TDC 1

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI
VIN CNG NGH THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG
TIN HC I CNG
Phn 1: TIN HC CN BN
@it-hut.edu..vn
Ni dung mn hc
Phn 1: Tin hc cn bn
1. Chng 1: Thng tin v biu din thng tin
Cc khi nim c bn v thng tin v tin hc
Biu din d liu trong my tnh
2. Chng 2: H thng my tnh
H thng my tnh
Mng my tnh
H iu hnh
3. Chng 3: Cc h thng ng dng
Cc h thng qun l thng tin
H thng tin bng tnh
H qun tr c s d liu 2
04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT
Ni dung
Chng 1: Thng tin v biu din thng tin

1. Cc khi nim c bn v thng tin v tin hc
1. Thng tin v x l thng tin
2. My tnh in t v phn loi.
3. Tin hc v cc ngnh lin quan
2. Biu din d liu trong my tnh
1. Biu din s trong cc h m
2. Biu din d liu trong my tnh v n v thng tin
3. Biu din s nguyn
4. Biu din s thc
5. Biu din k t
04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 3
Thng tin v x l thng tin
Thng tin
D liu
Tri thc
H thng thng tin
X l thng tin

Thng tin
Thng tin (information) l g ?

L khi nim tru tng m t tt c
nhng g em li cho con ngi s hiu
bit, nhn thc tt hn v nhng i tng
trong i sng x hi, trong thin nhin,...
Gip cho con ngi thc hin hp l cng
vic cn lm t ti mc ch mt cch
tt nht.
L ng cnh trong d liu c xem
xt
D liu
D liu (data) l g ?
o L biu din ca thng tin c th hin
bng cc tn hiu vt l.
Thng tin cha ng ngha cn d liu
ch l cc s kin khng c cu trc v
khng c ngha nu khng c t chc
v x l.
L vt mang tin, d liu sau khi c tp
hp v x l s cho ta thng tin.

D liu
D liu trong thc t c th l:

Cc s liu thng c m t bng s nh
trong cc bng biu.
Cc k hiu qui c, v d ch vit
Cc tn hiu vt l v d nh nh sng, m
thanh, nhit , p sut,

Tri thc
Tri thc (Knowledge) l g?

Tri thc theo ngha thng l thng tin mc
tru tng hn
Tri thc kh a dng:
C th l s kin , l thng tin
L cch m mt ngi thu thp c qua
kinh nghim hoc qua o to.
C th l s hiu bit chung hay v mt lnh
vc c th no .

H thng thng tin
H thng thng tin (information system) l

mt h thng ghi nhn d liu, x l
chng to nn thng tin c ngha
hoc d liu mi.

X l thng tin
Mi qu trnh x l thng tin bng my tnh hay
bi con ngi u c thc hin theo mt qui
trnh sau:
NHP D LIU X L XUT D LIU

(INPUT) (PROCESSING) (OUTPUT)
LU TR (STORAGE)

X l thng tin
X l thng tin bng my tnh in t

Li ch:
Tit kim rt nhiu thi gian, cng sc
Tng chnh xc cao trong vic t ng
ha mt phn hay ton phn ca qu trnh
x l d liu hay thng tin.

1.1. Thng tin v x l thng tin

1.2. My tnh in t v phn loi
1.3. Tin hc v cc ngnh lin quan.

My tnh in t v phn loi
Khi nim v nh ngha my tnh

Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin
Phn loi my tnh
Phn lai truyn thng
Phn loi hin i

My tnh l g?
My tnh (computer) l thit b in t thc

hin cc cng vic sau:
Nhn thng tin vo
X l thng tin theo chng trnh c nh
sn bn trong
a thng tin ra
Chng trnh (program) l mt dy cc
lnh nm trong b nh yu cu my
tnh thc hin cng vic c th.
My tnh hot ng theo chng trnh.
Lch s pht trin my tnh
My tnh in t thc s bt u hnh

thnh t thp nin 1950.
5 th h:
Th h 1 (1950 - 1958): Von Neumann
Machine
S dng cc bng n in t chn khng
Mch ring r, vo s liu bng phiu c l
iu khin bng tay, kch thc rt ln
Tiu th nng lng nhiu, tc tnh chm
khong 300 - 3.000 php tnh/s.

Bng n chn khng
My tnh u tin:
ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical
Integrator And
Computer)
Von Neumann vi my tnh Institute
u tin nm 1952
IBM 701
(1953 )

EDVAC (M)

UNIVAC I

UNIVAC
II

Lch s pht trin (tip)
Th h 2 (1958 - 1964): Transistors

S dng b x l bng n bn dn, mch in
c chng trnh dch nh Cobol, Fortran v h
iu hnh n gin.
Kch thc my cn ln
Tc tnh khong 10.000 - 100.000 php tnh/s
in hnh:
IBM 7000 series (M)
MINSK (Lin X c)
22
IBM 7030
(1961)
23
MINSK
(Lin X c)
24
Th h 3 (1965 - 1974): Integrated Circuits

Cc b vi x l c gn vi mch in t c nh
Tc tnh khong 100.000 - 1 triu php tnh/s.
C cc h iu hnh a chng trnh, nhiu
ngi ng thi hoc theo kiu phn chia thi
gian.
Kt qu t my tnh c th in trc tip t my in.
in hnh:
IBM-360 (M)
DEC PDP-8

IBM-360
(M)
26
IBM-360 (M)
27
DEC PDP-1
(1960)
28
Th h 4 (1974 1990): LSI (Large Scale

Integration), Multiprocessors
C cc vi mch a x l
Tc tnh hng chc triu n hng t php tnh/s.
2 loi my tnh chnh:
My tnh c nhn bn (Personal Computer - PC) hoc
xch tay (Laptop hoc Notebook computer)
Cc loi my tnh chuyn nghip thc hin a chng trnh,
a x l,...
Hnh thnh cc h thng mng my tnh (Computer
Networks).
Cc ng dng phong ph a phng tin

Intel
4004 (1971): B vi x l u tin, tt c cc thnh
phn CPU u nm trn mt chip n, 4 bit.
8008 (1972): 8 bit.
8080 (1974 ): B vi x l a nng u tin ca Intel, 8
bit, c s dng trong my tnh c nhn u tin
Altair.
8086: Mnh hn rt nhiu, 16 bit
8088: 8 bit external bus, c s dng trong IBM PC
u tin
80286: 16 Mbyte memory addressable, up from 1Mb

Intel (tip)
80386: 32 bit, h tr ch a nhim
80486: Sophisticated powerful cache and instruction
pipelining, built in maths co-processor.
Pentium: Superscalar, multiple instructions executed
in parallel
Pentium Pro:
Increased superscalar organization
Aggressive register renaming
Branch prediction
Data flow analysis
Speculative execution

INTEL
INTEL4004
4004

INTEL 8008
Copyright by SOICT 33
04/09/2012
INTEL 8080

INTEL 80286

INTEL 80386

INTEL 80486

Pentium
38
Pro
III
IV
More
Pentium
39
Itanium
64-bit Intel
Microprocessors

Th h 5 (1990 - nay): VLSI (Very Large Scale

Integration), ULSI (Ultra), Artificial Intelligence
(AI)
Microelectronic technologies with high computing
speeds and parallel processing.
M phng cc hot ng ca no b v hnh vi con
ngi
C tr khn nhn to vi kh nng t suy din pht
trin cc tnh hung nhn c
H qun l kin thc c bn gii quyt cc bi
ton a dng.
41
Th h 5 (tip)
42
Phn loi my tnh
Phn loi truyn thng:

My vi tnh (Microcomputer)
My tnh nh (Minicomputer)
My tnh ln (Mainframe Computer)
Siu my tnh (Supercomputer)

Phn loi my tnh (tip)
Phn loi hin i:

My tnh " bn" (Desktop Computing)
My ch (Server)
My tnh nhng (Embedded Computer)

My tnh bn (Desktop)
L loi my tnh ph bin nht

Thit k theo hng ti u c v
gi thnh v hiu nng
Mt s loi:
My tnh c nhn (Personal Computer
PC)
My trm lm vic (Workstation)
1981: IBM gii thiu my tnh IBM-
PC s dng b vi x l Intel 8088
1984: Apple a ra Macintosh s
dng b x l Motorola 68000
Gi thnh: t 500$ n 10,000$
My ch (Server)
Thc cht l my phc v

Dng trong mng my tnh theo
m hnh Client/Server
Tc v hiu nng tnh ton cao
Dung lng b nh ln
tin cy cao
Gi thnh: t hng chc nghn
n hng triu USD.

My tnh nhng (Embedded Computer)
c t trong thit b khc iu

khin thit b lm vic
c thit k chuyn dng
V d:
in thoi di ng
B iu khin trong my git, iu ha
nhit
Mt s thit b mng: Switch, Router,
Gi thnh: t vi USD n hng trm
ngn USD

1.1. Thng tin v x l thng tin

1.2. My tnh in t v phn loi
1.3. Tin hc v cc ngnh lin quan.

Tin hc v cc ngnh lin quan
Thut ng tin hc
Cng ngh thng tin
Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng

Thut ng tin hc (Infomatic)
Thut ng Tin hc c ngun gc t ting c vo
nm 1957 do Karl Steinbuch xng trong 1 bi
bo Informatik: Automatische
Informationsverarbeitung (i.e. "Informatics:
automatic information processing").
Sau vo nm 1962, Philippe Dreyfus ngi Php
gi l informatique, tip theo l Walter F.Bauer
cng s dng tn ny.
Phn ln cc nc Ty u, tr Anh u chp nhn.
Anh ngi ta s dng thut ng computer
science, hay computing science,
Nga cng chp nhn tn informatika (1966).
Tin hc (Infomatic)
Tin hc c xem l ngnh khoa hc nghin
cu cc phng php, cng ngh v k thut
x l thng tin mt cch t ng.
Cng c ch yu s dng trong tin hc l my
tnh in t v mt s thit b truyn tin khc.
Ni dung nghin cu ca tin hc ch yu gm 2
phn:
K thut phn cng (Hardware engineering)
K thut phn mm (Software engineering)

Cng ngh thng tin
(Information Technology - IT)
Thut ng Cng ngh thng tin xut hin Vit
nam vo nhng nm 90 ca th k 20.
Cng ngh thng tin l ngnh nghin cu cc h
thng thng tin da vo my tnh, c bit l cc
phn mm ng dng v phn cng my tnh.
Ni mt cch ngn gn, IT x l vi cc my
tnh in t v cc phn mm my tnh nhm
chuyn i, lu tr, bo v, truyn tin v trch rt
thng tin mt cch an ton.
(theo Information Technology Association of America (ITAA)

(Information and Comunication Technology - ICT)
Cc ng dng ngy nay ca IT:

Qun tr d liu.
Thit k h thng c s d liu.
Qun l h thng thng tin.
Qun l h thng.
Cc chng trnh gii tr: game, nghe nhc,
xem phim, c truyn, c bo..


Ngy nay, khuynh hng s dng "information"
thay th cho "data" v c xu th m rng cho
lnh vc truyn thng v tr thnh ICT
(Information and Communication Technology).
Thun tu theo cch ni th hai thut ng ny l
nh nhau.

