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2 GSM PDF
2 GSM PDF
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CHNG 4
H THNG GSM
4.1 Gii thiu chung
Nm 1982, c quan qun l chnh v vin thng ca chu u (CEPT)
thnh lp nhm c trch di ng (Groupe Special Mobile - GSM) vi nhim v
tm ra h thng v tuyn t bo ton chu u hot ng trong di 900 MHz. H
thng ny c hnh thnh khc phc nhng hn ch thy r v dung lng
ca cc h thng tng t trin khai ti mt s nc chu u (v d NMT
cc nc Bc u). Tiu chuNn t bo ton chu u phi h tr lu ng
(roaming) quc t v to pht trin cho ngnh cng nghip vin thng chu
u. Sau nhng tho lun ban u, ba nhm lm vic (WP) c thnh lp s
l cc cng vic c th ca vic xc nh h thng, sau nhm th 4 c thnh
lp tip. Nm 1986 b phn thng trc c lp ti Pari phi hp hot ng
ca cc nhm lm vic v qun l vic to cc khuyn ngh h thng. Cc WP
c yu cu xc nh cc giao din h thng sao cho my di ng, d dng
cm tay hay lp trn xe, u c th lu ng qua cc nc c trin khai h thng
mi v u c th truy cp tt c cc dch v. So vi h thng tng t hin c,
h thng mi phi c dung lng cao hn, chi ph vn hnh bng hoc thp hn
v cht lng ting ni phi bng hoc tt hn. Di tn chung ton chu u cho
h thng mi l 890-915 MHz v 935-960 MHz.
Cc nghin cu trong cc nc chu u khc nhau kt lun rng h
thng s l ph hp hn h thng tng t, song vic la chn phng php a
truy nhp vn cha c quyt nh. V th, ngi ta quyt nh th nghim mt
s d n h thng khc nhau trn thc a (ti Paris, cui nm 1986). C 8 d n
vi mt s c im c bn nh Bng 4.1.
Trong nm 1987 cc kt qu th nghim c nh gi tho lun v cui
cng t c tha thun v cc c trng ch yu ca h thng mi. n
thng 6/1987 quyt nh chn TDMA di hp, vi 8 knh trn sng mang (c
th m rng n 16 knh/sng mang). M ha ting ni c chn l loi RPE-
LPC (d on tuyn tnh kch thch xung u) vi tc bt l 13 kb/s. M knh
c chn l m xon, kiu iu ch c chn l GMSK nh hiu qu ph cao
ca n.
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Cc c t h thng GSM xut hin vo gia nm 1988. Tuy nhin, do
khng th xc nh mi c im ca h thng cho kp khai trng vo nm
1991 nn c t c chia thnh 2 pha. Cc c t ca Pha 1 (cc dch v chung
nht) hon thnh vo nm 1990. Pha 2 s xc nh cc dch v cn li (fax v.v..)
ng thi sa li v ci thin cht lng ca h thng Pha 1. Theo yu cu ca
Anh, mt phin bn ca GSM hot ng trong di 1800 MHz cng c a vo
trong qu trnh xy dng c t. Phin bn ny c gi l h thng t bo s ti
1800 MHz (DCS1800). Pha 2 hon thnh nm 1993 v tip sau l Pha 2+, gm 1
s c im mi nh m ha ting ni bn tc, tng tc di chuyn ca my di
ng (vn m bo lin lc tin cy).Ton b c t GSM dy hn 5000 trang.
Trong chng ny ta tp trung ch yu vo giao din v tuyn ca GSM,
v n c nh hng trc tip n dung lng h thng t bo.
Bng 4.1. Mt s c im chnh ca cc h thng GSM mu
Kiu a truy Tc bt Gin cch Kiu iu S knh
nhp truyn sng mang ch trn sng
(kb/s) (kHz) mang
CD-900 CDMA/TDMA 7980 4500 4-PSK 63
MATS-D CDMA/TDMA 2496 1250 QAM 32
FDMA 19.5 25 GTFM 1
ELAB TDMA 512 600 ADPCM 12
DMS900 TDMA 340 300 GMSK 10
MOBIRA TDMA 252 250 GMSK 9
SFH-900 TDMA 200 150 GMSK 3
S900-D TDMA 128 250 4-FSK 10
MAX II TDMA 104.7 50 8-PSK 4
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b di ng (ME). SIM l th thng minh tho lp c, cha cc thng tin lin
quan n thu bao c th, cn ME chnh l bn thn in thoi di ng (khng c
SIM).
