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15
,
,
,
, ,
1.38 10 / ,
8.31 / . ,
6.022 10 /
1
n
3 T 3RT
m M
M /
1 1.013 10
1 10
28 /
28 28 10
6.02 10
4.7 10
.
3.2g 76cmHg
27oc
O2
n = PV RT
M M
RT
V=
MP
M = 32g/mol; =3.2g ; R=8.31J/mol.K; T= 27oC =300K;P= 76 cmHg =1atm=105Pa
3.2 8.31 300
0.0025
32x10
0.0025
2
M=28g/mol 300K
RT
R=8.31J/molK;
M
T=300K; M=28g/mol=28 10-3kg/mol
3 8.31 300
561.8m/s
28 10
561.8m/s
331m/s?
= 2g/mol
( )
3RT 3RT M. V
V V T
M M 3R
=2g/mol=2 10-3kg/mol; 331m/s R=8.31J/mol.K
T= 8.79K
.
T=8.79K
727
R
K T R= NA
NA
RT
K T=727oC=1000K
NA
.
K 2.07 10
.
(-
)
300K
1.38 10 ; 300
3
1.38 10 300
2
6.21 10
1 1.6 10
.
0.039
.
Vi = V f V
Pi = Pf = P
J
W = P (V f Vi )
Vf V
Vi
P
Pf
W2
Pi
W1
Vi Vf
1
P
( )
Vi Vf V
J ,
J ,
J
J ,
,
,
8.31 / .
3 3
2 2
P-V ?
? P=2atm P
A B
2l 4l V
6
2 2 10
= 4 2 2 2 10
2 10 2 10 4 10
A B ()
2 2 10 ; 4 10 ;
2 10
2 10 4 10 2 10 4 10
AB
ABC?
P A
2 atm
1atm C B
2m 3 5m 3 V
ABC
WABC = WAB + WBC + WCA
WAB
WAB = PA(VB VA) + (PB PA)(VB VA)
PA= 2atm 2 105Pa
PB = 1atm = 105Pa
VB = 5m3, VA = 2m3
2 105(5 2) + (105 2 105) (5 2)
= 4.5 105 J
WBC
WBC = PB (VC VB) = 105(2 5) = 3 105J
WCA ()
WCA = 0
WABC = (4.5 105J) (3 105J) +0 = 1.5 105J
7
A B C
D A
.AB, BC, CD, DA
.
P(atm) A B
.() 2
1
D C
1 2.5 V (l )
CD()
DA ()
WDA= 0
.
WABCD=WAB+WBC+WCD+WDA
= 3 102 + 0 1.5 102 + 0 = 150 J
WABCD= 150 J
.
0
150
8
25kJ 1 5kcal
( 1 4.186
1
1.5 62.7 10 ;
W= -25kJ = -25 103J
62.7 10 25 10
37.7 10
37.7 10
O2 ( )
. T=300K Vi=12 Vf=19
.T=310K Vi=19 Vf= 12
.
T=
8.31
n=1mol, T=310K, 19 , 12
19
1 8.31 310 1183
12
.
8.31
n=1mol, T=310K, 19 , 12
12
1 8.31 310 1183
19
200J500J
1
Q=+500J
W= 200J
500 200 700
700
Qh W
QC
:
()
J
:
()
J
: (
)
J
1 1
10
Qh WM WU
QC Q
WM WU
J ,
J ,
(
)
J
( )
WM
eC
Q
WU
eM
WM
WU WU WM
e eM eC
Q WM Q
200J160J
11
1 160 ; 200
160
1 0.2 20%
200
35%
.
150J
. ?
150J; 0.35
0.35 150 52.5
. QC
500K 300K
.
. 200J
.
1
TC=300K; Th=500K
0.4 40%
.
Qh=200kJ; = 0.4
0.4 200 80
500K 300K
500kJ 150kJ ?
150 ; 500
0.3 = 30%
12
1
7 50%
70%
?
( )
1 1
7 =280 , =0.5
560
.
1
0.7
933.33
.
= 933.33 560=373.33
0.43
4MJ
.
.
. 0.82
4 4 10 ; 0.43
0.43 4 10 1.72 10
4 10 1.72 10 2.28 10
.