Truyn thng my tnh, ni n gin l s kt
ni mt s lng my tnh vi nhau trong mt
phm vi a l nh.
Tuy nhin, nhiu my tnh c th kt ni vi
nhau theo mt phm vi rng hn v vic trao i
thc hin qua mt mng vin thng no .
Internet - Mng my tnh ton cu l mt pht
minh v i ca nhn loi trong th k 20,
cng chnh l sn phm ca ngnh Cng ngh
thng tin v Truyn thng.

Ni dung
Chng 1: Thng tin v biu din thng tin

1. Cc khi nim c bn v thng tin v tin hc
1. Thng tin v x l thng tin
2. My tnh in t v phn loi.
3. Tin hc v cc ngnh lin quan
2. Biu din d liu trong my tnh
1. Biu din s trong cc h m
2. Biu din d liu trong my tnh v n v thng tin
3. Biu din s nguyn
4. Biu din s thc
5. Biu din k t
Ni dung
2.1. Biu din s trong cc h m

2.2. Biu din d liu trong my tnh,
n v thng tin
2.3. Biu din s nguyn
2.4. Biu din s thc
2.5. Biu din k t
57
Biu din s trong cc h m
H m:
L tp hp cc k hiu v qui tc, s
dng tp k hiu biu din v xc
nh gi tr cc s.
Mi h m c mt s k t/s (k s)
hu hn. Tng s k s ca mi h m
c gi l c s (base hay radix), k
hiu l b.
V d: Trong h m c s 10, dng 10
k t l: cc ch s t 0 n 9.
58
H m (tip)
V mt ton hc, ta c th biu

din 1 s theo h m c s bt
k.
Khi nghin cu v my tnh, ta
quan tm n cc h m sau
y:
H thp phn (Decimal System)
con ngi s dng
59
H m (tip)
H nh phn (Binary System)

my tnh s dng
H m bt phn/h c s 8 (Octal
System) dng vit gn s nh
phn.
H mi su (Hexadecimal
System) dng vit gn s nh
phn
60
H m thp phn (Decimal system, b=10)
H m thp phn hay h m c s

10 bao gm 10 k s theo k hiu
sau:
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Dng n ch s thp phn c th biu
din c 10n gi tr khc nhau:
00...000 = 0
....
99...999 = 10n-1
61
H m thp phn (tip)
Gi s mt s A c biu din di
dng:
A = an an-1 a1 a0 . a-1 a-2 a-m
Gi tr ca A c hiu nh sau:
A = an10n + an 110n 1 + ... + a1101 + a0100 + a1101 + ... + a m10 m
n
A= i
a 10
i = m
i
62
H m thp phn (tip)
V d: S 5246 c gi tr c tnh nh
sau:
5246 = 5 x 103 + 2 x 102 + 4 x 101 + 6 x 100
V d: S 254.68 c gi tr c tnh nh
sau:
254.68 = 2 x 102 + 5 x 101 + 4 x 100 + 6 x 10-1 +
8 x 10-2
63
H m c s b
H m c s b (vi b 2,nguyn)
mang tnh cht sau :
C b k t th hin gi tr s. K s
nh nht l 0 v ln nht l b-1.
S N(b) trong h m c s b) c
biu din bi:
N(b)=anan-1an-2a1a0.a-1a-2a-m
64
H m c s b (tip)
Trong biu din trn, s N(b) c

n+1 k s biu din cho phn
nguyn v m k s l biu din cho
phn l, v c gi tr l:
65
H m nh phn (Binary system, b=2)
S dng 2 ch s: 0,1
Ch s nh phn gi l bit (binary
digit)
vd: bit 0, bit 1
Bit l n v thng tin nh nht
66
H m nh phn(tip)
Dng n bit c th biu din c 2n

gi tr khc nhau:
00...000 (2)= 0 (trong h thp phn)
...
11...111 (2)= 2n - 1 (trong h thp
phn)
VD: dng 3 bit th biu din c cc s
t 0 n 7 (trong h thp phn)
67
H m nh phn (tip)
Gi s c s A c biu din theo h nh

phn nh sau:
A = an an-1 a1 a0 . a-1 a-2 a-m
Vi ai l cc ch s nh phn, khi gi tr ca
A l:
A = an 2n + an1 2n1 + ... + a1 21 + a0 20 + a1 21 + a2 22 + ... + am 2m
n
A = ai 2i
i =m
68
H m nh phn (tip)
V d: S nh phn 1101001.1011
c gi tr:
1101001.1011(2) = 26 + 25 + 23 + 20 + 2-1
+ 2-3 + 2-4
= 64 + 32 + 8 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.125 + 0.0625
= 105.6875(10)
69
Cng tr i vi cc bit nh phn
Php cng:
1+0=0+1=1;
0+0=0;
1+1=10;
Php tr:
0-1=1; (vay 1)
1-1=0;
0-0=0;
70
Cng 2 s nh phn
1 0 1
+11 1
---------
11 0 0
71
Tr 2 s nh phn
1 1 0 0
- 1 1 1
--------------------
01 0 1
72
H m bt phn (Octal system, b=8)
S dng cc ch s:
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Dng n ch s c th biu din
c 8n gi tr khc nhau:
00...000 = 0 (trong h thp phn)
...
77...777 = 8n -1 (trong h thp
phn)
73
H m bt phn (tip)
Gi s c s A c biu din theo

h nh phn nh sau:
A = an an-1 a1 a0 . a-1 a-2 a-m
Vi ai l cc ch s trong h bt
phn, khi gi tr ca A l:
A= an8n +an18n1 +...+a181 +a080 +a181 +a282 +...+am8m
n
A= ai 8 i
i=m
74
H m bt phn (tip)
VD:
235 . 64 (8) c gi tr nh sau:
235 . 64 (8) = 2x8 + 3x8 +
2 1
5x80 + 6x8-1 + 4x8-2 =

157. 8125(10)
75
H m 16 (Hexadecimal , b =16)
S dng 16 k s:
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
Cc ch in:
A, B, C, D, E, F
biu din cc gi tr s
tng ng (trong h
10) l
10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15.
76
H m 16 (Hexadecimal , b =16)
Gi s c s A c biu din theo

h thp lc phn nh sau:
A = an an-1 a1 a0 . a-1 a-2 a-m
Vi ai l cc ch s trong h thp lc phn, khi
gi tr ca A l:
A = an16n + an116n1 + ... + a1161 + a0160 + a1161 + a2162 + ... + am16m

n
A = ai16i
i =m
77
H m thp lc phn (tip)
V d: 34F5C.12D(16) c gi tr nh sau:
34F5C.12D(16) =
3x164 + 4x163 + 15x162 + 5x161 + 12x160
+? = 216294(10) + ?
78
Chuyn i mt s t h thp phn sang h c
s b
Trng hp tng qut, mt s N trong h
thp phn (N(10)) gm phn nguyn v
phn thp phn.
Chuyn 1 s t h thp phn sang 1 s
h c s b bt k gm 2 bc:
i phn nguyn (ca s ) t h thp phn
sang h b
i phn thp phn (ca s ) t h thp
phn sang h c s b
79
s b (tip)
i phn nguyn sang h c s b:
Bc 1:Ly phn nguyn ca N(10)
chia cho b, ta c thng l T1 s
d d1.
Bc 2: Nu T1 khc 0, Ly T1 chia
tip cho b, ta c thng s l T2
, s d l d2
80
Chuyn i t h 10-h b (tip)
(C lm nh vy cho ti bc th n, khi ta
c Tn =0 )
Bc n: Nu Tn-1 khc 0, ly Tn-1 chia cho b,
ta c thng s l Tn =0, s d l dn
Kt qu ta c s N(b) l s to bi cc s
d (c vit theo th t ngc li) trong cc
bc trn
N(10) = dndn-1d1 (b)
81
s b (tip)
V d: Cch chuyn phn nguyn ca s
12.6875(10) sang s trong h nh phn:
Dng php chia cho 2 lin tip, ta c mt lot cc
s d nh sau
82
s b (tip)
i phn thp phn t h thp phn sang
h c s b:
Bc1: Ly phn l ca N(10) nhn
vi b, ta c mt s c dng x1.y1
(x l phn nguyn, y l phn thp
phn)
Bc 2: Nu y1 khc 0, tip tc ly
0.y1 nhn vi b, ta c mt s c
dng x2.y2
83
Chuyn i h 10-h b(tip)
(c lm nh vy cho n khi yn=0)

Bc n: Nu yn-1 khc 0, nhn 0.yn-
1 vi b, ta c xn.0
Kt qu ta c s sau
khi chuyn i l:
0,x1x2xn
84
s b
V d: Cch chuyn phn thp phn ca
s 12.6875(10) sang h nh phn:
85
s b
12.6875(10) = 1100.1011 (2)
86
Mt s v d
Nh phn Hexa:11 1011 1110 0110(2) =
3BE6(16)
Hexa Nh phn:3E8(16) = 11 1110
1000(2)
Hexa Thp phn: 3A8C ?
3A8C (16) = 3 x 163 + 10 x 162 + 8 x 161
+12 x 160
= 12288 + 2560 + 128 + 12 =
14988(10)
E38 (16) = ?
87
Mt s v d (tip)
Thp phn Hexa: 14988 ?
14988 : 16 = 936 d 12 tc l C
936 : 16 = 58 d 8
58 : 16 = 3 d 10 tc l A
3 : 16 = 0 d 3
Nh vy, ta c: 14988(10) = 3A8C(16)
VD1: chuyn sang h nh phn:

a) 124.75
b) 65.125
88
Tnh nhm chuyn i h c s 10 sang c s
2
Tch s nguyn cn chuyn i thnh
tng cc ly tha ca 2.
VD:
67= 64+2+1=26 + 21 +20
= 1000011 (2)
89

n v thng tin
2.4. Biu din s thc
2.5. Biu din k t
90
M ha d liu cho my tnh
Mi d liu khi a vo my tnh u phi
c m ha thnh s nh phn
Cc loi d liu:
D liu nhn to: Do con ngi quy c
D liu t nhin:
Tn ti khch quan vi con ngi.
Ph bin l cc tn hiu vt l nh m thanh, hnh
nh,
91
Nguyn tc m ha d liu
M ha d liu nhn to:

D liu s: M ha theo cc chun quy
c
D liu k t: M ha theo b m k t
M ha d liu t nhin:
Cc d liu cn phi s ha trc khi a
vo my tnh
S m ha v ti to tn hiu vt l
92
93
D liu trong my tnh
C 2 loi d liu trong my tnh:
D liu c bn
D liu c cu trc
94
D liu c bn
D liu s nguyn:
S nguyn khng du: Biu din theo m nh
phn thng thng.
S nguyn c du: Biu din di dng m b
hai.
D liu s thc: c biu din bng s
du chm ng.
95
D liu c bn (tip)
D liu k t: c biu din bng m k

t da trn cc b m k t.
* di t d liu:
L s bit c s dng m ha loi d
liu tng ng
Trong thc t, di t d liu thng l bi
s ca 8.
96
D liu c cu trc
L tp hp cc loi d liu c bn c
cu thnh theo mt cch no .
V d: kiu d liu mng, xu k t, tp
hp, bn ghi,
Trong phn tip theo chng ta ch nghin
cu cc d liu c bn, cn cc d liu c
cu trc s c nghin cu c th trong
phn hc v ngn ng lp trnh.
97
n v o thng tin
98

n v thng tin
2.4. Biu din s thc
2.5. Biu din k t
99
Biu din s nguyn
Dng 1 chui bit biu din.