ME c th chia thnh 3 khi chc nng. Th nht l thit b u cui
(TE), thc hin chc nng ring cho dch v c th v d my fax. TE khng s l
mt chc nng no lin quan n h thng GSM. Khi chc nng th 2 l u
cui di ng (MT), thc hin mi nhim v lin quan n truyn thng tin trn
giao din v tuyn GSM. Cui cng khi chc nng th 3 l b phi hp u
cui (TA) dng bo m s tng thch gia MT v TA. V d cn TA to
giao din gia MT tng thch - ISDN v TA c giao din modem.
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cha cha kha nhn dng mt thu bao, Ki, thut ton nhn dng A3 v thut
ton to cha kha mt m A8. Tt c cc khon ny (bt buc phi c) u c
lu trong SIM v c bo v rt cht ch. Ngoi ra SIM cn c th cha 1 s
chc nng ty chn khc nh quay s tt, danh b v.v..Cng nh c SIM m thu
bao c th d dng thay i cc ME khc nhau, v nh khi phi sa cha ME.
Mt trong nhng ng lc chnh pha sau s pht trin ca h thng GSM
l cho php thu bao lu ng t do khp chu u m vn gi nguyn kh nng
gi v nhn cuc gi bng cng mt MS. iu ny ch c th khi tn ti cc
mng tng thch nhau ti mi nc. SIM a ra khi nim lu ng SIM
tc l thu bao c th lu ng gia cc mng khc nhau khng tng thch vi
nhau bng cch thu ME thch hp v cm SIM vo. iu ny tr nn c bit
hp dn khi nc M gii thiu h thng PCS1900 (thng gi l GSM1900).
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Ta bt u bng xem xt s iu ch v cc tn s sng mang s dng
trong GSM. Sau s tho lun vic to cm TDMA (hoc gi) v cch gii iu
ch cm khi c ISI gy bi knh v tuyn v bi qu trnh iu ch, tip theo s
nghin cu cc knh khc nhau trong GSM v cch phn phi ti nguyn v
tuyn cho mi knh. Tip na l vn m ha, xen k v mt m ha trn giao
din v tuyn. Cc qu trnh ny l khc nhau i vi thng tin ting ni, thng
tin d liu v thng tin bo hiu. Cui cng, ta s a 2 na ca vic m t giao
din v tuyn li vi nhau bng cch m t phng php nh x cc d liu
m ha, xen k v mt ha ln cc cm TDMA.
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c xc nh bi:
i = 1 2di , di = 0,1
Nh vy i c th nhn cc tr 1 ty thuc vo tr ca di nh sau:
di = 0 i = +1,
di = 1 i = 1.
D liu iu ch i sau i qua b lc tuyn tnh vi phn ng xung c dng
Gao x, h(t ) , xc nh bi:
1 t2
h(t ) = exp - 2 2
2 T 2 T
y:
= ln(2) / 2 BT ,
T l chu k bt cn B l di thng 3 dB ca b lc. Tch BT l di thng tng i
ca b lc Gao x bng gc v trong GSM c tr bng 0.3. iu ny c ngha
rng mi bt c tri (hoc c tc ng n) trn 3 symbol iu ch. Ni cch
khc l chp nhn ISI (s c kh my thu bng b san bng). Phn ng xung
h(t ) v phn ng tn s H ( f ) ca b lc ny nh trn hnh 4.3a v 4.3b.
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y:
1/ T , t < T / 2,
rect (t / T ) =
0, t T / 2 & t T / 2
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Tn hiu li ra b lc l tng ca cc phn ng xung i vi mi bt d
liu vo, v d nh hnh 4.5 vi dy d liu 0010. Tn hiu ny c s dng
iu ch tn s sng mang. Pha ca tn hiu iu ch (t ) c th xc nh bng
ly tch phn tn hiu li ra b lc tc l:
t iT
(t ) = i m g (u )du ,
i
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V d ca ph sng mang GSM nh hnh 4.6. Ta thy rng cng sut ch
gim i khong 35 dB ti lch 200 kHz (l tm ca sng mang ln cn) so vi
tn s trung tm. iu ny dn n lng can nhiu knh ln cn ng k gia
cc sng mang GSM. Tiu chuNn GSM xc nh rng my thu ch lm vic tha
mn khi knh mong mun nh hn knh ln cn khng qu 9 dB. Kt hp vi
nh hng ca pha inh che khut v iu khin cng sut, iu ny ngn cn
vic s dng knh ln cn trong cng t bo.
Tiu chuNn cng xc nh mt s mt n ph pht bo m rng cc
my pht khng to nn cc mc khng chp nhn c ca nhiu knh ln cn.
V d ca mt mt n nh hnh 4.7. Tn hiu pht phi gi thp hn mt n
(ng m) ti mi im lch tn s so vi sng mang. V d, ti im lch 400
kHz cng sut pht phi nh hn cng sut ti tn s trung tm mt lng 60 dB.
