,

: DANIEL GOLEMAN
: EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
, , 2011
-, 2011

http://openbooks.tk
http://ekni.ga
http://4eti.me

ISBN 978-954-321-888-2 ( )
ISBN 978-954-321-889-9 ( )

2

7
: 13
1. ? 13
14
16
19
20
2. 24
25
27
28
31
32
- 33
35
38
: A
42
3. 42
44
46
: 49
? 51
: 54
4. 56
59
60
62
64
5. 66
69
73
74
: , ? 75
78
80
83
: 86

3
 6. - 89
: 92
- 94
: 97
: 99
: 102
: 105
7. 108
110
111
113
114
: 116
: 118
8. 123
125
126
129
132
135
137
: 139
9. 139
: 140
144
147
: 149
: 151
, 152
153
154
155
156
157
10. 159
: 161
- 162
164
166

4
 168
169
171
11. 176
: 178
: 180
181
: 185
189
191
191
: 192
194
196
: 198
: 201
12. 201
204
206
208
: 209
13. 212
, 214
216
220
221
223
226
14. 229
231
: 233
235
238
, 240
: 243
15. a 243
245
247
252

5
 253
: 254
256
258
259
261
: 263
266
: 267
: 270
272
274
16. 276
278
279
: , 280
281
282
283
287
289
291
:
293
- 294
? 295
, 299
300
1. ? 302
2. 304
3. 310
4. . . :
313
5. 314
6. : 316
321

a ,
, - -
, , , .
- , *
(, , . II, . 9 (3), . ,
-, . 1993. - ..)

. - ,
.
. "
, ,
, ?"
, .
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
. -
, :
, - ,
,
? ,
, .
, ,
, : ,
!, .
.
,
,
.
.
, ,
, , ,

.
,
:

,
,
. : "

7
 .

,
, - , ,
-
. ,
,
, - .

,
57%
, .
,
. "
, , .

, , .

, .
: " ,
,

, .
-
, ,
. ,
;
- .

,
, ,
. ,
, ,
, - , ,
, ,
.
,
- ,
, ,
, .
,
,

.
.

8
 -
-
.
,
,
, .

, ,

. -
,
.
, :
,
, .
-
- ,
,
.
( )
.
,
.

.
.
, ,
- ,
- - .
-
- ,
.
,
,
,
,
.
- :
, - ?
,
,

9
 ? ,

, ,
. , ,
-
, ,
.

. ,
-, ,
.
,
. ,
.
, ,
,
. , ,
, :

. ,
-
, . ,
,
.

,
- -
.
.
;
,
-
.

, -
, .
,
- -
, ,
- , ,
-
. - ,
.

10
 .

, :
, -
, -
, , , ,
. (,
,
.)

.
:
- ,
; ,
,
; ,
, -
,
.

, . ,
, ;
. ,
, ,
, -
- .
,
,
.
, ,
-

, , ,
.

, , .
-
.
-
. - , - , -
, - .
,
, .
-
-- .

11
 ,
, .
,

. ,
,
, ,
.
- , ,
-
. ,
, ;
, , .
. ,
,
. : -

?

12
 :

1. ?
- . -
.
-,
( -, (. 21), .
, , . 1978. - ..)

- ,
, ,
.
, ,
.
,
, .
, .
( , 15
1993 .).
,
, ,
. ,

,
* (
:
" , ,
.)

,
. ,
,
.

-
, -
( : ,

Malcolm Slavin & Daniel Kriegman, The Adaptive Design of the

13
Human Psyche, New York, Guilford Press, 1992.).
, - , ,
,
.
: ,
,
.
;
.

,
. , ,
, ,
, - ,
,
, .

,
(
, Paul Ekman,
An Argument for Basic Emotions, Cognition and Emotion 6, 1992, pp. 169-
200. . . - .
, ).
,

, ,
.
,
, . homo
sapiens, ,

, .
, , ,
- .
-
, -
. , ,
.

- .
:

14
!,
.
,
. , ,
,
. ,
. o-co. (
, 11 1994)
,
;

, .
,
.
,

. -
, ,
- - ,
.

, ,

. , - ,
-
,
.
,
, ,
.
,
.
.
,
, 50 000
, 500 - -
. , ,
, ;
,

, ,
.


, .

15
, .
,
, .
.

,
. ,
;
. ,
. .
.
. - , ,
- -,
,
, - .
. ,
.
, ,
. , -
-
, ,
.
,
,
. "
movere, , ,
.
. , , -
:
: , -
, .
( ,
.)
,
(.
).

: (
:
Robert W. Levenson, Paul Ekman, Wallace V. Friesen,
Voluntary Facial Action Generates Emotion-Specific Autonomous Nervous
16
System Activity, Psychophysiology 27,1990.
.
;
,
,
, ,

, .
Paul Ekman and Richard Davidson,
eds.. Fundamental Questions About Emotions, New York, Oxford University
Press, 1994.)

-
- ; ,

, .
,
, - . ,

. ,
,
- .
,
.

.

,
, ,
.
,
-
.
,
.
,
-
,
. ,
, ,
,
.

.
-

17
 ,
- .

:
, .
, , ,
, ,

.

, .
,
,
.

, ,
, , .
(
) ,
- .

.
. ,
-
- - ,
".
,
, -
,
. ,
, - ; ,
,

.
, - ,
.
,
, ,
, .

;
.
,

.

18
 ( : - ; -
.
- , .
,
, .

, -
.)

- ,
. -
, , .
,
. , -, ,
,
. - ,
. , .
. ,
, ,
, ,
. , -
. -
, .
,
. , ,
, :
, , ,
. ,
, - . ( -
. .)

.
- , -
.
;
- , - -
- .

,
.
- -
- ,

19
 , .
-
,
.
, (
) .
;
, - .
, :
. XVI .
:
,
? (..
, ..). (...)
: (...)
. (...)
.

, :
, ,
-,
.
(16. : ,
, , . 2006. - ..)

-
- , -
.

- - -
. , -
-
. (
.)
- ,
,
, ,
.
,
. , , -

20
 ,
,
. -
, .
- .
-
- ,
. ,

, , ,
.
- -
() , ,
. , ,
, , ,
,
. -
.

, ,
.
,
.
: , ,
, .
, :
, , , , *. (
, - -
- . ,
- ,
; ,
, .
;
, , ,
- - .
,
.)

.
,
. ,
, , limbus.
,
(R. Joseph, The Naked Neuron: Evolution and the Languages of the Brain
and Body, New York, Plenum Publishing, 1993; Paul D. MacLean, The Triune

21
Brain in Evolution, New York, Plenum, 1990.).
,
, .

: .
-
,
, ,
. , .

;
,
.
, ,
, .

. - , ,
-
, .
, .
homo sapiens -
,
. , ,
, .
-
, , .

,
,
, .


. - ,
.

. .
- ,
.

,
,
. (, , ,
; , ,
.) ,
,

22
 ,
.
-
, ;
. ,
. -
,
.
, (
) -
- .
,
- -
,
. - , -
- - ".
;
- -
- .

,
. ,
,
.

- .

23
 2.

, , ,
.

1963 . - ,
"
. ,
,
,
, .
- , ,
.
, , -
, ,
, .
,
, . .
, .
, .
-,
, , ,
. ,
, ,
.
,
, , ,
.
-, : .
.
,
. - - -
,
.
.
,
.

, ,

24
 ,
.
, ,
, .
, ,
.
( - )
.
- ,
- , -,
, .
, , , ,
- .
.
, .
: ,

( ), -

1994 ., ,
.

( )
, ,
. ,
, .
-
, .

, ,
.
, ;
.
,
.
".
, .
, ,
,
,
. ,
, , ,

25
 .
,
. ( c . , . ., .
83. ,
(. Paul Ekman and Richard Davidson, eds.. Questions About
Emotion, New York, Oxford University Press, 1994).

;
.) ,
; ,
.
:
.
,

- . -
, -
, . ,

. ,
.
,
, ,
. (
,

,
, ,
.. ,
, ,
-
,
.
, . .
Joseph LeDoux, Sensory Systems and Emotion, Integrative
Psychiatry 4, 1986; Joseph LeDoux, "Emotion and the Limbic System Concept,
Concepts in Neuroscience 2, 1992.)
, ,

. ,
.
, ,

,
. (

26

.
, ,
, ,
, ,
-
- , -. -
,
. - ,
, - ,
,
. ,
- ,
,
, ,

( ) . . Joseph LeDoux,
"Emotional Memory Systems in the Brain", Behavioral and Brain Research 58,
1993.)

, ,
- . ,

.

-
, , ,
;
. ,
,
. , :
, .
, , ,
, , ,
, .
. , ,
. ,
, , ,
, .
,
, .

27

, .
, ,
, - -
, : ? ?
? ,
,
,
.
,

, ,
.
,
:
, -
, epaa. (
, Jerome Kagan, Galen's Prophecy, New York, Basic Books,
1994.).
, ,
, ,
.

, , ,
. ,

.
,
.
,
( - ).


, .

, ,
.
. ,
, . ,
- .
, , -
.

28
 , ? -
: .
-
,
,
oa. (
Awuy , 15 1989 .
,
Joseph LeDoux, "Emotional Memory Systems in the Brain",
Behavioural Brain Research 58, 1993; Joseph LeDoux, "Emotion, .Memory and
the Brain", Scientific American, June 1994; Joseph LeDoux, "Emotion and the
Limbic System Concept, Concepts in Neuroscience 2, 1992.)
,
, , - - .
- .

,
, - -
.

,
, . ,
, -
;
.
, ,
,
,
, .
,
.
,

. ,
,
, ,
. -
- -


.
,
, .
,

29
. ,
- ( -)
.
, ,
.
,
.
, .

- . ,

: ,
.

- . -

".
, , -

.
, .
,
,

, ,
coe.(William Raft Kunst-Wilson and R. B.
Zajonc, "Affective Discrimination of Stimuli That Cannot Be Recognized",
Science, 1 February 1980.).
,
,
;
, , '.
- ,
.
: - - - :
.
. ,
. -
,
;
, ,
.
, -
, .

30
 .

,
. ,
, ,
,
.
, ;

.
,
.
,
- , ,
. ,
,
. ,
, ,
.
, ,
: ,
,
. (John A. Bargh, "First
Second: The Preconscious in Social Interactions", American
Psychological Society, W ashington D C., 1994) (
, ) ,

,
,
.
. ,
, ,
. ,
; ,
.

-, ,
. -
,
. -
, - ; ,
-, -

31
 . ,
- .

,
, .
.

,
, , (
) ",
, .
,
, .
:
, ,
.
:
.
, ,
, , ,
, ,
.
,
, ,
, -
, , -
,
.
,
. , ,
,
.

,

, .
, .
- ,
,
, -
. ,

32
, .
,
. ,
,
.
,
, :

,
,
. (-

Allan Schore, Affect Regulation and the Origin of Self, Hillsdale. N
1., Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994).
-
, -
.
-
, -
, .
,
,
, ,
. ,
, .

-
.

.
, , . ,
, , ,
... , ,
, ,
. -
. , .
-
, -

,
.
: ,

33
 , .
-
. ,
, -
. ,
- , "
(LeDoux, . no "How Scary Ihings Get That Way", Science, 6 November
1992, p. 887.)
-
.

- .
.
,
.

, ,
.
, ,
,
- .

, ,
,
.
,
- . -
. :
, .
,
, ,
,
.
,
- - . (
, ,
, - ,
. )
,
.
- ,
,
.
, , ,
.

34
 , ,

-
.
, -
, .

,
-
.

, ,
- -
. ,
. ,
. .
. ,
. :
! : , ,
...
, , :
?
,
- .

- ,
. ,
, ,
- , ,
,
. -
,
.

. , --
,
,
;
,
,
.

35
 ,
.
,
,
.
, ,
- , ,
. ,
-
-. (

Ned Kalin, op. cit.). -
. ... ,
, , , ,
, , , -
.
-
, - . -
, .
,
,
, .
,
, ;
, ,
.

- -
:
, ( )

.


- , ! -
".
:
.
.
:
,
,
. (
-
.

36

,
, -

(
).
.

, .

, .

.

-
, ,
.
,
-
. . Ned Kalin, Departments of Psychology and
Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Aspects of Emotion Conserved Across
Species, , MacArthur Affective
Neuroscience Meeting, 1992 r.; Allan Schore, Affect Regulation and the
Origin of Self, Hillsdale, N.)., Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994.
,
:
,
. , ,
:

,
. . Antonio Damasio, Descartes
Error, New York, Grosset/Putnam, 1994.)
. ,
,
, ,
, -
, ,
, ( ) , .
( ,

,
,
. . .
,

37

;
.
,
, ,
- .)

. ,
, ,
,
.
,
, .(
, ,
.).

; ,
, -
,
. (G. Gianotti, Emotional
behavior and hemispheric side of lesion, Cortex, 8,1972.).
; ,
.
, ,
- - - -. ( c
, , -,
.

, 13-16 1991 .)
,
, ( )
, -.
",
: ,
.
,
;
- .

( )
, -

38
 - ,
.
- ,
.

. "
, ,
,
,
, .
. (Lynn D. Sclcmon et
al., Prefrontal Cortex" American fournaJ of Psychiatry, 152, 1995.).

, - -

. ,
, .

.
,
, -
.
.

, , ,
. (Philip Harden
and Robert Pihl, Cgnitive Function, Cardiovascular Reactivity, and Behavior
in Boys at High Risk for Alcoholism'' Journal of Abnormal Psychology 104, 1995.)
, ,
- ,
.
-
,
- ,
.
, ,
, , .

-
.
-
. ,
,
,
. ,

39

(Antonio Damasio, Descartes Error: Emotion, Reason and the
Human Brain, New York, 1994).
-
, .

,

.
- ,
.
,

, .
,
, -
. ,
,
, ; ,
, ,
, - .
-
, ,
: ,
.
, (
? ?),
-
- ,
, .
-
, .
.

,
- - .
-
,
.
-
: .
.
-
. . ,
,

40
 , ,
.
,
- .

:
, , -
.
, .

.
.

41
 :
A

3.

,
, -
. - , - :
X., , ,
, . -
. , ,
. ,
, ,
,
.
,
- ,
. ,

, , .
: , ,
.
,
- .
,
, -
.
, , ,
,
( c e "Warning
by a Valedictoria Who Faced Prison", New York Times, June 23, 1992.).

- ?
:
. -

42
 ;

.

, -
, -
. ,
-

, - - , -
.
,
- ,
. -
,
,
. ,
,

(Howard Gardner, Cracking Open
the I.Q. Box, The American Prospect, Wiinter 1995.)
, The Bell Curve"
,
:
- .
, ,
.
- ,
(Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray,
The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life, New York,
Free Press. 1994, p 66).
" ",
:
, ,
,
,
.
,
,
.

. ,
, -
. ,
,

43
 ,
-
.

,
,
.
, ,
.
, .
,
,
.
,
- ,
-
, - , -
-
- ,
. - ,
- ,
(George Vaillant, Adaptation to Life, Boston, Little, Brown, 1977.
584 800. - ,
,

).
450 ,
,
, -
.
90.

- 7% 80
, 7%
100. ,
-
, .

,
. (. Felsman and G. . Vaillant, 'Resilient Children as Adults. A 40-
Year Study", in The Invulnerable Child, edited by E. J. Anderson and B J. Cohler,

44
New York, Guilford Press, 1987.)
, ,
,
1981 . . , , -
.
,
.

,
.
,
, : ,
" - ,
.
, .
, ,
.
" ( Apo, e
c , "
" 29 1992 )
:
- ,
.
,
,
,
- (
), .
, ,
, -
.

, - - :
-
, -
.
, , ,
. ,
,
. :
? - . "
,
. ,
- ,
,

45
 - ,

, .
- ,
- , ,
; ,
,
.

- .
, .

- ,
.

.
, ,
- .
, -
- , .., -
.
, , ,
.
,
- ,
. -
,
- .
, ,
, , -
,
- ,
. ,

,
. ,
,
.
,
,
, .

46
 ,
. (
"" )
- - . -
,
, ,
-,
. .
, ,
.
.
,
.
, ,
(
'Rethinking the Value of Intelligence
Tests The New York Times Education Supplement, 3 1986 r.,
.).
,
, . ,

,
, -
, .
- , , ,
,
. - SAT
- ,
.
.
Frames of Mind, 1983 .,
,
; , ,
, ,
, .
(
- ),
,
,
. , ,
:
,
,
, (, -
) , ,

47
 .

:
, .
, ,
- ,
, -
,
-
,
, .
,
;
.
-
.
: ,
,
, ,
.
-

.
- ( "
),
(
""
( ) Howard Gardner, Multiple Intelligences:
The Theory in Practice, New York, Basic Books, 1993.) -
( 125 133)
, .
-
, ,
. :
, - ,
, ,
.
,
-
.
, -

, .

,

48
 ,
.

.
:

: ,
. , , ,

.
, ,
,
.
,

, ,
".
, ,
,
, . (Howard Gardner and
Thomas Hatch, Multiple Intelligences Go to School", Educational Researcher
18, 8, 1989.)