i vi s nguyn c du, ngi ta
s dng bit u tin(Most significant
bit) biu din du - v bit ny gi
l bit du
100
S nguyn khng du
Dng tng qut: gi s dng n bit biu din cho

mt s nguyn khng du A:
an-1an-2...a3a2a1a0
Gi tr ca A c tnh nh sau:
n 1 n2
A = a n 1 2 + an2 2 + ... + a 1 2 + a 0 2
1 0
n 1
A= i=0
ai 2 i
Di biu din ca A: t 0 n 2n-1
101
Cc v d
V d 1. Biu din cc s nguyn khng du sau

y bng 8 bit:
A = 45 B = 156
Gii:
A = 45 = 32 + 8 + 4 + 1 = 25 + 23 + 22 + 20
A = 0010 1101
B = 156 = 128 + 16 + 8 + 4 = 27 + 24 + 23 +
22
B = 1001 1100
Cc v d (tip)
V d 2. Cho cc s nguyn khng du X,

Y c biu din bng 8 bit nh sau:
X = 0010 1011
Y = 1001 0110
Gii:
X = 0010 1011 = 25 + 23 + 21 + 20
= 32 + 8 + 2 + 1 = 43
Y = 1001 0110 = 27 + 24 + 22 + 21
= 128 + 16 + 4 + 2 = 150
Trng hp c th: vi n = 8 bit
Di biu din l [0, 255] Trc s hc my tnh:

0000 0000 = 0
0000 0001 = 1
0000 0010 = 2
0000 0011 = 3
.....
1111 1111 = 255
Trc s hc:
104
Vi n = 8 bit
Kiu d liu tng ng trong Turbo C l kiu

unsigned char.
V d: 1111 1111
unsinged char a;
+ 0000 0001
{
a := 255; 1 0000 0000
a := a + 1; KQ sai: 255 + 1 = 0 ?
printf(%d,a); { Kt qu sai l 0 } (do php cng b nh ra
ngoi)
}
Vi n = 16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit
n = 16 bit:
Di biu din l [0, 65535]
Kiu d liu tng ng trong Turbo C l kiu unsigned int
V d:
unsigned int a;
{
a := $FFFF;
a := a + 1;
printf(%d,a);
}
n = 32 bit:
Di biu din l [0, 232-1]
n = 64 bit:
Di biu din l [0, 264-1]
Biu din s nguyn c du
Dng tng qut ca s nguyn c du A:

an-1an-2...a2a1a0
Gi tr ca A c xc nh nh sau:
n 2
A = a n 1 2 n 1
+
i= 0
ai2 i
Di biu din: [-2n-1, 2n-1-1]

10000000
.
01111111 107
Biu din s nguyn c du (tip)
Dng n bit biu din s nguyn c du A:

an-1an-2...a2a1a0
Vi s dng:
Bit an-1 = 0
Cc bit cn li biu din ln ca s dng
Dng tng qut ca s dng: 0an-2...a2a1a0
Gi tr ca s dng: n2
A =
i= 0
ai 2 i
Di biu din ca s dng: [0, 2n-1-1]
108
Vi s m:
Bit an-1 = 1
Dng tng qut ca s m: 1an-2...a2a1a0
Gi tr ca s m:
n2
A = 2 n 1
+
i= 0
ai 2 i
Di biu din ca s m: [-2n-1, -1]
109
V d: Xc nh gi tr ca cc s nguyn c du
8 bit sau y:
A = 0101 0110
B = 1101 0010
Gii:
A = 26 + 24 + 22 + 21 = 64 + 16 + 4 + 2 = +86
B = -27 + 26 + 24 + 21 =
= -128 + 64 + 16 + 2 = -46
110
Chuyn mt s nguyn
(dng/m h 10)
v dng biu din ca
my tnh ?
111
S b mt v s b hai (h nh phn):
Gi s c mt s nguyn (khng du) nh
phn A c biu din bi n bit. Khi ta c:
S b mt ca A = (2n - 1) - A
S b hai ca A = 2n - A
NX: S b hai = S b mt + 1
V d:
Xt n = 4 bit, A = 0110
S b mt ca A = (24 - 1) - 0110 = 1001
S b hai ca A = 24 - 0110 = 1010
112
Dng n bit biu din s nguyn c du A =
Biu din s b 2 ca A (s dng n bit)
V d: Biu din s nguyn c du sau y bng
8 bit: A = -70
Biu din 70 = 0100 0110
B 1: 1011 1001
+ 1
B 2: 1011 1010
Vy: A= 1011 1010
113
Tnh ton s hc vi s nguyn
Cng/ tr s nguyn khng du:

Tin hnh cng ln lt tng bt t phi
qua tri.
Khi cng hai s nguyn khng du n
bits ta thu c mt s nguyn khng
du cng n bits.
Nu tng ca hai s ln hn 2n-1 th
khi s trn s v kt qu s l sai.
114
Cng/ tr s nguyn khng du (tip)
Dng 8 bit biu din s nguyn khng du

Trng hp khng xy ra trn s (carry-out):
X = 1001 0110 = 150
Y = 0001 0011 = 19
S = 1010 1001 = 169
Cout = 0
Trng hp c xy ra trn s (carry-out):

X = 1100 0101 = 197
Y = 0100 0110 = 70
S = 0000 1011 267
Cout = 1 carry-out
(KQ sai = 23 + 21 + 20 = 11)
11
5
Cng/tr s nguyn c du
Cng ln lt cc cp bit t phi qua tri,
b qua bit nh (nu c).
tr hai s nguyn c du X v Y (X
Y) , cn ly b hai ca Y tc Y, sau
cng X vi Y theo nguyn tc trn.
11
6
Cng/tr s nguyn c du (tip)
Cng hai s khc du: kt qu lun ng
Cng hai s cng du:
Nu tng nhn c cng du vi 2 s hng th kt
qu l ng
Nu tng nhn c khc du vi 2 s hng th
xy ra hin tng trn s hc (Overflow) v kt qu
nhn c l sai
Trn s hc xy ra khi tng thc s ca hai s
nm ngoi di biu din ca s nguyn c du n
bit:
[-2n-1, 2n-1-1]
11
7
VD: khng trn s
11
8
C xy ra trn s:
11
9
Nhn/chia s nguyn khng du
Cc bc thc hin nh trng h 10.

Vd: Php nhn
1011 (11 c s 10)

x
1101 (13 c s 10)
-------------
1011
0000
1011
1011
--------------
10001111 (143 c s 10)
12
0
Nhn/chia s nguyn khng du (tip)
VD: Php chia
12
1
Cc php ton logic vi s nh phn
AND OR XOR
0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 0
12
2
Cc php ton logic vi s nh phn (tip)
NOT
0 1
1 0
12
3
Thc hin cc php ton logic vi 2

s nh phn:
Kt qu l 1 s nh phn khi thc hin
cc php ton logic vi tng cp bit ca
2 s nh phn
Cc php ton ny ch tc ng ln
tng cp bit m khng nh hng n
bit khc.
12
4
VD: A = 1010 1010 v B = 0000 111
AND OR XOR NOT
1010 1010 01010101
0000 1111 11110000

00001010 10101111 10100101
Nhn xt: +Php AND dng xo mt s bit v gi

nguyn 1 s bit cn li.
+Php OR dng thit lp 1 s bit v gi
nguyn 1 s bit khc.
12
5

n v thng tin
2.4. Biu din s thc
2.5. Biu din k t
12
6
Biu din s thc
Nguyn tc chung:
biu din s thc, trong my tnh
ngi ta thng dng k php du
phy ng (Floating Point Number).
12
7
Biu din s thc (tip)
Mt s thc X c biu din theo kiu s
du chm ng nh sau:
X = M * RE
Trong :
M l phn nh tr (Mantissa)
R l c s (Radix) thng l 2 hoc 10.
E l phn m (Exponent)
Vi R c nh th lu tr X ta ch cn
lu tr M v E (di dng s nguyn)
12
8
Biu din s thc (tip)
V d: vi c s R = 10, gi s 2 s thc
N1 v N2 c lu tr theo phn nh tr
v s m nh sau:
M1 = -15 v E1 = +12
M2 = +314 v E2 = -9
C ngha l N1 = M1 x 10 E1 = -15x10E1 = -
15 000 000 000 000
v N2 = M2 x 10 E2 = 314 x 10-9 =
0.000 000 314
12
9
Biu din s thc (tip)
Khi thc hin php ton vi s du chm

ng s c tin hnh trn c s cc gi
tr ca phn nh tr v phn m.
13
0
Biu din s thc (tip)
Gi s c 2 s du phy ng sau:
N1 = M1 x RE1 v N2 = M2 x RE2
Khi , vic thc hin cc php ton s
hc s c tin hnh:
N1 N2 = (M1 x R E1-E2 M2) x RE2 ,
gi thit E1 E2
N1 x N2 = (M1x M2) x R E1+E2
N1 /N2 = (M1 / M2) x R E1-E2
13
1
Chun IEEE 754/85
L chun m ha s du chm ng
C s R = 2
C cc dng c bn:
Dng c chnh xc n, 32-bit
Dng c chnh xc kp, 64-bit
Dng c chnh xc kp m rng, 80-
bit
13
2
Chun IEEE 754/85 (tip)
Khun dng m ha:
13
3
S l bit du, S=0 l s dng, S=1 l s
m.
e l m lch (excess) ca phn m E, tc l: E =
eb
Trong b l lch (bias):
Dng 32-bit : b = 127, hay E = e - 127
Dng 64-bit : b = 1023, hay E = e - 1023
Dng 80-bit : b = 16383, hay E = e - 16383
13
4
m l cc bit phn l ca phn nh tr M, phn

nh tr c ngm nh nh sau: M = 1.m
Cng thc xc nh gi tr ca s thc tng
ng l:
X = (-1)S x 1.m x 2e-b
S e m
13
5
V d v s du chm ng
V d 1: C mt s thc X c dng biu din nh
phn theo chun IEEE 754 dng 32 bit nh sau:
1100 0001 0101 0110 0000 0000 0000 0000
Xc nh gi tr thp phn ca s thc .
Gii:
S = 1 X l s m
e = 1000 0010 = 130
m = 10101100...00
Vy X = (-1)1 x 1.10101100...00 x 2130-127
= -1.101011 x 23 = -1101.011 = -13.375
13
6
V d v s du chm ng (tip)
V d 2: Xc nh gi tr thp phn ca s thc X
c dng biu din theo chun IEEE 754 dng 32
bit nh sau:
0011 1111 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
Gii:
S = 0 X l s dng
e = 0111 1111= 127
m = 000000...00
Vy X = (-1)0 x 1.0000...00 x 2127-127
= 1.0 x 20 = 1
13
7
V d v s du chm ng (tip)
V d 3: Biu din s thc X = 9.6875 v dng s du
chm ng theo chun IEEE 754 dng 32 bit
Gii:
X = 9.6875(10) = 1001.1011(2) = 1.0011011 x 23
Ta c:
S = 0 v y l s dng
E = e 127 nn e = 127 + 3 = 130(10) = 1000 0010(2)
m = 001101100...00 (23 bit)
Vy:
X = 0100 0001 0001 1011 0000 0000 0000 0000
13
8
Cc quy c c bit
Nu tt c cc bit ca e u bng 0, cc
bit ca m u bng 0, th X = 0
Nu tt c cc bit ca e u bng 1, cc
bit ca m u bng 0, th X =
Nu tt c cc bit ca e u bng 1, m c
t nht mt bit bng 1, th X khng phi l
s (not a number - NaN)
13
9
Trc s biu din
Dng 32 bit: a = 2-127 10-38 b = 2+127 10+38