Hnh 4.7 Mt n ph iu ch
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thnh tng cp truyn d liu ng thi trn c 2 hng (song cng). Trong
pha 1, bng tn ng ln ca GSM l 890-915 MHz cn bng tn ng xung
l 935-960 MHz. Trong pha 2, bng tn GSM900 c m rng thm cung
cp nhiu dung lng hn trong vng thnh th. V l do ny bng tn nu trn
c gi l bng GSM c s (P-GSM900: primary GSM900). Bng tn m rng
(E-GSM900) ko di thm t 880-890 MHz cho ng ln v 925-935 MHz cho
ng xung. i vi h thng DCS1800, pha 2 qui nh bng tn 1710-1785
MHz cho ng ln v 1805-1880 MHz cho ng xung.
C khong bo v 200 kHz cn di ca mi bng. Mi cp tn s sng
mang cao tn c gn mt con s knh tn s v tuyn tuyt i (ARFCN).
Theo qui c Fl (n) c dng m t tn s sng mang ng ln thp hn
vi ARFCN l n , cn Fu (n) c dng cho tn s ng xung cao hn. Mi
quan h gia tn s v ARFCN cho trong bng 4.3.
Bng 4.3 S knh tn s v tuyn tuyt i
Ngoi s phn cch tn s gia cc sng mang song cng bng 45 MHz
vi GSM900 v 95 MHz vi DCS1800, cc cm ng ln v ng xung cn
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phn cch nhau 3 khe thi gian. Nh MS khng phi thu v pht ng thi.
ni tr truyn lan gia BS v MS rt nh, MS s thu cm ng xung t BS,
iu chnh li v tn s ng ln v pht cm ng ln sau 3 khe thi gian. S
nh thi BS cho trn hnh 4.8.
T hnh v ta thy rng mi sng mang song cng h tr mt s khe thi
gian di 15/26 ms ( 577 s ). Tm khe thi gian nh s t 0-7 to thnh mt
khung TDMA di 60/13 ms ( 4.615 ms). di khe thi gian v di khung
nhn c t iu kin l 26 khung TDMA c pht i trong 120 ms. L do
chn cc con s c th ny s r khi xem xt cu trc khung phc tp ca GSM.
Ti im ny ch cn bit rng di khung TDMA bng 120/26 = 60/13 ms,
cn di khe thi gian bng 120/26x8 = 15/26 ms l .
4.3.3 Cc cp cng sut GSM
Trong c t GSM xc nh 5 cp MS i vi GSM900 v 2 cp i vi
DCS1800 da trn cng sut ra ca chng. Cc cp ny cho trn bng 4.4. My
cm tay in hnh i vi GSM900 thuc cp 4, cn i vi DCS1800 l cp 1.
My trn xe GSM900 thuc cp 2. Mi MS u c kh nng gim cng sut ra
theo tng bc 2 dB t tr cc i xung n cc tiu 5 dBm (3.2 mW) i vi
GSM900 v 0 dBm (1 mW) i vi DCS1800 theo lnh t BS. Kh nng ny
c dng thc hin iu khin cng sut ng ln (cng sut MS) m
bo va cho cht lng tha mn. Nh c th tit kim pin ca MS v
gim can nhiu ng ln ton h thng.
Bng 4.4 Cc cp cng sut MS
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4.3.4 Cc cm GSM
Nh bit, mi sng mang GSM h tr 8 khe thi gian v d liu c
pht i dng cm c thit k va kht cc khe ny. c t GSM xc nh 5
loi cm khc nhau, 4 trong c biu din hnh 4.9.
Cm thng (NB) l cm c s dng ph bin nht trong GSM. N
gm chui hun luyn gia v 2 khi thng tin mi khi 58 bt hai bn. u
v cui cm l 3 bt ui. di tng cng ca cm l 148 bt cng vi khong
bo v di 8,25 bt. Chui hun luyn dng thm d knh v tuyn v to
nn c lng phn ng xung ca knh ti my thu. c lng ny c s
dng trong qu trnh gii iu ch san bng cc nh hng ca truyn sng a
tia. c lng knh s ch chnh xc ti thi im ly thm d, v th chui hun
luyn c t tm ca ca mi cm nhm gim thiu li trong cc bt thng
tin xa chui hun luyn nht. Do phn u tin ca cm phi lu li trc khi
c th gii iu ch. Chui hun luyn gm dy 16 bt m rng v 2 pha bng
cch copy 5 bt u tin cui ca dy v 5 bt sau cng u dy. 16 bt trung
tm c chn sao cho hm t tng quan sau gii iu ch GMSK c tr cc
i, v cc bt lp li mi u bo m rng c lng knh c c c th
rng ti 5 bt trc khi b hng bi cc bt thng tin. c t cng xc nh 8
chui hun luyn khc nhau c th dng trong cm thng, tt c u c tnh
cht tng quan cho thp sau gii iu ch GMSK. Mi chui hun luyn c
m t bng m chui hun luyn (TSC). Danh sch cc TSC cho bng 4.6. Cc
t bo cng knh s dng cc chui hun luyn khc nhau phng nga c
lng knh b hng bi tn hiu nhiu. Cc bt ui TB trong NB lun bng 0
nhm bo m rng b gii m Viterbi bt u v kt thc trng thi bit.