:

,
, : .
,
, .
-
, ,
.

,
.

, ,

,
.
- - ,

49
, , - .


.
,
, ,
.

.
. . , ,

. , ,
, .
, ",
,
,
. .
,
, . ,
-
, , ,

.
, ,
. ,
,
, , ,
.
,
.
,
,
. ,

, -
,
- - ,
.
-

- ,

. :
", ",
-

50
, . ( ,
),
? -
- ,
. ;

.
, .
,
, - , ,
, - .
, , ,
.
,
, .. ,
, ,
, :
, , -

.
, ".

(..
, .., ..),
".

.
, 160
,
. -
. ,
, , .
".

?
,
, , -
,
. (
.
, Peter Salovey and John D Mayer, Emotional Intelligence", Imagination,
Cognition and Personality, 9,1990, pp. 185-211.)
: -

51

,
. , . , ,
IQ
, ,
- ..

-
.
-
,
, , .

1960 .
.
.
.
, ,
,
. -

:
,
.
,
, ,
. (Robert J. Sternberg, Beyond I.Q., New York,
Cambridge University Press, 1985.)
-
, ,

,
,
- ,
. ( )
-
.

.

, :
(
Salovey and Mayer. "Emotional Intelligence p. 189.)
1. . ,
, ,

52
 .
,
.
, . ,
- , - ,
- -
.
2. .
,
.
, , -
,
.
, , ,
- .
3. .
,
, ,
. (
)
. ,
-
- .
-
, .
1. . -
, -
- .
,
. -
,
. -
, , .
2. .
.
,
, .
,
. ,
- .
,
;

. ,
, , .

53
 :
,
,
.

. .
;
. -

.
, .
,
,
. .
,
( ) -

,
. ,
, (
,
),
:
ye. ( ,
, , 1995.
", ,

, .
,

, SAT
. ,

, ,
.

,
.) .

54
 (.. ,
) -
, ,
. .
(
) . ,
, .
, ,

, ,
.

, ,
. ,
.
. , :

, .

, ,
.
, ,
.
( ).

.
, .
(
, ). .
.
, ,
. ,
,
.
, , -
.
,
. ,
.
- ,
.

55
 4.

,

. :
- .
, , :
- !
- - . - .

, , ,
.
- - - .


, .

: ,
.
, ; -
,
,
.
", ,
"",
.

. (
.)
,
. (. -, ,
", ., - , 2004.)

, ,
.
, , .
-
,
.
. (

56
 Mark Epstein, Thoughts Without a
Thinker, New York, Basic Books, 1995. ,
,
- ,
).
, - ,
. ,
, ,
. - ,
.
,
- ,

(William Styron,
Darkness Visible: A Memoir of Madness, New York, Random House, 1990, p. 64.)
-
. -
,
,
, .
:
, : ",
.
,
-
.
, -
.
,
, .
, ,

(John D. Mayer and Alexander Stevens, An Emerging
Understanding of the Reflective (Meta) Experience of Mood
, 1993.). ,
, .
, ;
, ,
,
, ,
.

, ,
:
.

57
 , ,
. ,
, , ,
.
- ! -
. -
: "
- ,
.
,
, ,
. (Mayer and Stevens, An Emerging
Understanding".
.)
.

. , ,
:
,
. ,
,
. ,
.
. ,
, ,
. .
,
,
.
,
, .

.
.
,
. -; ,

, , ,
, ,
,
. ,
.

58

, .
,
: , .
.
, -,
- , .
: ? ,
, ,
" ?
, ,
, ,
?

.
, ,
,

, , ,
, .
,
. ,
, ,
.
, -. ,
,
, .
, ,
, .
,
, , .
- , , .
? , .
,
, ,
( ,
, , ,
.) ,
,
- , .
, , , ,
.

. ,

59
 .
,
, .
, ,
- . -
- , ,
- . - -
, -
, , - ,
-
.

, ,
,
,
. ,
- , - .
.
. -
, .
, :
; - ,
.
;
,
. , .
, ,
( Hillel I. Swiller, Alexithymia: Treatment
Utilizing Combined Individual and Group Psychotherapy, International Journal
for Group Psychotherapy 38, 1, 1988, pp. 47-61.)
,
: .
"
- - (
), - .
. ,
- ,
.
, ,
,
, - - ,

60
 , (
, . . . . , . . . Freedman and
. S. Sweet, Some Specific Features of Group Psychotherapy" international
Journal for Group Psychoterapy 4, (1914), pp. 335-68.).
,
,
( Graeme I.
Taylor, Alexithymia: History of the Concept" American Psychtatric Association,
Washington D.C., 1986.). -
, ,
, , , -
, .
, ,
, - -
, , 1972 .
( Peter
Sifneos. Affect, Emotional Conflict, and Deficit: An Overview" Psychotherapy-
and- Psychosomatics 56, 1991, pp. 116-122.).
, , .
, .
, ,
, , .
, ,
, ,
, .
, , ,
- , . ,
, . ( c ,
, . Warnes, "Alexithymia, Clinical and
Therapeutic Aspects", Psychotherapy-and- Psychnsomatics 46, 1986, pp. 96-
104.)
.
-
, .
- ,
, .
, :
- . - , -
- ,
, , .
- , -
, ; ,
, ,
.

61
 ,
- ,
, . (
- ,

.)
, ,
, (
)
, .

, - ,
,
- , ,
. ,
,
,
,
. ,
,
.
Call It Sleep : ,
, .
: ,
.

, ,
; .
, ,
, , -
.
, .
.
.
.
- , ,
, .
. ,
.
,
,
,
, . ,

62
.
- , -
, :
, ,
,
, . (Damasio, Descartes
Error, op. cit.) - ,
,
,
, .
- .
,

.
, -
, .
-
,
. .
,
:
, .
, .
,
:
, , .

.
.
.
, ,

, .
,
, ,
: ,
, -,
, , ,
, - .

; ,
, .
,
- ,
.

63
 , ,
,
( ) -
, ".
,
.
, ,
, .

; ,
. ,
,
, , -
. :
.

,
, ,
. ,
,

.
,
- ,
- .

. -
: ,
, ,
. ,
,
.
( ) - , ,
- - .

- ,
, - ,
.
;
- .
,
, .

64
, ; ,
,
.
,
, ,
. -
- .

. ,
, ,
( ),
, .
,
,
. -
, .
- .
,
( Kagan, Galen's Prophecy.)
, ,
,
, .
, -
, , ,
, .
, , - ,
,
.
,
,
, ,
.


: .

65
 5.

... , , ,

... , , ,
, , ,

!...

(, , III , II , . .)

,
, ,
", .
-
, ",
.
temperantia" -
. ,
,
. , ,
. , ,
,
. ,
;
, -
, ,
.

. - ,
-
. , - ;

, .

- .
, ,
.

-
, ,

66
 ,
. (
. Ed Diener
and Randy 1. Larsen, The Experience of Emotional Well Being", in Handbook
of Emotions, .Michael Lewis and Jeannette Haviland, eds.. New York, Guilford
Press, 1993.) ,
; -
.
,
. ,
,

.
" ,
:
, .
, ,
,
. ,
;

.
:
, ( - ),
.
-, ,
,
.
;
. . , -
.
, , ,
, -
.
, ,

, .
.
, ;
, .

, -
, , . -

, .

67
 -
, - -
.
-
. , ,

, ,
, .
, ,
,
.

.
- ,
.
- ,
,
, ,
, . (
c ,
,
1992 . ,
, Handbook of Mental Control, Daniel
Wegner and James Pennebaker, eds.. vol 5, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice Hall,
1993)
,
:
( 5% ), ,
,
, , .
, ,
: , ,
, ,
, -
, , , ,

. ,
- -
, -
(. Arlie Hochschild, The Managed Heart, New
York, Free Press. 1980.).
, ,
.

.

68

, .
!, ,
,
:
! ! ! ,
- .
, , ,
, ,
. . ,
, ,
. , ,
.
-
, : ,
, ,
.

,
. - ,
- ,
.
: ,
.
, .
, ,
,
, , , -
-
.
, ,
.
- ,
. , -
. -
;
, , -
,
. ,
.
-
, ,

69

. ,
,
.
, -
,
. ( Dol Zillmann,
".Mental Control of Angry Aggression", in Handbook of Mental Control, Wegner
e Pennebaker.).
, ,
-
- ,
. , ,
" .
.
. , -
.

,
,

(
- Diane Tice and Roy F. Baumeister, "Controlling Anger;
Self- Induced Emotion Change", in Handbook of Mental Control. Wegner and
Pennebaker.). ",
,
. - -

: ,
, .
,
. ,
, -
, , , -
.
,
.


, . -
,

70
 , ,
.
-.
,
, - ,
.

, . ,
, -
, -
.

.

. ,
, - .
, ,
, .
,
, :
- - .

, ,
. ,
, :
- , !
- - -
.
- ! - - .
, ,
, . ,
!, ,
- , ,
. ,
, , ,
:
- ! !
, (
),
", , ,
, . ,
.

71
 ,
.
,
,
, . ,
,
. ,
- , - ,
- . -
.

.

. ,
.
" ,
", ,
" ", -
. , -
.

.
, ,

,
. " :
- , -
. ,
,
.

, (
) ,
.
( ,
),
.
, ,
, ,
.
. ,

72

.
, ,
.

.
, .
, ;
,
- ,
. ,
? -
, ,
.

, ,
, .
, ,
. ,
. , ,
- - .

, 1899 . (. no Tavris, Anger: The
Misunderstood Emotion, p. 135.)
:
, ,
,
.
, . "
,
. ,
, :
, . , ,
,
.
, ,
, ,
, .
, .

( ,

73
 - ). -
;
. -
, -
,
, .
-
.
" ,
, ,
.
, .
, ,
, ,
: , ,
,
. -
, - : -
,
?
,
, ,
, ,
(
Bedford
Williams and Virginia Williams. Kills, New York, Times Books, 1993.).

, ,
. ,
, , ,
.

.
, .

.
.
" -
, , .
- -
- , .
.

74
 - , , ,
: . -
-.
- - -
.
. ,
, .
,

- ,
( ,
). (. S. K. Mallick
and B. R. McCandless. "A Study of Catharsis Aggression", Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology 4. 1966. 3a . Tavris,
Anger: The Misunderstood Emotion.) ,
:
, ,
,

, .
,
.
, -
:
.
,
, , ,
-, -.

-
.
-
: - .

: , ?
, ! ...
? ...
...
? ...
, ?
...
,

75
 , .
,
, -
-
(Lizabeth Roomer e homas
Borkovec, Worry; Unwanted Cognitive Activity That Controls Unwanted
Somatic Experience", In Handbook of Mental Control, Wegner and Pennebaker.)
,
- , ..
,
, . ,
, ,
,
.
,

, -
.

-
, .
,
,
.
,
: ,
, ,


.
,
,
- , - ,
.
;
, ;

; ,
, -
.
: ,
. , -
, , -
:
, ,

76
 . ,
. ,
.
; ,
, .
( Richard
Wenzlaff, The Mental Control of Depression", in Handbook of Mental Control,
W'egner and Pennebaker.)
-
-
:
. ,
,
. , ,
, . (
Richard Wenzlaff, The Mental Control of
Depression", in Handbook of Mental Control, W'egner and Pennebaker.)


: ".
-
,
.
- ,
, - .

, .
, : (
) (
- , , ).
, .
.
, . ,
,
,
.
, ,
.
.
, ,
, .
: ,
, . -
- , ,
.

77
 .
, -
.
,
- ,
. ,
, ,
- ,
.
, ,

.
? :
.
, -
,
- (
). , ,

, .

,
.
.
- ,
, .

. :
- , ,
,
. ,
,
. , .
, .
,
, - , ,
-
, .
: , , ,
;
.
,

78
 :
, ,
,
. ,
- ,

.
,
, .
,
, ,
, .
,
- - - .
,

. ,
, , -:
,
.
,
- , - ;
" (, -: , !).
-
, .
, , .

, -
.
-
- .

.
,
, ,
, , ,
.
-
. , ,
,
, .
. ,
, .
, .

79
: , ,
? , -
? ,
?
?


, .
,
;
,
.
, ,
.
, -.
, , -
,
. , ,
,
.
, ,
, -
, -
- ,
.
,

. (. Clinical Handbook of Psychological Disorders, David
H. Barlow, ed.. New York, Guilford Press, 1993.)

,
, ; ,
. ,
; - -
. , ,
:
,
- .
, ,
,
,
,

80
 .
- .

, ,
, ", ,
, - . (William Styron, Darkness
Visible: A Memoir of Madness, New York, Random House, 1990.).
- , ,
, - -
, , ,
, .
, ,
, , - ,
.
: , , ,
. - .
" , ,
- ,
.
.
. - .
,
-
.
, - ,
. "" - ,
, ,
.
- ,
.. - ,
.
, .
-
.
, , .
.
, -
-
, - ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
,
, , .

81
, , .
,
-
, ,
.
,
.
, , ,
, ,
-, ,
(a
. Susan Nolen-Hoeksma, Sex Differences in
Control of Depression", in Handbook of Mental Control, Wegner and
Pennebaker, p. 307.).
,
- ;
,
, .

,
, .
.
,
, ... - .
, ,
,
, . ,
,
. ,
, ,
. ,

.
-, -
.
, " -
. , -
, - ,
, .
, -
.
, ,
,
, -
. (K. S. Dobson, A

82
Meta-analysis of the Efficacy of Cognitive Therapy for Depression, Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology 57, 1989.).
, -
- .
, .
,
- .
,
- ;
,
.
, -
(
),
( ") (
Richard Wenzlaff, The Mental Control of
Depression", in Handbook of Mental Control, W'egner and Pennebaker.).

, .
, ,
,
, .
, ,
, , , ,
,
, ,
,
.

, , ,
. ,
. .
, ,
. , -
...
.
.
,
. ...
,
.

83
 ,
. ,
, .
-
,
- , ,
,
.
:
, .
, ,
.
, - , . ,
,
, ,
. ,
, ,
- ".

, .
,
.
" : ,
- , .
, ;

,
- -,
. , ,
,
, , , ,
- .
, - ,
- , ,
. ( :
.
, ,
- , .)
, -
, .
,
, . ,
, ,
. ,
, :

84
 , .
,
, :
, .
, ,
, ,
.
,
, ,
.

.
, .
, ,
, ,
. ,
- ,
; -
,
.
, , :
,
.
-
-
: , ,
, .
,
.
- - -
-
.

, ",
. ,
,
- , -
, - .
, , ,
-, , - (
- "). ,
, - (Shelley Taylor et al.,
Maintaining Positive Illusions in the Face of Negative Information"! Journal of
Clinical and Social Psychology 8, 1989.).
: ,

85
, .
,
.
, ,
, . -
, ,
- -
. -
.

:
... .
: ... .
,
,
.
- ,
.

. ,
- -

( Daniel . Weinberger, "The
Construct Validity of the Repressive Coping Style", in Repression and
Dissociation, J. L. Singer, ed., Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1990.
,
,
.).
, (
), ,
.
, .
", -
.
, -
, , ,
,
,
.
.
:
-,
- , , .
, , , .

86

:
.
.
, -,
, .
-
.

.
,
.
, , , .

?
, ,
, .
" ,
, ,
,
. ,

, -, ,

- :
, .
, ( )

, .
, ,
, ,
, -.
,
.
,
,
, .
,
, .
,
- ,
, . .
-
. ,
,

87
 . ,
;
. -
, ,
, .

, , (
) - ( ).
,
. , ,
, ,
, .
, ,
,
. ,

.

.
, ,
,
, - ,
.
, ,
,

.

88
 6. -

.
,
. ,
,
.
, - ,
.
,
. ,
,
.
. .
, ,
.
- . ,
, . -
.
.
. , , ,
. (Daniel Goleman, Vital Lies, Simple Truths: The
Psychology of Self- Deception, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1985.)
.

. ,

.
,
, . ,
.
,
. ,

. ,
,

. ,
( ,
),

89
 ;
,
.
,
,
- ,
.
( ,
), ( ,
).
,
-
(Alan Baddeley, Working Memory, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1986.).
-
, , ,
(Patricia Goldman-Rakic, Cellular and Circuit Basis of Working
Memory in Prefrontal Cortex of Nonhuman Primates", Progress in Brain
Research 85,1990; Daniel Weinberger,A Connectioninst Approach to the
Prefrontal Cortex, Journal of Neuropsychiatry 5, 1993.)
, ,
, ;
,
.

- ,
, .
,
: ,
(Anders Ericsson,
Expert Performance: Its Structure and Acquisition", American Psychologist,
Aug. 1994.). ,

- .
1992 .
,
-
. -
;

, - . -
: -
, , ,
, -
.
,

90
 ,
.
- -
.
(, ,
)
.
,
,
- (Herrnstein and Murray, The Bell Curve.).
(
) ,
- -
110 ,
- 120 (James Flynn, Asian-American Achievement
Beyond I.Q., New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum, 1991.)
,
. ,
, , ,
40%
.
,
, ,
, -
. ,
, . ,
- ,
- ,
.
( )
, ,
, ,
,
- .
,
, -
, - .
- - ,
,
.