Dng 64 bit: a = 2-1023 10-308 b = 2+1023 10+308
Dng 80 bit: a = 2-16383 10-4932 b = 2+16383 10+4932
14
0
Thc hin cc php ton
X1 = M1 * RE1
X2 = M2 * RE2
Ta c
X1 X2 = (M1 * RE1-E2 M2) * RE2 , vi E2
E1
X1 * X2 = (M1 * M2) * RE1+E2
X1 / X2 = (M1 / M2) * RE1-E2
14
1

n v thng tin
2.4. Biu din s thc
2.5. Biu din k t
14
2
Biu din k t
Nguyn tc chung:
Cc k t cng cn c chuyn i
thnh chui bit nh phn gi l m k
t.
S bit dng cho mi k t theo cc m
khc nhau l khc nhau.
Vd : B m ASCII dng 8 bit cho 1 k t.
B m Unicode dng 16 bit.
14
3
B m ASCII
Do ANSI (American National Standard

Institute) thit k
ASCII l b m c dng trao i
thng tin chun ca M. Lc u ch dng
7 bit (128 k t) sau m rng cho 8 bit
v c th biu din 256 k t khc nhau
trong my tnh
B m 8 bit m ha c cho 28 = 256
k t, c m t 0016 FF16, bao gm:
128 k t chun c m t 0016 7F16
128 k t m rng c m t 8016 FF16 14
4
14
5
B m ASCII (tip)
95 k t hin th c:c m t 2016 7E16
26 ch ci hoa Latin 'A' 'Z' c m t 4116
5A16
26 ch ci thng Latin 'a' 'z' c m t 6116
7A16
10 ch s thp phn '0' '9' c m t 3016
3916
14
6
B m ASCII (tip)
95 k t hin th c:
Cc du cu: . , ? ! : ;
Cc du php ton: + - * /
Mt s k t thng dng: #, $, &, @, ...
Du cch (m l 2016)
14
7
B m ASCII (tip)
33 m iu khin: m t 0016 1F16 v

7F16 dng m ha cho cc chc nng
iu khin
14
8
iu khin nh dng
BS Backspace - Li li mt v tr: K t iu khin con tr li li mt v tr.

HT Horizontal Tab - Tab ngang: K t iu khin con tr dch tip mt khong
nh trc.
LF Line Feed - Xung mt dng: K t iu khin con tr chuyn xung dng
di.
VT Vertical Tab - Tab ng: K t iu khin con tr chuyn qua mt s dng
nh trc.
FF Form Feed - y sang u trang: K t iu khin con tr di chuyn xung
u trang tip theo.
CR Carriage Return - V u dng: K t iu khin con tr di chuyn v u
dng hin hnh.
14
9
iu khin truyn s liu
SOH Start of Heading - Bt u tiu : K t nh du bt u phn thng tin tiu
.
STX Start of Text - Bt u vn bn: K t nh du bt u khi d liu vn bn
v cng chnh l kt thc phn thng tin tiu .
ETX End of Text - Kt thc vn bn: K t nh du kt thc khi d liu vn bn
c bt u bng STX.
EOT End of Transmission - Kt thc truyn: Ch ra cho bn thu bit kt thc
truyn.
ENQ Enquiry - Hi: Tn hiu yu cu p ng t mt my xa.
ACK Acknowledge - Bo nhn: K t c pht ra t pha thu bo cho pha pht
bit rng d liu c nhn thnh cng.
NAK Negative Aknowledge - Bo ph nhn: K t c pht ra t pha thu bo cho
pha pht bit rng vic nhn d liu khng thnh cng.
SYN Synchronous / Idle - ng b ha: c s dng bi h thng truyn ng b
ng b ho qu trnh truyn d liu.
ETB End of Transmission Block - Kt thc khi truyn: Ch ra kt thc khi d
liu c truyn.
15
0
iu khin phn cch thng tin
FS File Separator - K hiu phn cch tp tin: nh du ranh gii gia cc tp tin.
GS Group Separator - K hiu phn cch nhm: nh du ranh gii gia cc
nhm tin (tp hp cc bn ghi).
RS Record Separator - K hiu phn cch bn ghi: nh du ranh gii gia cc
bn ghi.
US Unit Separator - K hiu phn cch n v: nh du ranh gii gia cc phn
ca bn ghi.
15
1
Cc k t iu khin khc
NUL Null - K t rng: c s dng in khong trng khi khng c d liu.
BEL Bell - Chung: c s dng pht ra ting bp khi cn gi s ch ca con ngi.
SO Shift Out - Dch ra: Ch ra rng cc m tip theo s nm ngoi tp k t chun cho
n khi gp k t SI.
SI Shift In - Dch vo: Ch ra rng cc m tip theo s nm trong tp k t chun.
DLE Data Link Escape - Thot lin kt d liu: K t s thay i ngha ca mt hoc
nhiu k t lin tip sau .
DC1 Device Control - iu khin thit b : Cc k t dng iu khin cc thit b
DC4 ph tr.
CAN Cancel - Hy b: Ch ra rng mt s k t nm trc n cn phi b qua.
EM End of Medium - Kt thc phng tin: Ch ra k t ngay trc n l k t cui
cng c tc dng vi phng tin vt l.
SUB Substitute - Thay th: c thay th cho k t no c xc nh l b li.
ESC Escape - Thot: K t c dng cung cp cc m m rng bng cch kt hp
vi k t sau .
DEL Delete - Xa: Dng xa cc k t khng mong mun.
15
2
Cc k t m rng ca bng ASCII
c nh ngha bi:
Nh ch to my tnh
Ngi pht trin phn mm
15
3
Cc k t m rng ca bng ASCII
V d:
B m k t m rng ca IBM: c dng
trn my tnh IBM-PC.
B m k t m rng ca Apple: c dng
trn my tnh Macintosh.
Cc nh pht trin phn mm ting Vit cng
thay i phn ny m ho cho cc k
t ring ca ch Vit, v d nh b m TCVN
5712.
15
4
B m Unicode
Do cc hng my tnh hng u thit k
L b m 16-bit, Vy s k t c th biu
din (m ho) l 216 = 65536
c thit k cho a ngn ng, trong
c ting Vit
15
5
Tho lun

6
Ni dung mn hc
Phn 1: Tin hc cn bn
H thng my tnh
Mng my tnh
H iu hnh
H thng tin bng tnh
7
Chng 2 H thng my tnh
1. H thng my tnh
1. T chc bn trong my tnh
2. Phn mm my tnh
2. Mng my tnh
1. Lch s pht trin ca mng my tnh
2. Phn loi mng my tnh
3. Cc thnh phn c bn ca mt mng my tnh
4. Mng Internet
3. Gii thiu h iu hnh
1. Cc khi nim c bn
2. H lnh ca h iu hnh
3. H iu hnh Window

8
H thng my tnh
1.1. T chc bn trong my tnh

M hnh c bn ca my tnh
B x l trung tm CPU
B nh
H thng vo-ra
Lin kt h thng (buses)
1.2. Phn mm my tnh
D liu v gii thut
Chng trnh v ngn ng lp trnh
Phn mm my tnh
9
a. Chc nng ca h thng my tnh

b. Cu trc ca h thng my tnh
c. Hot ng ca my tnh

0
Chc nng ca h thng my tnh
X l d liu
Lu tr d liu
Trao i d liu
iu khin

1
Chc nng ca h thng my tnh
X l d liu:
Chc nng quan trng nht ca my tnh
D liu c th c rt nhiu dng khc nhau
v c yu cu x l khc nhau.
Lu tr d liu:
D liu a vo my tnh c x l ngay
hoc c th c lu trong b nh.
Khi cn chng s c ly ra x l.

2
Chc nng ca h thng my tnh (tip)
Trao i d liu:
Trao i d liu gia cc thnh phn bn trong v
bn ngoi thng qua thit b ngoi vi Qu trnh
vo ra (input-output)
Cc thit b vo-ra c coi l ngun cung cp d
liu hoc ni tip nhn d liu.
Khi d liu c vn chuyn trn khong cch xa
vi cc thit b hoc my tnh gi l truyn d liu
(data communication).
iu khin:
My tnh cn phi iu khin ba chc nng trn.

3
Cu trc ca h thng my tnh

4
Cc thnh phn c bn ca my tnh
B x l trung tm CPU (Central Processor Unit)

iu khin cc hot ng ca my tnh v thc hin
x l d liu.
B nh chnh (Main Memory)
Lu tr chng trnh v d liu.
H thng vo ra (Input-Output System):
Trao i thng tin gia th gii bn ngoi vi my tnh.
Lin kt h thng (System Interconnection):
Kt ni v vn chuyn thng tin gia CPU, b nh
chnh v h thng vo ra ca my tnh vi nhau.

5
Hot ng ca my tnh
Hot ng c bn ca my tnh l
thc hin chng trnh.
Chng trnh gm mt tp cc lnh
c lu tr trong b nh

6
H thng my tnh

B x l trung tm CPU
B nh
H thng vo-ra
1.2. Phn mm my tnh
D liu v gii thut
Phn mm my tnh
7
Chc nng v hot ng
Chc nng
iu khin hot ng ca ton b h thng my tnh
X l d liu
Nguyn tc hot ng c bn: CPU hot ng
theo chng trnh nm trong b nh chnh, bng
cch:
Nhn ln lt lnh t b nh chnh
Sau tin hnh gii m lnh v pht cc tn hiu iu
khin thc thi lnh
Trong qu trnh thc thi lnh, CPU c th trao i d
liu vi b nh chnh hay h thng vo-ra.

8
Cu trc c bn ca CPU

9
Cc thnh phn c bn ca CPU
Khi iu khin (Control Unit CU)

iu khin hot ng ca my tnh theo chng trnh nh
sn
Khi tnh ton s hc v logic (Arithmetic Logic
Unit - ALU):
Thc hin cc php ton s hc v cc php ton logic trn
cc d liu c th
Tp cc thanh ghi (Register File - RF)
Lu tr cc thng tin tm thi phc v cho hot ng ca CPU
Bus bn trong (Internal Bus)
Kt ni cc thnh phn bn trong CPU vi nhau
n v ghp ni bus (Bus Interface Unit BIU)
Kt ni v trao i thng tin vi nhau gia cc bus bn trong
vi cc bus bn ngoi.

