CHNG ST: NGUYN NHN - GII PHP CHNG ST - THIT B CHNG ST

A. NGUYN NHN HNH THNH ST

1/ Nguyn nhn hnh thnh st :
Trong nhng nm qua, c mi khi ma ma n, ngoi vic chun b cc bin php phng
chng bo lt chng ta cn phi quan tm n mt hin tng thin nhin khc c tc hi nghim
trng n c s vt cht v con ngi - l dng st. C th hiu nm na rng st l s phng
in gia m my dng v mt im no trn mt t khi in trng kh quyn t n mt
gi tr ti hn. Vit Nam thuc vng kh hu nhit i nn dng in st thng rt ln khong
30kA, do nu mt cng trnh no b st nh th phn kin trc ca cng trnh c th b
ph v do nh hng ca p sut v nhit pht tn cao, cc thit b in trong cng trnh c
th b hng do trng in t ca dng st cm ng v con ngi c th b tn thng nu gn
im phng in st. Trong thc t xy ra nhiu trng hp mt cn phng in st lm
cho hng chc ngi b thng v cht (xy ra x Hip Thnh - Bc Liu) cn nhng v st lm
cht ngi hng nm th xy ra lin tc khp ni nht l cc vng trng im nh i Ru, Bu
Sm, Bo Vinh ....thuc Huyn Long Khnh - ng Nai, cc x vng su thuc Huyn c Linh,
Hm Tn - Bnh Thun, hoc mt s x thuc cc tnh ng bng sng Cu Long, ngay ti
TpHCM nm no cng xy ra vi trng hp t vong do phng in st.
C ch hnh thnh mt cn st ni chung kh phc tp, c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v
qu trnh nhim in ca mt m my dng cng nh c ch pht trin ca tia st hng xung
t, ngoi ra cng cn nhiu vn khc lin quan n st v chng ti mong rng s c dp
c trnh by chi tit hn trong cc bi bo khc, y chng ti ch xin cp n mt gi
thuyt ph bin nht gii thch nguyn nhn to dng st nh sau :
Dng l hin tng kh quyn lin quan vi s pht trin mnh m ca i lu nhit v
cc nhiu ng kh quyn, n thng xy ra vo ma h l thi im m s trao i nhit gia
mt t v khng kh rt ln. Nhng lung khng kh nng mang theo hi nc bay ln n mt
cao no y v ngui dn, lc hi nc to thnh nhng git nc nh hay gi l tinh th
bng chng tch t trong khng gian di dng nhng m my. Tri t cng b nng th khng
kh nng cng bay ln cao hn, my cng dy hn n mt lc no th cc tinh th bng trong
my s ln dn v ri xung thnh ma. My cng dy th mu ca n cng en hn. S va
chm ca cc lung kh nng i ln v cc tinh th bng i xung trong m my s lm xut hin
cc in tch m ta gi l m my b phn cc in hay m my tch in. Cc phn t in tch
m c khi lng ln nn nm di y m my cn cc phn t in tch dng nh hn nn
b y ln phn trn ca m my.
Nh vy trong bn thn m my hnh thnh mt in trng cc b ca mt lng
cc in v di tc dng ca in trng cc b ny cc phn t s di chuyn nhanh hn, in
tch c to ra nhiu hn v in trng cng mnh hn. Qu trnh ny tip din cho n lc
in trng t gi tr ti hn v gy ra phng in ni b trong m my m ta gi l chp.
Ngoi ra khong khng gian bn di m my thng c mt lp in tch dng gi l
in tch khng gian v vy gia phn y m my mang in m v lp in tch dng ny li
hnh thnh mt in trng ring v chnh in trng ny lm pht sinh mt tia st ban u gi
l dng tin o di chuyn xung t vi tc khong 150km/s. Trong qu trnh pht trin xung
t, dng tin o mang theo mt in th rt ln s ion ho lp khng kh trn ng i ca n,
ni no c cch in khng kh yu th dng tin o s pht trin v hng v vy ta thy
dng tia st i xung khng phi l ng thng m thng c dng ngon ngoo, phn nhnh.
Ngoi ra do hiu ng cm ng in nn phn mt t nm bn di m my dng s mang mt
lng in dng. Lng in ny s phn b trn cc vt c kh nng dn in nh nh ca,
cy ci, cng trnh, tr in, thp anten......, vt no dn in cng tt th in tch phn b trn vt
cng ln v in trng ca n cng mnh so vi cc vt xung quanh. V vy, khi dng tin
o pht trin xung gn mt t th n s chn vt c in trng mnh nht nh vo m ta
gi l phng in st, ni tip xc ca chng gi l knh st. y l thi im trao i in tch
gia m my v mt t c gi l giai on trung ho in tch, dng in trong knh st lc
ny rt ln c th n 200kA nn b nng ln rt mnh khong 20.000oC v do ta thy n sng
chi ln (cng c gi l chp). Di tc dng ca nhit ny, lp khng kh chung quanh
knh st b gin n mnh gy ra ting n ln m ta gi l sm. Do nh sng c vn tc ln hng
triu ln so vi m thanh nn ta thy nh chp trc ri sau mt lc mi nghe thy ting sm.

