as a fascinating adventure, bur above all as an imperative and a clear sign of responsibility toward the Church and towards humanity. For that reason there are.a few specific expectations co- ming fiom this initiative. The Church aims ar offering a positive message centered on dialogue and mutual li stening, showing, at the same time, thar excellent research can be promoted without violating ethical or religious principles. Secondly, we want to promote in terdisciplinary reflection in which basic research, clinical protocols, bioethical issues, as well as matters of philosophical and theological anthropology might be addressed in a single encounter stimulating reflection and debate on some issues and challenges that arise in the large horizon of interactions berween scientific and cultural investigations, and thar ean have a si impace on the future of man. “The Varican conference was only the frst step wichin an articulated itinerary developed to foster the highest levels of scientific research on adult stem cells and to explore the cultural, ethical and human implications of their use. We need to educate individuals that hundreds of millions of people globally are suffering from debilitating and life threatening illnesses for which adule stem cells may be part of the treatment regimen al dilemma and these solutions come without the eth posed by the use of embryonic stem cells, The Catholic Church has @ great reach Church supporting over 5,000 hospitals, 17,000 outpatient units, 16,000 nur- sing homes. and aver 85.000 other health eare facilities There ate over 400,000 catholi he Church's 1.1 billion members which contains over 17% of the world’s population, We also need to find priests servin financial resources w advance the clinical trials so that these therapies can be evaluated to answer questions of potency, dose, safety, and best delivery mechanism and time of administration so that in the not too distant Facure we will be able to use adul: stem cells routinely to rebuild damaged tissue and repair organs, such as the heart, pancreas. blood vessels, retinas, and wounds. ¢ results of the We take the challenge of translating very sophisticated medical scienees ro an audience which goes beyond the narrow circle of expertsandd, che refore, to open a channel of communication between the scientific communities and the general public. It is an attempt to address the content to those who rarely have the scientific medical-biological training: representatives of the Episcopal conferences, politicians and am- the Holy representatives, Workers of non-profit organizations basadors to See, governmental and even businesses, From this fi fe artempt, we want 10 develop further courses for students and! tools for researchers that want to explore more deeply important copies within the muktidiseiplinary context Robin 1 Svrr#, MD, MBA Chairman & CEO of the NeoStev In President of The Stem for Life Foundation Mogg. Tomasz TRAENY Head of Science und Faith Department Pontifical Council for CuleureSTUDIA WHAT ARE STEM CELLS? OVERCOMING MISCONCEPTIONS Dr. Maximo G. Gomez. Ph Dis 0 member of the Board oj Director Stem for Lif Foundation and one of most respecied! medical journalists he field of stem cells hay been so clouded by controversy and misconceptions that few people truly understand what stem cells are, what their potential is and how much research is being done with them. In fact, when we asked people on the street to tell us about stem cells, the answers ranged from “cells that can help you stop smoking.” to “ways to grow body parts” to even “s technique for choosing your baby's gender and appearance”, The reality is that stem cells are early stage cells thar can divide and develop into various specialized cell types in the body. They can also self-renew to produce more stem cells, There are two types of stem cells — embryonic stem mals, including hu- mans, adult stem cells act as a repair system for che body, replenishing and healing adule tissue, These adult stem cells are found in children as well as adults and cells and adule stem cells, In ma can be found in many tissues and organs is their remarkable aber of dif- ions, Usually What makes these cells excitin capacity to transform or become any 1 with some I ae cell eypes: they can only become celts of the same tissue type. This means that adule stem cells could be used for wh: re called cell-based therapies, offering the possibility of a renewable source of replacement cells and including Alzheimer’s disease, spinal cord injury, stroke, burns, heart disease, diabe~ tes, arthritis and more. So what are these remarkable cells? Whar do they look like? And, more impor 6 Dr Maximo G. Gomez, Ph. D. tantly, whar makes them different from —and more po: werful chan —most other cells? Let's start with some hi- ghly simplified and abbreviated basic cell biology. ball of liquid or gel filled wand it Most of us think of a cel with a bunch of tiny seructures just Aloacing side. In fact, a cell isan ineredibly complex and ordesly organism where literally trillions of chemical reactions are happening every second. The outside of a cell isa semi-fluid envelope called the cell membrane. Embed- ded in the membrane are large sugar and protein molecules that regulace how things like nutrients and waste pass in and ost of thecell as well as help transmic signals to the calls interior. The control center of the cell, the nucleus, contains genes made up of combinations of DNA. Some genes help cells become bone,... others to become skin, muscle, liver cells and so on. This is what’ called “differentiation”. Inanemby nic stem cell, virtually all genes ate “open for business", meanit he stem cell not just contains Dr Maximo G. Gomez, Ph. D.all ofthe genetic code needed to turn it into every type ‘of cell in the human body, but its all available for use. But, as an embryonic cell starts to differentiate —as it starts to become a specific type of cell — DINA that’s ‘not needed for thar particular cell type to funetion be- gins to shut down, Inactive genetic material or “here~ rochromatin” is formed... and while the unneeded genes are still present, theyre just not accessible. ‘We used to think that was the end of the story... that “adule” cells were fully: and ineversibly differentiated and only capable of making more copies of themselves. Bur now we know better. Ir urs our we keep some stem cells around. Technically they are “progenitor” cells ~ meaning that while many of their genes have shut down... nor all have. So, they can be re-programmed or reactivated to a certain extent... to make more of the tissue they're found in. For our purposes, we'll call them “adult” stem cells, And were now learning tha these adult stem cells are found in many, pechaps most, tissues in the body. ‘These “adule” o “somatic” stem cells are generally what we call “multipotent” — meaning they can become several differen types of cells... bur usually only within the same broad tissue type, For example, neural stern cells can become brain and other nervous system cells, but not muscle or blood. More recently, however, it’s been found that adult stem cells might be able to become cells of different issue types, which is called erans-differentiation. These cells are said to be “pluripotent”... che example here is bone marrow stem cells that may be able to differentiate or manure inco liver, lung, gi trace and skin. It's thought that these pluripotent cells are the cells we call "VSELs”... short for very small embryo itic-like stem cells. Bur now, scientists have figured our an even neater itick: how to rake fully differentiated cells and revert ‘of reprogram them into stem cells. It’s done by raking, ‘the “shur down” genes and opening them up for busi- ‘ness again... cither by unwinding the tightly wound, inactive DNA... or by inserting some key genes thar ‘the cell needs to revert to its embryonic-like state, This is usually done using viruses with the needed genes en- ginceted into chem. The virus then does whar it often STUDIA does best, inserts its enetic material into the human cell's DNA. When these cells are cultured, some of them actually dedifferentiate. Not only do they look like embryonic cells... they have the potential to become many different tissues. All of this is happening even as you read this. There are at least 3500 clinical trials going on right now using adult and/or transformed cells to treat diseases ranging from leukemia to orthopedics vo hear disease. ‘Think abour what this means, We arc on the brink of a whole new way of treating disease: cellular therapy... harnessing the power of nature, the potential locked inside our own cells, to repair, treat and even cure some of the most difficult diseases of mankind. Not with drugs or surgical procedures that can leave us scarred or damaged or suffering from setious side effects, but with cells. In the future your doctor might prescribe. instead of pills, custom-made cells to treat your di seaxe...and made from your own cells! Medicine will never be the same.STUDIA WHERE DO STEM CELLS COME FROM? Denis Rodgerson Pris the Director of Stem Cell Science at INeoStems inc. as well as the inital founder of NeoStemn He has been @ consultant to many nsteutions ard coparations, including NASA, Naticoal Bureau of Stardarcs, Hewlett Peckarl and Beckrrian Instruments. Moriusz Z Rewaiczak M.D. PRD, DSc the Henry and Stes ‘Hoenig Enebwed Chair in Cancer Biology ord the drectr of the Developmental Bisbgy Research Program it ts Unversity of Lexis’ James Graham Brown Cancer Center tem cells are primitive, unspecialized cells that can renew themselves by cell division, producing either new (daughter) stem cells or cells (progenitor cells) that will differentiate into specialized cells such as red blood cells, muscle cells, or nerve cells. The major task ofstem cells in adulr tissues is to repair/rejuvenate Fissues thar are damaged due co the aging process, disease or trauma, The human body develops from the mest primitive cemarkable stem cell that isan oocyte fertilized by sperm. This earliest stem cell at the beginning of our life is named a zygote. During the first stages of embryonic development stem cells show a broad potential to differenciate into cells from many different tissuesin the developing body and are named pluripotent. With time pluripotent stem cells become gradually restricted in their ability to contribute to a broad variety of tissues and become commisted ro only one given type of stem coll in the adule sisues (eg. blood stem cells liver stem cells, neural stem cells). However some evidence exists that a number of the pluripotent stem cells from early stages of embryogenesis may survive into adulthood as a population of so-called very small embryonic-like stem calls (VSELs), These pluripotent stem cells that will be discussed lattes, can be thought of as a “back-up” popu larion for more differentiated rssue-commiteed stem cells and could he employed as ethical source of stem cells isolaed fron the adult tssuicy inv the regenerative medicine. Denis Rodgerson, PhD. Mariusz Z. Ra, M.D, PRD. ‘Until recently, stem cells, considered from view of potential clinical applications, were grouped into two main ‘categories: embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and adult (somatic) stem cells (ASCs). ESCs are derived from developing embryos. The production of embryonic stem cells necessitates the destruction of the embryo, There are na current stem cell therapies using ESC's as the problems associated with these cells with respect to their inberent tumorigenesis, and other issues that precipitate regult- tory interventions thatare not as yet, resolved, Addition- ally, ESCs can never be autologous (where the cells are one’s own) and will be rejected by the patients immune system and thus are deprived of a majorartribute achiev- able with ASCs. Moreover the technologies te difleren= tiare ESCs into different types of tissues achieved so fue in laboratories worldwide are far below expectations. ‘While much of the regulatory restriction on embryonic stem cell research may have been removed by the current U.S. administration, considerable concern about moral, ethical and religious issues still remain. Adule stem cells are now che basis of essentially all successful stem-cell based therapies. By definition, an adult stem cell isan undifferemiatedcell found among, differ= entiated cells in a post-natal tissue of organ, ean reneve itself, and ean differentiate through progenitor edly yield the major specialized cell types of the tissue or organ (e.g blood calls liver cell, neural cells), Ina living, organism, the primary role of adil stem celésis the main- tenance and repair of the tissue in which these cells are found. ASCs employed for therapeutic purposes may either be autologous (isolated from the patient's own tissues) oF allogeneic (derived from a donon. In general, mest regenerative therapies are based on autologous cells, thus avoiding probleme with rejection, grafe-versus-host disease and transmission of infectious diseases. ASCsto beemployed in the clinic ean be obtained from several sources, The relatively easily accessible sources of—————— ‘ASCs are hematopoietic tismes including bone marrow, umbilical cond blood and peripheral blood following mobilization by pharmacological agents. These tissues, are convenient source of hematopoietic stem cells, however, they also contain other types of ASC such as en dothelial progenitors, mesenchymal stem cells and as ‘mentioned above, VSELs. ASCs may also be collected from other non-hematopoietic sources such as adipose tissues, placenta, and even deciduous eeeth or by small aspirates of myocardium, While these nen-hemaropoi etic sources do indeed provide ASCs, the quantities are Timited and are significantly less than that required fort cell dove for most conditions. It has been suggested that the inadequacy of ASC quantities obtained from various sources can be overcome by expanding the ASCs outside of the body. This has unfortunately proven to be a difficult task, since ASCs tend to differentiate under expan- jon conditions, and thus the number of stem cellsis not increased. For the present. the preferred source of for most therapies will be collection from peripheral blood, which allows for flexibility in the nasmber of ells obtained with a minimum of discomfort to the donor. evidence, demonstrates that ASCs restricted to given tissues (e.g., hematopoietic stem cells or mes- enchynval stem cells) unfortunately passess limited differentiation potential and do not contribute to other non-hematopoietic types of edlls (e.g. cardiomyocytes) Mountit Mariusz Z. Ratajczak, M..D., Ph. D. STUDIA However, inste: these: cells are a potent source of growth factors, cytokines and bioactive lipids and these factors secteted by ASCs make major contributions in most of the currently reported positive results in clinical trials employing ASCs. Based on this they could be suc cessfully employed in the current cell therapies in regen erative medicine before true pluripotent stem cells isolated in sufficient quantities ftom adult tissues and suc cessfully expanded a nino will be employed in the elinie. Such a povential source of plusipotent stem cells for regenerative medicine is VSELs. Ic is hypothesized that the pluripotent VSELs that are found in the adult bone row, and ao sequestered in many, of all, of the organs of the body in what are called stem cell niches, where they are available for rejuvenation and regeneration of cells of the specific organ. Possibly VSELs area dormant and quiescent population of stem cells deposited during embryogenesis in developing tissues, a specialized population of primitive stem cells that actively contributeto, long term regeneration and that, after being mobilized into the peripheral blood following stress, can contiibute to tissue and possibly organ regeneration. The role of \VSELs in the regeneration of tissues for the treatment of stroke, autoimmune diseases, retinopathies, osteo porosis, wound healing, and orthopedic conditions is under investigation but early studies have been very g. The demonstration that VSELs can be ob- promisi tained possibility of achieving all the positive benefits of the m human adule peripheral blood opens the embryonic stem cells without the negative atcributes such as wmorigenesis. Of even greater potential is the ability to obtain