0
B vi x l (Microprocessor)
B vi x l
CPU c ch to trn mt vi mch v c gi l b vi x l.
C th gi CPU l b vi x l
Tuy nhin, cc b vi x l hin nay c cu trc phc tp hn
nhiu so vi mt CPU c bn.
Tc ca b vi x l
S lnh c thc hin trong 1s
MIPS (Milliions of Intructions per Second)
Kh nh gi chnh xc
Tn s xung nhp ca b x l
B x l hot ng theo mt xung nhp (clock) c tn s xc nh
Tc ca b x l c nh gi gin tip thng qua tn s
xung nhp

1
Tc b vi x l

2
H thng my tnh

B x l trung tm CPU
B nh
H thng vo-ra
1.2. Phn mm my tnh
D liu v gii thut
Phn mm my tnh
3
B nh my tnh
Chc nng: Lu tr chng trnh v d liu

Cc thao tc c bn vi b nh:
Thao tc c (read)
Thao tc ghi (write)
Cc thnh phn chnh
B nh trong (Internal Memory)
B nh ngoi (External Memory)

4
Cc thnh phn b nh my tnh

5
B nh trong
Chc nng v c im
Chc cc thng tin m CPU c th trao i
trc tip
Tc rt nhanh
Dung lng khng ln
S dng b nh bn dn: ROM v RAM
Cc loi b nh trong:
B nh chnh
B nh cache (b nh m nhanh)
6
B nh chnh
L thnh phn nh tn ti trn mi h thng
my tnh
Cha cc chng trnh v d liu ang
c CPU s dng
T chc thnh cc ngn nh c nh a ch
Ngn nh thng c t chc theo Byte
Ni dung ca ngn nh c th thay i,
song a ch vt l ca ngn nh lun c
nh
Thng thng, b nh chnh gm 2 phn:
ROM
RAM

7
B nh m nhanh (Cache memory)
L thnh phn nh tc nhanh nhng c

t m gia CPU v b nh chnh nhm tng
tc truy cp b nh ca CPU
Tc cache nhanh hn b nh chnh nhng
dung lng nh hn
Cache thng c chia ra thnh mt s mc:
cache L1, cache L2,
Hin nay cache c tch hp trn cc chip vi
x l
Cache c th c hoc khng
8
B nh ngoi
Chc nng v c im
Lu gi ti nguyn phn mm ca my tnh,
bao gm: H iu hnh, cc chng trnh v
d liu
B nh ngoi c kt ni vi h thng di
dng cc thit b vo ra
Dung lng ln
Tc chm

9
B nh ngoi (tip)
Cc loi b nh ngoi:
B nh t: a cng, a mm
B nh quang: a CD, DVD,
B nh bn dn: Flash disk, memory card

0
H thng my tnh

B x l trung tm CPU
B nh
H thng vo-ra
1.2. Phn mm my tnh
D liu v gii thut
Phn mm my tnh
1
H thng vo-ra
Chc nng: Trao i thng tin gia my tnh vi
th gii bn ngoi.
Cc thao tc c bn
Vo d liu (Input)
Ra d liu (Output)
Cc thnh phn chnh:
Cc thit b vo-ra (IO devices) hay cn gi l thit b
ngoi vi (Peripheral devices)
Cc m-un ghp ni vo-ra (IO Interface modules)

2
Cu trc c bn ca h thng vo-ra

3
Cc thit b vo ra
Chc nng: Chuyn i d liu gia bn

trong v bn ngoi my tnh
Cc thit b ngoi vi c bn:
Thit b vo: Bn phm, chut, my qut,
Thit b ra: Mn hnh, my in,
Thit b nh: Cc a,
Thit b truyn thng: Modem,

4
M-un ghp ni vo ra
Cc thit b vo ra khng kt ni trc tip vi
CPU m c kt ni thng qua cc m-un
ghp ni vo-ra.
Trong cc m un ghp ni vo-ra c cc cng
vo-ra (IO Port)
Cc cng ny cng c nh a ch bi CPU,
c ngha l mi cng cng c mt a ch xc
nh.
Mi thit b vo-ra kt ni vi CPU thng qua
cng tng ng vi a ch xc nh.

5
H thng my tnh

B x l trung tm CPU
B nh
H thng vo-ra
1.2. Phn mm my tnh
D liu v gii thut
Phn loi phn mm my tnh
6
CPU, b nh chnh v h thng vo-ra
cn phi kt ni vi nhau trao i thng
tin
Vic kt ni ny c thc hin bng mt
tp cc ng kt ni gi l bus
Thc t bus trong my tnh kh phc tp,
n c th hin bng cc ng dn
trn cc bn mch, cc khe cm trn bn
mch chnh, cc cp ni,

7
Lin kt h thng (tip)
rng ca bus: L s ng dy ca
bus c th truyn thng tin ng thi.
V chc nng, bus c chia lm 3 loi
chnh: Bus a ch, bus d liu v bus iu
khin

8
Cc thnh phn c bn ca
mt my tnh c nhn

9
S khi

S khi (tip)
Hp my tnh (Case):
Bn mch chnh (Mainboard):
B vi x l
B nh h thng: chip nh ROM v cc module nh RAM
Cc vi mch iu khin tng hp (chipset)
Cc khe cm m rng
Cc knh truyn tn hiu (bus)
Cc loi a: a cng, a mm, a quang, ...
Cc cng vo-ra
B ngun v qut
Cc thit b ngoi vi (Peripheral Devices):
Mn hnh (monitor), bn phm (keyboard), chut (mouse), loa
(speaker), my in (printer), my qut nh (scanner), modem, ...
04/09/2012 Copyright
191 by SOICT
Hp my tnh (Case)
192 by SOICT
Cc loi a
193 by SOICT
Cc cng vo-ra
194 by SOICT
B ngun v qut
195 by SOICT
Cc linh kin trn bn mch chnh
196 by SOICT
B vi x l
197 by SOICT
B nh h thng
198 by SOICT
Cc khe cm m rng
199 by SOICT
Cc thit b ngoi vi c bn
200
04/09/2012
Copyright by SOICT
Cc thit b ngoi vi (tip)
201 by SOICT
202 by SOICT
203 by SOICT
H thng my tnh

B x l trung tm CPU
B nh
H thng vo-ra
1.2. Phn mm my tnh
D liu v gii thut
Phn mm my tnh
4
Phn mm my tnh
My tnh hot ng theo mt qui trnh t

ng nh sn gi l chng trnh
(program) hay cn gi l Phn mm my
tnh (Software Computer).

5
H thng my tnh

B x l trung tm CPU
B nh
H thng vo-ra
1.2. Phn mm my tnh
D liu v gii thut
Phn mm my tnh
6
D liu v gii thut
Mi bi ton phi gii quyt thng

bao gm 2 phn:
Phn d liu
Lin quan n cc thng tin c th ca bi
ton
Phn x l:
Thao tc phi c my tnh tin hnh
nhm p ng yu cu ngi dng
Gii thut/Thut ton (Algorithm)

7
D liu
D liu:
u vo (Input): Cc d liu c cung
cp x l
u ra (Output): Kt qu x l

8
Gii thut
Thut ton gii mt bi ton l mt dy

hu hn cc thao tc v trnh t thc hin
cc thao tc sao cho sau khi thc hin
dy thao tc ny theo trnh t ch ra,
vi u vo (input) ta thu c kt qu
u ra (output) mong mun.

9
M t gii thut/thut ton
Cch 1: Din gii tun t cc bc
Cch 2: Lu /s khi
Cch 3: Cc ngn ng lp trnh nh Pascal,
C/C++ hay Java. Tuy nhin, khng nht thit
phi s dng ng k php ca cc ngn
ng m c th c b mt s rng buc.
Cch 4: Gi ng (pseudocode) gi l ngn
ng m phng chng trnh PDL
(Programming Description Language).

0
V d 1
Bi ton: a ra kt lun v tng quan

ca hai s a v b (>, < hay =).
u vo: Hai s a v b
u ra: Kt lun a>b hay a<b hay a=b.
tng:
So snh a v b ri a ra kt lun

1
V d 1- M t tun t cc bc
B1: Nhp s a v s b.
B2: Nu a> b, hin th a>b v kt thc
B3: Nu a=b, hin th a=b v kt thc
B4: (a<b) Hin th a<b v kt thc.

2
V d 1 - M t bng lu thut ton
Th hin thao tc bt
Nhp a,b u hoc kt thc

a>b Hin th a>b
Biu din thao S
tc so snh

a=b Hin th a=b
S
Hin th a<b
3
V d 2
Bi ton: a ra tng, tch, hiu, thng

ca hai s a v b.
u vo: Hai s a v b
u ra: Tng, tch, hiu v thng ca a v b.
tng:
Tnh tng, tch, hiu ca a v b
Nu b khc 0, a ra thng
Nu b bng 0, a ra thng bo khng thc
hin c php chia

4
V d 2- M t tun t cc bc
B1: Nhp s a v s b.
B2: s a + b; d a b; p a * b
Hin th
Tng l s
Hiu l d
Tch l p
B3: Nu b = 0, hin th Khng thc hin c
php chia v kt thc
B4: (b<>0) Hin th Thng l a/b v kt thc

5
Nhp a,b
Th hin thao tc bt
s a + b; d a b; u hoc kt thc
Biu din thao tc p a * b;
tnh ton n gin
hoc phc tp Hin th
Tng l s, Hiu l d,
Tch l p

Biu din thao Hin th khng
tc so snh
b=0 Thc hin c php chia
Hin th Thng l a/b

6
V d 3
Bi ton: Gii phng trnh bc I

u vo: Hai h s a, b
u ra: Nghim ca phng trnh ax + b = 0
tng:
Ln lt xt a = 0 ri xt b = 0 xt cc
trng hp ca phng trnh

7
V d 3 - M t tun t cc bc
B1: Nhp a v b.
B2: Nu a<>0 th hin th Phng trnh c
1 nghim duy nht x = -b/a.
B3: (a=0) Nu b <> 0 th hin th Phng
trnh v nghim v kt thc
B4: (a=0)(b=0) Hin th Phng trnh v
s nghim v kt thc

8
Nhp a,b

Hin th
a<>0
Nghim l : x = -b/a
Hin th
b<>0
Phng trnh v nghim
Hin th
Phng trnh v s nghim

9
V d 4
Bi ton: Tm gi tr ln nht ca mt dy
s nguyn c N s
u vo: S s nguyn dng N v N s
nguyn a1, a2,, aN
u ra: s nguyn ln nht ca dy ak, k
trong khong [1N]
tng:
Khi to gi tr Max = a1
Ln lt so snh Max vi ai vi i=2,3,, N;
nu ai > Max ta gn gi tr mi cho Max

0
B1: Nhp N v dy s a1, a2,,aN.

B2: Max a1; i=2.
B3: Nu i > N, Hin th Max l gi tr ln
nht ca dy v kt thc
B4: Nu ai > Max, Max ai
B5: Tng i ln 1 n v.
B6: Quay ln B3.
B7: Kt thc.

1
Nhp N v
dy s a1, a2,,aN
Max a1; i=2

Hin th
i>N
Max l s ln nht

ai > Max Max ai
ii+1
2
V d 5
Bi ton: Sp xp bng phng php tro

i (Exchange Sort)
u vo: Dy A gm N s nguyn a1, a2,, aN
u ra: Dy A dc sp li theo th t khng gim.
tng:
Vi mi cp s lin tip trong dy, nu s trc
khng ln hn s sau ta i ch chng cho nhau.
Vic c lp cho n khi khng c s i ch
no cho nhau

3
B1: Nhp s N v dy s a1,a2,,aN

B2: M N.
B3: Nu M < 2 th thut ton kt thc v hin th
dy .
B4: M M 1, i 0.
B5: Tng i ln 1 n v.
B6: Nu i > M th quay li B3.
B7: Nu ai > ai+1 th tro i hai s cho nhau
B8: Quay ln B5.