2/ Mt s bin php phng trnh st thng dng v hiu qu :

y chng ta cn phn bit cc loi st khc nhau nh st nh trc tip, st nh gin
tip, st cm ng.
- St nh trc tip l st nh thng vo nh ca cng trnh hoc nh vo bn nc kim
loi hay tr anten nm trn cng trnh , nh vo cy ci, nh vo ngi ang di chuyn khi
ang c dng .....y l loi st nguy him nht v n c th gy thit hi nng n cho cng trnh
hoc gy cht ngi.
- St nh gin tip l st nh vo ng dy in thoi, ng dy ti in cao th
hoc h th mt ni no ri theo ng dy truyn vo cng trnh lm h hng thit b in
ang s dng. Chng ta thng thy hin tng bng n, in thoi, TV, t lnh .... b chy hoc
ngi ang gi in thoi b in git mnh sau mt cn dng st tt c l do nh hng ca loi
st ny.
- St cm ng bao gm cm ng tnh in v cm ng in t. St cm ng tnh in
thng ch nguy him cho cc cng trnh c cha cht d chy n nh xng du, kh t do tc
ng ca phng in th cp cn st cm ng in t ch nguy him i vi cc thit b hin i
dng cc linh kin in t nhy vi xung in trong cc cng trnh bu in, vin thng, pht
thanh truyn hnh.
Mt h thng chng st hon chnh phi th hin y cc ni dung chng st ni trn,
tuy nhin i vi a s cc h gia nh ngi ta thng ch quan tm n vic chng st nh
trc tip.
C nhiu bin php k thut phng chng st nhng cho ti nay th cha c mt thit b
hoc h thng chng st no t c hiu qu tuyt i. Mt m hnh chng st thng dng
c cng nhn l c hiu qu trong mt phm vi gii hn nht nh vn cn c s dng rng
ri nhiu ni trn th gii l h thng dng kim thu st c in Franklin v n chng minh
kh nng bo v vi mt tin cy cho php tn ti hng trm nm qua. Kim thu st Franklin
l mt thanh kim loi c u nhn di khong 3m c lp ti ni cao nht trong khu vc cn bo
v, n hot ng theo nguyn l phng in im, ngha l trong in trng kh quyn ca dng
bo, kim thu st ny s lin tc nh in tch vo vng khng gian do quanh u kim thu st s
c in trng cc b mnh so vi cc im xung quanh v hnh thnh mt tia la in mi (dng
mi) nn n d dng thu ht dng st tin o t my i xung, dng in st ny s truyn t
kim qua h thng dy dn i xung t v tn nhanh trong t nh bi tip a tn st. Nh vy
h thng chng st s to ra mt phm vi an ton cho cng trnh m n bo v . Tuy nhin trong
thc t vn c hin tng st nh vo cng trnh c h thng chng st m ngi ta gi l
st nh vng, do m bo an ton chng ta khng nn t lp ly h thng chng st m
phi nh n chuyn vin k thut tnh ton thit k sao cho h thng m bo cc thng s k
thut nh phm vi bo v, in tr tn st, kh nng st nh vng, kh nng phng in th cp
....., c nh th th h thng chng st mi hon thnh tt nhim v ca n. Trong trng hp
ngc li th chnh h thng l nguyn nhn dn n cc tai ho cho cng trnh v nhng
ngi sng trong cng trnh .
3/ La chn u thu st :
Theo tin b ca khoa hc k thut, ngi ta nghin cu ch to cc loi kim thu st
tch cc (thay cho loi kim thu st c in th ng nu trn) ch ng bt st khng cho n
nh vo cng trnh cn bo v. Hin trn th trng Vit Nam c gn mt chc loi kim ch ng