Bng 4.5 Cc cp cng sut BTS
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Cm sa tn (FB) c MS s dng pht hin sng mang c bit pht
i bi mi BS trong mng GSM. Sng mang ny c gi l sng mang knh
iu khin qung b (BCCH). N hot ng nh dng c bo hiu (beacon) v
cc MS s tm kim c ny pht hin s c mt ca mng GSM. FB cng
c cc MS s dng lm chuNn tn s cho cc c s thi gian (timebases) bn
trong ca chng. Tt c cc bt trong FB k c bt ui u bng 0 v sau gii
iu ch GMSK s nhn c sng sin ti tn s cao hn tn s cao tn trung tm
khong 68 kHz (1625/24). Cm ng b (SB) mang 78 bt d liu m ha chia
thnh 2 khi 39 bt nm 2 pha ca chui hun luyn 64 bt. Cm ny mang
thng tin chi tit v cu trc khung GSM v cho php MS ng b hon ton vi
BS. SB l cm u tin m MS phi gii iu ch, v th chui hun luyn c
ko di 64 bt.
Bng 4.6 Cc dy hun luyn GSM
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u tin m BS phi gii iu ch t MS c th. Cng nh vi cm ng b,
chui hun luyn c ko di d gii iu ch. S bt ui u cm c
tng ln bng 8. Cc bt ui ko di u cm l:
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cc tia sm hn. iu ny lm xu i c lng knh mc nht nh v
chui hun luyn s tng quan cho vi cc bt thng tin.
Thng thng ngi ta tnh ton tri tr tng ca knh ch l 2 bt, ng
vi di 7.38 s . Gi tr ny kh ph hp vi cc knh GSM thnh ph v
nng thn, c tri tr tng ng l 5 s v 0.5 s . Lc ny, tri tr ln
hn 2 bt c th gy ra li khi chc nng ca b kh xen k v gii m FEC l
loi b chng. Nu phn ng xung ca knh c lng he (t ) ln hn 7.38 s , b
san bng s ch s dng ng 7.38 s . Song 7.38 s ny nm ch no? Mt th
tc to ca s c thc hin, trong ca s di 2 bt di chuyn trn he (t ) , v
phn he (t ) c dng l phn c nng lng cc i trong he (t ) . Ti v tr ny,
c lng knh theo ca s hw (t ) c xc nh bi:
hw (t ) = he (t ).w(t )
vi w(t ) l hm ca s ch nht. Hi vng rng hw (t ) s cha cc thnh phn a tia
c gi tr nht. iu ny c th khng xy ra ti vng i ni v cc phn x khc
nhau c th dn ti nng lng ng k ti cc tr ln. Xt hnh 4.11, ta thy
rng tt c cc chui d liu c th c to ra ti ch trong my thu v cho qua
b iu ch bng gc ti ch. Qu trnh ny to ra mt s symbol GMSK y (t )
a i nhn chp vi phn ng xung knh c lng hw (t ) to nn mt s
mu dng sng x(t ) . Nu c lng knh l hon ho, th mu dng sng ng
vi dy d liu pht s phi hp chnh xc vi dng sng thu c r (t ) . Song
lun tn ti mt s khng hon ho trong qu trnh c lng knh, v d hm t
tng quan ca chui hun luyn khng phi l hm Dirac hon ho v mt s
vn lin quan vi to ca s c lng knh. nh hng ca vic thm d
knh khng hon ho c th gim bt bng cch a cc mo vo ng d liu
ging nh trong ng c lng knh. Ni cch khc ta a vo hm m
Rs (t ) chnh l hm t tng quan ca chui hun luyn.
tm hiu vai tr ca hm m, trc tin ta xt tn hiu d liu thu c
r (t ) xc nh bi:
r (t ) = b(t ) * hc (t )
trong b(t ) l chui d liu pht, cn hc (t ) l phn ng xung ca knh thc t.