un-expanded pluriporent stem cells in quantities sufficient for therapies, and for autologous use, which, as previously stated, is impossible with embryonic cells. ‘There is even evidence in pre-clinical work, that high levels of circulating VSELS may be linked to longevity: Ir has been postulated that novel therapeutic, strategies employing these cells in regenerative medicine nay become the “key 10 longevity”STUDIA STEM CELL THERAPY AND HEART FAILURE A POTENTIAL PARADIGM SHIFT IN TREATMENT OF CHRONIC HEART DISEASE Robert Bali, M.D, FAHA is Professor of Medicine, Physioiog the U f Louisville and #s Chief of the Carciovasalr Messe t University of Loubvile Health Care lor of arrention has been focused on cell therapy in a wide range of indications from oncology, where cell-based therapies are used to activate the to immunology, in which immune system to fight ca stem cell transplant has shown promise for treating di seases such as lupus or even diabetes. But one of the most exciting ateas for cell therapy today isin cardiology. Ieoften surprises people that one of the largest areas of nmet medical need remains in cardiology, In an era of drug eluting stents (devices that keep arteries open), pa cemalcers mized pharmacological (drug) therapies chac help nd defibrillators as well as an arvenal of opti contiol a beating heart, the mortality rate associated with heart attacks and congestive heart failure (when the heart loses its ability ta pump blood co the body well enough to sustain life) is still extraordinarily high. In fact, in the case of severe heart failure, a five year mortality rate as high as 50% remains, and the outlook is worse than for colon or breast cancers. The good news is that a paradigm shift of how cardiac disease is treated is well underway. Companies such as Baxter, NeoSiem, MesoBlast, and Gytori are working on hovel approaches using adult stem cells, In the case of Baxter and NeoStem, both companies are utilizing the body's natural repair mechanism for ischemic injury, adult stem cells and, in particular, cells that express certain markers (CD 34+) to the site of the ischemic insult. These cells have which is to deli been known ta be pocent pro: 10 Roberto Bolli, M.D. tagonists of angiogenesis (eliciting new blood vessel for marion). Baxter is pioneering the use of these cells to treat ischemicareas ofa damaged heart muscle, to stren- then the heart itself, and stop the progressive deterio- ration caused by chronic atherosclerasis, NeoStem is also pioncering the use of the CD 34¢ cells but in a slightly different way ~ to treat the heart soon after an initial heart attack, strengthen the healthy tissue, and prevent ive heart failure. Both of these ap- nus", using one’s own cells to treat the onset of cong nolo} proaches are the heart. The hope is that by concentrating and delive ting these cells in a therapeutically effective dose, the na Roberto Bolli, M.D.tural powers of these cells to create new blood vessel for- mation, responding to the ischemic injury, can be leve- raged. Baster is beginning a Phase III clinical trial for congestive heart failure, the last step prior to approval, and NeoStem is beginning their Phase IT trial for treat~ ‘ment affer an acute myocardial infarction, both in the United States. In my lab we are working, in collaboration with Dr. PieroAnversa ar the Brigham and Women's “Hospital, on using a personis own c-kit positive, lineage negative cardiac stem cells (CSCs) to improve cardiac fanction afteran infarct and have published very exciting Phase 1 dara in The Lancet. We were able to show that coronary infusion, the ejection fraction (a standard measure of the heart's pumping ability) improved and size of the infarct decreased in patients alter a myocardial in farction, implying thar the cells induced regeneration of new heart muscle. Another interesting approach is being taken by Cytori, using stem cells that are derived from adipose tissue (your fat) and introducing the purified calls back to where chey'are needed, Cytori has reported encouraging Phase IT clinical data in heart attack patients and expectations are that we will see this product advance to pivotal trials. Another company that has acquired a lot of attention in the cell therapy space is Mesoblast. This Australian cell therapy company came into the spotlight when specialty pharmaceutical company Cephalon acquired rights to the company’s cardio logy program fora $130 million paymeneand an equity stake in the company: For many, this validared the commercial potential of cell therapy. What the acquirer see med 10 understand is the potential of this company’s allogeneic cells (other people's cells) to be packaged in an off-the-shelf, pills-in-a-bottle model, and utilized to treat cardiac disease in a way that traditional drug the- apy has just noc had success doing. Every year, over 1.7 million people have a heart attack in Europe, and over 1.1 million in the United States. These therapies in development today provide hope to millions who suffer as a result of this unmet medical need. These therapies also hold promise to alleviate the economic cost of cx- ring for these patients with a viable, cost effective cell therapy chat can alter the deleterious cascading effects of heart attacks, STUDIASTUDIA UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD BANKING Andrew L Pecara M.D. PACP Is the Chief Medical Officer of NeoStem, Inc. and Vice President af Cancer Services arnt Chief Innovations Officer of the John Theurer Concer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center: His research focuses tn the study ofhigh-dose therapy and stern cell rneplane in the treatment of patients with cancer Lee F Cough, RN. HP (ASCP) ic the Direetor of nkéal Affairs ond Apheresis for Pmgenitr Cell Therapy. 0 NeoStem compery. mbilical cord blood contains stem cells — l mastly hematopoietic stem cells. The hematopoietic stem cells are the cells thar are ised in treating hematopoietic (blood — leukemia and lymphoma) and genetic disorders. There are different types of transplants depending on whom the donor of the stem cells is: > Aurologous transplant — cells are fiom the same person. > Allogeneic transplant —celly ae not from the same person. > Allogencic relaxed —cellsare froma reed family member > Allogeneic unrelated cells are from anyone and axe not from a related family member, Stem cells: may also be collected from: > Bone marrow —stem calls ae collected fiom the marrow of the bone. > Peripheral blood stem cells — stem cells are collected bya process called apheresis and requires venous access from the Andrew Pecora, MD Lee F Clough, RN, HP (AS transplants? In 1973, a team of physicians performed the first unrelated bone marrow transplant, In 1988, the first cord blood transplant was performed in France. The parents of « baby who had Fanconi Ane- mia were expecting their second child and utilized the umbilical cord blood from their second child to treat their first child. The first umbilical cord blood wrans- plant was successful, thus beginning the new era it treatment of cancers and blood disorders and brought hope to many families unable to find a bone marrow match. Afier this fest sibling-donar card blood tans- plant was successful, che National Institutes of Health (NIH) awarded a grant to De, Pablo Rubinstein te de~ velop the world’s first cord blood program and cord blood bank In 1984, Congress passed the National Organ Trans: plant Act which included a request to evaluate unre lated marrow transplantation and the feasibility of establishing a national donor registry. The National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP), a separate non- profic organization, was created. and took over the administration of the database needed to march a donor ‘with a recipient in need of a transplant. The program began with bone marrow donations, and then added peripheral blood donations and cord blood donations, Over the years, the percentages of each of these dona- patient/donor » Umbilical cord blood — stem cells are collected from the umbilical cord after the baby is bor. So how we have arrived at this point in history where parents have the option to collect and store their child's umbilical cord blood for potential Fu- cure stem cell Number of Transplants 2228883228 12 Year of TreatmentSTUDIA tions have changed and currently there are a greater percentage of cord blood units being used for trans: planes. The NMDP ion donors and 000 umbilical cord blood unies In 1992, a patient with leukemia was successfully trans: planted with cord blood instead of bone marrow. Today, cond blood stem cells have been used in more than 20,000 transplants worldwide in the treatment of nearly ‘80 diseases. There is a new FDA Guidance, effective Oc tober 20, 2011, that impucts all public cord blood banks ince these banks provide cord blood for allogeneic cord blood transplants intended for hematopoietic reconsti- tution in patients with specified indications. Healthcare providers, in many states, are now man- dated by law to council pregnant women about the umbilical cord blood donation. Most states require healtheare providers to council pregnant women by the beg! of their third trimester. The choices pregnant women have in reference to umbilical cord blood are to discard and not store the umbilical cord blood, publicly bank the umbilical cord blood, or to privately store their umbilical cord blood choices Private cord blood banks enable parents at their infanes birth to collect their child’s cord blood and store it for potential fucure medical use. Ifthe child, or a family cord blood member would ver require ansplanc, the privare cord blood bank will work with the poten: tial recipient's physician to sec if the cord blood is a match and then will work with you te release the cord Andrew Pecors, M.,D., Ph.D. Lee F Clough blood for transplant. The odds of an individual need. stem cell ransplant by age 70, using the cells or from someone else, are estimated ar | in 217. No accurate estimates exist for the likelihood of chil dren needing their own stored umbilical cord blood, but according to the American Academy of Pediatrics, an estimated 1 in 1,000 to 1 in 200,000 use the um: bilical cord blood that is stored. There are many clinical trials (www.clinicaltrials.gov) underway that are currently using cord blood to determine if chronic diseases like type 1 diabetes, cerebral palsy, hy- drocephalus, and several otherscan be cured or improved with a cord blood transplant. The “future is now” and scientists are working with the FDA to provide an effica cious way to develop cures for the many diseases and illnesses that afflict peop around the world, References 1Nietfiele IJ. et al. Lifetime probabilities of hematopoi- tic stem cell ransplantation . ix the US Biol Blood Mar row Transplant, Mar, 2008: 14(3):316-322. butp:/tune parentyquidecordblood ong ep:livnu marroworg bip:fhanrallabourpopularissues.orgihistory-of-stem-cell- research fg btp:Npedtiaaries.aappublicaions.orelcontent/LO4/111 16 full Intp:lien.wikipedia.ore/wikilCord blood Inap:theavneclinicalerials.gov buspsthewnefila gowSTUDIA TARGETING AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES WITH ADULT STEM CELL THERAPY Richard K. Burt. MD is Chief of the Division of invmunology Department of Medicine, Feinberg Schoo! of Medicine. Nortiwester University and ci pioneer of adult stem cal treatments for autoimmune disease uuroimmiune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, sys- A=" sclerosis, lupus, and type 1 diabetes, occur ben the body’s immune system develops a flaw in its ability 10 tell the difference between its self and out side ces. What is normally the body's defense system be comes is enemy, There are mate than 80 known types of autoimmune disease and they affect more than 583 million people worldwide. That isapproximately eight out of every hundred people in the world today. Institutions such asthe Northwestern University, Feinberg ‘School of Medicine, has a Division of Immunotherapy that focusison applying ster cells or immune cells coward innovative approaches to autoimmune disease management and organ regeneration. All ongoing clinical studies for stem cell therapies may be located on wovwclinicaltrials gov. These clinical trials invalve collab- ‘oration with the Divisions of Rheumatology, Nephiology, Gastroenterology, and che Departments of Neurology, Dermatology, and Vascular Surgery in innovative approaches and active protocols for the treatment of lupus, multiple scerases, cheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, Grohns disease, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy (CIDP), type I diabetes, polymyositis, sucoidosis, Devies (neuromyelitisoptica), and Wegeners, ssswel as peripheral vascular disease. We dlivide dhe process of autologous transplantation for a patienc into four phases. Phase ls retrieval of disease spe- cif questionnaire, outside records and biopsy samples, fl- lowed by pre-transplant texting. Phase IL is mobilization, wherein a patient ix giver stem cell mobilizing agents that, encourages the release of adult stem cells from the bone marrow to che peripheral blood. Phase Il is the harvest of the ster cells chrough the process of apheresis and is fol lowed by a 2 week rest interval to assure erility testing of the collected 14 Dr Richard K. Burt MD, stem cells before Phase [V, conditioning/transplant. In this Final phase, the patients’ cells are returned to them in a manner very similar tesa blood transfusion. The patientere- smains in the hospital on an average 10 days after stem cell infusion to ensure recovery. ‘We have pioneered the use of hemaropoietic sem cells co treat autoimmune diseases with pre-clinical animal studies that began more than 25 years apo. This work has been supported with funding.fram the National Instirates of Health, Lupus Foundation of America, National MS society. well, asa generous philanthropic donations. and ur own com- mitted passion to worl: long hours to find answers to todays most disabling and puzaling medical problems. Dr Burt was honored in 2006 by the magazine Scientific American as one of the top 50 people worldwide for improving humanity and in 2010 by Science lustated for oncering one the 10 preatest medical advances (stem cells forautoimmune diseases) of the decade. Dr Burt publishes in numerous medical academic journals including The Lancetand Journal of the American Medical Asseciation and, some of his clinical stem cell trials are being run in Ui versities worldwide. Please refer to www.stemcellim- munotherapy.com for more information, Dr. Richard K. Burt. M.D,STUDIA CONSIDERATIONS TO CREATEA CELL BASED THERAPEUTIC: THE PHARMACY OF THE FUTURE MAKEVERSUS BUY: THE DECISION TO OUTSOURCE CELL-BASED MANUFACTURING continually gained momentum and promise. In order to realize this potential many obstacles need to be overcome, including those related to reg: ulacory, clinical, scientific, and financial concerns. In the end, we must devise robust and affordable manufacturing paradigms for these mest innovative and unique therapies, ones that recognize that “change” is central to their development from concepts to commercial realities. It is within this contexe that the concept of Quality Systems and Comparability es Dr Robert A. Pret, PhD, tablish themselves as critical co the successful manufacturing and development program A successfil manufacturing strategy muse therefore be based from ‘the inside’ on a multi-parametric characterization, with an eye towards comparability, and build in potency and biological characterization approaches as carly as possible. The most successful strategy is buile in consultation with regulatory authorities (such as FDA and EMA, European Medicines Agency), and is built upon a solid Quality System on ‘the outside! as guided erent Good Tissues at Good Manufic~ by regulations such as che FDA’ Practices (21 CFR 1271) and Cu: turing Practices (21 CFR 210/211), Planning a solid product characterization strategy is the sole manner through which one can ensure that process, reagent, equipment, facility and other changes do not negatively impact the cell product, and to avoid unnec- essary delays and cost. From early in development, one must have commercialization ia mind, building in cle-STUDIA ments thar will allow for ulkirmate automation, scale-up, and delivery, and hased apa solid product characterization