4
Nhp N v
dy s a1, a2,,aN
MN
Hin th
M<2
dy sp xp
S
M M 1, i 0
ii+1
S
ai ai+1
S
i>M ai > ai+1

5
Bi tp
Bi ton: Gii phng trnh bc II

u vo: Ba h s a, b, c
u ra: Nghim ca phng trnh
ax2 + bx + c = 0
tng:
Ln lt xt a = 0, b = 0 ri xt c=0 xt cc
trng hp ca phng trnh

6
Cc tiu ch gii thut cn tha mn
Tnh hu hn: gii thut phi dng sau mt

thi gian hu hn.
Khi kt thc, gii thut phi cung cp kt qu
ng n.
Tnh hiu qu:
Thi gian tnh ton nhanh
S dng t ti nguyn khng gian nh b nh, thit
b,
Mang tnh ph dng, d hiu, d ci t v m rng
cho cc lp bi ton khc.

7
Cc cu trc c bn trong lp trnh
Cu trc tun t
Cu trc r nhnh
Cu trc lp

8
Cu trc tun t
Cc bc c thc hin theo 1 trnh t tuyn

tnh, ht bc ny n bc khc
Bc 1
Bc 2
Bc n

9
Cu trc r nhnh
Vic thc hin bc no ph thuc vo iu

kin xc nh.
V d: Tm max ca 2 s a, b.
Nu a > b th max l a, ngc li max s l b.
Din gii:
B1: Nhp 2 s a, b.
B2: Nu a > b th Max = a v i n bc kt thc (B4).
B3: (a <= b) Max b.
B4: Kt thc.
a>b
Max a Max b

0
Cu trc lp
Mt tc ng/ nhim v
c th c thc hin
lp nhiu ln. iu kin
S ln lp c th bit
trc hoc khng bit
trc.Tuy nhin s ln
lp phi hu hn. Thc hin cng vic
trong vng lp
Thc hin cng vic

khi thot khi vng lp

1
Cu trc lp (tip)
V d: Tm s ln nht Nhp N v
dy s a1, a2,,aN
ca mt dy c n s
Ln lt phi so snh s
Max tm thi (lc u Max Max a1; i=2
c gn bng phn t
th nht, a1) vi ai, vi i t
2, 3,, n. Hin th
i>N
Max l s ln nht
Vic so snh ny c
thc hin lp nhiu ln S
gia Max v ai.

Khi kt thc qu trnh lp, ai > Max Max ai
ta s thu c Max l s
ln nht ca dy n s. S
ii+1

2
H thng my tnh

B x l trung tm CPU
B nh
H thng vo-ra
1.2. Phn mm my tnh
D liu v gii thut
Phn mm my tnh
3
Lp trnh:
my c th hiu v tin hnh x l c ta phi
bin cc bc thao tc thnh cc ch th (statement)
v biu din trong dng m my tnh hiu c.
Chng trnh:
Gii thut c biu din di dng mt tp cc ch
th ca mt ngn ng no .
Ngn ng lp trnh:
Ngn ng dng lp trnh: Dng trao i vi
my tnh, my tnh hiu v thc thi nhim v ch ra

4
Chng trnh v ngn ng lp trnh (tip)
Cu trc d liu:
Cch thc t chc lu tr d liu.
Niklaus E. Wirth ngi sng lp ra trng
phi lp trnh cu trc v NNLT Pascal:
Chng trnh = Cu trc d liu + Gii thut

5
Cc loi ngn ng lp trnh
Ngn ng my:
Mi loi my tnh u c ngn ng my ring.
Loi ngn ng duy nht vit chng trnh
m my tnh hiu trc tip v thc hin c.
Cc ch th (lnh) ca ngn ng ny vit bng
m nh phn hay m hec-xa. N gn cht vi
kin trc phn cng ca my v do vy n
khai thc c cc c im phn cng.
Khng thun li cho ngi lp trnh do tnh
kh nh ca m, tnh thiu cu trc,

6
Cc loi ngn ng lp trnh (tip)
Hp ng:
Hp ng cho php ngi lp trnh s dng
mt s t gi nh vit tt th hin cc cu
lnh thc hin.
V d: cng ni dung ca 2 thanh ghi AX
v BX ri ghi kt qu vo AX, ta c th dng
cu lnh hp ng sau: ADD AX, BX
Mt chng trnh hp ng phi c dch ra
ngn ng my nh chng trnh hp dch
trc khi my tnh c th thc hin.

7
Cc loi ngn ng lp trnh (tip)
Ngn ng bc cao:
t ph thuc vo kin trc phn cng my tnh, gn
vi ting Anh t nhin, c tnh c lp cao khc
phc nhng hn ch ca hp ng
Cc chng trnh vit bng ngn ng ny, trc khi
my c th thc thi cn phi chuyn i sang
ngn ng my. Qu trnh chuyn i gi l qu
trnh dch.
V d: FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL60, BASIC,
Pascal, Foxpro, Visual Foxpro, Visual Basic, C, Visual
C, C++, Java, C#, Python,

8
Hai phng thc dch
Thng dch (Interpreter):

B thng dch c tng lnh ca chng trnh ngun, phn tch
c php ca cu lnh v nu ng th thc hin.
Qu trnh bt u t lnh u tin ca chng trnh n lnh
cui cng nu khng c li.
B thng dch ny ging nh vai tr ca 1 thng dch vin
(translator).
Bin dch (Compiler):
Trnh bin dch dch ton b chng trnh ngun sang ngn ng
ch.
Vi chng trnh ch ny, my c th hiu c v bit
cch thc thi.
Qu trnh bin dch s to ra chng trnh ch ch khi cc lnh
trong chng trnh ngun khng c li.

9
Qui trnh gii quyt mt bi ton trn my tnh

0
H thng my tnh

B x l trung tm CPU
B nh
H thng vo-ra
1.2. Phn mm my tnh
D liu v gii thut
Phn mm my tnh
1
Quy trnh pht trin phn mm my tnh
B1: Xc nh bi ton:
Xc nh yu cu ngi dng
B2: Phn tch bi ton:
Tm hiu nhim v (chc nng) m phn mm cn
xy dng phi c v cc d liu cn thit.
Xy dng cc gii php kh thi.
Tm hiu h thng l g? V lm g? (What)
B3: Thit k h thng:
Thc hin thit k kin trc h thng, thit k cc m
un chng trnh, thit k giao tip, thit k an
ton,
Thit k m un chnh l xy dng gii thut cho m
un v cch din t gii thut.
H thng cn c lm nh th no? (How)
2
Quy trnh pht trin phn mm my tnh (tip)
B4: Xy dng chng trnh:

Vit m ngun (source code) cho cc m un theo
ngn ng lp trnh xc nh.
B5: Kim th chng trnh:
Nhm kim tra tnh ng n ca tng m un v c
h thng trc khi bn giao cho khch hng.
B7: Trin khai:
Ci t, trin khai cho khch hng (ngi dng) s
dng chng trnh
Vit ti liu hng dn s dng cho phn mm
B8: Bo tr:
Sa cc li trong qu trnh ngi s dng dng th
chng trnh trong thi gian u.

3
Phn loi phn mm my tnh
Phn loi theo quan im s dng chung:

Phn mm h thng:
Phn mm iu khin hot ng bn trong ca my tnh v
cung cp mi trng giao tip gia ngi dng v my tnh
nhm khai thc hiu qu phn cng phc v cho nhu cu s
dng.
Loi phn mm ny i hi tnh n nh, tnh an ton cao.
Chng hn cc h iu hnh my n hay h iu hnh
mng, cc tin ch h thng,
Phn mm ng dng:
Phn mm dng gii quyt cc vn phc v cho cc
hot ng khc nhau ca con ngi nh qun l, k ton,
son tho vn bn, tr chi.
Nhu cu v phn mm ng dng ngy cng tng v a
dng.

4
Phn loi phn mm my tnh (tip)
Phn loi theo c th ng dng v mi

trng:
Phn mm thi gian thc (Real-time SW)
Phn mm nghip v (Business SW)
Phn mm tnh ton KH&KT (Eng.&Scie. SW)
Phn mm nhng (Embedded SW)
Phn mm trn Web (Web-based SW)
Phn mm tr tu nhn to (AI SW)


5
Tho lun

6
1. H thng my tnh
2. Phn mm my tnh
2. Mng my tnh
3. Cc thnh phn c bn ca mt mng MT
4. Mng Internet
1. Cc khi nim c bn
3. H iu hnh Window

7
Mng my tnh
2.1. Lch s pht trin ca mng my

tnh
2.2. Phn loi mng my tnh
2.3. Cc thnh phn c bn ca mt
mng my tnh
2.4. Mng Internet
24
8
Lch s pht trin
Khi nim:
Mng my tnh hay mng (computer
network, network) l mt tp hp gm
nhiu my tnh hoc thit b x l thng tin
c kt ni vi nhau qua cc ng
truyn v c s trao i d liu vi nhau
24
9
Lch s pht trin ()
V d v mng:
Mng ti Trung tm My tnh, Khoa
CNTT, Trng HBK H Ni
Mng LAN ca qun Game
Mng Internet
25
0
Lch s pht trin ()
1960 mng my tnh bt u xut hin.

Lc u mng c dng l mt my tnh
ln ni vi nhiu trm cui (terminal).
1970 mng my tnh l cc my tnh c
lp c ni vi nhau.
Qui m v mc phc tp ca mng
ngy cng tng.
25
1
Mng my tnh

tnh
mng my tnh
2.4. Mng Internet
25
2
Phn loi mng my tnh
Cch 1.Theo mi quan h gia cc

my trong mng:
Mng bnh ng (peer-to-peer) cc my c

quan h ngang hng
Mng khch/ch (client/server). Mt s my l

server (my phc v/my ch) chuyn phc
v cc my khc gi l my khch (client) hay
my trm (workstation)
25
3
Phn loi mng my tnh()
Cch 2.Theo qui m a l (3 loi):
LAN (Local Area Network) mng cc b
trong phm vi nh, v d bn bn knh 500m,
s lng my tnh khng qu nhiu, mng
khng qu phc tp.
25
4
Cch 2. Theo qui m a l (3 loi):
WAN (Wide Area Network) mng din rng,
cc my tnh c th cc thnh ph khc
nhau. Bn knh c th 100-200 km. V d
mng ca Tng cc thu.
25
5
Cch 2. Theo qui m a l (3 loi):
GAN (Global Area Network) mng ton cu,
my tnh nhiu nc khc nhau. Thng
mng ton cu l kt hp ca nhiu mng
con.
V d: mng Internet.
25
6
Mng my tnh

tnh
mng my tnh
2.4. Mng Internet
25
7
Cc thnh phn c bn ca mt mng my tnh
Cc my tnh
V mng /card mng(Network Interface Card,
NIC )
ng truyn: khng dy hoc c dy
Cc thit b kt ni mng: HUB, SWICTH,
ROUTER,
25
8
Cc thnh phn c bn ca mt mng my tnh()
H iu hnh mng
Cc phn mm cho mng
Kin trc mng:
Kin trc mng my tnh (network
architecture): th hin cch kt ni my tnh
vi nhau (topology) v qui c truyn d
liu/giao thc (protocol) gia cc my tnh
nh th no.
25
9
Cch kt ni (Topo):
26
0
Cch kt ni (Topo):
26
1
Cch kt ni (Topo):
26
2
Mng my tnh

tnh
mng my tnh
2.4. Mng Internet
26
3
Mng Internet
Khi nim v Internet :