Tn hiu thu c nhn chp vi w(t ) Rs (t ) to nn:
x(t ) = b(t ) * w(t ) Rs (t ) * hc (t )
Cc mu dng sng to ra ti ch c to ra bng nhn chp mi chui d liu
c th vi c lng knh ca s. Ngha l:
x(t ) = y (t ) * hw (t ) = y (t ) *( w(t )he (t )) = y (t ) * w(t ) Rs (t ) * w(t )hc (t ) = y (t ) * w(t ) Rs (t ) * hw (t )
trong y (t ) l li ra ca b iu ch bng gc ti ch. V y (t ) l 1 trong s cc
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dng sng c th ca b(t ) , nn 2 phng trnh trn ch khc nhau ch l x(t )
cha hc (t ) trong khi x(t ) buc phi c phin bn ca s hw (t ) , cn hc (t ) v hw (t )
nh nhau khi phn ng xung s dng trong qu trnh to y (t ) l hon ton cha
trong ca s. Nh vy, bng cch a hm m vo ng d liu thu, s phi
hp gia dng sng thu c v mu dng sng chnh xc c ci thin ng
k. Gi s rng b san bng phi s l tri tr tng cng 5 bt d liu, gm tri
tr 3 bt trong b iu ch GMSK v tri tr 2 bt trong knh. Nh vy trong bt
k chu k bt no ta u phi xt nh hng ca 5 bt. V 5 bt c th to nn 32
mu nh phn khc nhau nn ta phi to ra 32 mu dng sng khc nhau bx(t ) c
di mt bt v dng chng khi mi bt thng tin x(t ) i n. 32 gi tr ging
nh vy ca x(t ) s c dng cho mi bt trong x (t ) . Li bnh phng trung
bnh gia mi mu dng sng x(t ) v dng sng thu c x(t ) c tnh ton
cho mi chu k bt. Cc tr li bnh phng trung bnh ny c gi l cc s gia
metric. Mu dng sng phi hp tt nht vi dng sng thu c s to ra s gia
metric nh nht v mu ny c th s dng ti sinh bt d liu b(t ) . Tuy nhin
ta trnh ti sinh tng bt d liu. Thay vo s gia metric nh nht c tnh t
bt u tin trong cm cho n bt cui cng. n cui cm tt c cc bt s c
ti sinh li.
B san bng Viterbi c 2 1 trng thi vi bng 5 trong trng hp ang
xt. Nh vy ta c 16 trng thi. Mi trng thi lin quan vi mt s nh phn 4
bt khc nhau. Cc trng thi c xp thnh ct c 16 vng trn, mi vng trn
biu din 1 trng thi nh phn v d 1101. Mt gin li c lp c cng s
ct 16 trng thi ny. Mi trng thi v d 1101 s thay i ti khong bt tip
theo thnh 0101 hoc 1101 ty thuc vo bt mi l 0 hay 1 logic. C 2 s gia
metric nu trn cho mi trng thi, v th ti mi chu k bt c 32 s gia metric.
i vi bt d liu u tin ta chn metric nh hn ti mi trng thi lm metric
c ch. (Trong GSM c cc bt ui 0 u v th ta bit n bt u nh th no,
nh th qu trnh san bng tr nn d dng hn). Metric c ch c lin h vi
bt pht 0 logic hay 1 logic. Ta ghi li gi tr logic ca bt lin quan vi metric v
gi tr ca metric. Ti khong bt tip theo ta nhn c tp 32 metric khc. Hai
s gia metric ti trng thi bt k c cng vo s gia metric gi li trc , v
tng c gi l metric ng dn. Metric nh hn trong 2 metric c gi li,
gi tr ca n v gi tr logic ca bt lin quan c ghi li. Khi cc bt c s l,
mi ln 1 bt, s gia metric v metric ng dn ca mi trng thi c tnh
ton (ng thi vi tnh tr ca bt pht i c th lin quan vi metric ng dn
thp nht). cui mi cm s c 16 metric, mi metric cho 1 trng thi. Trng
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thi c metric ng dn thp nht s c chn, cn vt ca ng dn s c
dng nhn dng cc bt lin quan vi metric ng dn ny khi n thay gi tr
t u cm n khi n cn li l metric ng dn thp nht. Cc bt ny c ti
sinh cng lc nh cm d liu khi phc, mc d cn phi tin hnh kh hon v
bt v gii m FEC. M t n gin trn y lin quan vi iu ch pha s. Khi
xt GMSK (mt phng php iu tn) ta cn 4 trng thi pha 0, / 2, ,3 / 2
ngoi cc trng thi m t trn. Nh vy c 16 trng thi lin quan vi 0
radian, 16 trng thi lin quan vi / 2 radian v.v. Do c 64 trng thi tc
thi. Chi tit hn v b san bng Viterbi c th tham kho ti [].