profile ro effectively control these changes at the rime atwhich they are most efficiently implemented, ‘A robust quality system and product characterization strategy can support the development of various cell products, as well as those of different types (i. patent- specific or universal (‘olf the shelf”), scaffold products, and the like. ‘Off the-shelf” products, defined as those from which many patient doses can be derived from a single donors cells, have an apparent cost-of-goods advantage over patient-specific products, as product lors more readily scale-up through automation, and leverage of material, labor, and facilities. While large batch sizes have an advantage in that resemble production runs of traditional therapeutics, the economics related to the use of these production runs must take into account that these cell product analogs require cold-chain dis- tribution, shipping, storage, bed-side preparation, and infusion/application that may be considerably more complicated than those of patient-specific products. Further, the more complex cell product, especially those involving combinations of cells, with or without biomaterial scaffolds and those that rely on mainte- nance of their organizational structure for activity, such as bladders, skin an blood vessels, the more difficult to envision production, cryopreservation and storage of these on a large. off-the-shelf scale. Therefore. it is clear thar there is a place for both patient-specific and off- the-shdlF therapeutics in regenerative medicine. Regenerative medicine also requires a delivery system adequately designed to maintain product control from callularacquisition to re-infusion. A key component of such a system is an adequate logistics and transporta- tion network capable of accomplishing the coordinated movement of celular material to accommodate patient and clinical schedules. The ideal system includes rele- vane control elements of GMP to resule in a most ef- ficient procedure for shipping human cells berween physicians offices, medical centers and laboratories for ‘treatment or for long term preservation. Much progress has been made aver the past 20 years as the commercial reality of cell therapies have arrived, 16 and the age of wide-scale application of blockbuster products is soon to be realized as data emerges fram the numerous cell therapy trials currently underway, References 2ICFR210--current good manufacturing practice in manufacturing, processing, packing. or holding of drugs: nip:Hwrura access. gpo.gottnaralefriwaisidee OW21G21 0_09.ptml 2ICFR211--current good manufacturing practice for finished pharmaceuticals Iip:lluvune acces: apo govinariefitussitide 092121 L09beml 2ICERI271--haman cells, tissues, and cellular and tise sue-based products rap: turun acces. po.govinaralefitwaiside O9/21efF12 7109.heml 2ICERI electronic records; electronic signatures heip:Muncre access. gp.govinaralefituiside. O21 fel _09.bemk #2UISC§351 and 361 for the PHSSTUDIA ENDING THE DISPUTE OVER STEM CELL THERAPIES Hon, Tommy G.Thompson Former United States Secretary of Health and Human Services The Honoratle Tommy G.Thompsan was elected Governor of Wisconsin in 986 and served in that positian until his ‘apponument os the United States Secretary: of Health and Hunan Services in 2001 where he wos nation's leading advocate for the health and welfare of all Americans. or much of the last decade, Americans, an deed much of the world, have debated the ethics and morality surrounding embryonic stem cell research. The idea of extracting live human cells from embryos has inspired consid sides, and rightly so. On one side of the issue we have able vitriol from both those who support this kind of research. This grou ‘ence, while those who disagree believe the opposition saci the pursuit of life-saving cellular therapies. As the former Secretary of Health and Human Services, Thad a front row seat for this ugly dispute, which cor finues to divide our nation today. Organizations, faith fices the sanctity of human life in groups, businesses and politicians leaped into the fray, Hon. Tommy G. Thompson investing considerable dollars and passion in defense of their position. This argument has served no one. es: pecially the hundreds of millions of people around he world suffering from disease and dangerous medical conditions. However, today’s science has made this ar gument obsolete. ‘When T speak to my fellow citizens about adult cell therapies, most of them are thoroughly confused. They believe these therapies are on the distant horizon and employ human cells from live embryos, or that these therapies fall short of the potential of their embryonic siblings. Both views are patently false, "The fe- ty is that adult stem cells, which exist in nearly every tissuc in our bodies and have been used in medical treatments for over 30 years, can naw do nearly every- ‘hing thar the distant horizons of embryonic stem ther: apies one day hope to achieve. And most importanily, ‘not one single human embryo is destroyed. It isthe ongoing, polarizing debate that has clouded a proper understanding of this issuc. Ie may come as a surprise, but last week The Vatican hosted the first-ever International Conference on Adult Stem Cells. Business leaders, ambassadors to'The Holy See, health ministers from around the world, doctors, theologians, researchers and adult stern cell patients, all gathered within the walls of the Vatican to take parcin this historic partnership, the first of its kind in over 1500 years of Vatican history. This landmark initiative flows from the effores of wo extraordinary individuals Dr, Robin Smith, The President of The Stem For Life Foundation and CEO of NeoStem, who, joined by F ther Tomase Tiafay of The Vatican's Pontifical Council For Culture, conceived of a working partnership be- ween the foundation and Council and brought it to the attention of Pope Benedict XVI, who commiteed one million dollars of Vatican funds fo support ies work over the 17 next five years. ItsSTUDIA mission is to ‘wake up’ che world to the here-and-now uses of adule stern cell therapies, and to form a collab. orative newark ofscientists and doctors devoted to the advancement of adule stem cell therapies. The Pope h past weekend to discuss The Vatican's historic engage nself met with the le Jers of this partnership this ment on this issue and plans for the years ahead. While embryonic stem cell research hopes to one day employ live cells from human embryos for the treat ment of disease in others, to date there is nor one single embryonic trearment ised in medical practice, and from bein their safety and efficacy is ye proved. Adule stem cells, by comparison, exist in nearly every tissue of our own bodies and have been used for over 30 years. Bone marrow and cord blood treatments are the most well known examples, However, in clinics and hospitals around the world, adult ster cells are already being used to regrow new organs, such as bladders, and are being used to reboot immune systems, reversing dis ‘orders ravaging hundreds of millions of people around heart disease, cincer and countless auto iment the world. Most people have no knowledge of this, and this tragic reality is a consequence of the ugly argument over em- ‘ch. That day has to end. In stead of fighting about ‘what not to do’ with embryonic stem cell research, it is high time that we focus on ‘what can be done’ with adult stem cell ther apies. Right now can cure diabetes, hes £ we invest in these treatments, we t disease, cancer, Parkinson's and Alzheimer’s and too many aute immune disorders to count. Right now, we have the potential to regrow neatly all of our organs - and even limbs, something We owe our men and women in uniform, who risk their lives to serve our country. And finally, the day when victims of spinal cord injuries rise up from their wheelchairs is no longer a fantasy. For years now, industry groups have called on the Obama administration te forge a national straregy on regenerative medicine, but to date, nothing has been done, And we aced co do this right now. Our sask could nor be more urgent. Right now, one out of every eight Americans has dia betes, a scourge on our na- Hon.Tommy G.Thompson and Cardinal Gianfranco Ravasi us $200 billion dollars a x shocking enough, con- sider the face thar by 2050 one dl will have diabetes rd of all US. citizens Ie is for this reason thar I have called on Presider Obama co create a presidential-evel commission far regenerative medicine. This group should be comprised of leaders from private enterprise, individuals who have deep experience translating the best scientific research into here-and-now, commercial cures. This commission, in my view, should evaluare all of che federal pro grams in existence and the best of private research, and. make specific recommendations to our President on how to get chings done fast. For starters, NTH muse better integrate its research in tellular therapies, which, despite the recent creation of a Regenerative Medicine Center, is still spread out over the NIH’s 28 Insticutes and Centers; and the Department of Defense must fur ther its groundbreaking research into tissue generation, and wound healing. In order to turn back the tide of hur suffering, we must rally as a people behind the vital role of adule sien eall cr spiesSTUDIA HUMANISM IN STEM CELL RESEARCH: NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR OPTIMIZATION Kevin: Rtzegerald, Ph.D. PhD. is an Associate Professor and the Dr Dawd Louler Chair of Catholic Health Care Ethics in the Genter for Clinical Bioethics at Georgerown University His research efforts focus on the investigation of abnormal gene expression in. cancer ond on ethical issues in biomedical research goal that is mos: offen touted by those who | argue for aguressively pursuing stem cell rexearch to provide benefits, treatments and cures, to the patients who sede healing and relief from their terrible and tragic illnesses. | wish to propose thar a key, but often missing, pare of this effire ro bring healing to those in need is transparency. Transparency not only in the i formed consent sense of letting patients knaw the potential risks and benefits of a procedure, but more importantly in the larger sense of our limitations and our goals regarding these patients and this research. Tobegin with. we need to do a much better jab acknowl. edging the limitations of our concepes and our understanding of what i is we are trying toda. We should learn from the resus of biomedical research in the past 10-15 years and admic that we donit know neaily as much about health and disease as we thought we knew. On the stem, cell front, we hear repeatedly of how some researchers have to struggle againse dogmas in the research community regarding che limitations of adult sem cells in order becter treatments to their patients This lack of understanding extends to the terms we use to disci stem cell research. In stem cell debates the term “embryo” isemployed with an alarming lack of precision. Thereare now several ways one can create an embryo that are different from the normal interaction of sperm and egg, Current research indicates that one would find differences among these abnormally created embryos iF one looked at their protein levels or gene expression assays. P Kevin Fiugerald, SJ, ‘Would differences on that molecular level equate vo dif Ferenceson a moral or ontological level? For instance, we know that ferilization can result in cellular masses, such aay complete hydstidiform moles, which ofien require sur gical removal. So with all chese variations, both molecular and organismal, how can anyone make claims regarding the moral or ontological status of human embryos based on inferences such as the percentage of embryos lost in natural conception? We need much more rigorous and robust reflection here, as well as more honesty abou what we do and de not know. By being more transparent about our lack of understanding in stem cell research and treatment, the damage hype ‘causes to out fundamental goal of helping pariens will be ‘comeall the more apparent and all the more treatable ivelf. However, asecond area of focusalso needs to be addressed if we are to.advance toward our goal of helping patients. This second focus is revealed when people respond to the lack of understanding mentioned above by arguing, that this lack is bese addressed by doing all the research that is scientifically indicated, Though this increase in research iy presented ay the logical response to our lack of knowl edge, itis nor necessarily the logical response in terms of the goal of the biomedical project itself —to bring healing to patients. While more research may generate more ideas and products, the amount of benefitactually achieved by patients is sadly lacking. There arecurrently several efforts within the research world to create more rigorous stan- dards for research and development that will better insre patient benefits, such as comparative effectiveness research, Effectiveness research has already revealed that merely spending more money on research may rot only cause harm by producing more ineffective development of reatmentsand products, but also this increased spending can cause additional harm if 19STUDIA PKevin T; Fitzgerald, SJ. aay from other health king them s preventive medicine, health education, clean infrastructure and access to the effective treatments we already have. Afterall, if overall patient benefit is the goal, many more will be helped now by these publichealth efforts than our current stem cell research is likely to benefit for decades, if ever. And while additional funding for re. search need not necessarily tee away resources from public health efforts, tragically ictoo often i The proposed focus on transparency in research and healtheare does nor result in the abolition of biomedical research or publicly supported research funding, Instead what occurs is research that conforms more dosely to the broadly embraced goals of more effective and more wide spread patient care. In addition, it will also allow us greater freedom to acknowledge the limiations of our technologies and treatments, and thereby reduce inap. propriace patient expectation and exploitation. Ulki mately chis transparency ind always give in abundance to our patients ~ care. What is cwaly clearis that real healing results most ftom the giving of real careSTUDIA EDUCATION AS A CHALLENGE: NECESSARY TOOL FOR A BETTER FUTURE Anthony J. Cemera, Ph.D, President, International Federation of Catholic Universities Anthony Cernera PhD scurenty serving his second tarm as president of the International Federation of Catholic Unyversines the dest and largest internat essocahon of Catholic Universities. He 1s a professor of theology and a Former president of Sacred Heart University fom Brokaw, in his new book, The Time of Our | Lives, writes: “As 2 journalist and a fully en- gaged citizen, | am both excited and more than a little unnerved by the magnitude of the changes wwe have seen and che prospects of those yet to came. ‘We are swept up in a storm of new technologies that are at once unifying, liberating and verifying”. ‘Weare certainly living in a world undergoing profound change and transformation. Our times are one of those epoch making moments in history, like the emergence of agriculture or the industrial revolution. The scien: tific-technological revolution, of which we are in the midst, has presented us with changes so profound that most of us do nor even begin to comprehend them. Yet in our hearts we know that there iss fundamental shi ‘occurring, one that affects humanity's very self-under- ‘We have the opportunity to make significant progress in the advancement and enhancement of human lifeand well being. Yer we also have the potential for grear harm and destruction. ‘What are some of the challenges that we face as we go forward and whar is the role of education in such seanding ‘The profound hermeneutical dislocation of our global era leads to the experience that the old metaphors and language that explained our experience are no longer adequate For many people. We are in search of a new interpretative language and metaphors for our experience. In addition, there is the emergence of what has been called an excessive individualism which is not iso- ated to the western world but peevasive globally. ‘An additional challenge facing the human community