0.82; 1.72 10
0.82 1.72 10 1.41 10
13
: ; :
:
; : / ; :
:
A
a
: O (t + )
:
O
A2 A1 A2 A1
A1
(t + + )
(t + + ) 2
(t + ) (t + ) (t + )
O O O
A2
( = 0 ) ( = ) ( = )
2
, ,
14
1 2
M n
,
y1 = a1 sin ( t + 1 )
y2 = a2 sin ( t + 2 )
yn = an sin ( t + n )
1 2 3
15
2
2
16
2
1
3 5
, , ,
2 2 2
3 5
, , ,
1,3,5,7
4 4 4 4
2 0
0
0, , 2 , 3
3
0, , , ,
0,1,2,3,4,
2 2 2
0.1 ,
0.1/ ,
20 , 20
. .
1 /
0.6 2
.
.
` .
.
1100 /
/ .
4 5
6 5
7 10
8 10
9 10
17
.
4 6 2 4 6cos 8.71
6 2
2.3
2.3 66.50
.
7 0 8 9 cos 7
7 0 8 9 1
7 1 7.07
1
8.13
7
4.0 3.0 2.0
4.0 3.0 2.0 , (cm),
.
2.3
. 2.3
2
y 2 2 4 sin 3 2.3 4.6
3 5 2 6 10
, , ,. , , ,
4 4 4 12 12 12
0, , , ,. 0, , , ,
18
(N)
(S)
( )
( )
4 10 . /
( )
19
( 5R )
)
(
N ( )
= N d => N =
d
e
= N ( d +2e ) =>
N =
(d + 2 e )
B (T) , I (A) ,
(m)
D (m) , (m) ,
N , d (m) ,
(
4
B T, I A
m ,
N
90
20
F21 F12 F21 F12
I1 I2 I1 I2
a a
I1 , I2 (A)
a (m)
| |
| |
R (m) , v (m/s) ,
q (c) , B (T)
21
I=0.5A
. M 2m
. N 10 N
.
M 2m
I=0.5A, d=2m , 4 10 . /
.
4 10 5 10
. N
10 )
0.1
.
O R=10cm
10A O
I =10A, R=10cm=0.1m, 4 10 . /
10 5
4 10
2 0.1
2 10 6.28 10 5
N=100 I=10A
R=20cm
1000
2
I=10A, R=20cm=0.2m, 4 10 . / , 1000, 100
10
4 10 1000 100
2 0.2
3.14
22
=25cm I=4A
B=2T
30 , 60 , 90
=25cm=0.25m, I=4A, B=2T
30 2 4 0.25 30o 1
3
60 2 4 0.25 60o 2 3
2
90 2 4 0.25 90o 2
4 10 B=2T
| |
1.6 10 , 4 10 , 2 , 90
1.6 10 4 10 2 90 12.8 10
23
(Wb)
(T)
(Wb)
(Wb)
| |
| |
24
| |
| |
, ,
220cm MN
B=0.02T MN
50
| |
| |
B=0.02T, 50 , 20cm=0.2cm, 2
| | 0.02 50 0.2 0.2
.
0.1
25
N=30
U B=0.2T
a=20cm, b=10cm
0.01
.
.
R=10
.
| |
| |
(
| |
1.2 R=10
1.6
3.2
95 0.07
26
(Wb)
; (Wb)
,
,
27
,
cos
0
28
1 /
cos
cos
2 2
, 0 0,
= 1m D = 4cm
N = 100 o = 410-7Tm/A
. ?
. i = 5t + 2
?
. .
4 10 , 100, 1.256 10
1
.
4 3.14 10 1.57 10
29
.
i = 5t + 2
5 2
0.181 1.81 10 , 5 /
5 5
1.57 10 5 7.8 10
. 300
25cm 4
50 /
4 10 . / , 300, 4 4 10 ,
25 0.25
4 10 4 10 0.181
.
0.181 1.81 10 , 50 /
1.81 10 50 9.05
. 1
2
.
0.1
1 10 2
10 2 2 10
6.32 10
.
30
6
2 10
6 2 10
0.003 6 0.018
120
8 8 10
120 8 8 10
0.22 220
.
31
sin
; ,
sin
32
33
1
1
, 0
1
( )
(
)
(
)
34
200
100
200 141
1.41
25 150
60
25 60
2 600 25 10 9.42
15.9
.
60 150
8 10 60 377 /
332
0.452
150
. , ,
. , ,
, ,
35
.
0.292
34
.
0.292 425 124
sin 124 sin 377
36