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dng cm thng.
Bng 4.15 Ch tiu BER in hnh
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BCCH ca BS khc nh BSB. S lm ln ny c khc phc bng cch yu cu
MS thng k gii m SCH ca cc BTS ln cn v ly ra BSIC. Thng tin o
lng c gi n mng i km vi BSIC ca mi BTS, nh m bo rng
mng lin h mi kt qu o vi BTS ng. V th cn m bo rng 2 BTS c
th ng knh c gn cc BSIC khc nhau.
BSIC gm m mu mng 3 bt (NCC) v m mu trm gc 3 bt (BCC).
Thut ng mu c dng v vic gn cc m ny c th t c bng cch t
mu cc vng trn bn theo cc m ang s dng trong vng c th. Ch no
2 mng dng chung bng tn v c vng ph trm nhau, mi mng s c gn
NCC. iu ny m bo rng 2 mng khng th c cng BSIC. Ni chung, 2
PLMN trong cng 1 nc s dng cc bng tn khc nhau, v vic dng NCC ch
tr nn quan trng ti bin gii quc t l ni m 2 PLMN s dng cng bng tn
c th trm nhau. BCC c dng bi tng nh khai thc bo m rng cc
BTS cng knh c BSIC khc nhau. BCC v m dy hun luyn (TSC) s nh
nhau i vi mi BTS. C ngha l bng cch gii m BSIC ca BTS c th, MS
c th xc nh dy hun luyn c th (trong 8 dy c th) trong cc cm thng
pht i bi BTS (xem bng 4.6).
Knh iu khin qung b (BCCH) dng pht qung b thng tin iu khin
cho mi MS trong t bo. Thng tin ny gm cc chi tit v cu hnh knh iu
khin s dng ti BTS, danh sch cc tn s mang BCCH s dng ti cc BTS
lng ging v 1 s tham s c dng bi MS khi truy nhp BTS.
Knh qung b t bo (CBCH) c dng pht cc bn tin ch-s ngn cho
tt c cc MS trong t bo c th. Cc bn tin ny xut hin trn mn hnh MS v
thu bao c th chn thu cc bn tin khc bng cch chn cc trang khc nhau.
C BCCH v CBCH u s dng cm thng.
Cc knh iu khin lin kt. Khi MS ang gi, mt lng thng tin bo hiu
nht nh phi truyn trn giao din v tuyn duy tr cuc gi. Chng hn MS
lin tc bo co mc thu cc sng mang BCCH ca cc BTS lng ging. Loi
bo hiu ny c h tr bng cc knh logic iu khin chim cng knh vt l
nh d liu lu lng. Thng tin khng khNn cp nh s liu o lng, c
pht i bng knh iu khin lin kt chm (SACCH). Knh ny lun lun c mt
khi ng dnh ring gia MS v BTS l tch cc, v c 26 khe th n chim 1
khe. Cc thng bo SACCH c th c gi i c 480 ms 1 ln i.e xp x every
2s. Thng tin khNn hn nh lnh HO c gi i bng cc khe thi gian nh
cp t knh lu lng. Knh ny c gi l knh iu khin lin kt nhanh
(FACCH) v kh nng truyn thng tin ca n gia MS v BTS nhanh hn nhiu
SACCH. Khi bo hiu FACCH c dng thay th chnh xc mt khi ting
ni 20 ms v thng bo FACCH y c th gi i 1 ln trong 20 ms. C
SACCH v FACCH u dng cm thng v chng l knh 2 hng (ln-
xung).
Knh iu khin dnh ring c lp Trong 1 s trng hp thng tin bo hiu
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cn truyn i gia mng v MS khi khng c cuc gi, v d khi cp nht v tr.
iu ny c th thc hin bng cch phn TCH/FS hoc TCH/HS hoc dng
SACCH hoc FACCH mang thng tin. Song iu ny lm lng ph ti nguyn
v tuyn hu hn v cc yu cu truyn giao d liu ca qu trnh nh cp nht v
tr t hn nhiu cc yu cu truyn ting ni. V th, knh d liu tc thp hn
c xc nh v c dung lng c 1/8 TCH/FS. Knh ny c gi l knh
iu khin dnh ring c lp (SDCCH). Knh c gi l c lp v n c th
tn ti c lp vi TCH bt k v c gi l dnh ring v n ch c s
dng bi 1 MS c th, tc l n c dnh ring cho MS c th.