In the second decade of the ewenty first century is the increasing triumph of instrumental reason, that kind of rationality we draw on when we calculate the most economic application of means to-a given end. Increas- ingly, the best measure for success is maximum effi ciency, the best cost-ouput ratio. Added to this challenge is the significant withdrawal of many people from constructive engagement in the political dimen- ypears to be ever mae sions of the human community and the of religion in western public life. These various challenges contribute to a pervasive sense of the loss of meaning and purpose in life. In the face of these challenges, there isan eclipse of concern about our end or goal as human beings, Towards the end of his life, E.F. Schumacher, the German born British , described che contemporary society as “rich in means and poor in purpose” in which “we are not tasing the facilities the Creator has pur at our disposal for the purpose of ataining our end. We don’t even think abour what our ened is.” In such a context the purposes of education need to be reaffirmed so that education is not reduced to mere training, Education seeks to strengthen students’ capacities (and professors in this regard are lifelong seu- dents) to deal with the challenges facing the hutwan community, oo expand their horizons, enrich cheirin- rellects and deepen and transform their spirits. Educa- tion, as classically understood, invites the students to accept responsibility for their actions and for the welfare of others. John Henry Newman captured this a century and a half ago when he wrote: “The man who has learned to think and to reason and to compare 21STUDIA Anthony J. Cernera, PhD. and discriminate and co analyze, who has refined, iste and formed his judgment, and sharpened mental vision, will not indeed at once be a lawyer, or a of business, or an statesman, or a physician, or a m: engineer, or a chemist... but he will be placed in that state of intellect in which he can take up any one of the sciences or callings I have referred to with an ease, a grace, a versatility, and a suecess to which another is a stranger”. This kind of education traditionally referred to as “lib eral education”, uiges upon us humility of mind, a hos- pitality to other points of view as well as an intentionality to be open to correction and new insight. Such an education mitigates the challenges that we confront as a human community and fosters a more humane world for our children, Part of the purposes of a liberal education is caprured “choughifulness’. The word “perhaps” reminds us of the importance of tolerance in the words “pechape” an and a deep sense of inrellectual humility, Ie is whac Socrates was suggesting when he said thar the unexam- ned life is nat worth living. ‘The word “thoughtfulness” suggests two dimension of a liberal education. First, it invites us to be considering things deeply and carefully, Secondly, it invites us ro be considerate of one another: the thoughtful 22 person thinks deeply and also cares about other human beings. Education ar its best i assists men and women to be thoughtful in both senses of the word. ‘The kind of education thar is suggested here is vital to our efforts to create a better tomorrow. For Christians and Jews as well as people of good will engagement in this kind of education is part of God's action of repair- ing and renewing the world. We are privileged to work arthis noble task of education whether we are formallySTUDIA —_ WILL ADVANCES IN THE LIFE SCIENCES CHANGE OUR VISION OF MAN? ® Nicaror Pier Giorgia Austriaco, OP. PhD. Is Assooate Professor of Biclogy at Providence College ead a Catholic pres inv the Orcler of Frears Preachers, ‘ow would recent discoveries in thelife sciences affect our understanding of who we are as human beings? I would like to begin my brief presentation this morning by highlighting the fact that many of the ethical dispures chat we have in the stem cell biology arise from disagreements ever philosophical presuppositionsand not scientific ones. To illuserace this claim, T would like to explore the philosophical anthropology hac is presupposed by many molecular biologists and secalar philosophers and then contrast it with the philosophical anthropology chat is inherited by che Catholic tradition from Aristorle. | chen propose that insights from the emerging science of systems biology can help us reconcile both worldviews." ‘The vision of the human being thar is presupposed by modern biology — In fact modern science in general — hhas its roots in what is called the mechanical philosophy of theseventcenth century. Rene Descartes, the ther of modern philosophy, is often linked vo thi cllectual tradition. This view sces the human organism as a machine made up of interacting pares like a “you understand how the parts of the living thing funcsion together then you understand thar living thing, in the same way that comprehending how the pare of a clock work together leads one to understand the clock. This mechanistic worldview has been incredibly pro- ductive. Por example, in my own rescarch laboratory at Providence College, my stadents and I are secking to understand the mechanisms behind programmed cell death in yeast by identifying both the molecules P.Nicanor Pier Giorgio Austraco, O.P, Ph.D.. imeractions with the other parts of the cell, Biologists rourinely study eels, rissues, and organs, by examining how their parts work together. In a sense, the parts are more than the whole. However, I suggest that this mechanistic worldview has also led to some profound philosophical difficulties in ‘our understanding of ourselves as human beings. For ‘example, there isa lor of good empirical data that suggests thar 98% of the atoms of our bodies is replaced every 650 days or so. Given this observation, Ucar asle a simple question: Are you the same organism that you were three years ago if practically all of the atoms in your body have been replaced since then? ‘Now. if you replace all the parts of a clock, our com= inion sense view suggests that you have a new clock. In fact, iF Uhavea clock and I take all of its parts and ce- place them with new ones, while simuleaneously taking, the old parts and reamembling them into another clock, mose people would say thar the reassembled clock is the original clock while the clock with new parts is a new clock. However, we would not say the same about ourselves. We would not say thar we are created anew every Few years. So, how then do we ex- plain the identity and continuity of living organisms thar change yet remain the same? How do we expl the fact that we understand ourselves as end throughout our entire lifespan — seventy yeats or eighty for those of us who ate strong (cf Ps 90:10) — while undergoing continuous change every day of our lives? ‘An ancient solution to this philosophical problem, which I suggest is compelling, lay roots in the choughe of Aristotle who lived abour four hundred years before the birth of Christ, In order to understand the Catholic ing the: stacus of dhe iple behind her eth~ Church’s moral teaching regu human embryo ~ the gs 23011), pp. A863. Fer oer em lence of hr cere al xp int Maoh of Mi.” Rao 1 (1999 258-77 20 The Ramil Aden af Se Taomae Aquinas (Vea Cys The Ron power olor taco se David er te ion But sot Paap ay 8 0 70a fn Pte "A Rw Fon 9STUDIA P.Nicanor Pier Giorgio Austriaco, O.P, Ph.D. ical view of stem cell research — you have to understand this Aristotelian conceptual framework called hylomorphism, because it is the basis for the Church’: philosophical anthropology, The hylomorphic view is that all living, substances — yeast, elephants, and human beings ~ are composed of wo metaphysical principles called form and matter. Form is what makes something what ic iy a dog iv a dog because of its dog form and ars elephant isan clephane because of its clephane form —and mater isthe stuff out of which that liv is organized and brought into bei There are three aspexss of this metaphysical theory that I would like to emphasize here. First, hylomorphism is a substaniial view. It highlights the reality that substances ure real and that they can be distinguished from rmere-aggregates. The classical example off an aggregate isa pile of stones. I think thar mose reasonable indi viduals would agree chat there is something wuly dif ferent between you us @ living organism and a pile of stones, We have an integrity, a unity, anda purpose that piles of stones do noc have, Next, hylomorphism is also aholistic view. With living organisms, the whole is really real and can be truly distinguished from its parts. Indeed, the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. Thereare properties ofthe whole that cannor simply be aceribuced to the parts working together as parts. In other words, weare not mere collections of ur atoms, Weare more chan that, We are alive. Fi nally, hylomorphism can ex: 24 plain the stable dynai ing substances are stable because their form perdures throughour all che change that they endure during their lifetimes. In these three ways, hylomorphic theory is a heeter description of our commonsense experience of ourselves as human organisms than ite mechanistic rival. ‘The question at hand, therefore. is this: How can we translate this classieal view of the human person into a language that contemporary biologistsand philosophers ‘can understand? I propose that insights from the emerging field of systems biology can help us with ehis task, Systems biology posits chat living cells are neeworks of molecules thae are organized in a particular way. For ex ample, biologists have used microarray technology ~ a technology thar can be used co study the behavior of all, of living organisms. Li the genes in alliving sample simultaneously — to demon- strate that T' cells, one class of the white blood ells in the human body, express different genes from B cells, the other primary class of whire blood cells in the immune system. Therefore, cach cell type has a unique ge netic signarure. Each can be defined by the particularly tunique subset of molecules that they express and the ‘unique interactions among them. This discovery — that particular kinds of cells can be defined by the molecula interactions they eontain—has been extended wo the o: ainismal level as well. We now know thar differe ganisms as a whole can also be defined by the unique molecular intcractions amon the molecules that ehey expross. These speciewspecific interactions are often de- picted as “haisballs” that depict the complex interplay of the molecules in the organism. A yeast haitball is serik- ingly different from a human bairball, As human beings, our molecules are organized in a particular way ~ the human way — chavs stable, dynamic, and unique. In light of these discoveries, I suggest that systems biology allows us to revover a more holistic and substantial | view of living organisms that more accurately describes the human being than the mechanistic alternative. 1 propose that an organism is informed matter, defined here as molecular matter organized in a species-specific network with its particular celas. Recall thar according to | Aristotle, the form constitures every being as a specific kind of thing with specific causal powers. The organized | network of molecules has parallel function. Iemanifests the form. In contrast, the macter is the “stuff” our of | which the living thing is made. Ic is not the molectiles | themselves, but the most fundamental constituent of the “scuff” that living organisms are made off,Notice th: Framework, which I have called systems bylomorphism, there are parallels between this conceptual and the classical Aristotelian: hylomorphic worldview that is presupposed by the Catholic moral tradition. The molecular ner First, iris substantial perspective work of a living organism is real and constitutes a whole. Ie is also a holistic perspective hecause the whole living network ean be distinguished from its molecula: parts. Significantly, systems biology has challenged life scientists to see that this whale ent properties tha can only be predicated of the whole that comes into being when the parrs are organized in a particular way Finally, itis a dynamic perspective. Molecular change is real — molecules enter and leave the system continu. ously —_bur the persistence of the living network is real too. In the end, this perspective can more robustly ac count for the stable ag dynamism of the living organi The differences beeween the mechanistic and hylomor phic views lead to significant ethical disagreements. Le me take one that impacts stem cell research. Ifa living organism is seen as a machine, chen development is akin to che making of a clock. A clock comes into being That is how you when it is able to function as clock know that ic is « clock. Thus, for moderns who implic idly hold to. mechanistic anthropology, the human being comes inco being when the organism is able to function as 2 human being properly functions. Here STUDIA ises the widely held conviction today thar the human organism properly comes into being only when he is able to thinkear to dream or co feel. This happens days, iF not weeks, after fertilization. which 1 However. with the hylomorphic perspective, have argued is the better account than irs mechanistic rival, we can see that the development of a living organ: ism icthe unfolding of the molecular process defined by the intra-molecular interactions established! at ferciliza ill death tion that continues Thus, properly under a substantial entity has his origins in conception when the union of sperm and egg give rise to the species-specific network that will gaverr As such, Jule ie will de the behavior of the living system until death both the human embryoand the human velop into should have the same moral status since, in truth, they are the same substantial heing simply existing at ewo different moments in time. achobie, I Have spokan of soul In closing, asa Cathol and substances to describe living things ses and friends at M.L.T tific coll and elsewhere, are not able to understand what Lam saying. With the sys tems perspective that I have sketched here can now speak abour state cyeles and scale-free net pproxh the end, itis my hope that this wor! en div facilitate a conversation berw ant philosoph ical anthropologies thac will help us to move beyond the impasse that predominates much of ethical discus sion surrounding stem cell research todayDE NAVITATE DICASTERII XVI SEDUTA PUBBLICA DELLE PONTIFICIE ACCADEMIE 130 nov nbr si @ tenuta la XVI Seduta Pub: blica delle Pontificie Academie, appuntamento ormai tradizionale dell'ulsima parte dell’anno, Questultima edizione & stata oganizzara dalla Ponti ici Accademi dalla Ponti ficia Accademia ¢ Martyrum, ed tema “Testimonianze € Testimoni. | martyriae i cam pioni della fede". La sedura @ stata aperta dal siluto in troduttivo di S.Em. il Cardinale Gianfranco Ravasi Presidente del Coordinamento tra Accademie Pontifi Quindi intervenuto il Cardinale Se Berton fhe ha lertoall'assemblea larti gio del Santo tiportate di lelle nuove merodiche di scavo e di restauro, sortalinea sopratcutco la valenza di messaggio insita nelle memorie monumentali, che non pud esere trascurata dagli stu diosi nella lore “ricerca, morivata proprio dall'intere perl'esperienza umana, ¢ quindi anche religiosa, che si cela e poi si rivela attraversa le testimonianze materiali omprese, appunto, come testimonianze, al p a nostra intelligenza e la nostra coscienza, con di sato © che, interpel: definitiva, anche la visione del presente e della stessa nostra esisten U1 Cardinale atio di Stato ha quindi con nome del Pontefice, il Premio delle Pont Anche que > Seuaiscn Bi lardo OFM, e ad una seudiosa, la Dotess strorilli. Con lassegnazione del Premio allo Studium di ns. Pasquale laceDE NAVITATE DICASTERIL Gerusalemme il Santo Padre ha voluto sia riconoscere Peccellenza della scuola archcologica che da decenni opera in Terra Santa sotto Ia guida di valenti maestri, a cui si devono importantissime scoperte archeologiche, sia incoraggiare © sostenere la presenza cristiana in un territorio che é stato la culla del cristianesimo, ma in | cui la presenza cristiana rischia quasi di scomparire a | causa delle tensioni che durano da decennie delle sempre maggiori difficolta. Alla Seduta ha significativa- mente parteciparo il Custode di Terrasanea, Pierbartista Pizzaballa