ca cc nc khc nhau nh M, Php, Uc, .....
Cc loi kim thu st ny hot ng da trn cc nguyn l lm vic khc nhau nhng ni
chung c th chia lm hai loi chnh :
a/ Loi phng in sm: l cc loi kim thu st c c tnh pht ra dng mi kh sm khi in
trng kh quyn cha t n tr s ti hn ngha l n ch ng n bt dng phng in st
mt im no trong khng gian cch xa cng trnh m n bo v. Chng ta c th hnh dung l
khi hot ng th kim thu st nh c ko di ra mt on gp hng chc ln chiu di thc ca
chng, on ny c gi l cao o ca kim thu st v nh th chng c phm vi bo v ln
hn rt nhiu so vi kim thu st c in cng mt cao.
b/ Loi phn tn in tch: l cc loi kim thu st c c tnh to ra mt lp in tch khng gian
mang in dng trong vng kh quyn nm bn trn u kim da trn nguyn l phng in
im . Trng tnh in my dng cng mnh th dng phng in cng mnh v lp in tch
khng gian cng nhiu, n tc dng nh mt mn chn tnh in lm cho in trng gia m
my dng v t yu i ngha l loi b nguy c phng in st.
Ngoi ra cn mt dng kt hp ca hai loi trn to thnh mt h thng chng st khc
gi l loi phng in tr hon. Loi ny c u im lm tng phm vi bo v nhng li rt tn km
so vi hai loi trn.
Trong gn 20 nm qua, chng ti nghin cu c tnh k thut ca trn 20 loi kim thu
st khc nhau gm c nhng loi cha c mt th trng Vit Nam v cng thit k thi cng
hng trm h thng chng st cho nhiu chng loi cng trnh khc nhau, ni chung v nguyn l
lm vic th chng c hiu qu cao hn nhiu so vi loi kim thu st c in v mi loi c nhng
u khuyt im khc nhau. Hn na, do cc loi kim thu st ch ng ch mi pht trin mnh ti
Vit Nam trong vng 5 nm tr li nn phi cn c thm thi gian theo di v nh gi xem loi
kim no t yu cu v cht lng, bn v hiu qu trong vic bo v cng trnh trong iu
kin kh hu nhit i nh nc ta, ngoi ra gi c cng l mt yu t cn quan tm v chng
khng ph hp lm i vi a s cc h gia nh mun lp mt h thng chng st ring cho nh
ca mnh.
Tm li nh trnh by trn, mt h thng chng st ngoi kim thu st cn c phn dn
st v bi tip a tn dng st trong t m y l cc phn khng d dng lp t nht l i vi
nh ca cng trnh thuc cc khu th . Dy dn st c tc dng chuyn ti dng st xung t
d dng, n phi chu c nhit pht nng cc b khng b bin dng . Bi tip a c
nhim v tn nhanh dng st trong t trnh in p cao tn ti trn h thng chng st tc l
phng trnh hin tng phng in th cp v nh hng ca in p bc, l cc yu t
nguy him c th lm h hng cng trnh v gy cht ngi. Do ta thy rng mt khi h thng
chng st khng t cht lng k thut th tht l tai ho cho chng ta khi c st nh vo cng
trnh. V vy nu cc bn c yu cu lp t h thng chng st th c th lin h vi chng ti
c hng dn c th bng cch da vo c im thc t ti cng trnh ca bn nh in tr
sut t, c tnh a l ca vng, v tr lp t v cu trc bi tip a, khong cch an ton trong
khng kh v trong t ...... hu t c mt h thng chng st pht huy ht kh nng ca
chng trong vic bo v an ton cho cng trnh v nhng ngi sng trong cng trnh .