91
 :
,
: ,
. ,
- .
-
, ,
" , ,
.
: ,
.
-
. ,

. ,
. ,

,
.


.

.
,
, ,
( c
Yuichi Shoda, Weaker Mischel and
Philip K. Peake).

- , .
, , ,
, , , ,
.
. , -,
-
.

- ,
.
,
, . ,
, - : -, -
- . -

92

,
.
,
; , , .
.
-
, .
- - -
, -,
- .
- ,
, ,
,
, , ,
", ,
.

.
-
.

- .
, :
, ,
,
, ,
- .
- , , ,
, ,
, -
, .
- : -
, , -
, ,
. - , -
. ,
, 524
528 ; ,
-, , 610 652
- 210 (
, ".).

-
.

93

. ,
-
, (

- -
(. Jack Block, On the Relation Between
I.Q., Impulsivity, and Delinquency Journal of Abnormal Psychology 104, 1995.)
, ,

,
,

.
, - ,
-
,
:
,
,
.
- ,

.

-
.
. - .
, . .
, ,
.
, , ,
. ,
, (Timothy A. Brown et aL, "Generalized Anxiety
Disorder", in Clinical Handbook of Psychological Desorders, David H. Barlow
Ed., New York, Guilford Press, 1993.).
- , -
. -
.
,
. , ,
,
.

94
 , ,

.
. ,
( ),
,
,
. -
,
-. 1790 ,
(W. E. Collins et al., "Relationships of Anxiety
Scores to Academy and Field Training Performance of Air Traffic Control
Specialists F.A.A. Office of Aviation Medicine Reports, May 1989.).
: 126
36 000 , -
, - ,
- ,
. (Bettina Seipp, "Anxiety and
Academic Performance: A Meta-Analysis Anxiety Research 4,1,1991).
,

,
, -
- ,
.
, , ,
.

( ),
. (Richard
Metzger et al., Worry Changes Decision-making: The Effects of Negative
Thoughts on Cognitive Processing, Journal of Clinical Psychology, Jan. 1990.)

, ,
:
, , , ,
-. (Ralph
Haber and Richard Alpert Test Anxiety", Journal of Abnormal and Social
Psychology 13, 1958.) , , ,
: ,
, ,
- . (Theodore
Chapin, "The Relationship of Trait Anxiety and Academic Performance to
Achievement Anxiety, Journal of College Student Development, May 1989.)
,

95
 ,
, , .
- -
,
, ,
.
, ,
(John Hunsley, Internal
Dialogue During Academic Examinations, Cognitive Therapy and Research,
Dec. 1987.) , (
),
. ,
, - , .

, .
, ,
(, ...),
- .

, ,
U.
- .
( )
, (
) .
,
, ,
, .
.
,
, -
,
,
- ,
,
.
,
, -
, .
,
. ,
, -
-, ,
- , ,

96
 .
- ,
, .
, , -
, - ,
, (Alice Isen et al., "The Influence
of Positive Affect on Clinical Problem Solving Medical Decision Making, July -
Sep., 1991). , .
, ,
.

- .
, ,
,
, - ,
,
:
.

.
, ,
- . ,
: ,
.

, ,

.


. . ,
, . -
,
.
, ,
.

97

. , 30%
, .
. ? (C. R. Snyder et al., The Will and the
Ways: Development and Validation of an Individual-Differences Measure of
Hope, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60,4,1991, p. 579.)
.
, -
.
,
. -
- -
.
. . . ,
, ,
( ), ,
- ,
- ,
(
).

.
: -
- , .

,
. ( ", 24 1991 .).
, ,
, - - ,
. , .
,
.
- , , .
, ,
: .
,
;
-
.
, .
- ,
, .
.
,
, ,

98
 , .
, -
, , ,
, ,
,
, , , ,
. -
, .
,
,

. - - -
, ,
- - .

:
, ,
,
1988 . , ,
1972 .
- 200 -
. - 100
-
, -
.
,
.
.
,
, ,
, - .
, -
. ,
, -
- .
-
- ,
- (Martin Seligman, Learned Optimism, New York, Knopf,
1991.).
, , ,
, .
,
,

99
. - -
(, ,
-
). (. Carol Whalen et al., Optimism in Childrens
Judgments of Health and Environmental Risks, Health Psychology 13,1994.).
,
. ,
, ,
,
, .
,
. -
-
, , -
, ,
. ,
, ,
, ;
, .
,
.
1984 .
- -
. ,
, : ,
.

. ,
, . ,
, ,
. ,
,
. ( c
, 3 1987 .)
-
,
".
,
,
.

. , ,
, 37%
.
, .

100
 . "
, ,
(
,
, ).
21% 57% .

, . ,
, .

, .
-
-.
, :
, ".
, .
, , :
.
, ,
.
,
.

-
.
,
.
- -
. ,
" - ,
,
.
- .

.
- -
, .
, ,
, :

.
, ;
- .
.
,

101
 . ( ", 8 1988
.)

,
:
- ,
. .
. , .
.
. (Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience,
New York, Harper and Row, 1990.)

- , , , , ,
, , - ,
, , .
,

, .
- ,
,
, . -,
- 1994 .,
, :
(, 28 1994.)

: -
.
, ,
, .
. (
- ) ,

. -
- .
:
, .
. ,
, , ,

102
 .
- .

, ,
.
, ".
,
. ,
, - .
,
: ,
, ,
- ,
, .
"" . ,
,

. ,
,
, .
.
,
.
: ,
, -
.
, ,
, .
,
,
. : -
, - ,
.
, ;
- .
. ( ,
", 4 1986 . )
, ,
, ,
.
, .
,
,
.
-

103
- ,
.
, .
, ,
,
- , .
, ,
, -
.
, .
; -
.
,
. ,
, -
axa. (Jean Hamilton et al., "Intrinsic
Enjoyment and Boredom Coping Scales: Validation With Personality, Evoked
Potential and Attention Measures", Personality and Individual Differenccs 5, 2,
1984.) ,
- ,

. ,
- .
,
, ,
, -.
, ,
- . -
,
.
,
: ,

, ,
-. -
- ,
. ,
,
, ,
,
(Ernest Hartmann. The Functions of Sleep,
New Haven, Yale University Press, 1973.). .
-
, -
.

104
 , .

:
,
,
- .
, : ,
- , . ,
" -
- ,
, ,
, . -
,
, ,
,
. ,
,
, .
: -
.
,
.
. ( c
T", 22 1992 .)
",
, .
, , , -
- ,
.
- 5%
-
,
.
- ,
.
, "
- -
, "
. " ,
, -
.
,

105
 .
,
. ,
.
. " ,
40% . "
" 16% -
,
. "
, . , ,
,
, ".
,
",
,
,
(Jeanne Nakamura. "Optimal Experience and the Uses of Talent" in
Mihaly Csikszenlmihalyi and Isabella Csikszentmihalyi, Optimal Experience:
Psychological Studies of Flow in Consciousness, Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press, 1988.)
, ,
,
, , -
- ,
.
,
, - - . -
, ,
.
.
. ,
, .
, ,
.
, ,
,
,
. ,
, - ,
, , .
,
, -
- - - -.
-, , .
, ,

106
 -
, .
,

, ,
.
, ,
, ,
, ,
".
,
- -
. , , -
, .
,
? -, -
, -
.
, ,
, - .

, ,
, ,
, ,
-
-
.

107
 7.

- , ,
,
, . ,
, . , ,
; , .
, ,
, .
. --
, - -
, . (. John Mayer and Melissa
Kirkpatrick, "Hot Information - Processing Becomes More Accurate With Open
Emotional Experience", University of New Hampshire, ,
1994; Randy Larsen et al., "Cognitive Operations Associated With
Individual Differences in Affect Intensity" Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology 53, 1987.) ,
, ,
. .
, -
, ,
, - .
,
,
.
,
: ,
, ,
.
- -
,
,
. ;
, .
;
.
: , ,
. -

, , .
,
(PONS) - ,
108
 , . (Robert
Rosenthal et al., "The Pons Test: Measuring Sensitivity to Nonverbal Cues", in
Advances in Psychological Assessment, P. .McReynolds Ed., San Francisco,
Jossey-Bass, 1977.)
, .
,
.
, .
.
,
.
,
,
-
, , - ! -
- . -
, ,
( ,
), - .
, .

,

- .

, PONS, .
1011 , ,
, -
- (Stephen Nowicki and
Marshall Duke, "A Measure of Nonverbal Social Processing Ability in Children
Between the Ages of 6 and 10", npe American Psychological Society,
1989.). -,
,
. ,
-
.
,
.
,
,
, , .
, 90%
- - .
- , -
:

109
, . ,
( ) ,
.

,
,
.
, . ,
.
,
ea. ( ca - -

.) ,
.
,
- , -
. ( ,
" ", 28 1989 ).
,

.
,
, , .
, ,
. , .
, ,
,
, .
, ,
- , .
,
,
.
, .
,
, ,

. . .
, - ,

. ,

110

,
. ,
- ,
, .

, ,
, -
. :

.
. .
, . ,
.
. (Marian Radke-Yarrow and Carolyn Zahn-Waxler,
"Roots, Motives and Patterns in Childrens Prosocial Behavior" in Development
and Maintenance of Prosocial Behavior, Ervin Staub et al. eds., New York,
Plenum, 1984).


. , , ,
, . ,
- -
, ,
,
. , ,

, :
! .
,
, . , ,
,
, .

, - .
, - .
,
. ,
, ,
. - .
,

111
 , -
. .
, , .
- . - -
. , ,
,
-
. ,
, .
,
,
". (Daniel Stern, The Interpersonal World
of the Infant, New York, Basic Books, 1987, p. 30).
, .

. - ,
, ,
- , ".
" ,
. ,

,
, , - -
.
,
. ,
. ,
, .
, ,
, ,
. ,
.
, , 112
. "
, .
,
, .
.
: , ,
, . ,
,
. , .
-
. :
: ,

112
 .
, cpaoc (Stern,
op. cit.). - ; -
.

,
,
.
, , ,
.
, .

, ;
.

.
- , ,
, - , .

,
.
,
.
:
, ,
-
, (
Jeffrey Pickens Tiffany Field, "Facial Expressivity
in Infants of Depressed Mothers", Developmental Psychology 29, 6.1993.).

, .
, , , ,
, -
.
: , ,
,
. - -
, .
-
,
.

113
 -
,
.
,
, .

- . ,
, ,
, ,

- ,
(
c
, ).
,
,
,
. , ,

.
,
,
,
.

, (
. Lee Patrick et al,
"Giftedness and Psychological Abuse in Borderline Personality Disorders: Their
Relevance to Genesis and Treatment Journal of Personality Disorders 6, 1992).

,

. 1975 .
,
:
,
. ", ,

. 1979 .
,
.

114
. , .
,
.
, ,

(Leslie Brothers, A Biological Perspective on Empathy,
American Journal of Psychiatry 146,1,1989.).


, .
-
. , (
, ),
,
. -
,
. ,
, .
,
. :
.
, , ,
.
, .
,
, ,
.
. ,
,
,
. , ,
. ,
,
,
,
. ,
. ,
, - ,
.


. , ,
, . ,

.

115
 .
, ,
, .
, ,
, -
;
,
.
- . -
,
, ,
,
(Brothers, A Biological Perspective, p, 16.).

,
, ,
(Robert Levenson and
Anna Ruef, "Empathy: A Physiological Substrate Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology 63, 2,1992.). :
- ,
. ,
.

. .
-
,
, . ,
, ; , .
, ,
.
,
. ,
.
,
- -
. ,

.

:
- .
. - .

116

: .
. " .
,
: ,
?
- ,
? ,
?

, , ,
- ,
, -
,
. (Martin L. Hoffman, Empathy, Social Cognition, and Moral Action
in Moral Behavior and Development: Advanced in Theory, Research, and
Applications, W. Kurtines and J. Gerwitz, eds New York, John Wiley and Sons,
1984.)
,
, ,
.
, -
. , ,
, ;
,
, .
, ,
, ,
.
,
;
, , -

.
- -

, , ,
.
- , , .
,

.
.
,
,

117
 , ,
". .
, , ,
, ;
, -
, - .
,
. ,
, -
,
(
Hoffman, Empathy, Social Cognition, and Moral Action).

:

:
,

1994 .

.
, ,
, ,
,
. .
- -
, - . ,
, ,
: . ,
,
, .
,
, , .
: ,
", .
.
, .
,
.
,
, ,
.
, .

118
( , ,
, 14 1992 . - ,
.) ,
- , , .

, .
,
.
.
, ;
- - .

: ,
,
, ".


. ,
- ,
,
. -
, .
- , , - .
, .
,

, -

, .
,
.

.
, -
. ,
.
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
,
. ,
, .

119

, .
(
). ,
,
- .
- ,
- -
.
. -
, ,

, - (
- ,
, 7 1987 .
, ,
.).
, ,
, ,
. ,
,
,
, . -

- ,
.
:

, , .
.
.
: .

, :

,
. , ,
. , ,
, . ,
- , (Leon
Bing, Do or Die, New York, Harper Collins, 1991.).
,
,
. , -
-

120
 , .
.
-
-
. ,

,
.
.
- ,
, -
.
- ,
:
, (Neil S. Jacobson
et al Affect, Verbal Content, and Psychophysiology in the Arguments of
Couples With a Violent Husband, Journal of Clinical and Consulting
Psychology, 1994 .). ,
: ,
, . ,
, - .
,
.
,
. -
,
. , ,
- , , ,
-
, ,
, .
, -,
,
ypeae
(: ,
(
), ,
.
, -
, , -
.
, ,
- .

, ,

121
 .)
,
.
,
, .
- .
"
": -,
,
. :
,
-, ,
, , ,
.
, ,
, :
,
.
, ,

: , ,
, , ,
( - : Christopher Patrick
et al., Emotion in the Criminal Psychopath: Fear Image Processing, Journal
of Abnormal Psychology 103, 1994.)
, ,
, .
,
.

122
 8.

, -
,
, , ,
. , , .
, ,
- . -
- -
. .
: ,
,
.
( Judy Dunn and Jane Brown,
Relationship, Talk About Feelings, and the Development of Affect Regulation in
Early Childhood, in The Development of Emotion Regulation and
Dysrgulation, Judy Garber and Kenneth A. Dodge, eds., Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press, 1991. .):
- , - . - . '.
. ,
:
- , . . . .
-
:
- , . .
, .
, .
:
- , . , .
.
- .
,
.
- . , ? ? ' ?
. ,
.
:
- , ?
, .
- - , .
:
- ...
123
 :
, :
- . . .

, , ,
, .
,
,
( ),
, - -
. , ,
, .
: ,
.
, ,
. -

, .

.
:
, .
.
,
,
, -
.
:
, , ,
, , -
. (
).
-
, .
, ,
-
.
. ,
.

.
, -
,
.
,

124
 , ,
, .

,
.
" ,

.
.
,
.
,
. ,
( ),
.
(
Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen, Unmasking the Face, Englewood
Cliffs, N.J., Prentice Hall, 1975.)
-
. ,
.
-
,
, , -
. .
,
( ) .

.
,
. ,
,
, ,
- .
: , .
,
.
, , , ,
, ,

, .

125
: ( ),
.
, ,
, .
: ,
, , , .

,
.
- ; .
:
. ,
. , ,
,
, .

.
,
. , .

, - ,
. - ,
. , ,
. ,
. ,
. . ( e David
Busch, Culture Cul-de-Sac", Arizona State University Research, /
1994.)


: . ,
.
- ,
.
,
,
, - .
- ,
,

126
, ,
.
.
,
. - ,
- -
,
. (
, ,
.) ,
-
, ,
. ,
,
- ,
. ,
.

.

,
.
. ,
,
.
- . (
1991 . Personality and Social Psychology
Bulletin.)
? - ,
, ,
, ,
, .
-
,
,
, , .
.
, , ,
,
.
,
.
, -
- . ,
;

127
 - (..
). -
:
,
. , , -, -
.
, ,
, :
,
, , .
-
.
".
,
, ,
- , .
, ,
, ,
... -
. ,
,
, .

, .


. -
, -
-
. (
,
;
Frank Bernieri and
Robert Rosenthal, Interpersonal Coordination, Behavior Matching, and
Interpersonal Synchrony" in Fundamentals of Nonverbal Behavior, Robert
Feldman and Bernand Rime, eds., Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991.
). , ,
, -
.

; , -
, -
-,
.
, .

128
, ,
, : ,
, ,
. ,
, .
:
, ,
, .
,
,
. ,
,
.


,
.
.
, , ,
, ,
,
.

: ,
.
, Zeitgeber -
- , ,
, .
Zeitgeber .
, , -
( ),
. ,
- .
,
, ( e
Bernieri and Rosenthal, Fundamentals of Nonverbal Behavior.)
, :
.