OFM, esprimendo cos\ anche la graticudine della Custodia per questo riconoscimento pontificio. Acompletare il quadro, ¢ quindi a motivare uleriormente P'assegnazione del Premio, @ stato proiet- tato un breve ma intenso filmato, realitzato dalla Rai su un progetto di Franco Scaglia, in cui si rievocava la figura del grande archeologo franceseano, recentemente scomparso, P. Michele Piccirillo. Ha condiviso il Premio la Dort.ssi Daria Mastrorilli, per la sua resi dottorate su “Il complesso cimiteriale di S. Zotico al X miglio della via Labicana dalla tarda an- tichiad al Medivevo", discussa so:to la direzione del prof, Vincenzo Fiocchi Nicolai presso I"Universita degli ‘Studi di Roma “La Sapienza’. I Santo Padre ha voluto, inolere, assegnare una Medagli ‘del Pontificato alla Dott.ssa Cecilia Proverbio, distintasi con la tesi dottorale su “La decorazione delle basiliche | leocristiane: un tentative per ricastrtite i cicliaffrescati iS. Pierro in Vaticano e di S. Paolo fuori le muss. ; La Seduta® sata, poi, arvicchiea dalla interessante edo- ‘cumentata relazione del Prof. Fabrizio Bixconti, Soprin- tendente Archeologico delle Catacombe Cristiane, su “1 martyria ei campioni della fede”. Hl complesso dei Veealia Consort ha proposto durante la manifestazione alcuni brani musicali a carattere religioso. Alla Seduta, svoltasi nell’Aula Magna del Palazzo San Pio X, ha partecipato un folto pubblico, tra cui diversi ‘Cardinali ¢ Vescovi, un nutrito gruppo di Ambasciarori accreditati presso la Santa Sede nonché Aurorita © Ac cademici delle diverse Pontificie Accademie riunite nel ‘Consiglio di Coordinamento. | Mons. Pasquale lacobone Officiale del Pontificio Consiglio della CulturaDE NAVITATE DICASTERII MESSAGGIO DEL SANTO PADRE BENEDETTO XVI IN OCCASIONE DELLA XVI SEDUTA PUBBLICA DELLE PONTIFICIE ACCADEMIE Al Venerato Fratella dl Cardinale Gianfranco Ravasi Presidente del Pontificia Consiglio della Culeura tiffcie Academie sone lieto di fare peryer mio cordiale saluto, che volentieni estendo ai Pre- sidenti-e agli Accademici, in particolare a Lei, Venerato Fratello, quale Presidente del Consiglio di Coordina- mento. Rivolgo altres' i! mio saluto ai Signori Cardi nnali, ni Vescovi. ai Sacerdoti. ai Religiosi ealle Religiose, ignori Ambaiciatori ea tutti i partecipanti a questo E occasione della XVI Sedura Publica delle Por significative appuncamente, Lannuale Seduta Pubblica delle Pontificie Accademie 2 diventata, infatti, tradizione consolidara, in cui si offre sia occasione di un incontro tea i membri delle diverse Aceademie riunite nel Consiglio di Coordina- mento, sia lopportunita di valorizzare, artraverso il Pre~ mio delle Pantificie Academie, istituita dal mio Venerato Predecessore, il Beato Giovanni Paolo I, il 23 novembre 1996, quanti, sia giovani studios o art sti, sia Istituzioni, con la loro ricerca ¢ il loro impegno culturale, contribuiscono a promuevere un nuovo umanesimo cristiano. Desidero, percid, ringrariarLa per U'artenzione che ri- volge a tutte © a ciascuna Accademia, ¢ per Vimpulso che ha voluto trasmertere ad esse perché siano davvero, econ efficacia, letituzioni di qualifieato livello accade- mico a servizio della Santa Sede'e di-tuta la Chiesa, La XVI Seduta Pubblica é stara organizzata dalla Pon- tificia Accademia Romana di Archeologia ¢ dalla Pon- tificia Accademia "Cultorum Martyrum”, che vantano entrambe una storia piti che secolare, ricca di straondi narie figure di archeologi, studios e cultori delle an- tichiti cristiane e delle memorie 28 Il tema proposto per questa Seduta Publica, “Testi- monianze € Testimoni. 1 martyriae i campioni della fede”, ci offre I'occasione per riflettere su un elemento, che mi sta particolarmentea cuore: la storicita del cti- ianesimo, il suo intrecciarsi continuamente con la sto- tia per trasformarla in profonditi grazie al lieviro del Vangelo e della santiti vissuta e testimoniata. La ricerca storica, ¢ soprattutte quella archeologica, mi- ‘ano a indagute sempre pitt accuratamente € con strumenti di ricerca quanto mai sofisticati le memorie, le testimo~ nnianze del passato; tra. queste rivestono, per noi, un parti- colate inceresse quelle delle antiche comunita eristiane, Si tratta, evidentemence, di testimonianze materiali, co- stituite da turti quegli elementi —edifici ecclesiali, com- plessi cimiceriali, epigrafi ¢ sculture, affieschi decorazioni, manufact fi ogni genere— che, se studiaei © compresi secondo correrre metodologie, ei permer- tono di riscoprire non pochi asperti della vita delle pas- sate generazioni come pure della esperienza di fede delle antiche communita cristiane, che lascia tracce sempre pitt consistenti nell'ambiente in cui viene vissuta. Lindagine archeologica pud ogg! avvalersi di straordi- nari mezzi tecnologici per le diverse fasi dello scavo della ricerca sul campo, come pure per il recupera di smanufatei deteriorati dal tempo e dalle pits avverse eon dizioni di conservazione. Penso, ad esempio, all’ uso delle immagini satellicari, che si prestano a molteplici forme di analisi, producendo risultati impensabili fine a qualche decennio fa; 0 all'applicazione della tecnica del laser per il recupero di affeeschi ricoperti da incro- stazioni, come ® avvenuto recentemente nella cata- comba romana di Santa Teela, dove sono stati riseapertiDE NAVITATE DICASTERIL a S—— affreschi di eceezionale valore storico e artistico, era cui antichissime immagini degli Apostoli. Ma la tecnologia, pur utilissima, da sola non basta. Sono necessarie, innanzitutto, una eale comperenza dei ricercatori, maturata attraverso studi approfonditi € tirocini faicosi,e la loro passione autentica per la ri | cerea, morivata proprio dall'interesse per lesperieniza umana, e quindi anche igiosa, che si cela ¢ poi si ri- vyela attiaverso Te tewtimonianze material, comprese, ap- | punto, come restimonianze, ciot come messaggi che ei ‘giungono dal passato ¢ che, interpellando la nostra intelligenza e la nostra coscienza, contribuiscono ad ap- profondire le nostre conoxcenze ¢, in definitiva, anche lavisione de! presente e della stessa nostea esisterza Se questo pud valere per ogni indagine archeologica, 4 maggior ragione vale quando si studiane i monument cristiani, © partivolarmente i martyria le restimonianze archeologiche © monumentali che atrestano il culto della comunita cristiana per un campione della fede, per un martire, “Tra i tanti siti archeologici in cui emengono i segni della preserva cristiana. uno eccelle su tutti e suscita uit sin- golare interesse: la Terra Santa, con le diverse localita in cui +i & concentrata l'atsivith di ricerca archeologica. I rerritorio, gia fortemente seynato dalla presenza del popolo di tsracle, diviene anche 'ambito per eccellervaa in cui ricercare i segni della presenza storica di Cristo € della prima comunita dei suoi discepoli. Latriviea di indagine archeologica svolta negli uleimi decenni in Terra Santa, gravieallimpegno di grandi e appassionati Ficercatori, come ad esempio Padre Bagatti, Padse Corbo ¢ il compianto Padre Piccirillo, recentemente | scomparso, ha portato a norevolissime scaperte © ac quisizioni, contribuendo costa definire sempre meglio le coordinate storico-geogeafiche sia della preserza giu- | daica sia di quella cristiana, Altto polo strategico dell'indagine archeologica cer- tamente la citta di Roma con il suo territario, in cx le memorie cristiane si sovrappongono ¢ si intreeciano con quelledella civiled romana. Qui a Roma, ma anche in mokte altre localita dove il Cristianesimo si diffuse gid nei primi secoli della nostra éra, si possono ancor oggi ammirare e studiare numerosi elementi monumentali, a cominciare proprio dai martyria, che arte- seano non solo una generica presenza cristiana, ma so- prattutto una forte testimonianza dei eristiani e di co- loro che per Cristo hanno donato la propria vita, i martiri. Monumenti architettonici, tombe particolar- ‘mente solenni e decorate con cura, ristrutcuraziont dei percorsi catacombali o addirittura di quelli urban, cos come tanti altri elementi artistici, attestano che la co- munith cristiana, sin dalle origini, ha voluto saleare le figure dei campioni della fede come modelli e punti di riferimento per tutti i bartezzati. I numerosissimi interventi monumentali eartistici de- dicati ai martiri, documentati eppunto dalle indagini archeologiche e da tutte le alire ricerche connesse, sca: turiscono da una convinzione sempre presente nella co- munith cristiana, di ieri come di ogi il Vangelo parla al cuore dell’ uoma ¢ si comunica soprarrutea attraverso Javestimonianza viva dei credensi. Liannuncio della no- ‘vita cristiana, della bellezza della fede in Cristo ha bi- sogno di persone che, con la propria coerennza di vita, con la propria fedelta, testimoniata se necessario fino al dono di se stessi, manifestano V'assoluro primato dell’ Amore su ogni altra istanza. Se osserviamo con at renzione lesempio dei marti, dei corsggiosi estiononi dell'antichita ¢ristiana, come anche dei numerosissi¢ni testimoni dei nostri tempi, ci accorgiamo che sono persone profondamente libere, libere da compromessi ¢ da legami egoistici, consapevali dell’importanza e della bellezza della loro vita, © proprio per questo capaci di amare Dio i fratelli in maniers eroica, tracciando la smisura alta della santita cristiana, T-campioni della fede, lungi dal rappresentare un mo dello conflirtuale col mondo ¢ con le reat umane, an- nunciang ¢ testimoniano, al contrario, l'amore ricco di misericordia ¢ di condiscendenza di Dio Padre che in ‘Cristo Crocifisso, il “testimone fedele” (cft Ap 1,5), & entrato nella nostra storia e nella nostest wmanit’, non peravversarla o sottomerterla ma per trasformarla pro- fandamente-e renderla cosi nuovamerite capace di cor rispondere picnamente al sua disegno di amore, Anche oggi la Chiesa, se yuole efficacemente parlare al mondo, se vuole continuare ad annunciare fedelmente il Vangelo e far sentire la sua presenza amichevole agli uomini e alle donne che vivono Ja loro esistenza senten- 29DE NAVITATE DICASTERII dost “pellegrini della verita © della pace", deve farsi, anche nei contesti apparentemente pitt diffcili o indif- ferent’ all'annuncio evangelico, testimone della credi- bilita della fede, deve cio? saper offrire testimonianze concrete € profetiche artraverso segni efficaci e traspa- renti di cocrenza, di fedeleh e di amore appassionato € incondiionaro a Cristo, non disgiunto da un'aurentica cariti, dall'amore per il prossimo. leti come ogi, il sangue def martiri, la loro tangibile ed eloquente testimonianza, occa il cuore dell'uomo lo rende fecondo, capace di far germogliare in sé una vita nuova, di accogliere la vita del’Risorto per portare risurrezione e speranza al mondo che lo circonda, Proprio per incoraggiare quanti vogliono offre il loro contribute alla promozione e alla realizzazione dian nuove umanesimo cristiano, attraverso la rigerea at cheologica e storica, accogliendo la proposta formulaca dal Consiglio di Coordinamento, sono lieto di asse~ ‘gnre ex aequo it Premio delle Pomtificie Accademie Ec- clesiastiche allo Seudium Biblicum Franciscanum di Gerusalemme e alla Dort.ssi Daria Mastrorill. Detidero inoltre che, come segno di apprezzamento € di incoraggiamento, si offra la Medaglia del Pontifieato alla Dowtsst Cecilia Proverbio. ‘Augurando, infine, un impegno sempre pit af rato nei rispettivi campi di attivit affido ci matera protezione della Vergine Maria, R Martiri, € di cuore imparto a Lei, Signor Card 4 tutti i presenti una speciale Benedizione ApGAUDI EN ROMA.ARTE, CIENCIA Y ESPIRITUALIDAD CRONICA DE LA EXPOSICION Y ACTOS ACADEMICOS el 24 de noviembre al 15 de enero ha per- D manecido abierta al publico en el Braceio di Carlomagna de la Plaza San Pedro la Exposicién Gaudt ew Rama. Arte, ciencia y expiritua- lidad, organizada por la “Junta Conscructora de la ‘Sagrada Familia” y la “Fundacié Joan Maragall”, del Arzobispado de Barcelona, con el patrocinio, el apoyo y la colaboracién del Consejo Pon: la Culeara, Mas de einea mil personas han visitado la exposicién durante el periodo natalicio y han podido acercarse a la rica personalidad del autor de tuna de las obras mas emblemiricas de la ciudad de Barcelona. En efecto, la Sagrada Familia se ha convertido en el simbolo de ta capital catalana, y en su monument mis visitado, ‘Tras el cierre de las naves y la consa- gracién del cemplo por el Papa Benedicto XVI en noviembre de 2010, son mis de 4 millones de visi- antes los que recibe la Basilica de la Sagrada Fa fia, una obra todavia en construccién, en la que las gtdas y los andamios contintian su actividad en el tejado, a mas de cien metros de altura, mientras las multitudes invaden el prodigio de lu2, color y formas que es el interior del remplo. A diferencia de eros monumentos emblematicos, ya sea la Tour Eiffel, la Estarua de la Libertad 0 el Coliseo, el mensaje que transmite la Sagtada Familia no es un alarde téenico ni una afirmacién de cupremacta, sino un canto de alabanza al Creador, como siempre send Gaudi, quien imaginaba que los viandantes y viajeros, contemplando desde lejos la silueta airosa y policroma de las torres, y deletreando el escrito que aparece en ellas, "Santus, sanctus, sanctus", se unirfan, aun cuando fuese inconscientemente, al ¢s- plendor de Ia liturgia del cielo. La exposicién ha tratado de cransmitir algo de la ge- DE NAVITATE DICASTERIL nialidad de} arquitecto caralin y de su proyecto vital, en el que la ciencia, el arte y la espiritualidad se entrelazan hasta fundirse en una tinica realidad. El visitane ha podido conocer los tres libros en los que se inspiré Gaudi para la Sagrada Familia: el libro de la Escritura y su rico simbolismo; el libro de la naturaleza, obra del Creador; y el libro de la litwegi y fascinante estructura simbélica de un cemplo, donde no hay un detalle abandonado al azar, donde | todo es proporcién, armonia, mimero, que remite , a las grandes realidades de la Biblia, del dogma cristiano, de la celebracién littirgica, | a cuyo servicio esté el emplo. De abi la rica La exposicién se inaugurd el 24 de noviembre, con una amplia representacion de la Curia Romana y de la vida social, cultural y politica de Barcelona. Hizo las veces de anfitrién el arzobispo de Barce- Jona, el cardenal Lluis Martinez Sistach ¢ intervi- nicron cambign ef cardenal Gianfranco Ravasi, la Embajadora de Espafia ance la Santa Sede, el Presi- dente de la Generalitat de Catalufa, Arcur Mas, y los presidentes de las dos fundaciones que han or- ganizado la exposicién en constante contacto con el Consejo Pontificio de la Culcura. El comisario de la exposicion, el Arq, Daniel Giralt-Miracle ex- puso a grandes Iineas el mensaje que la exposicién ha querido transmitir. En torno a la exposicién han cenido lugar diversos actos, cuyo objetive era encuadrar la figura de Gaudi en su contexto artistico, histérico y social, asi como presentar la actualidad y la necesidad de continuar el didlogo entre la arquitectura y lo sa- grado. Sobre este tiltimo tema mantuvicron un in- teresante didlogo publico el card. Ravasi y el arquicecto ica liano Mario Botta 31DE NAVITATE DICASTERII SS el pasado 12 de diciembre en la sede del MAXX, el Museo de Arte del Siglo XX1, disefto de la arqui- tecta briténico-iraqui Zaha Zahid. Un didloge que ha atraido la atencién de el semanario L'espresso (28 diciembre 2011), el cual ha recogido Inte el cologuio entre el cardenal y cl arquitecto. Eo efecto, Gaudi representa una provocacién para todos: ha querido levantar un templo en medio de Ja ciudad moderna, utilizando el lenguaje eterno de la belleza, pero vertido en formas modernas. com- prensibles para el hombre de hoy. Gaudi plantea con fuerza la necesidad de recuperar el didlogo in- terrumpido entre la Iglesia y el arte contemporinea, so pena de seguir copiando modelos artisticas de otros tiempos, gastados y repetitivos, o bien de con~ tinuar produciendo obras de arte sin contacto al- guno.con la realidad, incapaces de satisfacer las exigencias de la liturgia y del culto. Continuando las actividades en torno a la exposi- Gién, el dia 14 de diciembre tuvo lugar en el Palazzo di Spagna, sede de \n Embajads de Espasa ance la Santa Sede, una mesa redonda en la que intervinie- ton Gian Maria Vian, director de L’Ossernatore Ro- mano, y el Prof. Ricard Torrents, primer rector de a Universidad de Vie, contexto histérico, social y cultural de la Caralufia de fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX que vio nacera Gaudi, Los autores establecieron interesan- tes conexiones entre el ambiente de la Renaixenca catalana y el Riorgimento italiano, que encuadran la figura de Antoni Gaudi La exposicion Gund/ on Roma tuve su brillance cla suifa con un concierto de la Escolania de la Abadia de Montserrat en la Iglesia de Santa Maria in Tras- tévere, presidido por el Cardenal Secretario de Es- tado. Tarcisio Bertone. acompatado por el card. Martine Sistach. La popular iglesia, testigo de la presencia cristina de 1a primera hora en la Urbe, acogié un maravilloso concierto de voces blaneas, que interpretaron poemas de Mn into Verdaguer, mitsieali- tienes disertaron acerca del 32 zados por el monje monuerratine Angel Rodami lans, y una seleccién de cantas populares navidenios. Al terminar, resonaron en las naves del templo las noras del Virolai. el himno a la Mare de Déu de Montserrat, interpretado por todos los asisrentes. Fue sin duda el mejor broche para una serie de actos que han permitido dar a conocer la figura del Ar- quiitecto de Dios, a quien Mons. Ragonesi, Nuncio en Madrid, denominé “El Dante de la Arquitec- tura”. No queda sino augurarse, como dijo el Car- denal de Bareclona, que podamos pronto ver en lox altares a Antoni Gaudi, y convertirlo en patrono de Jos artistas Melchor Sincher De Toca Alameda Subsecretario del Consejo Pontificia de be CulturaDE NAVITATE DICASTERH Des Gaudi La Sagrada Familia Cel Sree for] Arte, ee ee ed 24.11.2011 //15,01.2012DE NAVITATE DICASTERIL 15° TERTIO MILLENNIO FILM FEST iunto alla XV edizione, il Tertio Millennio G= Fest, onganizzato dalla Fondazione Ente dello Spertacolo, presiedura da Daria E. Vi- gand, con il Patrocinio del Pontificio Consiglio della Cultura © del Pontificio Consiglio per le Comunica- zioni Sociali, ha proposio ancora una volta il cinema quale momento di riflessione sti problemi e gli avve- iment del mondo contemporaneo € motare per delle domande che nessuno pud pilt ehudere. 