Cc knh iu khin chung Cc knh ny c th c s dng bi MS bt k
trong t bo. Knh tm gi (PCH) l knh ch ng xung c h thng s
dng tm gi MS c th, nh khi c cuc gi n. C 2 PCH khc nhau l
PCH ton tc v PCH gim tc dng trong t bo c dung lng hn ch.
Cm thng lun c dng trn knh PCH. Knh cho php truy nhp (AGCH)
dng chung ti nguyn v tuyn vi PCH, tc l khe thi gian c th c th c
dng bi 1 trong 2 knh (khng ng thi). Nh tn gi ca n, AGCH c
mng s dng cho php hoc t chi MS truy nhp mng bng cch cung cp
cho n cc chi tit ca knh dnh ring (TCH hoc SDCCH) s dng cho lin
lc tip theo. AGCH l knh ch ng xung v dng cm thng. Knh truy
nhp ngu nhin (RACH) l knh ch ng ln c MS s dng truy nhp
ban u vo mng, v d khi thit lp cuc gi hoc trc lc cp nht v tr. N
c gi l ngu nhin v khng c c ch m bo rng khng c nhiu
hn 1 MS pht trong mi khe RACH v c xc sut hu hn rng 2 MS cng c
gng truy nhp cng 1 RACH cng lc. iu ny dn n ch khng c d nh
truy nhp no l thnh cng v 2 tn hiu ng nhau ti BTS. Nu MS khng
thu c tr li t BTS, n s c gng truy nhp li BTS sau khi i thi gian
nht nh. Nu khong thi gian ny l nh nhau vi mi MS, th mt khi ng
xy ra gia 2 MS, n s tip tc xy ra trong mi ln truy nhp tip theo. Do
, tr gia cc ln truy nhp c ngu nhin ha gim xc sut va chm
ti BTS. MS lun pht cm truy nhp trn RACH.
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SCH v BCCH trn ng xung, cng vi PCH ton tc v AGCH ton tc.
ng ln hon ton dnh ring cho RACH, v l do ny ta gi l RACH ton
tc. Loi cu hnh knh ny thng c dng trong cc t bo dung lng trung
bnh v ln khi m dung lng truy nhp ca knh PCH, AGCH v RACH ton
tc c bin minh. T hp knh iu khin ny ch c th xut hin trn khe
thi gian 0 ca sng mang. Sng mang h tr cc knh ny ti BTS c gi l
sng mang BCCH v n l duy nht trong mi t bo, hoc sect, tc mi BTS s
ch c 1 sng mang BCCH.
Trong cc t bo dung lng nh hn, tc l cc t bo c s sng mang
cao tn nh hn, dung lng ca PCH, AGCH v RACH c th khng c bin
minh. V l do ny t hp th 2 ca cc knh truy nhp c s dng. ng
xung tip tc h tr FCCH, SCH v BCCH; tuy nhin tc ca PCH v
AGCH ng xung c gim cn khong 1/3 ton tc ca chng. Cc khe ph
c to ra nh s gim tc ny trn ng xung c dng h tr 4
SDCCH v cc SACCH lin kt ca chng. SDCCH cng chim 1 s khe ng
ln v s khe phn cho RACH trn ng ln b gim tng ng. Hiu qu ca
vic ny l khong 1 na s khe dnh cho RACH. T hp knh iu khin ny
ch c th xut hin trn khe thi gian 0 ca sng mang BCCH.
T hp knh iu khin cui cng c xc nh dng trong cc t bo
dung lng ln ni m dung lng truy nhp ca mt PCH, AGCH v RACH l
khng . T hp ny gm BCCH v PCH, AGCH ton tc trn ng xung v
RACH ton tc trn ng ln. T hp ny ch c th xut hin trn khe 2, hoc
cc khe 2 v 4, hoc cc khe 2, 4 v 6 ca sng mang BCCH. L do ca s hn
ch ny s c gii thch sau khi xt c ch sm thi gian. Ta lu rng mi
BTS ch phi pht 1 FCCH v SCH, do cc knh ny khng c cha trong
tp knh m rng. Mi tp m rng cha BCCH ca mnh v 2 l do. Th nht,
BCCH cha thng tin ch p dng cho RACH chim cng khe thi gian trong
khung TDMA, th hai l MS theo di cc cm chim cng knh vt l d hn.
Cc t hp knh khc nhau va miu t trn c tng kt trong bng 4.16.
Lu rng CBCH c b qua. Nu yu cu knh ny th n c th thay th 1
SDCCH.
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Hnh 4.14 ch rng cp tip theo trong cu trc khung cao hn a khung l
siu khung, trong trng hp TCH/F v TCH/H gm 51 a khung. di ca
siu khung l 6.12 s. Cp cui cng trong cu trc khung l siu siu khung gm
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2048 siu khung v c di khong 3,5 gi. Ta s tho lun mc ch ca cc
cp cao hn ny sau khi m t cu trc khung dng trn knh iu khin.