. .
, ,

129
 - , .
. :
, !"
,
, " - ,
(Thomas
Hatch, Social Intelligence in Young Children ,
American Psychological Association 1990 .).
,
.
-
,
.
- ,
,
, .
, -
.
,

:
: .

. ,
,
. ,

.
:
,
, .
,
; ,
,
.
, .
: -
.

- , .
, ,
;
,
.
,

130
 .
.
:
, .

.
- ,
, .
,
, , ,
.
, ,
, ,
. - ,
, ,
. ,
,
:
.

. ,
, ,
, ,
,
.
.


,
- ,
, . ,
, ,
,
(Mark Snyder, Impression
Management: The Self in Social Interaction, in Social Psychology in the 80s, L.
S. Wrightsman and K. Deaux, eds., Monterey, CA, Brooks/Cole, 1981.).
. . ,
, "
, ,
". ,
-
: - -
, .
,
,

131
 . - , ,

, .
,
, .

.
,
, .
- -
,
.
, , ,
.
-
, , ,
. ,
, .
,
, ,
-
- .
,
, -
, , ,
.
, - ,
,
, , ,
,
.
- , -
,
.
, -
,
.

, :
, . ,
. .

132

, ;
, - .
- ,
, ,
, .
- ,
, .
.
- ,
,
. :

- , .
,
- .
,
, ,
- ,
:

? ,
, ,
; ,
; ,
, ,
,
,
. (E. Lakin Phillips, The Social Skills Basis of Psychopathology, New York,
Grue and Stratton, 1978, p. 140.)


.
, ,

, ,
.
,
. , ,

- . ,
, ,
. , .
- ,
, , ,

133
 , ,
; ,
, ,
; ,
.

.

"", ""
"". 10%
(Stephen Nowicki and Marshall Duke, Helping the Child Who Doesnt Fit In,
Atlanta, Peachtree Publishers, 1992. . Byron Rourke, Nonverbal
Learning Disabilities, New York, Guilford Press, 1989.).
-
, , ;

, .
, ..
,
.

- ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
;
, - -
. ,
, , - ,
, , .

, .
,
, : ,
,
. .
:
, .
, -
, . , ,
, ,
.
, ,

134
 ,
, .
, .
, .
, ,

,
.
,
- , ,
,
,
. (Nowicki and Duke, Helping the Child Who Doesn't Fit In.)

,
- ; ,
, .
-
, .

.

,
.
, ,
, , ,
. - -
, 26%
- ,
, .

.
( ,
, Martha Putaliaz and
Aviva Wasserman, Childrens Entry Behavior, in Peer Rejection in Childhood,
Steven Asher and John Coie, eds.. New York, Cambridge University Press, 1990.).
, ,
. ,
, .
:
- !

135
 - ? - . - .
- - . - .
,
:
- .
-
, - , ,
. ,
, ,
,
, .
, , ; ,
,
ye" (Putaliaz and Wasserman, "Children's
Entry Behavior")
,
- , -,
. -
-
, .
, ,

. :
,
, ,
-
. ,
,
, ,
, , ,
;
,
.
,
Xa. (Hatch, Social
Intelligence in Young Children.)
,
, - -
.
- -
. - .
, :
- ?

136
 , . :
, .
,
- ,
.

, ,
, .
,

,
, -
- .
- ,
, ,
- ,
, .
,
, ,
. - :
, ...
.
( ),
.
,
, ,
. :
. , ,
. ,
. ,
.

.
,
. ,
, - .
:
- , ! ! -
.
-

137
 :
- , !
, ,
. ,
, , ,
.
.
:
- , ?
, .
- , ? - ,
.
- , ! - .
- , - . -
, . -
- ,
... -
,
.
,
.
- ... -
.
- - - ,
.
- - . - .
, , , .
.
. ,

.
(
.
Ram Dass and Paul Gorman, How Can I Help?, New York,
Alfred A. Knopf, 1985, pp. 167-171.).

138
 :

9.

,
, ,
. ,
.
- .
.
.
, :
.
, .
-, ,
. ,
1890 ., 10% .
1920 . , 1950 . - .
, ,
.
67%! (
,
.
50%, .

, - .
, ,
, ,
, .
.
. John Gottman, What Predicts Divorce: The Relationship
Between Marital Processes and Marital Outcomes, Hillsdale, N.J., Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 1993. ) ,
.
, ,
,

139
 - -
.
, , ,
- .
- ,
-
. -
( )
,
.

, ,
, .

, ,
,
- - .
,
.

.

:
.
, .
, ,
: , !
, , ,
- ,
: , .
, ,
-
" ,
, .
,
- . ,
,
,
. .
,
,
, ae (Eleanor Maccoby and C. N. Jacklin,

140
"Gender Segregation in Childwood, in Advances in Child Development and
Behavior, H. Reese, ed.. New York, Academic Press, 1987.). ,
, ,
;
-,
, , -
. (John Gottman, "Same and Cross Sex
Friendship in Young Children", in Conversation of Friends, J. Gottman and J.
Parker, eds.. New York, Cambridge University Press, 1986.).

.

. (
) - , . (

Leslie R. Brody and Judith A. Hall, "Gender and
Emotion", in Handbook of Emotions, Michael and Jeannette Haviland, eds.. New
York, Guilford Press, 1993.).
:
, ,
. ,
, . -,
,
-,
-
( ).
,
, ,
- ,
. -
,
( ) ;
, ,
-
, (Brody e Hall, "Gender and Emotion", p.
456.).

, ,
.
: -
- ,
.

cpae (Robert B. Cairns and Beverley D. Cairns, Lifelines and Risks, New
York, Cambridge University Press, 1994.).

141
, - - - -

.
, , ,

- , - ,
.
, .
,
, .
,
, . ,
:

, ,
.
, ,
- .
You Just Dont Understand,
,
-
,
.
,
-
, ,
,
, , , (Brody and Hall,
"Gender and Emotion" p. 454.).
.
,
,
,
. -
, ;
,

, - .
- -
; -
. (
Brody and Hall, "Gender and Emotion).
, ,
,
, .

142
 - -
, 264 , ,
' (
Mark . Davis and . Alan Oathout,
"Maintenance of Satisfaction in Romantic Relationships: Empathy and Relational
Competence", Joumal of Personality and Social Psychology 53, 2, 1987, pp. 397-
410.). , ,
, :
, - .
. :
, .
-
,
. , - -
- -
, -
, ,
.
-
,
,
: , -
- , ,
, , (Robert J.
Sternberg, "Triangulating Love", in Vie Psychology of Lose, Robert Sternberg
and Michael Barnes, eds.. New Haven. Yale University Press, 1988).
,
.
,
,
. ( ,
, ,
. , , ,

.)
,
,
.
- ,
( e OT
).
-, ,
.

, ,

143
 . ,
, ,
.
,
.
;
,
.
, ,

. , -
, - -
.

: ?
(): .
. ?
: . , .
, .
, ( )
- (Gottman, What Predicts Divorce.).
, ,
, -
, , ,
, ,
(( Gottman, What Predicts Divorce, p. 84.

- : John Gottman, "Why Marriages Succeed or
Fail", New York, Simon and Schuster. 1994, What Predicts Divorce.).
,
, ,
. ,
,
.

-
.
,
(
)
-

144
 .

.
, -
,
,
, -
.
,
- .
- ,
.
,
. .
,
, . :
,
.
. , .
? - .
- , .
, ,
, .
: , , ,
,
. .
-
, ,
. ,
.
- ,
.
- .
- - ,
-,
.
.

, ,
: ,
, .
, , ,
.
:
. ,

145
 .
, , , ,
- , -
, .
- ,
- .
; ,
. - , ,
- , , .
, -
,
, , !
,
-
( ), .
,
- .
- ,
, - ,
.
- -
, ,
.
,
. ,

: - , -
.
-
. ,
, , ,

. .
, ,
-
.

. -
. .
- - -,

.
. , ,
, ,
. - -

146
, ,
. ,
, ; 85%
, ,
(Gottman, What Predicts Divorce.) .
,
: .

, , .
:
- , , , ?
: " "
. , .
:
- . .
: , .
. ,
:
- , ?
: .
- .
:
- , .
: -
. - .

- -
, ,
, (Aaron Beck, Love Is Never Enough,
New York, Harper and Row, 1988, pp. 145-146.).
,
, - ,
- ,
, - .
: ,
. :
. ,
, , .


. ,

147
 : ,
, -
, ,
,
.

. ,
, ,
, .
, .
- :
,
.
, ,
- ,
, -
- - . ,
,
, .
, , ,
: ,
.
".
:
, .
-
? ( )
.
, .
; .
, ,
; ,
, ,
, .
148
,
.
- ,
.
, , ,
:
,
,
. (, ,
-

148
 .) ( -
Amy Holtzworth Munroe and Glenn Hutchinson, "Attributing Negative
Intent to Wife Behavior: The Attributions of Maritally Violent versus Nonviolent
Men, Journal of Abnormal Psychology 102, 2,1993, pp. 206-211. 3a
. Neil Malamuth and Lisa
Brown "Sexually Aggressive Mens Perceptions of Womens Communications",
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67. 1994.)
, , ,
, ,
. ,
, :
,
. ".
, ,
, .
!
,
- ,
( ,
: , , ,
, ,
. . .
Neil lacobson et al.. Clinical Handbook of Marital Vierapy, New York, Guilford
Press, 1994.)

:
,
-
-.
- .

, ,
, . ,
:
. ,
, .
.
,
, -
.
.. 82 ,
- 72 ( -
).

149
- ; 100 (
, ),
, .
:
- 10, 20 30
. ; .
, ,
, . ,
, ,
, - ,
.
, ,
- . ,
.
,
.
, ,
- .
, , "

.
- ,
,
.
- -
. -

. .
.
,
,
. ,
, .
, ,
.
.

.

, ,
,
,
, .

150
 :
,
.
:

.
- .
,
151 . ,
, ,
, . (Robert
Levenson et al., "The Influence of Age and Gender on Affect. Physiology, and
Their Interrelations: A Study of Long-term .Marriages, Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology 67, 1994.).
-
;
, ,
. ,
, -
, .
(Gottman, What Predicts
Divorce.). , ,

.
-
; ,
,
. -
- ,
, . ,

, :
,
.
- ,
- .
,
.
,
,
. ,
, .
- ,
- . ,

151
 .
, ,
,
- - .
,
-. , ,
.
.

,
, ,
, ,
- , , ?
, ,

, .

. , ,
,
, (
).
,
; ,
. ,
-

.
,
- - ,
(
).

. ,
,
,
. ,
, .
, , .
.

152
, ,
-
, , -
. ,
.

, -
.
- ,
.

.
: , - . .
, ,
, -
.
50 000 .
, ,
(Wife Charged with Shooting
Husband Over Football on TV The New York Times, 3 1993.).
- .

.

.
:
, .
, ,
.
, , ,
:
. - -
,
. ,
, -
, .
,

.

153
 - , , ,
- , -

.
- - (
), -
.
, ",
,
. (
" Gottman, Why Marriages Succeed or Fail.)
,
- .

.
- -
,
. ,
-
- ,
.

;
.
,
. -
- ,
. ,
, .
, ,
,
.
.
,
. ,
,
,
.

,
,
(,
, ) (Gottman, ibidem.).

154
 ,
. ,
, .
-,
. ,
- - ,
.
, .
, ,
- , ,
.
, - -
, ,

, .

(
, ) -
.

,
.
"
.
, ,
, ,
. (Beck, Love
Is Never Enough.)
, ,
, , ,
. ,
,
, ,
,
.
, , , ,
.
,
.

155

: !
: , - , .
!

, .
,
, - -

. , ,
,
- - ,
.

, ,
. ,
,
.
-
- ,
, , - .
,

.
: , !,
, : ,
, .
- , , -
, .
,
,

.

. ,
,
.

, .
, ,
, .
, ,
, .
, . (Harville Hendrix, Getting
the Love You Want, New York, Henry Holt, 1988.)
156
 , .

.

,
. ,
, , -
XYZ: X, .
Z". : ,
, .
, .
: , !"
, ,
, - ,
, .
.
, -
.
,
, , .
, ,
. -, , ,
,
: , ().
- -
, ,
, .
.

,
,
, , -
. ,
,
.
, , -
, .
,
. -
- -
. -

157
 ,
, (
) .

.

158
 10.

, , ,
.
, .
.
1978 . , ,
. "
,
.
,
.
, ,
. . .

. (Carl Lavin, When Moods Affect Safety:
Communications in a Cockpit Mean a Lot a Few Miles Up", The New York
Times, 26 1994.) 80%
, ,
-. ,
, , ,
- ,
- , ,
, .
, .
,
, -

- ,
.
,
, ,
- .
, .
,
.

.
. 250 ,
, .
, , ,
159
 .
, ,
- , , ".
, ,
, -
-
. (Michael Maccoby, "The Corporate Climber Has to Find His Heart",
Fortune, 1976.)
,
. ,
;
- , .
, ",
,
, .
,
,
.

. ;

(B , 1994 .
. Zuboff, In the Age of the Smart Machine,
New York, Basic Books, 1991.).
-
,
.
, ,
: ,
, , -
. ,
.
.
, -
, ,
, ,
, . .
.
, -
- , ,
,
- .
-
- , ,
.

160
 ,
:
, ,
- , ,
.

:
.

, .
,
, ,
. ,
:
- , ?
. .
, , .
- -
.
,
.

. .
, ,
, .
,
, .
:
- - .
, -
?
- ,
, ,
. ,
, .
. - -
, .
, , . (
,

. . Weisinger, Vie Critical
Edge: How to Criticize Up and Down the Organization and Make It Pay Off,

161
Boston, Little, Brown, 1989.).

,
,
.

, , ,

- .

- ,

, .
;
, .
.
-
. - - .
- -

. :
,
,
.
, ,

, .

-
,
. ,
, :
, , .
, , ,
, ,
.
-
",
.
, , ,
.
.

162

, ,
, .

. ,

aaa ( e ,
",
, 11 1990 .)
, :
, .
- .. ,
.
,
,
-
, .
,
, .
,
,
- .
. 108

,
. (Robert Baron,
Countering the Effects of Desctructive Criticism: The Relative Efficacy of Four
Interventions, Journal of Applied Psychology 75, 3. 1990.) ,

.
.
. ( )
.
, ,

,
, .
, , ,
, ,
, . ,
- ,
.
, -
- -
. .

163
 ,
, ,
. -
,
.
,
- . . ,
. - ,
. .
-, .
,
.
- ,
, ,
.
,
. - .

?
- ,
.

( , , ):
,
.
, ,
-.
, :
, ,
,
.
,
, .
, ,
, .

". , , ,
, .
, ,
,
. ,
, , ,

164
 , -.
, , ,
,
:
. ,
, , ,
,
. ,
, ,
.
,
,
. ,
- .
, , XYZ,
: ,
,
. :
, .
, ,

. (Harry Levinson, "Feedback to Subordinates, Addendum to the
Levinson Letter, Levinson Institute, Wlaltham, MA, 1992. MA)
. ,
, .
,
.
, ,
, .
,
.
. - - -
. ,
,
, ,
.

.
. ,
, ,
, .
, ,
, - ,
- ,
.

165
 : ,
, , , -
, .
,
.
- ,
.
.
- -,
.
,
.
, ,
, ,
. ,
.

, ,
, .
- ,
- ,
. ,

, , ,
.
,
. :
".
- .
,
.
,

"" ,
53 ,
.
, " " ,
,
-

. , ,

166

.

-
-
. , ,
, .
, ,
.

,
,
,
, . - , ,
- .
- , ,
.
,
- ,
. ( 645
" , . , 26
1990 .)
,
, (
), .
-
.
,
, ,
.
? ,
,
,
,
.
- ,
, ,
, -
,
.
, .

167

- ,
-
. ,

, , ,
, ,
.
,
,
(Vamik Volkan, The Need to Have Enemies and
Allies, Northvale, N.J., Jason Aronson, 1988.).
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
, , ,
- - ,
,
. -, ,
, -
, - .
,
, .
,
. ( c e , 12 1987
.)
, ,
,

'. -
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
, .
(

-)
: ,
,

168
 . , ,
,
- ,
. -

,
" ,
,
,
.

, -
, .
,
, .
- , - ,
, -
,
,
, ,
. ,
, "
":
. ,

(. no Howard Kohn, Service With a Sneer, Vie
New York Times Sunday Magazine, 11 1994.).
,
, , -
- .
-
.
- -
-
,
, -
. ,
,
. IBM: -
, ; ,
IBM (Responding to a Diverse Work

169
Force, The New York Times, 26 1990)

,

-
, .
, ,
.
,
; , ,
(Fletcher Blanchard, Reducing the Expression of Racial
Prejudice", Psychological Science, vol. 2, 1991.).
:
, ,
. , ,
, ,
- .
,
,
.
,
, .
,
,
, .
,
,
,
, .

- , .
, , -
.
, -
,
: -
.
,
, -
, .
, , ,
,
:
, ,
.

170
 ,
.
,
, -
.