1 tema centrale per 'edizione 2011, & stato “Amore, motte, miracoli, Per una fenomenologia della sociera ‘contemporanea’’; perchéil miracolo, la morte el'amore sono cifte fondamentali del cinema: “Il Tertio Millen- io Film Fese ® per tradisione momento di riflessione sulla con usando Forizzome cinematografico quale mezzo per ta- gionare e sviscerare i problemi ¢ i disigi contemporanei, ma anche occasione per rifletteresull'ineffabile’, ha di- chiarato Dario E. Vigand, Presidente FEdS e Direttore Artistico del Festival, che ha sottolinearo: “Il tema centrale di quest'anno sortolinea come 'iomo sia da sempre in bilico tra la vita il razionalismo e misticismo, In ione dell'uymo nel mondo moderno, questo mondo, in sembra esserei poco spazio peril mimcolo, ileinema si wova ad assumere su di sé il com- pito di restinuime la potenza, fo stupore, il bagliore sa- crale, senza tidurlo a un effet scenico, una superfetazione visiva, un truceo tra i tanti”. [ film sono stati proiettati presso il Cinema Sala Trevi, sala della Cineteca Nazionale del Centro Sperimentale di Cinemarografia di Roma dal 6 all'11 dicembre. Tra le anteprime piti artese. Anmen ¢ Attack the Block. I primo, diretto da Karl Markovics & il eandidato per VAustria agli Oscar 2012 come mi Una storia di dinagio, quella di Roman, che uscito dal ior film stranicro. carcere sulla parola si trova adover affrontare i Fantasmi del proprio passaro. Ii secondo, Attack the Block di Joe Cornish, un film di famtascienza dai ti- 34 Deere Umer ret Lo svolti sociali in cui i veri ali i sono i teppisti di peri- feria. Tra le anteprime, ha trovato spazio anche Sette epere di mivericordia di Gianluca e Massimiliano De Serio. Il film, che ha vinto numerosi premi all'estero ‘ed & stato distribuito in Italia a gennaio 2012, ¢incen- trato sulle vicende della giovane Lumini a che, per cam- biare la sua vita, mette in atco un piana audace che la porta a scontrarsi con Antonio, anziana ¢malato, che combieri la sua vita, Sempre ia anteprima, anche un Evento Speciale, la proiezione di S$ O.S/State of Security, documentario di Mich#le Ohayon, che racconta attraverso testimonianze e interviste le fille delV'intelligence statunitense in occasione dell'atentato dell'11 settem- bre. In chiusura, lattes Hors Sara di Bruno Dumont, film di raccordo con la rassegna “II miracolo, probabilmente’. La storia di un giovane, la cui vita é scanditadalla caccia ¢ dalla preghiera, ¢ il suo rapporto con k a; cura di lui, U rende za che abita in una fattoria limitrofa ¢ si ambientazione particolarissima per un film presentato a Cannes 64 nella sezione "Un Cer- tain Regard” I secondo giorno del Festival ha riservaro al pubblico ule alia partive da [ gioreé contati di ori eventi spe raia dal Musco Nazionale del Elio Petri, opera resta Cinema di Torino in collaborazione con La Cinereca di Bologna presso il Laboratorio Liimmagine Ritrovata, Alberto Barbera, il film sione ed efficacia I'estraneita Introdotto al pubblico (1962) focalizza con pre del protagonista dalla soci A seguire, un incontro con il Dirertote dell Institue Lu mitre di Lione e delegato generale del Festival di Can- nes che ha ricevuto dalla Fondazione Ente dello cole il Premio Speciale Cinema per essersi di- Spee stinto nelf opera di divulgazione del lavoro di conservazione ¢ —valotizzazione del_patrimonio TT thal eet DE NAVITATE DICASTERII cinematografico. Al termine della cerimonia di premia zione, Thierry Frémaux ha presentaro un/antologia di film rescaurati dei fratelli Lumire LB dicembre é sta Rdulescu & Melissa de Raaf ti protagonista del risveglio del cinema rumeno. 1a volta del Focus talent: R2van -oppia di sceneggiatori ereg Con First of All, Felicia, il loro esordio dietto la mac jomir Sholey, lultima china da presa, © Sheleer di Dr collaborazione, racconteranno al pubblico il loro soda- lizio arristico. Anche quest'anno, il festival ha riservato al pubblico degli Incontri con autori e artori italiani. 11 9 dicembre il regista Francesco Parierno ha raccontato la genes del film Cose dell'alero mondo © ha risposto alle nde degli spettatori. Il 10 dicembre, gli atcori Cristiana Cx potondi ¢ Antonio Catania, con un moderatore dec Mimmo pubblico ripercorren cezione: lopresti, hanna incantrato il in “Cinema & sogno” le loro carriere € trasportando gli spettatori nel magico splen Licpee Ts Ce crDE NAVITATE DICASTERI! osm. ee) BEE Saat) Melon dore del mi ndo del no il Festival & stato arcicchito anche dalla ras I miracolo, probabilmente (Llocchio laico della messa in scena)": la sezione si & aperta con Ordet — Lat par | Theodor Dreyer, per arrivareai giomi nostri con Lourdes, vincitore di Pre aie FIPRESCI, Premio SIGNIS e Premio “La Navi- alla 66, Most dAre Cinematografica di Venezia, Stellet Licht di Carlos Rey capolavoro del 1955 di C cells Internazionale sio della Gittria al 60, Festival di Cannes, © padas, Pr It ragazza con la bicicletra dei fracelli Dard Prix al 64. Festival di Cannes ¢ Premio Bresson a Vene- zia 68. Opere che, come Il tempo dei miracoli di Goran ne, Grand Paskaljevie ¢ Hory Satan, raccontano come il miracalo oggi si insinui tra le pieghe del reale, piti che sovvertitlo. Sempre nell'ambito del Festival, venerdi 9 dicembre. nel corse di tana serata di avvenuta l'annuale as segnazione degli RC Auourdic a Guido Chiess il premio “Diego Fabbr per il suo Manuale di regia cine- edito glior saggio di cinema mmatografica, da sie Navicella — Fic UTET tion; a Sette opere di misericordia dei a Giuseppe Battiston il Pre smelli torinesi Gianluca € Massimiliano De Serio il Premio Navicella Cinema Italiano; a Franco Piersanti il Premio Co- lonna Sonora. Come di consueto. nell’ambiro della conferenza di presentarione del Festival é stato inolire assegnato il premio Rivelazione dell'anno che nel 2011 @ andaro a Filippo Scicchitano, protagonista del film Scialla! di Francesco Bruni 1 Festival @ stato anticipato dal Gonvegno Internazio- nale “Film and Faith” tenutesi I'l ¢ il 2 dicembre press 1a Pontificia Universita Lateranense ¢ organizzato dalla ollaborazione con il Poneifi Fondazione Ente dello Spettacolo in il Pontificio Consiglio della Cuttur io Con siglio delle Comunicazioni Sociali, I'Ufficio Nazionale perle Comunicazioni Sociali della Conferenza Episco- pale Ialiana e Is Pontificia Universita Ideale tappa di avvicinamento a Tertio Millennio Film. Fest, il convegno, diviso in cinque sessioni, Lareranense, casione per analizzare le implicazioni della Fede ele su narrazioni nel mondo contemporaneo, per approfon- dire lessenza del sacro nelle immagini cinematografiche con incerventi, era gli altri, dei sgisti Milcho Manchev ski (Prima della pioggia) ¢ Pavel Lounguine (Lisola ~ Ostrov) e delle massime cariche ecclesiastiche eri. Grazie alla nalisti ed esperti italiani estra razione con il Centro Sper Cineteca Nazionale, a conclusione della prima nata dei lavori, @ stata inoltre proietcara la versione re seaurata de I bacio di Giuda (1988) alla presenza del nentale di Cinemarogra regista Paolo Benvenuti Mandiamo in archivie questa edizione e git si lavora per la prossima: augusi per Ia XVI Millennio Filmfest 2012. seynaa del Acura dell’ Bnte dello SpersaceloDE NAVITATE DICASTERIL AN AZERBAIJANI CONCERT COMES TO TOWN ‘E was twenty years ago that Azerbaijan, a tiny oil rich country in che Caucasian region gor its independence from che Soviet Union. Since then, it has been making, rapid strides into the diplomatic world. And has been wor king hard to showease its mulcultural heritage. The colls- tifical Council for Culture and in leaps and bounds specially because of the untiring effors of Mr. Elchin Amirbayov, An boration berween the Po Azerbaijan has been growin hasador of Azerbaijan to the Holy See. The warm ration has in the pase seen the Exhibition of Art Exhibits, a concert of Mughamn music, bi ghly fruitful Official Visicof Cardinal Gianfranco Ravasi Pre sident of the Pontifical Couneil for Culuure to Baku Another major landmark in this vivid collaboration was the Fecent Concert held in Rome at Villi Mini, on November 29, 2010, to mark the 20" anniversary of the New Republic of As sbaijan. "The Concert by Azerbaijani artistes regaled buge audience comprising of Cardinals, Bishops, priests, = jous and ochers, with Azerbaijani tradicional music splar- tered with Classical western melodies. The musical event Which was followed by a lavish buffec was organized in by the Embassy of the Republic of Azctbaijan to the Holy Sce in collaboration with the Pontifical Cauneil for Culture and of the Heydar Aliyev Foundation. The br de pee First Lady of Azerbaijan and President of the Heydar Aliyey Foundation, Dr: Mehriban Aliyeva and the President of the te Joindy preside at the function. Dr thanked Cardinal Ravasi for all the collaboration in the cul: ‘ural field with her country and promised w sponsor resto wifical Council for Culeure, Cardinal Gianfranco Rayast Aliyeva in her address ration work of some Christian catacombs and sarcophagi in Rome. Cardinal Ravasi in his intervention appreciated che lose collaboration between Azethaijan and the Dicastery headed by him, While chankiny of sponsorship, he expressed confidence that this gesture of he First Lady for dhe offer the Aliyev Found: n would be a stellar example of collaboration beoween the Holy See and a Country that is inhi bied by predominantly Muslims and in which the catholic ble Earlier, before the star of the concert, Dr. Alieya had a meeting \with His Eminence, who was accompanied by his collaborator acthe Ponfical Council for Culture: Bishop Barthélemy Adou Secretary, Bish and Fr. Theodor: Mascarenhas, Head of the Departments for kon arlos Alberto Azevedo, Delegate Galkures in Asa, Afticaand Oceania. Fr. Theodore Mascarenhas SEX Heiad ofthe Deparemenss for Cares in Asia. Afi andl OcwaniaDE NAVITATE DICASTERII CIENCIA Y FE EN LA CIUDAD SANTA rganizado por el Instituto Ciencia y Fe del Ateneo Pontificio “Regina Apostolorum” y por el Instituto Norre Dame of Jerusalem, con el patrocinio del Consejo Pontificio de la Cultura y del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de Tealia, ha te nnido lugar un seminario sobre el tensa £1 Dios eel uni verso y las leyes de la naturaleza. Fe y ciencia en las religiones monotetstas, del 4 al 9 de diciembre 2011. En el seminario, celebrado en el emblematico albergue ‘Notre Dame de Jerusalén, situado enfrente de la ciudad vieja, han participado Rafael Pascual, Rav Riccardo di Segni, Prof. Mustafi Abu Sway, Pietro Ramellini, Guido Traversa, William Carroll, Costantino Sigis- mondi, Pedro Barrajén, Avinoam Danim y Meichor Sarichez de ‘Toca, en dos intensas jornadas, Ciencia y fe interactiian, a veces de manera conflictiva, ottas positivamente, Los ponentes examinaron diversos, casos, tanto desde un punto de vista general como particular, en campos como la astronomfa o la biologia evolutiva. La misma curiosidad que empujé a Moisés 4 acercarse a la 2arza ardiente, recordé el Rabino di Segni, sigue impulsando a los hombres de ciencia a in- vestigar la naturaleca. El espisitu etitico del cientifico no impide el encuentro con Dios. Judaismo, cristianismo, Islam concuerdan en el hecho de que la naturaleza expresa la voluntad de Dios “de modo obedientisimo”, segtin la conocida afirmacién de Galileo. Cuando surge un desacuerdo entre las Escri~ turas y las ciencias naturales. o bien nos hallamos ante un modelo cientifico que todavia tiene que madiurat, 0 bien la interpretacién de la Biblia es imperfecta. La fragmentacién cada ver mayor, la especializacién de sa- bere ha creado un hiaco entre la sabidurfa, Ia capacidad de dar gusto a las cosas, y el hombre. Hacer ciencia sin, comprender el sentido y el fin de lo creado lleva a la paradoja de una universidad donde en departamentos, contiguos trabsjan personas y se realizan pro- yectos reciprocamente ignora- 38 dos € incomprensibles. Lo contrario del concepto de “universitas’. Si tedlogos y cientificox no dialogan, permanecerin las, suspicacias que han mareado la historia del pensa- nto occidental. Tedlogos-cientificos o cientificos humanistas pueden hacer el didlogo mas simple. Las universidades catélicas tendrian que tener el valor de tenovar sus. programas educativos, valorando en las ciencias !a peculiaridad de ser cristianos. A las universidades civiles corresponde tuna tarea simétrica, cuya ausencia es particularmente sentida en el mundo eul- tural y cientifico, La contribucién del pensamiento a tuna sociedad empefiada on la globalizacién y la crisis econémica, a pesar de ciettos indudables éxitos parcia- les, pero incapaz de ir al meollo de los problemas, es ads urgente que nunca. Tedlogos, flésofos y cientificos deben encontrar nuevos caminos de diilogo, buscando J anhelada visién orginica y unitaria ddl saber, capaz de daral hombre de hoy una repuesta global a los grandes ineetregantes del universo y de su existencia en él. Constantine SigismondiDE NAVITATE DICASTERI! NUOVA FONDAZIONE IN VATICANO DEDICATA AL DIALOGO TRA LA SCIENZA, LA TEOLOGIA E LA FILOSOFIA n dara 10 gennaio 2012, il Segretario di Staro, Card. Tarcisio Bertone, ha reso pubblico che il Santo Padre ha costituito la “Fondazione Scienza ¢ Fede —STOQ", con sede nello Siato della Citta del Va- Scano, dowara di personalicd giuridica pubblica cano- nica e civile. La Fondazione ~ creata su richiesta del Cardinale Gian- franco Ravasi, Presidente del Pontificio Consiglio della Cultura, facendo propri i desideri di alcune universiti, pontificie romane — dari continuita e stabiliea al Pro- getto STOQ (Science, Theology and the Ontological Quest), che, nato sulla scia ella Commissione di Sar- dio del Caso Galilei, istituita dal Beato Giovanni Paolo U1, dal 2003 ha promosso il dialogo tra la teologia, la filosofia e le scienze naturali attraverso initiative di seu- dio, di ricerca e di divalgazione culturale, anche grazie al supporto di diverse istituzioni, cra cui la John Tem- pleton Foundation. La Fondazione "Scienza ¢ Fede~ STOQ’, la prima del suo genere in Vaticano, eontinucr’ la costante € quali ficara collaborazione istauratasi negli ultimi anni tra il Pontiticio Consiglio della Culcura e alcune Universita Pontificie Romane: Pontificia Universita Lateranense (PUL), Pontificia Universith Gregoriana (PUG), Pon- tificio Ateneo Regina Apostolorum (APRA), Pontificia, Universita Salesiana (UPS), Pontificia Universita della Santa Croce (PUSC) ¢ Pontificia Universita Urbaniana (PUU). Essa rimarra legata al Pontificio Consiglio dalla Cultura arcraverso il suo Presidence, ma godr& di ampia autonomia per realizzare progerti di vasta portata, anche