Ngun: Phn Vin Nghin Cu Khoa Hc

B. GII PHP H THNG CHNG ST

PHN LOI CC DNG CHNG ST

A/ CHNG ST NH THNG :
1. Chng st nh thng bng cng ngh kim c in .
Cu hnh ca loi ny gm c 3 phn :
a) Cc u kim thu st:
Thng lm bng thp m ng , ng thau c hoc bng inox. La chn chiu di ca kim
cn ph thuc vo cu trc ca cng trnh cn c bo v .
b) Dy dn st:
Dng dn dng st t cc u kim thu n h thng tip t. Thng lm bng ng l hoc
cp ng trn, tit din ca dy dn c quy nh theo tiu chn quc t ( NFC 17 102 ca Php
) t 50mm2 n 75mm2.
c) H thng tip t:
Dng tn dng in st trong t.
Cu hnh ca h thng tip t ny gm :
- Cc cc tip t : thng di t 2,4 mt n 3 mt . ng knh ngoi thng l 14 16mm .
c chn thng ng & cch mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt . Khong cch cc vi cc t 3 n 15
mt .
- Dy tip t : thng l cp ng trn c tit din t 50 n 75mm2 dng lin kt cc cc
tip t ny li vi nhau . Cp ny nm m di mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt .
- c sit cp hoc mi hn ho nhit CADWELD : dng lin kt dy tip t & cc cc tip
t vi nhau.