, .
:
,
. ,
- -
. ,
. (Gaertner
and Davidio, Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism".)
,
. -
,
. , ,
, ,
-, - ,
, .

- ,
. , ,
. , ,
, ,
,
:
,
. , ,
,
(Peter Drucker, The Ageof Socialk Transformatiom", The
Atlantic Monthly. 1994.). -
, - -
.
-
, ,
. -

171
 - -
. , ,
, ,
.
, ,
,
.
, ,
,
,
-
.
. ,
-
, .

. -
- , ,
, ,
.
, ,
, , ,
. -
py. (
; , . Wendy Williams and Robert
Sternberg. Group Intelligence: "Why Some Groups Are Better Than Others"
Intelligence, 1988.). - ,
, -
, , .
- ,
-,
. ,

,
.
, ,
,
,
.
-
.
, .
-
,
,

172
 .
, ,
-
.
- ,
- .

.
.
, . ,
,
;
. ,
, -
, .

.
, -
-
. ,
.
, ,
- .
,
. -
.
,
-
. ( e Robert Kelley and Janet
Caplan, "How Bell Labs Creates Star Performers", Harvard Business Review,
-, 1993.)
, , 5 150 .
, , -
.

,
-
, .
, -
, .
,
,
"
. ,

173
.

-
, , .
- .
-, ,
,
, , ,
.
: -
.
,
- ,
. ,
,
. ,
.

.
- .
- ,
.

. ,
, ,
, . (
. David Krackhardt and Jeffrey R. Hanson, Informal
Networks: The Company Behind the Chart", Harvard Business Review, -
1993, p. 104.)
,
,
(
),
. -
, -
: ( ),
( ) .
, ,
, , ,
.
, ,

.
, - ,
, .

174

, ,
,
, - ,
,
. .
: ,
, ,
,
.
.
,
- ,
, ,
- - , ,
- .
-
,
,
. -
, - ,
.

175
 11.

- , ?
:
- .

.
,
. .
-
- , ... - .
.
. . .

.
, .
. ,
.
?
.
.
. , -
. ,
,
. , ,
,
. ,
.
,
,
.
,


.
.

, - ,
, .

176
 ,
. , ,
,
.
,

.

, .

, ,

, .
, -
, -
, ,
. , , ,
, -

, .
,
, ..
, , .. ,
.
,

- ,
.
, ,
,
.

: , -
, ,
.
, ,

, - -
, ,
.
.
, -
, -
-
.

177
 :
1974 .

: ,
, , .
: ,

.
,
. ,
, , -
.
,
-,
. .
, , ,
- -
. -
.
.
, ,
, .
- , .
( , ".
, , . 1990 .)

. , ,
. ,
, -
- ,
. , ,
, ,
, ,
,
. , ,
, ,
- . .


. , -
- .
: - , -

178
 (
) .
, ,
- , , -
, . (Robert Ader et al., Psychoneuroimmunology, San
Diego, Academic Press. 1990) -
, ,
, . ,
,
- . ,
,
,
, .
(David Feltenet al., Noradrenergic Sympathetic Innervation of Lymphoid
Journal o f Immunology 135, 1985.)
,

.
, .
. .
,
.

, .

( ),
, . :
.
,
. ,
,
.

, . (
, ), ,

.
. ,

- ,
, ,
.
,
. (B. S. Rabin et al., Bidirectional Interaction Between the Central
Nersous System and the Immune System", Critical Reviews in Immunology 9. 4.

179
pp. 279-312., 1989.)

, - ,
,
. (Steven B. Maier et al., Psychoneuroimmunology",
American Psychologist, December 1994.)

:

, .
, ,
,
, ,
.
,
. - ,
, : ,
, ,

, . - : - , ,
, .
, .
. - , .
:
, ,
. -
,
.
,
.
-
, -
.
, , .
(Howard Friedman and Boothby-Kewley The Disease-Prone Personality: A
Meta-Analytic View", American Psychologist 42. 1987. 6
,
.
. - ,
-
. ) , ,
,

180
 ,
, - -
, , , -
( - -
).
,
- ,
.
,
, -
.
, . -
, - ,
, - ,
,
. ( , ,
- , - ,
, , - -
,

. ,

,
, . ,

.
- ,
.)

, ,
.
,
, . .
,
. , .
.
,
-
. -
- ,
,
. :

181
 , ,
. (Gail Ironson et al., "ffects of
Anger on Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Coronary Artery Disease", Vie
American Journal of Cardiology 70,1992.

, .

.) "
, - ,
,
.

( ) ;
,
. , ,
, - ,
- .
,
, . (
,
- ,
. ,
,
. - ,
, .
,
.)
, ,
.
- , .
, , -
" (Redford Williams, The Trusting
Heart, New York, Times Books/Random House, 1989). ,
, -
, - ,
, , -.
, -
, , .
, - ,
, - ,
(.. ,
),
.
, ,
. .

182
 ,
,


,
. ,
.
, .
, , ,
,
,
. , - ,
,
, -
. ( c "
1 1992 .)
, ,
,
,
. ,
.
, 1012 ,

, , -
- . (Carl Thoreson, International Congress of
Behavioral Medicine, 1990, , .)
,
929 ,
. (Lynda H. Powell, "Emotional Arousal as a Predictor of Long-
Term Mortality and Morbidity in Post M.I. Men", Circulation 82, 4, Supp. 3,
1990.) , ,
-,
- . -
, -.
,
, .

. -
-
: ,
", , ,
.
,
, ,
. (Murray A. Mittleman, Triggering of Myocardial Infarction

183
Onset by Episodes of Anger, Circulation 89, 2, 1994.)
,
, . ,
-
, ,
. (Robert Levenson, "Can We Control Our
Emotions, and How Does Such Control Change an Emotional Episode? in
Fundamental Questions About Emotions, Richard Davidson and Paul Ekman,
eds., New York, Oxford University Press, 1995.) ,
,

. ,
, ,
.
; ,

,
, - .
( 16
1989 . New York Times Good Health Magazine)
, :
, . ,
, ,
, ,
.
44% ,
. ,
, (Williams, The
Trusting Heart.) . "",
- -

, .
. ,
, ( ): !

- ,
,
, .
,
- ,
.
:
. .
, ,
.

184
 :
. . .
, ,
,
- .
...
,
.
. ,
, ,
, a. (Timothy Brown et al.,
Generalized Anxiety Disorder", in Clinical Handbook of Psychological
Disorders", David H. Barlow, ed.. New York, Guilford Press, 1993.)
- , -
-
.
( ),
.
- ,
, ,
.
. ,
,
.
1993 .,
, "
:
, ;
;
, ,
, ; -
- ;
, . (Bruce McEwen e Eliot Stellar,
"Stress and the Individual: Mechanisms Leading to Disease, Archives of Internal
Medicine 153, 27 September 1993. . Robertson
and J. Ritz, "Biology and Clinical Relevance of Human Natural Killer Cells"
Blood 76, 1990.) ,
.
-
, . , ,
,
. ( ,
, - .
. , ,

185
 - , ,
- . ,

-
- .
, .)


, . ,
-
. ,
, ,
,
, . (
- ,
, -
,
,
,
- ,
. . Ronald Glaser and )anice Kiecolt-Glaser, "Stress-
Associated Depression in Cellular Immunity Brain, Behavior and Immunity 1,
1987. Bee , ,
, , ,
.). -

- ,

,
.
- ,
-,
, ,
,
.
-
, . , -
, -
.
27%, , -, 47% -
, .
(Sheldon Cohen et al., "Psychological Stress and Susceptibility to the Common
Cold New England Journal of Medicine 325,1991.) ( ,
,
, ,

186
 .)
,
-
, - : -

.

- ,

. (Arthur Stone et al., "Secretory IgA as a Measure of
Immunocomptence Journal of Human Stress 13, 1987. B
246 ,
. -
- ,
, . . R. D. Clover et
al., "Family Functioning and Stress as Predictors of Influenza B Infection
Journal of Family Practice 28, 1989.)
- ,
, ,
. ,
,
.
. ,
, ,
, , ,
. (.
: Ronald Glaser and Janice Kiecolt- Glaser,
Psychological Influences on Immunity American Psychologist 43, 1988.
,
,
, ; ,
, -
;
. . . . Schmidt et
al., "Stress as a Precipitating Factor in Subjects With Recurrent Herpes Labialis
Journal of Family Practice 20,1985. )
.
,
- .
- ,
-
.
, , ,
, , ,
.

187
 :
,
. (Carl Thoreson, International Congress of Behavioral Medicine,
1990, , .
.
1123

. -
-
-. . Abraham Markowitz et al... Journal of the
American Medical Association, 14 1993.)
- ,

, ,
-
. ,
,
,
, - ,
,
.
, ,
.
- ,
- - ,
,
(

), 569 ,
, , ,
,
-
, . (Joseph C. Courtney et
al., Stressful Life Events and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer, Epidemiology, 4,
5, September 1993.)
,
, ,

. - ,
, , , -
.
,
.
(. Daniel Goleman and Joel Gurin, Mind Body Medicine, New York
Consumer Reports Books/St. Martins Press, 1993.)

188

-

. - ,
- .
, - ,
.
- .
,
,
?
, .
, ,
,
, . (. Seymour Reichlin,
Neuroendocrine-Immune Interactions, New England Journal of Medicine, 21
October 1993.) ,
, , -
,
. ,
.
,
- -
,
.

, , -
- .

.


, 34 87 -
. (. no James Strain, Cost Offset From A Psychiatric
Consultation- Liaison Intervention With Elderly Hip Fracture Patients,
American Journal of Psychiatry 148, 1991.)
, , ,
, ;
- , . (Howard
Burton et al., The Relationship of Depression to Survival in Chronic Renal
Failure, Psychosomatic Medicine, 1986.)
, ;
-
- .

189
 -
. 2832 ,
, ,
, -
. (Robert Anda et al., "Depressed
Affect, Hopelessness, and the Risk of the Ischemic Heart Disease in a Cohort of
U.S. Adults, Epidemiology, 1993.) ,
- ,
-, ,
.
, .
(Nancy Frasure-Smithet al., Depression Following Myocardial Infarction,
Journal of the American Medical Association, 20 1993 r.)
,
,
-
. ,
, -,
,
,
. ,
,
,
.
.

.
-
, ,
. ,
, -
, , -
.
,
, ,
,
, - , ,
.
, 79 51
62 18 -
. (- ,
, , ,
,
, , ,
.

190
, -.

. ,
. ,
-
-
,)

,
,
.
, ,
,
, -
.
,

, . ,
,
.
, ,
, -
.

, -
. .
, ,
, .
- 21 25 ,
.
-
,
, ,
.
,
- -
. (Chris Peterson et al., Learned Helplessness: A Theory for the Age of
Personal Control, New York, Oxford University Press, 1993.)

191
 - ,
. , ,
- ,
. ,
, - -
, ,
.
,
,
. ,
, .
(Timothy Elliot et al., Negotiating Reality After Physical Loss: Hope,
Depression, and Disability, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61,4,
1991.)
-
- .
,
-
.
. ,
- , -
- .
,
.

:


, -
. ,
, - ,

- . (James House et al Social
Relationships and Health, Science, 29 1988 r. .
: Carol Smith et al.Meta-Analysis of the Associations Between Social
Support and Health Outcomes, Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 1994.)
, 1987 .
,
, , ,
.
, 1,6 ,
,
. (

192
 . (. House, Social
Relationship and Health) ,

.
,
, .

.
-
, .

,
- ,
.)
- .
- - ,
;
-.

, -
; -
, .
, - ,
,
. -
, .

, ,

.

.
-
-
. (Strain, Cost Offset.)
, ,
,
, -
, .
,
-
- -
. (Lisa Berkman et al., "Emotional Support and Survival After
Myocardial Infarction. A Prospective Population Based Study of the Elderly",
Annals of Internal Medicine, 15 1992 r.)

193
 -
,
1993. (Annika Rosengren et al., "Stressful Life Events, Social Support, and
Mortality in Men Born in 1933", British Medical Journal, 19 October 1993.)
,
1933 ., ; -
752 .
41 .
, ,
, -,
, .
,
, ,
.
-
-
,
.
, ,
- , ,
- .
, , ,
, ,
.
- -
.
.
. (Janice Kiecolt-Glaser et al., "Marital
Quality, Marital Disruption, and Immune Function", Psychosomatic edicine 49,
1987.) ,
- , -
- . ,
, ,
: - , ,
, . -
, -
. ( ", 15
1992 )

: , .
, ,

194
 .
-
.
, ,
, ,
,
. (James Pennebaker, "Putting Stress Into Words: Health, Linguistic and
Therapeutic Implications, American Psychological Association, 1992,
Washington, DC.) :
-
- , ,
. , .
: -
,
, - ,
.
, - .
- :
, (
) , ,
.
, , ,
. -
, ,
, -
, . (Lester
Luborsky et al., Is Psychotherapy Good for Your Health?" American
Psychological Association, 1993, Washington D C.)
-

.
.
. - ,
, (, ,
): ,
,
, - ,
. (David Spiegel et al., "Effect of
Psychosocial Treatment on Survival of Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer",
Lancet, 8668, ii, 1989.)
;
, ,
, , ,
, .
,

195
 ,
. , ,
,
- , .
- , -
:
. , ,
.

,
, ,
. ,
.
: , ,
. ,
, - .
.
, ,
. .
.
,
,
.
:
- - , -
.
.
- -
.

.
,
, . ,
. (3a
-, ,
13 1991 .)
,
.
, .
, .
,

196
 , .
,
.
,
,

, . (


, .) ,
,
, .
( -
.)
,
,
.
,
,
,

. :
- . ( no
. ", 10 1987 .)

.
,
, , .
, - -
. ( , ." ,
,
, .)

, ,
.

, -,
.

,
.
- - ,
, , .(1 .
, , -, 2004.)

197
 - , - .
(Dean Ornish, Dr. Dean Ornish's Program for Reversing Heart Disease, New
York, Ballantine, 1991.) ,
, ,
, ,
. ,
- .
-, -
-
, .
-, ,
, ,
. ,
, , ,

:
.

,
:

1. -
- , , , , -
. ,
,
, -,
,
. ,
,
, , ,
.
,
, ,
- ,
.
, ..
- -, ,
, -
. -,
.
2. ,
,

198
.

, .
,
- .

,
,
,
, ,
, , - - -
.

- ,
. , ,
,
. , ,
- ,
. ,
:
,
,
-.
,
" ,
,
, -;
, ,
97 361 . (Strain, Cost Offset")

.
,
,
-
,
.
-, .
,
,
, :
,

, , ,
. (Redford Williams and
Margaret Chesney, "Psychosocial Factors and Prognosis in Established

199
Coronary Heart Disease", Journal of the American Medical Association, 20
October 1993.)

, , , ,
,
.
- . ,
, ,
, .
-,
- . -
-
. paa. (A. Stanely
Kramer, "A Prescription for Healing, Newsweek, 1 1993)

200
 :

12.

.
. ,
.
.
- , ... . ! - ,
- , ,
, .
- , ! ! - .

:
- , !
. ,
- . ,
.
- - .
,
, , .
, , :
- ! ! ! !
:
- , !
, .
.
, ,
. (Beverly Wilson and John
Gottman, "Marital Conflict and Parenting: The Role of Negativity in Families",
in Handbook of Parenting, M. H. Bornstein, ed., vol. 4, Hillsdale, N.J., Lawrence
Erlbaum, 1994) ,
- - ,
.
;
, ,
,
.
,

201
 - ,
,
. ,
.
, , ,
-
, -
.
,
. ,
,
, .
, -
. ,

, ,
, , -
, -
. (

, . . Carole Hooven, Lynn Katz, John
Gottman, The Family as a Meta-emotion Culture", Cognition and Emotion,
1994.)
,
. , .
,
, ( )
-
,
.
: ,
,
, -
, ,
, .

, .
.
-
:
. ,
,
, .

.

202
 .
, ,
- .
, ,
, ,
.

, .
.

.

- .
,
, :
!
, , ,
, ,
.
, (
, ?)
( ,
, ,
?).
,
.
, ,
; ,
,
, ,
, ,
. - -
, ,
.
, -
- .
, ,
.
,
,
, ,
, ,
.
.
,

203
 , - -
- ,
. -
, - ,
-. -
-
- (
,
). -
- ,
- . , ,
- ,
. -, :
-,
. ,
,
, -
(
, ,
). ,
,
.


. - . ,
,
.
. ,
, , ,
, .
, - ,
: , ,
!" (T. Berry Brazelton, Heart Start: The Emotional
Foundations of School Readiness, Arlington, VA, National Center for Clinical
Infant Programs, 1992)

,
. , ,
, ,
, .
- ,
.
, : , .
,

204

.
-
, - .

,
, ,
.
,
, .
,
210
-.

,

. , -
, . ,
.
,
,
, ,
- ,
,
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
(
,
). -
,
,
, .
- -
.
-
:
1. . , ;
, , ,
.
2. . ,
.
3. .
, .

205
 .
4. .
, :
.
5. . ,
, .
6. .
, .
,
.
7. .
.
,
, (
) ,
,
.