attraverso questi centri di studio. ‘La nuova Fondazione dart concinuith ai progetti gia at~ tivati € ne garantira la necessaria stabilics. Tea questi, vi sono programmi di studio © corsi accademici (Speci lizzazioni, Master ¢ Dotworato); attivith di riverca (Se- minari, Workshop, Conyegni) © di divulgazione, attraverso la pubblicazione di arsicali, lorganizeazione di conferenze/eorsi di aggiornamento ¢ Vallestimento i rilevanti che riguardano i exp: porti tra le scienze naturali ¢ la filosofia ¢ la teologia. La Fondazione diventeri cosi un solido centro di riferimento presso la Santa Sede per una ‘nuova evangeliz- zatione’ degli ambienti scientifici. La Fondazione avra la sua sede provvisoria presse gli uffici del Pontificie Consiglio della Cultura, dove &at- cualmente in fase di allestimento la Bibliotcea “Prof. Peter E. Hodgson” — fisico nucleare inglese (1928- 2008), gia Consultore del Pontificio Consiglio della Cultura e illustre promotore del dialogo tra scienza ¢ fede ~ che ha voluto donare in eredith al Progetto STOQ la sua imponente biblioteca di scienza e reli- gione. ora patrimonio della “Fondarione Scieriaa ¢ Fede =sTOQ” i mostre sui termi Ukeriori informazionis heep:/iwww.stogproject.it ; stoq@stoq.va 39MISCELLANEA 36* sessione della Conferenza Generale dell'UNESCO. i svolta a Parigi, dal 25 ottobre al 10 novembre Faucation for All, che si pone Ni obiettivo di assicirate 1011, 1s 364 sensione della Conferenza Generale |'istruzione primaria a tutti | bambini del mondo entr Jell' UNESCO, con la partecipazione delle dele- il 2015, cosl come alla sviluppo sostenibile e alla cul di 195 Stati Membri, oltre ai rappresentanci det cura della pace e della non violenza. Paesi Associati, degli osservarori, delle organizzazioni Allinterno della Conferenza Generale é stato poi cele intergovernative e non-governative brato il decimo anniversario della Dichiarazione Uni nissione all UNESCO della Palestina e del Sud Sudan. Sono state Sono state annunciate le celebrazioni, previste per il navionali: Ia Giornata Mondiale delta Radio, il 13 feb- 112, per il 40° anniversasie della Convenzione sulla braio, ¢ la Giornata Internazionale del Jaze, il 30 aprile © Naturale. Inol- la Conferenza delle Nazioni Unite Rio+20 sullo Della delegazione della Santa Sede, guidata da S.E.R. Sviluppo Sostenibile, che si cerra nel giugno 2012, of Mons, Francesco Folio, Osservarore permanente della frira all’ UNESCO una nuova opportunits di creare Santa Sede presso I UNESCO, ha fatto parte P. Laurent una connessione tea cultura e sviluppo. Mazas, Officiale del Poncificio Consiglio della Cul Particolare atcenzione & stata dedicata al programma cura, di cui intervento pubblichiamo di seguito. P. Laurent Mazasa $.s Monsieur le Président, ‘Mesdames et Messieurs, Le grand programme IV de I'UNESCO se présente ‘eomme un plaidoyer pourla prise en compte de la culture et du dialogue interculturel dans les politiques de développement afin de promouvoir ane culture de la paix et dela non-violence. Pour atteindee ce vaste ob- jectif, 'Organisation propose différents axes d'action dont la promotion du dialogue interculturel pour un enforcement de la cohesion sociale. Le nouveau sidele i peine commence a déja été traverse par de nombreuses crises économiques et financiéres, sociales et morales, culturelles et reli sone une crise de Numanine, Une large pact dex hommes er des femmes sur la terre ne pergoivent plus 2 Thorizon de leur existence qu'une nuit toujours plus sombre et angoissante, nuit de faim et de misére, nuit dehaine et de violence ott tour semble permis au nom les libertés individuelles. « Oden est aujourd'hui la cause de la paix? », slinterropeait le Pape Benoit XVI 4 Assise, le 27 octobre dernier, devant les représentants des religions du monde eéunis & son ini leurs edtes des humanistes agnostiques. Ec il avertissait »» La liberté est un grand bien. iais le monde dela libersé es révélé en grande partie sans orientation, jugula éere comprise par beaucoup comme liberté pour la violence. La dissension prend de nowveauc visageseffiayants et la lutte pour la paix doit, tows. nous stimuler de Faron nonvelle,» Uexeraordinaire projet de !' UNESCO, Organisation tion avec a née au lendemain de la guorre avec Ia conviesion que “les guerres prenant naissance dans l'esprit des hommes, c'est dans esprit des hommes que doivent etre dlevées les defenses de la paix », oblige aujourd'hui & slinterroger A nouveau sur sa capacité 4 offtir les conditions d'un nouvel humanisme, comme Pa re- sonnu i mainte reprise sa Directrice Générale, Ma- dame Irina Bokova. Le Saint Sitge veut dire & cette vénérable Institution — et elle I's fait & occasion du lancement du Parvis des Gentilsle24 mars dernier — que ce nouvel humanisme ne peut advenir sins une rencontre en vérité d’hommes et de femmes de toutes les religions et convictions, croyants et incroyants, et la prise de conscience pasca~ MISCELLANEA lienne que « Lhomme passe infiniment Ubomme ». selon Dante, !'homme est fait pour » transhumaner », ‘est quiau plus profond de son etre il cheeche ses rai- sons de vivreau-dela de lui-méme. Avec le Pape Benoit XVI-dans son discours déja cite, je veux le redice ici : + Lorientation de Uhomme vers Diet, wécue avec draisre est une force de pairs» La culture est le lieu propre de interrogation sur Ie transcendance comme les millénaires de histoire humaine nous lenseignent. Organisation mondiale vouée 4 Ia protection et au développement des culvures, NUNESCO se doit d’ouvrir des espaces de dialogue et de rencontre pour que les hommes, ensemble, en marche vers la vérité, Sengagent résolumenc pour la di gnité de "homme, de chaque homme et de rout homme, et servent en frétesla cause dela paix contre toutes sortes de violences destructrices duu droit.MISCELLANEA A HUNGARIAN SUCCESS STORY: THE FIFTH WORLD SCIENCE FORUM ecognising the global narure of challenges fa ing humankind, the World Science Forum was reated by the Hungarian Academy of Scien. es, UNESCO he International Council for Scienice (ICSU) in the quest for meaningful dialogue among the various stakeholders of knowledge, scientific pmunities, policy makers and societies. The Forum 1 provide the scientific community and public Jobal platform to exchange, di and harmonire their ideas in respect to the gro- ce af science with society Held in Budapest berween 17 and 19 November 2011 for the fifth time, the World Science Forum bas become a meeting of globally recognised scientists drawing serious national attention. The main theme was “The Changing Challenges and Oppor With the contribution of world-leading si Landscape of Science policymakers presented the geographical, thematic, and. social aspects of this subject focusing on some of the most bum g issues of science and global society. The official launch ceremony at the Hungarian Aca- demy of Sciences headquarters, on 16 November 2011, was attended by approximately 650 participants from 108 countries. The Pontifical Council for Culture represented by Magr, Gergely Kovacs, Head of Office and Rev. Tomasz. Tkarny, Head of Science and Faith Department, Opening Session at Hungarian Academy of SciencesMISCELLANEA eK Op 17 November 2011 moming, the gresting, words of Jozsef Palinkis, President of the Hungarian Aca- demy of Sciences, were followed by the opening speech pf Viktor Orbxin, Prime Minister of Hungary, who said representatives of both science and politics are ro look for new ways of reaching their appointed goals. In his, video message. UN General Secretary Ban Ki Moon called attention to the impartance of protecting the environment, thereafter Director General of UNESCO Irina Bokova stressed the importance of co-operation. According to the President of ICSU Yuan Tseh Lee we haye to redefine the priorities of development. Director General of the American Association for the Advance- menvof Science, Alan I. Leshner, said that we face un- precedented challenges. We have to doa better job in co-ordinating scientific co-eperation on the national, international, and global levels, emphasised Brazil's Prime Minister Aloizio Mercadante. In his video message, astronaut Sergei Volkov sec an example by refer- ring to the close collaboration he and his partners have t@ accomplish even under pressure by taking into con- sideration each others’ interest, The opening session was followed by the UNESCO’ Prize ceremony, where Irina Bokova, Director General of UNESCO and Madiha Ahmed Al Shaibani Minister of Education in Oman gave the Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environment to the Nigerian Forestry Research Institute. The prize recognizes outstanding initiatives concerning the management and preservation of the environment. ‘The participants of the Forum continued the discussion in plenary sessions. The First Session dele with the main theme of the Forum: “The Changing Landscape of Science: Challenges and Opportunities”. Speakers, chaired by Joaset Palinkas, talked about the challengesand appor- ‘tunities generated by a changing world of science. The Second Plenary Session —“Emerging Powerhouses in Science and Technology” — provided a thorough geo- gtaphical survey of the changing landscape of today's scienice. Chaired by President of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences Jacob Pal tifarious picture of what goes on in the scientific life of much of the planet’ surface. In the afternoon the third Plenary Session was dedicated to "New fields of science emerge”, In fict, on the world the sestion offered a truly mul- map of science, new fields of science are emerging, offe- ting possibilities of new fields and new procedures in re~ search, Werner Arber Nobel Laureate and President of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences opened the session by highlighting: che importance of advanced technology in science, and mentioning examples of the enormous pro- agresescience has made in the last ten to twenty years The fies: day closed with two parallel chematic sessions: | “Fieading for Global Research Universities” thinking about the role of universities in an age when science and economy ‘are becoming global, and “Prevention 1s better than cure”, dedicated to emerging and re-emerging infections. ‘On the second dity, 18 November 2011, a special ple- | nary session, the fourth, was dedicated ta factors dri ving changes in the “landscape of science”. The session ‘was chaired by EASAC’s President and former Forcigh Secretary of the Royal Society Sir Brian Heap. Before the hunch break, chree parallel thematic sessions were held: “Networks made life life makes networks” focused on the role and impact that biological, mathema- tical, computational and communicational networks have on society: “Co-operation even beyaind the regional level” examining how different insications can adap | themselves co the increasingly global realities of the mio- dem world and science, and 3 Youth-Ways Session on “Scientific collaboration in the changing landscape of sci- ‘ence: new generation of science and researchers". In the afternoon, the fifth Plenary Session, the last, chaired by Dong-Pil Min, Honorary Chairman Seou! S&T Forum, analyzed and attempted so harmonize the ethical, environmental, economic, social and eulcural impacts of scientific discoveries. ‘Two thematic parallel sessions closed the day; “What will incernational science be like in 20 years?” trying to depict the furure, basing the predictions on che strategic plan of the ICSU for 2012-2017, and many. | foreseeable economic. social, political and environmental events, and "Sustainable Food Production” dedicated — in the face of che Earth's overpopulation ~ to strike a balance between mankind's growing need for sufficient food and the preservation of the | Earths biodiversity. On 19 November 2011, the closing session of World Science 43MISCELLANEA Plerary Session at Hungarian Academy of Sciences Forum was held in the Pasliament Bail | Cooperation wara usual, science to cause no harm is ted up with its reat achie rmotifin the address ofthe Hun- -vements, sald i in Rogyay, president of the 36th Ge eral Conference of UNESCO, | knows better the challenges facing us than people in The highlight of se Wild Scie Fonmclosing event was gatian deputy prime miniver, Tibor Navracsics. "Wh science?” asked Paul Rubig the European Pasiamem’s — for the firs time in dhe Poraris his: y — the endorse Science and Technology Options As Patrick Armuriae Obi of the Ugandan govermentans- In order to distribute ment chairman, Jattion on a New Eis of Global Science” 1c achievernents of this encer lrzed why science should be proacivein an erain which priseand to make ita true world event, the Hlury ssicatins work vogether with indusery invextors and d= Academy of Sciences ~ with the conseat of UNESCO, vilians, Ulla Burchard, chair of the Bundestag Com- ICSU, and AAAS ~ has proposed to change the farmat tm so that itis organited on ducation, Research and Technology of the Warld Stiene Assessment expressed some worries, haweves, because of every second occasion in a partoer countey. With the he great social imbalance facing many counties. The welcan coffer ofthe Beasilian Academy of Sciences it | in the back- has been decided that the 2013 World Se ground, complained Remi Barré of the French research will be organized in Rio de Janeiro, facility CNAM. Mogg. G In the dosing plenary lectures, Hung role of a collective will reruains t00 « Forum s President Pi Head of Offer, Posifial Casi for Culture | Schmit alo emphasized the imparzance of co-operation, the harmonization of actions on the level of Individual, instinations, a The ethical responsiblyMISCELLANEA DECLARATION OFTHE BUDAPEST WORLD SCIENCE FORUM 201 I ON A NEW ERA OF GLOBAL SCIENCE Preamble With the cncouragemene and suppore of our partner organisations, the United Nations Educational, Scien- tific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the In- tetnational Council for Science (ICSU) and all invited organisations and fellow scientiscs, we, the participants of the Budapest World Science Forum held from 17 to 19 November in Budapest, recognizing the relevance ‘of the outcomes of 1999 World Conference on Science (VCS) and taking ino account the reports of the bian- nual World Science Forum (WSF), as well as the de- fates and the outcomes of this World Science Forum ‘on the “Changing Landscape of Science: Challenges and Opportunities", adapt the present declaration. 1, The treasure of scientific knowledge and its under {ying research approaches are a common heritage of humankind. More than ever before, che world will be shaped by science. WORLD SCIENCE FORUM =~ BUDAPEST 2. The first decade of the thied millennium has wit- nessed sceady and fundamental changes in the global landscape of science, The scale and scope of these transformations are so robust thar a new milestone inthe history of science has been reached, and a new cera of global science has commenced. This new era presents challenges and opportunities bringing political, social and policy implications on a previously uunsece scale. 3. The growing complexity of grand challenges including population growth, climate change, food supply, energy shortages, natural and rechnological catastrophes, epidemics, and sustainability require that the world’s scientific establishments assume new roles. 4. New scientific fields have appeared and continue to carve out their niches in the general field of science. 5. The unforeseen spread of information and commu, ion technologies, the inexpensive andl instant ac cess to information resources and databanks, and the fall of communication barriers between countries and communities have accelerated the accumulation and dissemination of knowledge. 6. The former triadic dominance of North America Europe and Japan in global knowledge production has been seriously challenged, and a new multipolar world of science has emerged accompanied by the ‘entific powerhouses, which are now not only prominent actors in world economy but have become key players in cutting edge research and development activities. rise of new sMISCELLANEA 7. In this new context of global science, science diplo- macy is now an acknowledged tool to promote partnership among nations by fostering scientific co-operation. 