Internet l mt mng my tnh c
qui m ton cu (GAN), gm rt
nhiu mng con v my tnh ni vi
nhau bng nhiu loi phng tin
truyn.
26
4
Mng Internet()
Khi nim v Internet ():

Internet khng thuc s hu ca ai c. Ch c
cc u ban iu phi v k thut gip iu
hnh Internet.
Ban u l mng ARPANET ca B Quc
phng M (DoD)
26
5
Mng Internet()
Mt s dch v:
Truyn thng tin (FTP, File Transfer
Protocol)
Truy nhp my tnh t xa (telnet)
Web (WWW) tm kim v khai thc
thng tin trn mng
Th in t (E-mail)
Tn gu (Chat) trn mng
26
6
Mng Internet()
kt ni c Internet ta cn :
My tnh c Modem (Dial-up,
ADSL) hoc card mng.
C thu bao kt ni vi Internet:
qua mng, qua ng in thoi,
ng thu ring ca bu in.
26
7
Mng Internet()
kt ni c Internet ta cn ():
C ti khon Internet trn mng hay
mt nh cung cp dch v Internet
(Internet Service Provider, ISP), v d
nh VNN, FPT.
C phn mm Internet thng dng nh
Web browser xem trang web, v d
IE, FireFox , phn mm xem th hay
chat nh Outlook, Messenger.
26
8
Tho lun

9
1. H thng my tnh
2. Phn mm my tnh
2. Mng my tnh
3. Cc thnh phn c bn ca mt mng my tnh
4. Mng Internet
1. Cc khi nim c bn
3. H iu hnh Window

0
Gii thiu H iu Hnh
3.1. Cc khi nim c bn
3.2. H lnh ca h iu hnh
3.3. H iu hnh Windows
27
1
Cc khi nim c bn
Khi nim:
H iu hnh (Operating System) l h
thng chng trnh m bo qun l ti
nguyn ca h thng tnh ton v cung
cp cc dch v cho ngi s dng.
27
2
Cc khi nim c bn ()
H iu hnh l phn mm h thng, nn ph
thuc vo cu trc ca my tnh. Mi loi my tnh
c h iu hnh khc nhau.
V d:
My tnh ln IBM360 c h iu hnh l DOS,
TOS.
My tnh ln EC-1022 c h iu hnh l OC-EC.
My tnh c nhn PC-IBM c h iu hnh MS-
DOS.
Mng my tnh c cc h iu hnh mng
NETWARE, UNIX, WINDOWS-NT

27
3
Cc khi nim c bn ()
Tp l tp hp cc d liu c lin quan

vi nhau v c t chc theo 1 cu
trc, thng c lu tr bn ngoi my
tnh.
Ni dung ca tp c th l chng trnh,
d liu, vn bn,...
Tn tp tin thng c 2 phn:
phn tn (name)
phn m rng (extension)
Gia phn tn v phn m rng c mt du
chm (.) ngn cch. 27
4
Cc khi nim c bn ()
Phn tn:
K t ch t A n Z
Ch s t 0 n 9,
K t khc nh #, $, %, ~, ^, @, (, ), !, _, khong
trng.
Lu : Nn t tn mang tnh gi nh.
VD:
Tn file hp l: dulieu100101.txt, dulieu$100101.dat
Tn file khng hp l: dulieu100101.txt, ?abc.dat

5
Cc khi nim c bn ()
Phn m rng:
Thng l 3 k t hp l.
Chng trnh ng dng to ra tp tin t t.
VD:
COM, EXE : Cc file kh thi chy trc tip
TXT, DOC, ... : Cc file vn bn.
PAS, BAS, ... : Cc file chng trnh PASCAL, DELPHI,
BASIC, ...
WK1, XLS, ... : Cc file chng trnh bng tnh LOTUS,
EXCEL ...
BMP, GIF, JPG, ... : Cc file hnh nh.
MP3, DAT, WMA, : Cc file m thanh, video.

6
Qun l tp tin ca h iu hnh
Cu trc a t
a t gm nhiu a (Platter) gn ng trc

7
Qun l tp tin ca h iu hnh ()
A - Rnh t (track)
Rnh t c nh s t ngoi vo trong bt u t 0
B - Di Cung t (Sector track)
C - Cung t (Sector)
Kch thng: 512B
D - Lin cung (Cluster)
Cylinder: cc rnh c cng
bn knh nm trn cc mt
a khc nhau

8
T chc ghi thng tin trn a

Thng tin lu tr trn a di dng cc tp.
Mi tp chim 1 hoc nhiu sectors.
H iu hnh cho php chia a thnh cc
phn vng. Mi vng cha:
Thng tin qun l phn vng
Thng tin ca tp tin
Tp c lu tr cc vng, c t chc lu
tr ny c dng cy (Tree)

9
C:\
WINDOWS TP TC
WORD EXCEL BIN TPU GRAPH BIN TPU GRAPH
B1.C B1.C
Th mc l ni lu gi cc tp tin theo mt ch
no theo ngi s dng
Trong Windows
Trn mi a c mt th mc chung gi l th mc gc
Th mc hay cn gi l Folder
Th mc gc khng c tn ring v c k hiu l \
0
Cch xc nh tn y ca tp
Tn tp y gm ni lu tr tp : ng
dn t gc n tp (Path) + tn tp
K hiu \ : ngn cch tn cc th mc
V d :
C:\TC\BIN\B1.C

1
Gii thiu H iu Hnh
28
2
H lnh ca h iu hnh
Thao tc vi tp:
Sao chp, di chuyn, xo, i tn , xem ni
dung tp
Thao tc vi th mc:
to, xo, sao chp
Thao tc vi a:
to khun ( Format), sao chp a

3
Gii thiu H iu Hnh
28
4
H iu hnh Windows
S ra i v pht trin
Windows l mt b chng trnh do hng
Microsoft sn xut.
T version 1.0 ra i vo nm 1985 n nay

5
H iu hnh Windows ()
Khi ng Windows XP
Windows XP c t ng khi ng sau khi
bt my.
Thng bo nhp Ti khon
Tn (User name) v mt khu (Password) ca
ngi dng. Thao tc ny gi l ng nhp
(logging on).
user profile: thit lp cho mi ngi dng
b tr mn hnh, cc chng trnh t ng chy khi
khi ng my, ti nguyn/ chng trnh c ph
p s dng, v.v...)
Thot khi Windows XP 28
6
H iu hnh Windows ()
Mt s thut ng v thao tc thng s

dng
Biu tng (icon)
Ca s (windows)

7
H iu hnh Windows ()
Hp hi thoi (Dialogue box)

8
H iu hnh Windows ()
Cu hnh Windows (Control Panel)

Khi ng chng trnh Control Panel:
Chn lnh Start / Settings / Control Panel

9
H iu hnh Windows ()
Trong Control Panel

Ci t v loi b Font ch
Thay i dng hin mn hnh desktop
Ci t v loi b chng trnh
Cu hnh ngy, gi cho h thng
Thay i thuc tnh ca bn phm v chut
Thay i thuc tnh vng (Regional Settings)
Ci t / loi b my in

0
H iu hnh Windows ()
Windows Explorer: l mt chng trnh

c h tr t phin bn Windows 95
cho php ngi s dng thao tc vi
cc ti nguyn c trong my tnh nh tp
tin, th mc, a v nhng ti nguyn
khc c trong my ca bn cng nh cc
my tnh trong h thng mng

1
Windows Explorer

2
Tho lun

3
Ni dung mn hc
Phn 1: Tin hc cn bn
H thng my tnh
Mng my tnh
H iu hnh
H thng tin bng tnh
4
Cc h thng ng dng
1. Cc h thng qun l thng tin

Khi nim
Phn loi
2. H thng tin bng tnh
3. H qun tr c s d liu
Khi nim c s d liu
H qun tr c s d liu
29
5
Khi nim:
H thng Qun l thng tin (HTTTQL) l:
L mt lnh vc khoa hc qun l nhm nghin cu
vic pht trin, ng dng, duy tr cc H thng thng
tin vi tnh trong cc lnh vc kinh doanh v qun l
khc. L s kt hp gia nghin cu cng ngh v
nghin cu qun l.
L mt loi h thng thng tin trong phn loi tng
th:
Do cc nh qun l bc trung s dng
Nhm h tr vic gim st, lp k hoch trong
ton doanh nghip
29
6
Phn loi:
Phn loi theo cp bc qun l
Phn loi theo chc nng nghip v
Phn loi theo quy m tch hp
29
7
4 cp bc t thp n cao:
Cp tc nghip
Cp chuyn gia v vn phng
Cp chin thut
Cp chin lc
29
8
Mi cp l cc loi HTTTQL ring bit
29
9
H thng x l giao dch (TPS):

Khi nim: l mt h thng thng tin gip thi
hnh v lu li cc giao dch thng ngy
cn thit cho hot ng sn xut kinh doanh.
V d: nhp n t hng, t phng khch
sn, bng lng, lu h s nhn vin v vn
chuyn vt t. Trong :
o Thu thp: cc giao dch, s kin
o X l: cp nht, sp xp, tng hp
o Phn phi: cc bo co chi tit, danh sch, tm tt
o Ngi dng: nhn vin tc nghip, qun c, trng
nhm
30
0
H thng thng tin vn phng (OAS):

Khi nim: l h thng h tr cc nhn vin
vn phng trong cc chc nng phi hp v
lin lc trong vn phng.
Trong :
o Thu thp: vn bn, ti liu, lch trnh
o X l: qun l vn bn, lp lch trnh, thng tin lin
lc
o Phn phi: vn bn, lch biu, th in t
o Ngi dng: nhn vin vn th, tt c nhn vin
30
1
H thng chuyn mn (KWS)

Khi nim: l h thng h tr lao ng c
trnh cao trong cng vic chuyn mn
hng ngy cu h.
Trong :
o Thu thp: cc tng thit k, thng s k thut
o X l: xy dng m hnh chuyn mn
o Phn phi: bn thit k, ho, k hoch
o Ngi dng: chuyn gia, k thut vin
30
2
H thng tr gip ra quyt nh (DSS):

Khi nim: h tr cc nh qun l ra cc
quyt nh c th, nhanh thay i v khng
c quy trnh nh trc.
Trong :
o Thu thp: d liu khi lng nh
o X l: tng tc
o Phn phi: cc bo co phn tch, tr gip quyt
nh
o Ngi dng: Nh qun l bc trung, chuyn gia
30
3
H thng thng tin qun l (MIS):

Khi nim: l h thng phc v cc chc
nng lp k hoch, gim st v ra quyt nh
cp qun l.
Trong :
o Thu thp: d liu khi lng ln, t H thng x l
giao dch
o X l: cc quy trnh n gin
o Phn phi: cc bo co tng hp, tm tt
o Ngi dng: nh qun l bc trung
30
4
H thng tr gip lnh o (ESS):