.

,
- . ,
.
,
,
.
: , ! ,
-. , ,
, ,
. , -
. ? - . -
.
, ,
.


, - -
-
. ,
,
. , ,

206
 . ,
, , ,
, ,
.
,
.

.

.

, , , ,
, -
.
, ,

,
.
- ,
- ,
, ,
.
,
. , -
. (M. Erickson et al., "The Relationship Between
Quality of Attachment and Behavior Problems in Preschool in a High-Risk
Sample", in Monographs of the Society of Research in Child Development, 1.
Betherton and E. Waters, eds., 50, series No. 209)
,
- : -,
, , ,
.
.
,
-
. -
, - .

,
. -,
.

"
, , ,
,

207
, , ,
, ,

- ,
.

, ,
, 870 ,
. (L. R. Huesman, Leonard
Eron, Patty Warnicke-Yarmel, Intellectual Function and Aggression, The
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology", 1987.
. 1988
. Child Development,
, 1956 .,
, Alexander Thomas et al..
"Longitudinal Study of Negative Emotional States and Adiustments From Early
Childhoi)d Through Adolescence" Child Development 59, 1988.
- , -
, -
. ( )
,
, .
;
.
,
.) - , -
, ,
- ,
, .
,
,
.
,
.
, ,
.

; .
:

208

, .
,
-
.
,
,
. -
-
.
- ,
.
, ; ,
, .
,
.
, , ,
.

, .

.

:
, ,
, .
, ,
. . .
!
! - -. ,
.
.
, -.
...
-
-
. (
Mary Mam and Carol George, Response of Abused and
Disadvantaged Toddlers to Distress in Agemates: A Study in the Day-Care
Setting", Developmental Psychology 21, 3,1985.
: Bonnie Klimes-Dougan and Janet
Kistner, "Physically Abused Preschoolers' Responses to Peers' Distress",

209
Developmental Psychology 26, 1990) ,
,
- .

,
.
,
: ,
, , . -
, -
- ,
.
.
, , ,

. ,
,
. ,
,
, .
,
, .
, , ,
.
-
, , ,
, .

, . , ,
, ,
; , ,
. -
. ,
, : -
, ,
- -
. -
, - .
, , ,
. -
, ,
, .
,
;
, ,

210
. -
,
( ,
). - ,
-
, . (Robert Emery, "Family Violence",
American Psycholcfgist, 1989.)

-
. (,
,
. . Cathy Spatz Wisdom. "Child Abuse,
Neglect and Adult Behavior", American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1989.)
, ,


.
, .
- ,

. ,
- ,

.
, ,
.
,
- - ,
, .
. -
,
,
- .

211
 13.

, , ,
-. - ,
- ,
. ,
.
.
,
, 17 1989 .
, . ,
, , ,
,
.
,
.
, ,
.

- ,
. -

, , -
,
. ,
- , ,
, - .
.
- ,
,
, . (
""
, " 7 1990 .) -

, - .
, .
: ,
, .
, -

212
, - . -
".
-
, ,
, .
: ! !"
.
,
;
,
. ,
, .
,
.
,
. ;
,
, , .
, .

.
, , ,
" -
, , .
- , ,
, ,
, .

, .
,
.
,
- ,
.
, ,
.
,
,
, .
,
,
.
-
, , ,
,

213
. ,
, - ,
.
,
.
, ,
. , ,
, ,
,
, . (
- ,
.) , ,
,
,
, ;
,
, .
-
- ,
.
,
,
. , .
,
,
, , .
,
, ;
.
:
, ".

,

,
:
.
, -
- - ,
, ,
.
. .

214
 , . ,
, , . ,
. . ,
. ,
. ,
. .
...
... ,
. ( . Davis, "Analysis of Aversive
Memories Using the Fear-Potentiated Startle Paradigm", in The
Neuropsychology of Memory, N. Butters and L.R. Squire, eds.. New York. Guilford
Press. 1992.)
, -
, ,
.

, .
, ,
: -,
, , -
.
, -
. ( "Indelibility of
Subcortical Emotional Memories", Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1, 1989,
pp. 238-243.)
, ,
, ,
, .
-
-
, ,
, .
, .
, ,
.

- - .
"
.
,
, ,
, .

.
. , ,

215
 ,
, , -
, .

. - ,
: ,
, .
: , .
- . ,
, ,
.
, ,
,
, -
- .
- , .

, , ,
,
. (
- .
.
- "".) ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
.

,
,
. ,
, , , ,

. , -,
,
- , .
- ,
,
.
- -
, - ,
.

216
.. (locus caeruleus), ,
, :
. ,
: .
, ,

, ,
-
, ,
, .
,
; ,
, . ,
, , ,
, , ,
aea. (

,
- ,
,
.
( ,
),
.
,
.
,
,
- .
;
, -
,
. - ,

, .)
,
40% - ,
, ,

. (. Charney, Psychobiologic Mechanisms.)

, - -
,
.
, - ,

217
 , ,
. (
,
. ,
, ,
, ,
.
- , .
- ,
,
.
, .)
- , :

.
,
,
: , ,
, , . ,
,
.
, , -
. :
, .
,
, . .
,
.
,
. (
) - - ,
, ,
- , ,
- .
. (

, .
- ,
.
. ,
, 30% -
, .
, ,
, .
- ,

218
 ,
.
, .
- , .
,
, ,
,
. ,
,
,
, . -,
, -
- ,
. . Roger Pitman, Naloxone-Reversibile Analgesic Response to
Combat-Related Stimuli in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Archives of General
Medicine, 1990. . Hillel Gloover, "Emotional Numbing: A
Possibile Endorphin-Mediated Phenomenon Associated with Post-Traumatic
Stress Disorders and Other Allied Psychopathologie States, Journal of
Traumatic Stress 5, 4, 1992.)
,
: .
,
: ( )
, ,
. ,
, .
,
- , ,
.
-
. ,
,
- , , -
( ,
).
, - ;
, ,
-.

, .
,
, , ,
, -
, .
,

219

.
,

,
.

, , -
-
. , .. ,
.
.
- .
,
,
.
, . (
, Psychobiologic
Mechanisms.) ,
, , ,
- ,
.

, .
, ,
, .
,
, ,
, .
.
, ,
,
, ,
. ,
,

. - -
,
, ".
(Charney, "Psychobiologic Mechanisms, 300.)
-

220
 , ,
, .
.
,

.
-
, ,
.
,
( , ),
, -
- , ,
.
(
( ), ,
, . .
-
.

. -
, - .
,
, -
- ,
.
.
,
. ,
, - .
, ,

.
,
.)

-
, ,
-.
, ,
, -

221
 . , ,
, .
. (
,
" .
6 1992 .)
- - ,
, -
- ,
. ,

.
, - -
, .

, . :
,

. ,
, :
,
, .
,
.
- ,
. (Lenore Terr, Too Scared to Cry, New York,
Harper Collins, 1990.) , -
, - , 1973 .
, .
,
.
- ,
.
. ,
, ,
. -
, .

.
, ,
,
.
, , ,
.

222
 .
- , -
- .
,
, .

, .

, - ,
, , , .
.
,
.
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
. ,
, .
- .
.
,
.

.
, .

.

, .
, :
, ... ,
.
, , " ".
- ,
,
.
- ,
,

223
 . :
,
, -
.
- ,
,
.
- -

,
. (Judith Lewis Herman, Trauma and Recovery, New York, Basic
Books, 1992.)
, ,
.
.

, ,
, .
,
,
.
,
; -
, .
, ,
,
.
,
,
, .
,

. ,
-
, ,
,
.
,
.

, ,
, .

.
, - -

224
 - ,
.
, -
, ,
.
- ,
, .
,
,
, ,
pea. (Mardi Horowitz, Stress
Response Syndromes, Northvale, N.J., Jason Aronson, 1986.)


. -

,
,
.

-, ,
. , , ,
, , - , ,
. , ..
,
.
-
-, - -
.

, .
- ,
,
.
,
, ,
;

. .

. -
, .
,
.
,

225
 , .
,
.
, ,
" , ,
, ,
. ,
, -
.
,
, , ,
, .

, .
,
.
,
,
, .

, .

,
- , -,
. -
, ,
,
, . (
.
?" .
,
- , ,
, .

;
, ,
.)
.

, ,
. ,

226
 , - .
- ,
, , ,
,
,
,
-. , -
, , .
.

.
-
,

. , ,
, :
,
. - ,
.
, -
".
,
, ,
-
,
. (,
, , ,
-
, - . ,
, ,
. , (
- )
. ,
.
, ,
. , , , ,
,
.)
,
.
,
.

.

227
 , .

,
. ,

-
.
( )
, -
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
- , , , , ,
. ,
,
, ,
.

: -
, ,
, - , .
, , ,
.
,
,
- ,
. ,
, .
, ,

,
, - .
, - ,
. , .

228
 14.

. ,
- ,

? ,
, .
,
.
;
, .
:
- .

.
-
?
- ,
.
(. Jerome Kagan et al., "Initial Reactions to Unfamiliarity,
Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1992. -
Kagan,
Galens Prophecy.) ,
- , , -
.
, ,
.
: ,
.


,
.
,
. ,
.
, ,
. -,
,
.
229
 ,
.
, , ,
;
.
.
, ,
, .
-
.
,
, -
,
.
.
, ,
. , ,
. - .
. ,
, ,
, ;
, . ,
,
, .
- ,
. . ,
. - -
, ,

, .
,
.
-
. ,
, , ,
-
.
- , , ,
, ,
. ,
.
,
- -
-
. ,

230
 ,
, .
,
: ,
. ,
, ,
,
, - ,
. (Iris Bell, Increased Prevalence of
Stress-related Symptoms in Middleages Women Who Report Childhood Shyness",
Annals of Behavior Medicine 16, 1994.)

,
. , ,
, ,
, ,
. ,
- ,
-
.


. ,
-
.

.
, :
( ),
-
-, -
. ,
,
.
,
,
, .
-
- , ,
-
, .

231

,
,
.

: ,
, ,
. -,
- - ,
, -
. ( Iris R. Bell et al., "Failure of Heart Rate
Habituation During Cognitive and Olfactory Laboratory Stressors in Young
Adults With Childhood Shyness, Annals of Behavior Medicine 16, 1994.)
,
-

.
. ,
-
, , ,
, - -.
, , -
.

,
,
,
( ).

, ,
. 754
, 44
,
.
- -
, - .
,
, - ,
, , ,
, . ,
,
" ", ,
-
: ,
. (Chris Hayward et al., Pubertal Stage

232
and Panic Attack History in Sixthand Seventh - grade Girls, American Journal
of Psychiatry, vol. 149, 9 1992, pp. 1239-1243; Jerold Rosenbaum et
al., "Behavioral Inhibition in Childhood. A Risk Factor for Anxiety Disorders",
Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 1993.)
.
, - , ,
,
, . ,
,
, .

, ,
-
.

, - .
,
,
( . , , , .
1990.), .
, , .
.
-
, .
,
, .
.
.
- . .
, , ,
. , ,
: , , .

, ;
, .
-
-
, .
- ,
. , , -

233
 , ;
, ,
- . ,
- ,
.
,
.
-
,
- .
-
: ,
, ,
,
. -

. , ,
, , .
-
. (
-
, - ,
", . Andrew Tomarken and Richard Davidson,
"Frontal Brain Activation in Repressors and Nonrepressors", Journal of
Abnormal Psychology 103, 1994.)
, , ,
- -
. ,
. , ,
,
- ,
.
-
, , -
.
,
.
. - , , ,
. ,
, ,
. ,
,
.
- -
, .

234

.
- -
, ,
. ,
,
.
,
,
. 100%: ,
, , ,
- .
,
, , ,
.

,
.
,
,
. -
, ,
.

,
- , .
,
.
, , .
- , ,
, .
, ,
,
.
,
, .
( ,
-,
, . Kagan, Galens Prophecy)
, , -
,
-
. ,

235
 ,
, ; , -

.
,

.
-.

, ,
, , -
,
. ,
, ,
-,
.
:
- ,
,
, ,
. -, ,
,
.
, ?
, ,
, , ,
!".
.
-
- .
,
, . ,
, ,
.
,
, ,

.
: " , ,

,
". (Kagan, Galens Prophecy, pp. 194-195.)
,

236
 . ,

;
.
, , ,
,
, -.
- -
, -
, ".
, -,
.
,
, - :
, ,
, ,
. ,

. (Jens Asendorpf, "The Malleability of Behavioral Inhibition: A Study
of Individual Developmental Functions, Developmental Psychology 30, 6,
1994.)
,
,
- : -
, ,
, ,
,
. ,
,
.
- ,
, . -

.
,
.

.
: ,

. , ,
- . -
- ,

.

237
 .
, , ;
, - , , ,
.

. ,
.

.
, -
.
,
; , ",
, ,

, -.

, .
-
. , ,
.


, . (David H.
Hubei, Thorsten Wiesel, S. Levay Plasticity of Ocular Columns in Monkey
Striate Cortex", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
278,1977.) ,
,
, ,
,
,
, , ,
.
, .
, ,
.

.
- ,
.
,

238
 .
,
, .

"
. ( Richard
Thompson. The Brain, San Francisco, W. H. Freeman, 1985.)
,
. ,
.
- ,
.
, -,
, -
.
, ,
.
- -
,
. -
,
- . (L. R. Baxter et al., Caudate Glucose
Metabolism Rate Changes With Both Drug and Behavior Therapy for Obsessive-
Compulsive Disorder", Archives of General Psychiatry 49, 1992) -
,
, , ,
. - ,
- . (L. R.
Baxter et al., Local Cerebral Glucose Metabolic Rates in ObsessiveCompulsive
Disorder", Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 1987)
, ,
(
),
.
, :
,
.
, - ,
. , ,
, .
,
, ,
,
(nucleus caudatus), ,
.

239
 ,
!

,
- ,
.
, -
. ,
, -.
,
, -
, -

. (Bryan Kolb, Brain Development,
Plasticity, and Behavior", American Psychologist AA, 1989.)
,
,
.
; ,
,
-.
,

,

. ,

, , ,
, ,
.
,
, ,
. (Richard Davidson, Asymmetric
Brain Function, Affective Style and Psychopathology: The Role of Early
Experience and Plasticity", Development and Psychoopathology, vol. 6, 1994, pp.
741-758.)
- ,
, .
, :
, , , .

. (Schore, Affect Regulation.)

,

240
 .
, ,
, ,
- -
, .
, ,
,
, -
. ,
, ,
(. . Phelps et al., "PET: A Biochemical
Image of the Brain at Work" in Brain Work and Mental Activity: Quantitative
Studies with Radioactive Tracers, N.A. Lassen et al., eds., Copenhagen,
Munksgaard, 1991.). ,
, ,
,
,
. ,
, ,
-
.
, , ;
-
, , -
, ,
,
,
,
". , -
,
-
-.
, ,
,
.
. ,
- -.


.
,
,
, ,
.
, ,

241
 , .
, .
-
,
, , . ,
( ),
,
, .
- .

,
, ,
, ,
,
.
,
.
,
, ?

242
 :

15. a

, .
, ,
, ,
. -
. . , ,
,

.

,
, .

, ,
, - :
. ( ",
3 1992 )
,
.
, ,
,
".
,
, -
. -
-
, ,
, :
( Uniform
Crime Reports, Crime in the U.S., 1991,
.)
1990 . -

243
; ,
,
. ( 1990 .
430 100 000, 27%
1980 . 10,9 100 000
1965 21,9 10 000 000 1990 .
1965 1990 ., 2,8 100 000 12,1; 1990 .
- 79%
, .
64% 1980 1990. . Ruby Takanashi,
"The Opportunities of Adolescence, American Psychologist, 1993 r.)

, ,
. (
15 24 . 4,5 100 000. 1989 .
- - 13,3. 1968 1985
10 14 . . ,
Health, 1991, U. S. Department of Health
and Human Services, Children Safety Network, A Data Book of Child and
Adolescent Injury, National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health,
Washington, D.C., 1991.)
,
. 1993 .

- ", -

.

. ( 1960 .
10 14 .
15 19 . 1990 . 20%
. -
.
,
,
; - 13%
. . Rubi Takanashi, The Opportunities of Adolescence cit.,
Children Safety Network, A Data Book of Child and Adolescent Injury)
,
, ,
- , -
.

,
. (

244
 18 100 000 68 1990
. - .
53 100 000 1970 766 1990
. -
. Crime in the U.S., 1991, cit.)
-
. , ,
.
.
. (
, ,
,
. -
11 . 10% ,
, , 5%

, 4% , .

20%,
, ". 10 1989 .)
: ,

.
,
50%, ,
.

- ,
.
, : -
, ,
. - -

-
,

. (Thomas Achenbach and Catherine Howell, "Are
America's Children's Problems Getting Worse? A 13-Year Comparison", Journal
of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, November 1989.)