8. Educ from their respective governments to the extent that ional systems have received strong support z « currently produce more university igraduares and PhDs than th arranging the entire globa of these new developments the US developed world thus re~ nowledge map”. In spite EU and Japan are petformance and continue to still leaders invest heavily in research and innovation. The compe- tition is more intense and more open than ever before in the world arena of science. 9, The expansion of scientific networks has also changed the circle of actors participating in research A field once dominated by states and their research networks of national academics, activities learned societies, and universities is now comple. mented by a complex network of global companies, international organisations, and individual researchers who are attracted to the best available research infrastructure. 10, The accelerating “knowledge economies” have erated new migration patterns for scientists and in: creasing mobility. Both the winners and losers of brain drain are ficing the need for more intensive co-operation becween universities, public re and industry in both graduate and post-graduate edu- ch organisations, cation and the elite training of scientists 11. The advancements in sei 1c have also shed light on new and previously unforeseen concerns. Climate change, the large-scale and irreversible impact of human civilization on the world’ fauna and flora, an overcon- sumption of natural resources, and their respective con- involvement from both sequences require strony scientists and society. Developments in many research fields (e.g: genetics, biotechnology, neuroscience, nuclear Closing Session in the Parliament BuildingMISCELLANEA / Closing Session in the Parliament Building physics, etc.) have considerable moral and ethical impli global dialogue be- tsveen scientists and the broader public, that require any argent Recommendations In light of this declaration, we make the following rec: ommendations: 1. Responsible and ethical conduct of research and in: Inthis era of global science, the scientific establishment needs to implement continuous self: flection to ap- propriacely evaluate its responsibilities. duties and rules of conduct in research and innovation. A universal le of conduct addressing the rights, freedoms and and the univer- fh should be shared by the responsibilities of scien sal rules of scientific resea world’s scientific community. Furthermore, these rules and policies should be respected by the states and dopted by their national legislations. ntists should screngehen their individual and insti tutional responsibilities to avoid possible harm to s0- ciety due to ignorance or misiudgement of the consequences of new discoveries and applications of scientific knowles Icis the responsibility of those who promote science sand scientists to maintain the primacy of mor cial concems over short-term economic interest in the selection and implementation of industrialised research projects 2. Improved dialogue with sociery on scientific issues In times of rapid and fundamental changes in the social environment, the sciences should be supported in their co-operative efforts to describe and evaluate with the best 47MISCELLANEA available methods the consequences of polity actions and explorations of both natural and social sciences. Participation of sociesies should be promoted in order to make science more democratic and to build further trust in science. To this end societies must be prepared to knowledgably discuss the moral and ethical consequences of science and technology by strengthening policies to enhance awareness and public understanding of scienceand improving and broadening the scope of education, promoted Better international co-ordination is needed for science research projects Focusing on global challenges. Inter- national eo-operation is essential for decreasing the knowledge divide and regional dispauities, ‘The free co-operation and movement of scientists should be promoted by the elimination of harmful bu- | reaucracy and false regulation and by providing che funds to further international co-operation. “To avoid reperition. redundancy, and excessive expense scientific research, the international scientific com- | 3. International collaboration in science should be i enunity should be involved in the development of an improved mechod to monitor past and present research activities and their results. 4. Collaborative policies to overcome knowledge-di- vides in the World The rapid development and increasing cost of science combined with the expansion of patenr policies and regulations have Further widened the knowledge and economic divide between the developed and develop- | ing world. Ina world where the best science and the best researchers are attracted only by excellent research infrastructures, developing countries should be sup- potted in their efforts co build their research capacities. However, co-funded actions for building capacities can only be successful if support is provided in a socially rexponsible way and if ft creates a win-win sieation for bhoth the promorer and the recipient. Brain-drain and brain-gain policies should be co-ordinated for the joint benefit of all af- fected countries, 48 ‘5. Capacity building for science needs to be strengthened Scientific discoveries are foundations for innovation and social and economic development. Investment in science providesa capacity for future development at a national level and an opportunity to face global challenges internationally, Ics primarily the responsi of governmenes ro increase support for science and develop effective policies for vechnology and innovation. Comprehensive actions should be taken to strengthen the role of women in science and innovation and to expand the participation of women in science and science policy making. The socio-economic impacts of science and scientific capacity are well-documented. National parliaments and governmenes arc urged to declare their commit- ment to seek scientific advice during the decision making process. An institutionalisation of such an advisory process is necessary; informed decisions result in great savings. ‘There isan urgent need to elaborate new, effective science policies ar national, regional and global levels ro better co-ordinate and monitor scientific research worldwide, to harmonise university education systems, and to facilitate global and regional scientific co-operation based oa equity and participation.MISCELLANEA ENTRE CIEL ET TERRE EXPOSITION AU SIEGE DE LUNESCO » Centre catholique international de coopéra- avec I'UNESCO + (CCIC), le « Comité in: fernational pour la promotion des arts et de la culture» et le« Parvis dés Gentile » a organisé une l'ex: position « Enere ciel et cerre », danse cadre d'une jour née dédige au dialogue intcrculturel ayec la Chine. Le 12 janyier, le Forum érudianes a réuni 300 éeudiants chinois des Grandes éoles pour les aider i découvrir Li ciulture frangtise, et il était suivi du colleque Y a-til tah ciel sur terre? Li Zili est un peintre frangais né en Chine en 1962, dont les eeuvres dépeignenc des payniges contempo sainns, des hubitudes et des de l'Orient cx l'Oecidene seayers desscénes de la vie en Provence ecdans a région de Shangri-La en Chine (province du Yunnan). Li Zili, peintre post-impressionniste modeme, diplamé de PEcole des betux arts de Paris, nous invite + A réfléchit sur In relation de l'homme a la nature » aux décours dlune plage, d'un bord de mer, d'une prairie ou dune terrasse de café. En Fea e ou en Chine la méme séré nite teinnde de spirit ré se déyage des toiles de Li Zili. Nous publions le discours a Vouverrure de lexposition de P. Laurent Mazas, du Conseil Pontifical de la Cal sure, Directeur du « Parvis des Gentils », Je suis, comme beaucoup parmi vous, pris de vertige aprésla magnifique intervention du Professeur Gits sur theme traité avec une telle compétence et un tel brio. Je ne suis pas capable de Ie suivre sur le méme che- sain, ausi me permettrer-vous ~ je lespere —de vous partager certaines « impressions » 4 partir de 'aeuyre de Li Zili, lui-méme peintre » impressionniste » ou * postimpressionniste», comme il se définielui-méme. Je voudrais commencer par saluer cette oeuvre. Con rement 3 la grande majorivé d'entre vous, je ne connais que trés pea limmense patrimaine culeurel de la Chine, er je ne me sens pas aucorisé & porter un ju- gement esthérique et chéorique sur loriginalité de sa peinture, Ec telle rest pas la raison pour laquelle nous sulfic de peu de vemps sommes ici, Mais & la regardes pour se laisser prendre par le langage de son art et se laser transporter » entre Giel et Terre r, danny ce monde particulier parce que fécondé par des héritages culturels fore différents, ‘Vous me demande quels sont les paints de conver- gences et de divergences quant 4 nos racines culturelles et spirituelles particuliares entre frangais et chinois. Les philosophes discurent des liens entre nature et culture, ce qui ne dépend pas de nouser ce qui en dépend, qui Baie turquoise (Provence), 201MISCELLANEA Harmonia (Provence), 201 1 nait du génie de|’homme et qui enrichicla vie de route personne en tendane a la rendre meilleure. Je dirais que Ja narure, la terre, nous est commune, que homme qui cultive le bié en France est le frére en humanité de celui qui arpente les riziéres de Chine. Et pourtant les cieux sont autres, le Ciel, lieu symbolique de I"Es revér d'autres tonalités dansles cam- pagnes de I'Hexagone et 50 celles de I'Empice du Milicu. La lumitre y ext diffe rentes parce que 'esprit de 'homme s'y est pris diffé- remment pour interpréter la terre, la vie, le sens de existence, de la soufiance, VAu-del’, bref, routes les grandes interrogations sur notre condition humaine. En jouant de la dialectique spatiale entre Ciel et Terre, il apparait dlairement que homme est appelé & trouver le lieu de son exiseence : esti Vindique le moMISCELLANEA ee _générique, Adam, essenticllemenr fait de terre, modelé dans la glaise et donc fatalement empécré dans la boue, voire la fange et la vermine, les bas-fonds de l'existence humaine avec rout ce qu'elle peur comporter de vil et de laid ? ow est-il uppelé & prendre les chemins, em- hunter la voie qui larrache 3 la terre et le conduit au ciel, 4 la fumidee, 8 la purecé er Ia Légdreté de lespric, & Fillumination. La Voie, le Chemin, V'itingraire, le péle- image sone autane de vermes religieux, disons de Tes- rit, qui appartiennent en commun, méme congu de ‘manitre rotalement différente, 8 I'héritage de nos cul- sures plurimillénaires Sije reviens a la peinture de Li Zili, je ne peux m’em- pécher de réfléchir & la question du rapport er de la place de homme moderne dans la société. La société snondialisée ne peut se permettre d’imposer un ciel uni forme, uni chrome, sous peine d'appauyrir rerrible- ment les horizons de I'existence humaine. Le gris niest as une dominante de leeuvre de Li Zili, et est heu- eux. C'est pouurtant la couleur dominante d'une terre sans ciel, d'une société sans culture oft ’économie ee la sechnique ne sont plus les instruments d'un vivre meil leur, et oft information estde plus en plus Minstrument dla dictac de Vargent et de pouvoirs sourerrains. Le gris, ‘sta couleur dominante d'une culture qui n'est plus a recherche de fa sagesse, qui ne met plus le ciel au- dessus de la terre — ou le ciel sur la terre... -, qui ne ‘oie plus Tunicité de homme et son absolue dignité, homme qui court sur les chemins du monde et séleve sur les cimes de montagnes jusqu'a vouloir coucher la June, Lhomme qui sans cesse se rourne vers le soleil pour y capter ses rayons et y recevois, avce la lumidre, une chaleur, une chaleur qui le sauve de la froideur de nos cités roures faites de béton gris Frangais et Chinois ont & trouver chacun leur place dans le monde d’aujoud’ hui et de demain, e Li Zili nous rappelle que pour cela, il faur que I"Homme, le Ciel et la Terre y trouvent aussi chacun leur place. homme ne peur survivre sans la terre, sans an chemin surlequel poser ses pas, sans un sol pour y garderl'em- prunte de ses mouvements. Et homme ne peur étre privé de ciel, de culture, de valeur spiricuelle, et... per- ‘mertez-moi de le dire... de religion ~ s'il veut mener sur cette terre une vie digne d'etre vécue + sil n'y avait la lumizre du ciel, quelle soit du soleil le jour ou seu- lement un rayon de lune la nuit, comment avancerait- il sur la Voie, comment s'éléveraie-il de la fange et éviterait-il les sables mouvants que le mal s'efforce d'étendre sous ses pas ? delesprie quil peur sextcaire du sol ot s'élever vers un ciel de libereé La paix si chere a" UNESCO dépend de la capacite de homme a sextraire de la terre, de son indiyidua- lité, pour Souvrir au ciel de la culture, c'est-i-dire & Vuniversel. Nous avons, avec Li Zili, exemple d'un artiste qui dépeint des paysages, les meeurs et les cou- tumes d'Orient et d’Occident, et qui place homme dans des situations géographiques et culturelles di- verses. Mais une interrogat sale, et peut se lire ainsi > qu'est-ce donc que cerce quéte constante de homme, depuis la nuit des temps, cet Adam qui recherche le ciel, la beauré, la quigtude, le repos dans le bien ? Lartiste capte I'émorion, et sil constare la singularité des cultures ec des spiritualieé, il veut partager ses impressions quill pressene comme profoadément hu- muines—er done en quelque sorte comme universelles. Les Eglises et les Temples bouddhistes sont pleines de emotion et du silence hommes et de femmes qui ont en commun la recherche d’une vérité qui les trans forme : dela terre dont ils sont pétris, ils aspirene & la lumiére qui transfigure. Tout ces se taduic en un are de-vivre apaisant,... encore faudraitil que 110s concem- sent une rigle de vie. La recherche de la Félicieé, du bonheur, nait de la capacité A voir, & recon haitee ; la vision du ciel bleu, la vision de la terre ocre, attention & la nature... la capacité i se re-situer w entre le Ciel er la'Terre » “est en stiivant les inspiration nest comme wansverCONCORSI Il Pontificio Consiglio della Cultura promuove due Concorsi di rilievo internazionale: il Premio delle Pontificie Accademie © il Premio di Musica Sacra “Francesco Siciliani” Il primo Concorso, i! cui Premio ammonta a Euro 20.000.000, & curato della Pontificia Insigne Accademia di Belle Arti ¢ Lettere dei Virtuosi al Pantheon. In questa edizione il Concorso @ riservato a giovani Artisti o Istituzioni di ogni na- zionalita attivi nei campi dell'architettura, pittura, scultura, la cui opera o attivita contribuisca in modo rilevante allo sviluppo delle scienze religiose, dell umanesimo cristiano e delle sue espressioni artistiche. SOQ Il secondo Goncorse (I° Premio di Euro 5.000) nasce dalla collaborazione tra la Fondazione Perugia Musica Classica—Sagra Musicale Umbra el Pontificio Consiglio della Cultura. Il Concorso intende promuovere una composizione musicale per coro, con o senza organo, sul testo del Simbolo Apostolico. Uiniziativa tende ad arricchire il patrimonio musicale a carattere religioso attraverso Vincontro tra i testi sacri ¢ la nuova grammatica della musica contemporanea, cost da sviluppare una musica sacra in grado di mediare tra antico ¢ moderno. Proprio in quest ottica, nella prima edizione del Concorso, anche in vista dell’ Anno della Fede, i musicisti partecipanti si confronteranno nella composizione di uno dei ‘esti cardine della tradizione cristiana. ‘Il Premio & intitolaro a Francesco Siciliani, per cinquant'anni promotore ¢ animatore della Sagra Musicale Umbra, una delle pitt antiche rassegne musicali d’Europa. AODR- Per informazioni ¢ per ricevere i! Bando dei due Concorsi si pud inviare richiesta a: are@eultura.va.RECENSIONES SCIENTIFIQUE ET CROYANT Pees de reflexion pour (es chercheurs et enseignamts catho. ques, Paris, Ed Oe "Emanuel, 201 |, 2 /Opp, ISBN-978-2. 35389-|57-2 | Prof. Lambert, doctor en Fisica y en Filosofia, es profesor de fisiea teérica en la Universidad Catélica de Namur y consuleor del Consejo Pontificio dela Cultura, ademas de brillante conferen- siamte y cseritor, autor de numerosas publicaciones sobre historia y fllosofia de la ciencia, La Seta. Paul- Boncout es ingeniera y doctor en fisica, investigadora en el CNRS, consagrada de la Comunidad del Ema- fuel. En ellos se da una rara combinacién de saberes y devida necesaria para abordar una obra como esta. En «efecto, ambos poseen una doble ciudadania intelectual: or Una parte, una carrera cientifica, que se ejerce me- dlante Ia docencia 0 la investigacién en centios espe-

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