Khi nim: l mi trng khai thc thng tin
tng th t trong v ngoi doanh nghip phc
v vic ra cc quyt nh i s nh gi, suy
xt v khng c quy trnh thng nht.
Trong :
o Thu thp: d liu tng hp
o X l: tng tc
o Phn phi: cc d bo, phn tch, bo co tng
hp
o Ngi dng: lnh o cao cp
30
5
Phn loi
30
6
30
7
H thng qun l marketing:

L h thng tr gip cc hot ng cu chc
nng marketing.
30
8
H thng qun l sn xut:

nng sn xut.
30
9
H thng qun l ti chnh k ton

nng ti chnh, k ton.
31
0
H thng qun l nhn s:

nng t chc, nhn s.
31
1
Phn loi
31
2
L nhng h thng lin kt xuyn sut

nhiu b phn chc nng, cp bc t
chc v n v kinh doanh.
31
3
H thng qun l ngun lc (ERP):

L h thng tch hp v phi hp hu ht cc
quy trnh tc nghip ch yu cu doanh
nghip.
31
4
H thng qun l chui cung ng (SCM)

L h thng tch hp gip qun l v lin kt
cc b phn sn xut, khch hng v nh
cung cp.
31
5
H thng qun l quan h khch hng (CRM)
L h thng tch hp gip qun l v lin kt
ton din cc quan h vi khch hng qua
nhiu knh v b phn chc nng khc nhau.
31
6
H thng qun l tri thc (KM):

L h thng tch hp gip thu thp, h thng
ho, ph bin, pht trin tri thc trong v
ngoi doanh nghip.
31
7
Ni dung

Khi nim
Phn loi
Khi nim c s d liu
H qun tr c s d liu
31
8
H thng tin bng tnh
My tnh: H tr vic tnh ton, nht l k

ton v phn tch thng k.
Phn mm thng dng: Phm mm bng
tnh (PMBT) spreadsheet software
PMBT: gip tnh ton cc s liu, t
cho php xy dng v lm vic vi nhng
tnh hung m phng th gii thc.
31
9
H thng tin bng tnh
Bng tnh - phn mm ca d ton

To thay i ln trong hot ng kinh doanh
Gip thao tc vi con s, phng thc kh
lm bng tay
Rt ngn khong cch thi gian thc hin
Gip khm ph mi lin h gia cc con s
=> c s d on tng lai
32
0
H thng tin bng tnh
Bng tnh: nhng li linh ng

Dng li gm: Cc hng nh s t 1 v
Cc ct nh s t ch A.
l giao ca 1 hng v 1 ct. V d A1 l
giao ca hng 1 v ct A.
Mi c th cha d liu dng s, chui k t
hoc cng thc hin th lin h gia cc con
s.
Gi tr s l vt liu th tnh ton
32
1
H thng tin bng tnh
32
2
H thng tin bng tnh
V d v thao tc tnh ton:

Tnh im trung bnh mn hc: Ton v L
Ti B2 in im Ton (gi s 9)
Ti B3 in im L (gi s 8)
Kt qu trung bnh nu mun hin th ti B5:
ti B5 in cng thc =(B2+B3)/2.
Ch : S khng thy cng thc B5 m ch thy
kt qu cui cng. Gi tr ti B2 v B3 thay i th lp tc
gi tr B5 cng s c tnh ton li.
32
3
H thng tin bng tnh
Cc chc nng c bn ca PMBT:

T ng lp cc gi tr, tiu v cng
thc: Gip n gin ha vic nhp cc d
liu lp.
T ng tnh li: Khi c mt s thay i ti 1
th ton b bng tnh s c tnh ton li.
Cc hm th vin: thc hin cc cng vic
tnh ton nh sn. Gip tit kim thi gian
v gim nguy c pht sinh li.
32
4
H thng tin bng tnh
Cc chc nng c bn ca PMBT:

Macro: Gip thu li cc thao tc lp i lp li
v nh ngha n l 1 macro. Khi cn thc
hin cc thao tc th ch vic gi macro
tng ng.
Bng tnh mu: Ch bao gm cc tiu v
cng thc nhng khng cha d liu. Gip
tit kim thi gian v cng sc.
Lin kt: Cho php to lin kt ng gia
cc bng tnh.
C s d liu: Cho php thao tc: lu tr v
truy cp thng tin, tm kim, bo co, 32
5
H thng tin bng tnh
32
6
H thng tin bng tnh
Nhng c im ni bt khc:
Cng c gii phng trnh, nhng bi ton ti
u.
Lotus h tr Multimedia, Excel s dng tr tu
nhn to
V th: t cc con s chuyn thnh th
biu t thng tin: th trn, th
ng, th ct
32
7
H thng tin bng tnh
Kinh nghim s dng:

Hy hnh dung bng tnh trc khi bn a ra
cc gi tr v cng thc vo
Kim tra nhiu ln mi cng thc v gi tr
Lm bng tnh tr nn d c.
Kim tra kt qu bng nhng cch khc
Xy dng cc hm kim tra cho
i gi tr u vo v quan st kt qu
Hy tn dng nhng hm c sn
PMBT h tr quyt nh ch khng thay quyt
nh. 32
8
Ni dung

Khi nim
Phn loi
Khi nim c s d liu
H qun tr c s d liu
32
9
H qun tr c s d liu
Khi nim c s d liu

L mt h thng cc thng tin c cu trc
Lu tr trn cc thit b lu tr thng tin.
V d:
o Trang nin gim in thoi
o Danh sch sinh vin.
o H thng ti khon ngn hng.
33
0
H qun tr c s d liu
u im khi s dng CSDL:

vic lu tr mt lng thng tin khng l tr
nn d dng.
Gip nhanh chng v mm do trong vic tra
cu thng tin.
Gip d dng sp xp v t chc thng tin
Gip in v phn phi thng tin theo nhiu
cch.
33
1
H qun tr c s d liu
Bn trong c s d liu:
Mt CSDL c hnh thnh t cc file cha
mt tp thng tin c lin quan.
Mt file CSDL bao gm:
Nhiu bn ghi (record): 1 bn ghi l thng tin lin
quan n 1 ngi, 1 sn phm hoc 1 s kin no
.
Nhiu trng (field): Mi 1 on thng tin ring r
trong 1 record l 1 trng.
V d: 1 record trong csdl th vin c cc field cho
tc gi, ta sch, nh XB, a ch,
Mi trng c xc nh bng kiu c th: c
cc kiu ngy, ch, s,.. 33
2
H qun tr c s d liu
33
3
H tr tm kim thng tin
Truy vn c s d liu (query):

L mt yu cu v thng tin.
1 query c th l mt yu cu tm kim n
gin (vd tm1 sinh vin c m s ABC) hoc tha
mn 1 tp iu kin no (vd tm cc sinh c
im trung bnh di 5 v cn n trn 2 mn hc)
V d: xc nh tt c record ca nhng ngi
nam gii trong tui t 18 n 35:
Select * from Population Where Sex = M and Age >
18 and Age < 35
Sp xp d liu
Bo co 33
4
H qun tr c s d liu
Khi nim c s d liu

H qun tr c s d liu
33
5
H qun tr c s d liu
H qun tr c s d liu l phn mm

cung cp mt mi trng thun li v
hiu qu to lp, lu tr v tm kim
thng tin ca c s d liu.
H qun tr c s d liu cng vi c s
d liu c gi chung l h c s d
liu.
33
6
H qun tr c s d liu
Cc chc nng c bn ca h qun tr CSDL :

Cung cp cch to lp c s d liu.
o Ngi dng s dng ngn ng nh ngha d liu
khai bo kiu v cu trc ca d liu, khai bo cc
rng buc trn d liu c lu tr trong CSDL.
Cung cp cch cp nht d liu, tm kim v kt xut
thng tin.
o Ngi dng s dng ngn ng thao tc d liu din
t yu cu cp nht (nhp, sa, xa d liu) hay tm
kim, kt xut thng tin (xut d liu cha trong CSDL
theo nhng iu kin tm kim c th).
33
7
H qun tr c s d liu
Cc chc nng c bn ca h qun tr CSDL :
Cung cp cng c kim sot, iu khin vic truy
cp vo CSDL :
H qun tr CSDL m bo :
Pht hin v ngn chn truy cp tri php

Duy tr tnh nht qun ca d liu.
T chc, iu khin cc truy cp cng lc.
Khi phc CDSL khi gp s c.
Qun l cc m t d liu.
33
8
H qun tr c s d liu
V d: bi ton qun l sinh vin. Cc file

dng cha thng tin lin quan n sinh
vin:
Thng tin sinh vin
Thng tin ti chnh
Danh sch lp
33
9
H qun tr c s d liu
Thng tin sinh vin Thng tin ti chnh Danh sch lp
M s sinh vin M s sinh vin M mn hc
Tn Tn Phng hc
a ch a ch GV hng dn
Chuyn ngnh Chuyn ngnh Tng s sinh vin
Hc k 1 Hc ph Sinh vin 1
Trung bnh Ph k tc x MSSV
S tn ch t Hc bng H tn
Ngnh
Hc k 2
Trung bnh Sinh vin 2
S tn ch t MSSV
H tn
Ngnh
34
0
H qun tr c s d liu
Tnh quan h trong CSDL

S rng buc gia cc file d liu.
Tnh nhiu mt
Cch thc lm vic khc nhau vi cng 1 c s d
liu cho tng ngi dng khc nhau.
Xu th Client/Server
Cho php tn dng c li im giao din n gin
ca cc my PC v sc mnh tnh ton ca cc my
tnh c ln vi cc CSDL khng l.
CSDL ca ngy mai:
C s d liu hng i tng
34
1
Tho lun
34
2

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TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

VIN CNG NGH THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG

Chng 1: Thng tin v biu din thng tin

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 4

Thng tin (information) l g ?

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 6

D liu trong thc t c th l:

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 7

Tri thc (Knowledge) l g?

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 8

H thng thng tin (information system) l

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 9

NHP D LIU X L XUT D LIU

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 10

X l thng tin bng my tnh in t

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 11

1.1. Thng tin v x l thng tin

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 12

Khi nim v nh ngha my tnh

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 13

My tnh (computer) l thit b in t thc

My tnh in t thc s bt u hnh

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 15

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 18

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 19

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 20

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 21

Th h 2 (1958 - 1964): Transistors

Th h 3 (1965 - 1974): Integrated Circuits

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 25

Th h 4 (1974 1990): LSI (Large Scale

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 29

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 30

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 31

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 32

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 34

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 35

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 36

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 37

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 40

Th h 5 (1990 - nay): VLSI (Very Large Scale

Phn loi truyn thng:

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 43

Phn loi hin i:

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 44

L loi my tnh ph bin nht

Thc cht l my phc v

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 46

c t trong thit b khc iu

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 47

1.1. Thng tin v x l thng tin

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 48

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 49

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 51

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 52

Cc ng dng ngy nay ca IT:

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 53

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 54

04/09/2012 Copyright by SOICT 55

Chng 1: Thng tin v biu din thng tin

2.1. Biu din s trong cc h m

V mt ton hc, ta c th biu

H nh phn (Binary System)