. :

245
 . - -
:
: ,
, , , ,
.
: , ,
, ,
, .
:
, , ,
, , ,
, .
: ,
, , , , ,
, ,
, ,
, , .
,
,
, ,
.
.
, -,
,
, - .
,
,
1976 .
, - ,
. . ,
,
. (
e Michael Lamb and
Kathleen Sternberg, Child Care in Context: Cross- Cultural Perspectives,
Englewood, N.L, Lawrence Erlbaum, 1992.)
, ,
- ,
.
- ,
,
, :
.
, (
, , -),
,

246
, ,
( ) - 9% 1976 . 18% 1989 .
,
, ,
, :
,
. ,
,
.
, - ,
,
. -
...
. (
"", 24 1993 .)
-
,

. ,
,
, , ,
,
.
, ,
. - ,
, - ,
, ,
.

, ? -


-
.

, . ,
, .
, -
, , .

247
 - .
, .
, .
.
,
. ,
.
,
o. (Alexander Thomas et al., "Longitudinal Study of Negative
Emotional States and Adjustments from Early Childhood Through Adolescence",
Child Development, vol. 59, September 1988.) ,
,
- , ,
, .
; - ,
,
. ,
, ,
, -
, .
-
- . , ,
, .
,
.
,
, .
, ,
: .
,
- .
, , ;
, ,
, .
, ,
. -
, ,
, -, .
(John Lochman, "Social-Cognitive Processes of Severely Violent, Moderately
Aggressive, and Nonaggressive Boys", in Journal of CUnical and Consulting
Psychology, 1994)

, :
, ,
. ,

248
 .
,
.
, ,
.

- ,
, , .
- , -
-
.
,
, - ;
, ,

. (Kenneth A.
Dodge, "Emotion and Social Information Processing" in J. Garber e K. Dodge,
The Development of Emotion Regulation and Dysrgulation, New York,
Cambridge University Press, 1991.)
.
, ,
,
.

, .
:
, . (J. D. Coieand and J. B.
Kupersmidt, "A Behavioral Analysis of Emerging Sexual Status in Boys
Groups", Child Development 54, 1983.)
,
, ,
, ,
, ,
. (Dan Offord et al.,
"Outcome, Prognosis, and Risk in a Longitudinal Followup Study", Journal of the
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 31, 1992.) ,
,
- -.

.
, -

,
. -
, , ,

249
 , ,
, -
. (Richard Tremblay et al., "Predicting Early Onset of
Male Antisocial Behavior from Preschool Behavior", Archives of General
Psychiatry, September 1994.)

. (, ce
, u
. , ,

, -
, . Adriane Rames et al.,
"Birth Complications Combined with Early Maternal Reiection at Age One
Predispose to Violent Crime at Age 18 Years", Archives of General Psychiatry,
December 1994.)

, - - ,
, ,
(
,
). ,
", ..
, ,
,
. ,
, , ,
;
. ,
, -
, -
: -

. (
(
),
, -
, .
,
,
.
- ,
,
-
-
. . Jack Block, On the Relation

250
Between I.Q., Impulsivity, and Delinquency, Journal of Abnormal Psychology
104, 1995.)
-
- ,
.
,
.
:
, , , -
.
, ;
,

.
,
- , .
(
. ,
-
, ,
- , 40% ,
. (Marion Underwood and Melinda Albert, Fourth-Grade
Peer Status as a Predictor of Adolescent Pregnancy,
Society for Research on Child Development, Kansas City, Missouri,
1989.)
. ,
, .)
,
- , :
, ,
, ,
.
.
,
, .
, ,
,

". (Gerald R. Patterson,
Orderly Change in a Stable World: The Antisocial Trait as Chimera Journal
of Clinical and Consulting Psychology 62, 1993.)

251

, ,
,
. ,
,
: ,
, , ,

.
-
- .
,
, , ,
, , . (Ronald Slaby and
Nancy Guerra, Cognitive Mediators of Aggression in Adolescent Offenders,
Developmental Psychology 24, 1988.)

;
,
,
.
.

. ,
, ,
.
,
, .
,
, .

- , ,
,
, ,
.
,
, : ,
,
, . ,
. ,
, ,
, .

, .

252
 ;
, ,
.
,
, ;
, ,
, .
,
,
.

,
. : ,
, - ,
- -
, -
, - .

.
,
- ,
. .
;
, ,
.
, . ,
,
- , -
, . ,
, -.
.
.
, .

, ? (Laura Mufson et al.. Interpersonal Psychotherapy for
Depressed Adolescents, New York, Guilford Press, 1993.)

.
:
, ,
, , .

253
 .
- .
,
. ,
.
- - .
, ,
, .
,
.
,
.

:

, .
,
,
,
,
. ,
, ,
- .

,
. ,
,
.
- - ,
, ,
, .
(Cross-National Collaborative Group, The Changing Rate of Major Depression:
Cross-National Comparisons, Journal of the American Medical Association,
December 2 1992.) - .
, ( )
.
, -
.
, 1955 .,
-, .

254
, 1905 ., 1%
; , 1955 ., 6%
. ,
1945 1954 .
-,
, 1905 1914. (Peter Lewinsohn et al., Age-Cohort
Changes in the Lifetime Occurence of Depression and Other Mental Disorders
Journal of Abnormal Psychology 102,1993.)
-.
39 000
, , , , ,
, .

. , 1914 .,
4%, , 1934
1944 . ,
, -,

.

.
, .
- ,
, :
- ,
- , .
, .
-
.
- ,
, :

.
. ,
.
,
-.
, ,
: -

, .
, ,
.
, ,
-

255
. - ,
, , ,
.
,
.


. ,
, ,
,

,
-, 2%. ,
- 16%
,
. (Patricia Cohen et al.,
New York Psychiatric Institute, 1988; Peter Lewinsohn et al., Adolescent
Psychopathology: 1. Prevalence and Incidence of Depression in High School
Students Journal of Abnormal Psychology 102, 1993. Mufson et al.,
Interpersonal Psychotherapy, cit. E. Costello, Developments in Child
Psychiatric Epidemiology Journal of the American Academy of Child and
Adolescent Psychiatry 28,1989.)

, ,
, :
- -.
(Maria Kovacs and Leo Bastiaens, The Psychotherapeutic Management of
Major Depressive and Dysthymic Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence:
Issues and Prospects in I. M. Goodyer, ed.. Mood Disorders in Childhood and
Adolescence, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1994.)
,
,
". , -
,
, . ;
,
, - ,
.
, ,
,
. , ,

256
 . (Kovacs, op. cit.)
,
, ,
.

,
. ,
, , - -
. ,
- -
. -
. ,
, , -
.
, ,
, . ;
-
, .
,
, .
". (
, 11 1994 . )

,
- , . ,
.
, ,
,
. -
, . (Maria Kovacs
and David Goldston, Cognitive and Social Development of Depressed Children
and Adolescents Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry, May 1991.) ,
, ,
- ,
,
-.
:
,
- ,
. , ,
, ,
. , -
, , -
- ,

257
 .
,
.
; , ,
, ,
, ".

,

, . ,
, , .
, ,
,
. ,
, .

, ,
-
. :
, -
,
. , ,
, , ,
; -
- . (John Weiss et al., "Control-related Beliefs and Self-
reported Depressive Symptoms in Late Childhood, Journal of Abnormal
Psychology 102, 1993.)

, .
,
.
,
. ,
( !), - , ,
( -
, - "). (Ruth Hilsman
and Judy Garber, A Test of the Cognitive Diathesis Model of Depression in
Children; Academic Stressors, Attributional Style, Perceived Competence and
Control, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67, 1994; Judith Garber,
Cognitions, Depressive Symptoms, and Development in Adolescents, Journal
of Abnormal Psychology 102, 1993.)

258
 , ,
,
. ,
, -
- , , ,
, ,
, ,
. -, ,
,

- .
- ,
,
, . (Susan Nolen-
Hoeksema et al., Predictors and Consequences of Childhood Depressive
Symptoms: A Five-Year Longitudinal Study", Journal of Abnormal Psychology
101, 1992.) - -
, ,
,
,
, .
,
-
: ,
, .
.
,
,
. -
,
,
:
, ,
.
- .

: , -
, ,
aaee. ( ,

.

259
 . ,
,
- . -
.
, -
,

.) ,
,
" - ,
(Gregory Clarke, University of Oregon Health
Sciences Center, Prevention of Depression in At-Risk High School Adolescents,
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,
1993.).
.

,
, -, -
, .
55%
, ,
. -
,
14%.
,
.
,
,
.
,
, , -,
, -
- , ,
.
, ,

" - ,
.
, , ,
, ".
-
-. 8%
, 29%
. 20%
, 44%.

260

.
: " - ,
.
, - -
. - ,
, ".

. "
,
- . - -
.

, ,
.
,
,
. ,
, - ,
.
, , ,
, .
, -
.
.
; , ,
1969
. (Hilda Bruch, "Hunger and Instinct, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
149, 1969. The Golden Cage: The Enigma of
Anorexia Nervosa, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, ce
1978.) , ,
,
- -,
, .

,

, ,
.
-

261
 ,
. -
,
.
,

. ,
, ,
, .
-
,
-

-
. (Gloria R. Leon et al., Personality and Behavioral Vulnerabilities
Associated with Risk Status for Eating Disorders in Adolescent Girls" Journal of
Abnormal Psychology 102, 1993)
,
. -
, ,
,
, - .
,
.

. ( , ,
, -
-
.)
,
.
- , ,
,
.
.
, ,
,, .
. ( ,
, , - ,
.) 271
, ,
.
,
,
.

262
 , ,
, - ,
, . ( Sifneos, Affect,
Emotional Conflict and Deficit") .
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
.
, , ,
- .
- .
,
- ,
. ,
.
,
-, .
- . -
, ,
,
. ,
.

, ,
,
.
,
, . -

, . -
, - ,
-.
, ,
.

:
:
, ,
-
, . .
, , .
- ! - .
- ? - .

263
 - - . - ,
, .
, .
,
,
. ,
, ,
, .
.
, . (Steven Asher e Sonda
Gabriel, The Social World of Peer-Rejected Children,
American Educational Research Association, San
Francisco, 1989 .)
; ,
. -

- ,
,
. ;
,
; ,
- .
.
, ,
, . ,

,
8%. -
, .

. ,
, .
.
,

.
,
.

,
.
, - ,
- (
, ,
)

264
 . , ,
-.
,
- -
.
, ,
, -
. (Kenneth Dodge and Esther Feldman, Social Cognition and
Sociometric Status, Steven Asher and John Coie, eds.. Peer Rejection in
Childhood, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1990.)

:
.
,
- , ,
, , , . ,
,
, ,
.
,
,
, ,
.
,
.
. -
,
. ,
, .
, , ,
, .

,
, - ,
,
. (Emory Cowen et al., Longterm
Follow-up of Early Detected vulnerable Children, Journal of Clinical and
Consulting Psychology 41, 1973.) - - -
, ,
- .
,
,
-
. -
-

265

. (Jeffrey Parker and Steven Asher, "Friendship Adjustment. Group
Acceptance and Social Dissatisfaction in Childhood",
American Educational Research Association, Boston 1990.) -
,
- .

,
. , ,
,
. (Steven Asher and Gladys Williams, "Helping
Children Without Friends in Home and School Contexts", in Children's Social
Development: Information for Parents and Teachers, Urbana and Champaign,
University of Illinois Press, 1987.)
, - ,
-,
". , ,
" ,
-.
, -
.
( ),
,
, ,
, ,
, , .
,
.
: -
- , -
- . ,
, .
,
. (Stephen Nowicki, "A Remediation Procedure for Nonverbal
Processing Deficits", , Duke University, 1989.)

. ,
, ,
.
, .

266
 . -
- -
- ,
. ;
,
.

-
, .
: , ,
, -
. , 40%
, 11%
". , ,
. (,
Project Pulse, The Daily Hampshire Gazette, 13
1993 .) 40%
. (
, ,
, , 1994 .)

,
, - ,
. 1993 . 35%
, , ; 1977 . 10%.
, .
- 90% ,
- - . (
Columbia University Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, 1993 r.)

.

,
.
,
. 90%
, 14%
; , , -

267
 5% . ?
, , ,
, -
, -
. ,
,
-
, ,
( -) -.
,
, ?
, ,
- ,
,
, .
,
, .
, ,
- , ,
. (Jeanne Tschann, "Initiation of
Substance Abuse in Early Adolescence" Health Psychology 4, 1994.)

, ,
: -
,
.
,
:
-
. ,
.
, . (
, 26 1990 .) :
- .

, .
. ,
,
. () ,
, .
-
(GABA), ,
- GABA
. ,
GABA ,

268
 ,
. (Howard Moss et al., "Plasma GABA-like Activity in
Response to Ethanol Challenge in Men at High Risk for Alcoholism" Biological
Psychiatry 27, 6, marzo 1990.) , ,
- ,
. ,
.
,
,
, , ,
. ,
,
.
,
, ,
,
-

. (Philip Harden e Robert Pihl, Cognitive Function,
Cardiovascular Reactivity, and Behavior in Boys at High Risk for Alcoholism",
Journal of Abnormal Psychology 104, 1995.)

.
,
, - ,
.
,
. (Kathleen Merikangas et
al., "Familial Transmission of Depression and Alcoholism" Archives of General
Psychiatry, April, 1985.)
,
... . ,
, , , ",
, , ,
,

.
( ) - ;
,
- - . (
,
, .)
, . ,
,
, , ,

269
 .
,

. ,
,
- ,
, , .
,
.
, ,
, ,
, - ,
. (Edward Khantzian, "Psychiatric and Psychodynamic Factors
in Cocaine Addiction", Arnold Washton and Mark Gold, eds.. Cocaine: A
Clinician's Handbook, New York, Guilford Press, 1987.)
.
,
, -
.
,
. ( c
, 200 , )

, ,

,
.
- ,
-
.
- .
-, , , ,
, .

-
, , .
.
, -

270
 , ,
.
, ,
, ,
. - ,
, ,
, ,
. (

"".)
,
, ,
, ,
. :
-,
- ,
- ,
.
: - ,
- ( ),
- , .
(Greg Duncan, "Economic Deprivation and Early Childhood Development" and
Patricia Garrett, Poverty Experiences of Young Children and the Quality of
Their Home Environments" in Child Development, April 1994.)
,
, -

, .
, ,
, ,
, , -
. (Norman
Garmezy, The Invulnerable Child, New York, Guilford Press, 1987. a
, , . , 13
1987 .) ,
, ,
,
, , .

. , ,
- -,
.
, , -
,
. (

271
 - ) ,
,
.
,
.
8098 ,
48% .
(Ronald . Kessler et al.,Lifetime and 12-month Prevalence of DSM-lII-R
Psychiatric Disorders in the U.S." Archives of General Psychiatry, January
1994.) - 14% ,
. -
, 60%
, 90% - -
. , ,

. ,
- .
, , ,
: .
, ,
. -
- ,
, .
: ,
?
, , ,
, . ,
,
,
.
- - - -
. , ,
,
-
.

.

,
. ,
, 20 30%
- ,

272
 (
). (
,

;
.
3.2%
0,6% , . David Finkelhor arvi lennifer Dziuba-
Leatherman,"Children as Victims of Violence: A National Survey", Pediatrics,
October. 1984.) , -
,
, .

.
, ,
" ,
,
.
, -
- ,
,
. (
,
.) - - ,

-
, ,
.
- , - ,
, -
. - , ,
, , , ,
. ,
, .

,
- .
,
. (
,
.)
, - , -
,
. ? ,
,

273
 , .
, ,
- , ,
, .
- .
- ;
,
.
, ,
, ,
. ,
- ,
. -
, ,
,
.
-
.

, -,
,
. , ,
.

,
,
, .
, . . ,
,
- , . (W. .
Grant Consortium on the School-Based Promotion of Social Competence, "Drug
and Alcohol Prevention Curricula", in 1. Dasid Hawkins et al., Communities That
Care, San Francisco, Josses-Bass. 1992.) ,
, ,
,
(
. 4).
, ,
,
, .

274
 , -
,
,
.
:
, ,
,
.
,
,
. ,
, -

.
, ,
, ,
. - , ,
,
.
- -
, , ,
. :
?

275
 16.

- .

,
, . ,
!", ,
- , - .
:
- .
- : , .
- .
- : , .
- .
- : .
" ",
- ,
- . ,
, ,
.
" - ,
.

- ,
.
.
- ,
, , ,
. ,
,
.
, . (
. ", 7 1993 )
,
.
.

.

276
, ,
, .
, .

. ,
-,
,
.
-
, , .
, ,
,
: , , , ,
- . ,
. . " ,
-,
, ,
.
.
, ,
,
,
.
.

,
.
-

, .
,
: .

,

, ,
,
.
,
,
. ,
, , ,
. :

- ,

277
 , .

, - - -
.

,
.
- ,
.
, .
.
- ,
. , ,
,
, , .
.
, -
.
, .
,
, , .
-
, , .
,
. ,
, , ,
, .
,
; .
.
- :
- , ,
, .
,
, , .
, ,
,
.

, .

278

, ,
- . , ,
, , ,
, . ,
, , ,
,
.
- , -
.
- , - .