2. Chng st nh thng bng cng ngh tiu tn m my in tch khng cho hnh thnh
tia tin o st (dissipation array system).
Cng ngh ny hin nay Vit Nam rt t s dng v gi thnh cao, ch c ng dng vo
mt s cng trnh cn thit.
Cc hng sn xut nh: LEC USA, LIGHTNING PREVECTION SYSTEM USA .
Cu hnh ca loi ny gm c 3 phn:
a) Cc u pht ion dng: Thng lm bng thp m ng hoc bng inox . Cc u pht
ion dng c dng qu cu nhiu gai, dng ci d nhiu gai , hoc dng cnh di nhiu gai
b) Dy dn st: Dng dn dng ion dng t mt t i ln cc thit b pht ion dng .
Thng lm bng cp ng trn, tit din ca dy dn c quy nh theo tiu chn quc t ( nfc
17 102 ca php ) t 50mm2 n 75mm2 .
c) H thng tip t: Dng tn dng in st trong t. Cu hnh ca h thng tip t ny
gm:
- Cc cc tip t: thng di t 2,4 mt n 3 mt . ng knh ngoi thng l 14 16mm.
c chn thng ng & cch mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt . Khong cch gia cc vi cc t 3 n
15 mt .
- Dy tip t : thng l cp ng trn c tit din t 50 n 75mm2 dng lin kt cc cc
tip t ny li vi nhau. Cp ny nm m di mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt . Yu cu dy cp tip
t ny phi c ni thnh mt mch vng kn trc khi ni vi dy dn st.
- c sit cp hoc mi hn ho nhit cadweld: dng lin kt dy tip t & cc cc tip t
vi nhau.
3. Chng st nh thng bng cng ngh pht tia tin o sm (Early Streamer Emission) .
Cc hng sn xut : INDELEC PHP, SATELIT PHP, HELITA PHP, POUYET PHP,
PARATONNORRES PHP, ERICO C. INGESCO TY BAN NHA.
Cu hnh ca loi ny gm c 3 phn :
a) u thu li: Dng pht tia tin o i ln thu ht st v n. u thu li c gn trn tr
c cao trung bnh l 5 mt so vi nh ca cng trnh cn c bo v.
 b) Dy dn st: Dng dn dng st t u thu li n h thng tip t . Thng lm bng
ng l hoc cp ng trn, tit din ca dy dn c quy nh theo tiu chn quc t (nfc 17
102 ca php) t 50mm2 n 75mm2.
c) H thng tip t: Dng tn dng in st trong t. Cu hnh ca h thng tip t ny
gm:
- Cc cc tip t: thng di t 2,4 mt n 3 mt. ng knh ngoi thng l 14 16mm.
c chn thng ng & cch mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt . Khong cch cc vi cc t 3 n 15
mt.
- Dy tip t: thng l cp ng trn c tit din t 50 n 75mm2 dng lin kt cc cc
tip t ny li vi nhau. Cp ny nm m di mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt.
- c sit cp hoc mi hn ho nhit cadweld: dng lin kt dy tip t & cc cc tip t
vi nhau.
B/ CHNG ST LAN TRUYN :
I. Chng st lan truyn cho trm bin p 1000v (1kv) :
1. Dng chng st Van La (Lightning Arrester) lp ti u ng dy vo trm bin p ct
xung in st xung t.
- Dng chng st van s cp ( gi l thit b ct st ngun 3 pha hoc 1 pha ), lp song song vi
ngun in ct gim xung in st ln xung t. Cu hnh ca loi ny gm c 3 phn :
a) Van ct st : Dng ct x xung in st lan truyn trn li h th xung t , trc khi
n c th theo ngun in i vo ph ti .
b) Dy dn st : Dng dn dng st t im nt mng n van ct st & t van ct st n
h thng tip t .
c) H thng tip t : Dng tn dng in st trong t . Cu hnh ca h thng tip t ny
gm :
- Cc cc tip t : thng di t 2,4 mt n 3 mt . ng knh ngoi thng l 14 16mm .
c chn thng ng & cch mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt . Khong cch cc vi cc t 3 n 15
mt .
- Dy tip t : thng l cp ng trn c tit din t 50 n 75mm2 dng lin kt cc cc
tip t ny li vi nhau . Cp ny nm m di mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt .
- Oc sit cp hoc mi hn ho nhit CADWELD : dng lin kt dy tip t & cc cc tip
t vi nhau.
d) Cu to ca van ct st : Van ct st c ch to t xt kim loi (metal oxide varristor
mov) thng l xt km . c im ca loi vt liu ny l ch c th dn in in p cao &
s tr thnh vt cch in in p thp , in p cng cao th dng in thng mch cng ln
v in p cng gim th dng thng mch cng gim v z r ( cn gi l khi in tr phi tuyn)
e) Nguyn l lm vic ca van ct st : Khi st nh trc tip vo ng dy in h th 3
pha 220/380vac 50hz , hoc st nh vo cc vng ln cn ri cm ng vo ng dy h th
ri lan truyn vo van ct st trc khi n n ph ti ( cc thit b dng in ) . Xung in st ny
c bin in p ln lm cho in tr phi tuyn ca van ct st ngng dn , lc ny n s m
mch cho dng in st i qua n xung t . Khi xung in st gim thp n di gi tr in
p ngng ca van ct st th in tr phi tuyn ca van ct st s tng nhanh ngt dng ct
xung st .

2. Dng thit b ct lc st (thng l lp ni tip vi ph ti) va ct xung in st , va lc

c cc loi sng hi , cc nhiu tn s cao ca st :
a) Cu hnh: loi ny gm c 3 phn :

Thit b ct lc st : Dng ct x xung in st lan truyn trn li h th xung t &

lc cc sng hi cc nhiu tn s cao trc khi chng c th theo ngun in i vo ph ti
.
Dy dn st : Dng dn dng st t thit b ct lc st st n h thng tip t .
H thng tip t : Dng tn dng in st trong t . Cu hnh ca h thng tip t
ny gm :
- Cc cc tip t : thng di t 2,4 mt n 3 mt . ng knh ngoi thng l 14
16mm . c chn thng ng & cch mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt . Khong cch cc vi cc
t 3 n 15 mt .
- Dy tip t : thng l cp ng trn c tit din t 50 n 75mm2 dng lin kt cc
cc tip t ny li vi nhau . Cp ny nm m di mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt .
 - c sit cp hoc mi hn ho nhit cadweld : dng lin kt dy tip t & cc cc tip
t vi nhau.