. -
;
,
.
- , , , ,
, , -
.
-:
- , ,
, , , ,
. .
:
- , - ,
- , !
,
- .
, , -
- .
? .
, ,
:
- , - ,
. ?
- , , -
. ,
-:
- , .
.
- , ,
,
.
- - ,

279
, -
, - ,
- .
:
- ,
. , .
. ,

. , .
:
- ,
. . , .
,
. , ,
. ?
,
. .
- - ?
- , - , ,
. .
, ,
.

: ,

,
.
, .
,
,
,
.
,
, ,
. ,
, .
, ,
. (
)
. -
, .
,

280
 - ,
,
.

, "
- ,
.
,
,
, .
.
, ,
, - . -
, , ,
, , ,
,
.
, , ,
,
, , .

... ,
, . ,
,
.
-
, - , .

, . - , , ,
, , - :
?
( ), ,
,
.
.
, , .
- , , ,
, (
, " ..).
,

281
 - , , ,
- .
, ,
. -
.

,
.
, ,

. , , ,
, ,
- ,
.

.
; ,
, ,
, ,
- ? ? ,
,
, -
.

- ,
,
( . 5) (Karen F. Stone and
Harold Q. Dillehunt, Seif Science: The Subject Is .Vie, Santa Monica, Goodyear
Publishing Co. 1978.). , ..
,
, ;
,

, .
,
, (
).
:
(
), , .

282
 ,
.
-
,
, .
,
,

, ,
, ,
.
- .
, ,
.
, :
, ,
, , ".
: ,
.
, -
- .

-
",
. ,
, -
- ?
"
, ,
.
,
-
,
.

.
, ,

95% .
-

283
 . ,
,
- .

, .
, ,
, .


- ,
".
- .
,

. -
- ,
, , .
,
- ,
, .
,
- ,
. ,
- - , -
, ,
.
, .
- . -
-
, , ,
. ,
,
. , ,
, ,
, , .

, .
, ,
.

,
.
,
. ,
- , , , -

284
 ,
. ,
, ,
.
, :
- ?
.
- , ?
:
- . . . .
, :
- , ?
- - .
, .
,
- , , , ,
- ,
, :

.
, .
.
.

,
, , :

.

- , ,
. ,
-
, .

. ,
,
, ,
, ,
.

285
 ,

.

, -
.

, , , ,
.
,

.
- ,
,
, .

, .
-
- ,
.
, , ,
,
. (Daniel Solomon et al., "Enhancing
Childrens Prosocial Behavior in the Classroom", American Educational Research
journal. Winter 1988.)
,
.

",
,
, -.
,
.
,
, ,
.
-
, .

,
, .
,
,
- , ,
- -

286
 . ,
,
- .
,
, - ,
.
( "
- ,
), -
!

.

" .
-
, -
,
. ,
,
.
,
,
- ,
.

,
.
, , .
,

,
, .
.
.
. ,
,
, . ,

Head Start;
,
.

287

, (
),

- , -
, - - . ( High
Scope Educational Research Foundation, Michigan, 1993.)
- ,
. (Carolyn Saarni, "Emotional
Competence: How Emotions and Relationships Become Integrated", R. A.
hompson,ed., Socioemtional Development. Nehraska Symposium on
Motivation 36, 1990) ,
.
- ,
, ,
, -
.
,

.
, , ,
,
.
- ,
, .

-
. ,

.
- ,
, -
.
- , ,
.
, ;
, ,
. ,
-
- .
- ,
, -
,
. (David
Hamburg, Todays Children: Creating a Future for a Generation in Crisis. New

288
York, Times Books, 1992.) , ,
- , .

. , ,
, -
. -
,
, -
, .
,
,

. ,
, ,
, , .

.
,
,
,
. -
- ,
. ,
,
,
,
.
, ,
, ,
, - -
,
.
, , ,
, .

- ,
-
,
, ,
.

,

289
 .
, .
, ,
- , -
, , .
,
, ,
: ,
. ,
,
.
, :

1. , , .

2. , .
3. .
4. .
5. .

6. - .

,
,
, .
, , .
, -
.
( ,
),
, .
-
, ,
. ,
,
. ,
: -
, -
290
, .

-
, - .
-
,
. , .

,
.
,
, ,
. :
, ,
. ,
.
.

, ,
, . ,
- , ,
- , . -
-. ,
, .

- ,
- .
- ,
.
, ,
. ,
, ,
.
,
.
,
.
,
, , .
, -

291
 .
.
,
.
, :
. ,
, .
-.
, -
.
.

, -
. , , ,
-

,
.
,
.
, ,
-
, - , .

,
, .
- -
-

,
.
, .
,
,
.
(Hawkins et al., Communities That Care, cit.) ,

,
(PATHS). ,
, -
, ,
.
.
;
,

292
 . - PATHS
, ,
-, ,
- , .

, - ,
-
.
- , , .
, (
) , , .
,
.

, .

:

- ,
,

. ,
,
.
( ),
, .
,

.
: , ,
.

, - .
,
,
- .

.
, ,
,
.
- .

293
 , .

,
.
,
, ,
, ,
. ,
,
, 31% ,
. - 90%
,
.

-

, ,
- , ,
- ,
. -
,
,
.
-,
.
,
, , ,
,
- .
,
, .
, ,
, ,
,
, .
,
. ,
.
-
, , , -
-, . - ,
. ,

294
 ,
, , .
, ,
,
- ,
, . (Roger P. Weisberg
et al., "Promoting Positive Social Development and Health Practice in Young
Urban Adolescents, M. J. Elias, ed.. Social Decision-making in the Middle
School, Gaithersburg, M.D., Aspen Publishers, 1992.)
,
, ,
, , -
.

,
, -
.
,
, ,
,
.
,
.
, .
, ,
, (, ,
-
, ).
,
;

.
, ,
.
- ,
-
,
- ,
.
, , ?

295
 :
, , ,
.
, - ,
, -
. - ,

, .
, , , .
:
,
,
- . ,
, ,

,
.
. ,
,
, ,
. - ,
,
.
: , ,
.

.
, ,
? ,
.
: :
, , ,
.
. ,
, ,
,
. ,
;
, ,
, ,
.
: , -
,
- , .
,

296
 . ,
.
: "
, , .
, .
,
, -
, .
. ,
, .
- ,
, .
, -
. ,
, , .
-
,
. - ,
, .

. - -
. .
.
,
,
. ,
-, ,
,
.
, - a
,
,
.

-
.

, ,
( .
5).

- .
-

297
.
.

- .
- , .

- .
- .
- ,
.
- .
- .

.
-
, .
- , .
- .

:
- .
.
- .

-
.
-
.
- .
- .
- , , .
- .

298
 - .
-" .
, .
.

:

. -
. ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, .
.
,

-
.

- , -
, , - , , -
, , , .
,
, . -
. - ,
- ,
".

,
,
: . ,
, ,
, .
(Amitai Etzioni, The Spirit of Community, New York, Crown, 1993)
, -
,
, - ,
. (Steven C. Rockefeller, John Dewey:
Religious Faith and Democratic Humanism, New York, Columbia University
Press, 1991)
,

299
 .
- ,
, .
,
,
. ,

, .
, ,
-
. (Thomas Lickona, Educating for Character, New York, Bantam, 1991.)
- , .

: , ,
. ,
, .

. -
,

. .
, ,
,
.
:
,
.

, .

,
.

. ,
3%. (Murders Across Nation Rise by 3
Percent, but Overall Violent Crime Is Down, The New York Times, 2 1994.)
,
" ,
. , ,
-
,

300
.
- ,
- .
: , 1988 1992 .
68%
, ,
, 80% .
(Serious Crimes by Juveniles Soar, Associated Press, 25 1994 .)
,
, ,
.
, ,
, . ,
,
.
, , ,
,
-
,

.
, ,
,
.

, ; ,
. -

. ,
, .
, ,
,

, ?
, ?

301
 1. ?
- ,
.
- - ,
-
, , ;
". ,
,
. ,
, , .
, .

- ,
, - .
,
.
:
: , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
- .
: , , , , ,
, , , ,
- .
: , , , , ,
, , , , ,
- .
: , , , , ,
, , , , ,
, , , , -
.
: , , , ,
, , , .
: , , , , .
: , , , ,
.
: , , , , , ,
, , , .
,

302
 .
, ,
? ,
, ?
- , , ,
? , .
.
, ,

. ,
(, , , )
, ,
, ,
. ,
,
- ,
- .

, ,
.
,
,
. - ,
, , , , -
, .
,
.
, - -
( ,
).
-
, , .
- ,
,
.

303
 2.

,
, ,
, , -
, , ,
.
-
,
, ,
. (


, , , Integration
of the Cognitive and Psychodynamic Unconscious, American Psychologist 44,
1994, "You're Smarter Than
You Think", New York, Simon and Schuster, 1993.
,
.)
, ,
. (Paul Ekman, An Argument
for the Basic Emotions, Cognition and Emotion 6 1992, p. 175. c
-,
.)

,
- ,
, . ,
, ,
.
- , -

, , . ,
, ,
,
.
, ,

304
 ,
,
. ,
: ,
, ? - , ,
, .
,
, ,
,
.
, (Ibid., .
187.)
.
,
,
- .
,
. -
.
,
( , , )
,
. : (
)
, , .
,
, .
, , ,
,
: ,
.

,
- .
,

,
, -
-
, .
-
.
, ,
, , .
,

305
 ,
. , ,

, ,
. ,
,
.
,
.
, ,
, .

- ,
, ,
,
. , ,
, .
-
, .
- . - ,
-
. -
, , -
- . -
- . -
, ,
,
- , , .

.
, .
: ,
. -
- . -
- , .
, , -
, .
: ,
,
,
.
-

306
 , - -
, .
,
, ,
. -
, - ,
.
, ,
, .
,
, - .

.
.
.
.

-
, , ,
. ,
, - , , ,
, , .
,
, , .

; .
- .. -
:
, , (
, ,
).
:
,
, , .
, - .
: .

.
,
,
: ,
- , , . ,

307
 , - ,
.
, .
,
,
,
. (Epstein, 1993, op. cit., . 55.)
,
,
. ,
, , ; ,
, : ,
. ,
-
, :
...

, ,
, ,
. ;
-
.

. ,
:
, ,
.

, .

,
, .
, , . (J. Toobey and L. Cosmides, The Past Explains the
Present: Emotional Adaptations and the Structure of Ancestral Environments,
Ethology and Sociobiology 11, pp. 418-19.) ,
, , , ,
, .

, ,
.
, .

308
 , ,
.
, ,
,
.
,
,
,
. ,
.

.

, .
, ,
;
, ,
.
.
, ,
.
, -

-. ,
, ,
,
,
. ( ,
, ,
, .


. ,
, ,
.)

309
 3.

.
(
) , ..,
.
. ,
, ,
, ,
.
-
,
.
.
-
. ,
-
, ,
, -
.
, .
. ,
,
,
.
,
. ,
. :
, - - -
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
- ?
- -
? ?
? -
-

310
 ,
.
(
), .
, ,

,
.
, ,
, .


.
, ,
,
, ,
.
.
,
. - -
,
.
,
.
.
,
, ,

.
(corpus striatum)
, .

,
- , .

,
- , .
, ,
.
, .

, ( )
.
, , -
. ,

311
 .
.
,
, .
- ,
, -
.
,
, ,
,
( ,
, - , ).
, ,
,
.
, ,
, ,
,
- -
.
, ,
, .
,
,
,
.

: , ,
;
, ,
,
. -
- - . (
. Jerome Kagan, Galens Prophecy, New York, Basic
Books, 1994.)

312
 4. . .

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
-

- .

- ,
, ,
.
.
(
- ).
.
-
.

313


- , ,
, ..
- ,
, , ,
, .

: W. T. Grant Consortium on the School-Based Promotion : Social

Competence, Drug and Alcohol Prevention Curricula, in J. David Dawkins et
al.. Communities That Care, San Francisco, Jossey-Bass, 1992.

5.
:

:
, ,
, , .
:
;
;
.
: ,
,
, (
),
, .
: ,
.
: ,
, ,
.
: ,
, ,

, ,
, .
:
;
.

314
 :
, .
:
, ,
.
: ,
,
,
( ).
:
.
: ,
.
:
, ,
, .

: Karen F. Stone, Harold Q. Dillehunt, Self Science: The Intellect Is

Me, Santa Monica, Goodyear Publishing Co., 1978.

315
 6.

, , ,
, 1-6 ,
, .

:
-;
-;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;

;
-;
-;
- .

: Schaps e V. Battistich, Promoting Health Development Through

School-Based Prevention: New Approaches OSAP Prevention Monoraph, no. 8:
Preventing Adolescent Drug Use: From Theory to Practice, Eric Gopelrud (ed.),
Rockville, MD: Office of Substance Abuse Prevention, ept. of Health and Human
Services, 1991.
D.Solomon, M. Watson, V. Battistich, E. Schaps and K. Delucchi, Creating a
Caring Community: Educational Practices That Promote Childrens Prosocial
Development, in Effective and Responsible Teaching: The New Synthesis, F. K.
Oser, A. Dick and J.-L. Patry, eds., San Francisco, Jossey-Bass, 1992.

316

, Fast Track, .
, 1-5 ,
1) , 2) 3)
.

.
, .
- .
- .
.
- .
- .

:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
:
.

: Conduct Problems Research Group, A Developmental and

Clinical Model for the Prevention of Conduct Disorder: The Fast Track Program,
Development and Psychopathology, 4 (1992).
M. T. Greenberg e C. A. Kusche, Promoting Social and Emotional Development
in Deaf Children: The PATHS Project, Seattle, University of Washington Press,
1993.
M. T. Greenberg, C. A. Kusche, E. T. Cook e J. P. Quamma, Promoting
Emotional Competence in School-Aged Children: The Effects of the PATHS
Curriculum, Development and Psychopathology, 7 ( 1995).

317

. , ,
.

, ,
.

:
- .
- , - -
.
- .
- .
- .
- .

: . Schapsand V. Battistich, Promoting Health Development

Through School-Based Prevention: New Approaches, OSAP Prevention
Monograph, no. 8: Preventing Adolescent Drug Use: From Theory to Practice,
Eric Gopelrud (ed.), Rockville, MD: Office of Substance Abuse Prevention, U.S.
Dept, of Health and Human Services, 1991.
J. D. Hawkins et al., The Seattle Social Development Project" in J. McCord e
R. Trembaly, eds., The Prevention of Antisocial Behavior in Children, New York,
Guilford, 1992.
D. Hawkins, E. Von Cleve and R. F. Catalano, Reducing Early Childhood
Aggression: Results of a Primary Prevention Program, Journal of the American
Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 30, 2 (1991), pp. 208-217.
A. ODonnell, J. D. Hawkins, R. F. Catalano, R. D. Abbott and L. E. Day,
"Preventing School Failure, Drug Use and Delinquency Among Low-Income
Children: Effects of a Long-Term Prevention Project in Elementary Schools:,
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 65 (1994).

, .
, 5-8 ,
,
.

318
 :
- .
.
- .
- .
- , .
- .
- .
- .
.
- .

: . J. Elias and R. . Weissberg, "School-Based Social

Competence Promotion as a Primary Prevention Strategy: A Tale of Two
Projects, Prevention in Human Services 7,1 (1990), pp. 177-200.
M. Caplan, R. P. Weissberg, J. S. Grober, P. J. Sivo, K. Grady and C. Jacobi,
"Social Competence Promotion with Inner-City and Suburban Young
Adolescents: Effects of Social Adjustment and Alcohol Use, Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology 60,1 (1992), p. 56-63.

,
( ),
.
, 1-12 ,
, .

:
- .
- .
.
- .
.
.

: Metis Associates, Inc., The Resolving Conflict Creatively

Program: 1988-1989. Summary of Significant Findings of R.C.C.P. New Yorh ite,
New York, Metis Associates, May 1990.

319
 -

, .
, 1-6 ,
, , ,
.

:
- .
- .
-
.
- .
-.
.
- .
-
, .
- .
- ,
,
.

: . J. Elias, .. Gara, . F. Schuyler, L. R. Branden-Mullere . A. Sayette,

The Promotion of Social Competence: Longitudinal Study of a Preventive School-Based
Program, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 61,1991, pp. 409-17.
M. J. Elias e J. Clabby, Building Social Problem Solving Skills: Guidelines From a
School-Based Program, San Francisco, Jossey-Bass, 1992.

320


,
.
,
.
.
, ,
-
,
, ,
,
.
.
,

.
.
, ,
.
-

.
,
, , -
,
, ",
" , ,
" , ,
,
,
.
,
;
,
, ,

, ,
, , ,
" , ,
, , - -,

321
 ",
- ,
, , Fast
Track , ,
, ,
, ,
, , Mind
and Media, , , ,
.
,
, ,
, ,
, , .
;

.
.

,
, .
.
, ",
.
- ,
, .

322


,

:
DANIEL GOLEMAN
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE




16/60/90 28 . .
2011
2011

323