b) Cu to ca thit b ct lc st thng bao gm :

Van ct st s cp (nm pha trc)
- B lc sng hi & nhiu (nm gia)
- Van ct st th cp (nm pha sau)
Van ct st s cp & th cp c ch to t xt kim loi (metal oxide varristor mov)
thng l xt km. c im ca loi vt liu ny l ch c th dn in in p cao & s tr
thnh vt cch in in p thp , in p cng cao th dng in thng mch cng ln v in
p cng gim th dng thng mch cng gim v z r ( cn gi l khi in tr phi tuyn).
B lc sng hi c cu to t cun khng in l & cc t lc c , cun khn l c lp ni tip
vi mch in cn t lc c th lp song song vi mch in (nm pha sau cun khng in l).

c) Nguyn l lm vic ca thit b ct lc st: Khi st nh trc tip vo ng dy in h

th 3 pha 220/380vac 50hz , hoc st nh vo cc vng ln cn ri cm ng vo ng dy
h th ri lan truyn vo thit b ct lc st trc khi n n ph ti ( cc thit b dng in ) .
Xung in st ny c bin in p ln lm cho in tr phi tuyn ca van ct st s cp
ngng dn , lc ny n s m mch cho dng in st i qua n xung t . Tip theo b
lc l c c tc dng lm gim thp bin xung st v tch b cc thnh phn sng hi , nhiu
tn s cao . Xung in st cn st vi bin thp khi ra khi b lc l c th s b van ct st th
cp ct thm mt ln na . Khi xung in st gim thp n di gi tr in p ngng ca van
ct st th in tr phi tuyn ca van ct st s tng nhanh ngt dng ct xung st .

II. Chng st lan truyn cho li in h th 3 pha 220/380v 50/60hz :

1. Dng chng st Van s cp ( gi l thit b ct st ngun 3 pha hoc 1 pha ), lp song song
vi ngun in ct gim xung in st ln xung t .

* U IM :
- Khng b gii hn dng ti nn cng lc c th
Bov c nhiu thit b dng in .
- V y ch l thit b ct st s cp nn thng gi thnh thp .

* NHC IM :
- Ch ct hu ht cc xung ln m khng lc c cc thnh phn tn s cao ca st , nh cc
sng hi , cc loi nhiu . . .
Cc hng c th p ng tt nh : TPS C , OBO C , MCG USA, ERICO C ,
TERCEL C .

2. Dng thit b ct lc st (thng l lp ni tip vi ph ti) va ct xung in st , va lc

c cc loi sng hi ca st .

* U IM :
- Bo v a cp cho ph ti ( gm ct st s cp , lc , ct st th cp ) , do c an ton cao
.

* NHC IM :
- V c ch to bo v a cp nn gi thnh cao .
- V lp ni tip nn b gii hn vi mt dng in nht nh .
- Cc hng p ng tt nh : TPS C , OBO C , ERICO C , TERCEL C .

3. Chng st lan truyn cho ng dy thng tin :

1. Chng st lan truyn cho ng dy in thoi lp trn phin Krone 10 i dy : tu theo mc
in p tn hiu , tn s lm vic , tc ng truyn s la chn cc thit b bo v khc nhau .
Cc hng c th p ng nh : TPS C, ERICO C, TERCEL C .
2. Chng st lan truyn trn ng dy ni mng my tnh cp RJ45 : c nhiu hng la chn
nh APC USA , ATLENTIC USA , ERICO C , TPS C.
3. Chng st lan truyn trn ng dy cp ng trc 75W : c nhiu hng la chn nh
ERICO C , TPS C , OBO C .

Thanh Thnh Theo http://kythuat.tech.officelive.com