Cu trc khung ca tp knh iu khin trn khe thi gian 0 c cho trn
hnh 4.16. Trong trng hp ny a khung gm 51 khung TDMA v di khong
235 ms. Tt c cc knh, tr TCH/F v TCH/H, u dng a khung 51 khung. T
bng 4.16 ta thy c 4 t hp knh iu khin khc nhau v tt c u dng a
khung 51 khung.
Hnh 4.17 ch ra cch nh x nhm 8 knh SDCCH ln 1 knh vt l. nh
x cm da trn chu k 2 a khung, tc l n lp li c 2 a khung, v gin ch
ra 2 a khung vi cc khung nh s 0-50 v 51-101. Cc khe thi gian c
dng bi SDCCH c th c dn nhn n (v d SDCCH 0) v cc khe thi gian
c dng bi SACCH i km n c dn nhn SACCH n (SACCH 0), vi n
c th nhn cc tr bt k t 0-7. Cch kt hp ny c k hiu SDCCH/8. Hnh
ny ch rng mi SDCCH/8 chim tng cng 8 khe thi gian trong 2 a khung
(102 khung). SACCH i km, k hiu l SACCH/8, chim 4 khe thi gian na
trong cng chu k. C ngha l 8x12=96 khe thi gian b chim v 6 khe cn li
ri. Hnh 4.17 l trng hp cc khe ng xung, cu hnh ng ln nhn
c bng cch dch mi khe 15 v tr sang phi, tc SDCCH 0 s chim cc khe
15-18 v cc khe 66-69; cn SACCH i km ca n chim cc khe 47-50 trn
ng ln. Cch b tr ny c th s dng trn khe thi gian bt k v sng mang
bt k, tr khe thi gian 0 ca sng mang BCCH.
Bng 4.16 ch rng c 3 t hp c th ca cc knh chung v knh qung
b. Hnh 4.18 l cch nh x mi t hp ny ln a khung iu khin. Hnh 4.18a
l b tr knh iu khin c bn tn ti trn khe thi gian 0 ca sng mang
BCCH. a khung ng xung c chia nh thnh 5 nhm mi nhm 10 khe
thi gian vi 1 khe ri cui. Khe thi gian u tin ca mi nhm c gn cho
FCCH v cha cm sa tn. Tng t, khe thi gian th 2 ca mi nhm c
gn cho SCH v cha cm ng b. Trong nhm u tin, 4 khe thi gian sau
FCCH v SCH c gn cho BCCH. Cc khe ng xung cn li, tr cm ri
cui a khung, c gn cho PCH v GCH. Cc khe PCH/AGCH c th c
gn cho knh bt k trn c s khi-khi, vi khi gm 4 khe (xc nh bi kch
thc khi hon v). Mi khi s cha thng tin MS nhn dng knh (PCH
hoc AGCH). Trn ng ln, tt c cc khe thi gian c gn cho RACH. Lu
rng 4 khe thi gian sau khe BCCH trn hnh 4.18a cng c th c gn cho
BCCH.Trong trng hp ny, 4 khe ny s c gn hoc cho BCCH, PCH hoc
AGCH trn c s khi-khi.
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khung v di 6.12 s, ng bng di siu khung lu lng. Siu khung biu
din chu k thi gian nh nht m cc mi quan h knh iu khin v knh lu
lng c lp li. V l do ny cu trc a khung ang dng trn mi knh vt l
ch c th thay i bin gii a khung. Hnh 4.14 v 4.16 ch ra rng siu siu
khung l cp cui cng trong cu trc khung GSM i vi c knh lu lng v
knh iu khin. N gm 2048 siu khung v ko di khong 3,5 gi. Mi khe
trong 2.715.648 khe trong siu siu khung c 1 s duy nht v s ny c dng
trong qu trnh mt ha v cc th tc nhy tn.
4.3.9.2 M ha ting ni
Trong bt k h thng t bo vng rng no nh GSM, ph tn l ti
nguyn qu gi v phi c s dng mt cch hiu qu. Trong trng hp
truyn ting ni, iu ny t ra yu cu l thng tin ting ni phi c truyn
trn giao din v tuyn vi tc cng thp cng tt song vn phi m bo cht
lng ting ni tha mn. iu ny c ngha l cc b m ha dng sng, nh l
AD-PCM 32 kb/s l khng thch hp cho GSM v yu cu tc bt kh cao ca
chng. Truyn dn ting ni vi cht lng chung (toll quality) vi tc d
liu thp hn 16 kb/s i hi b m ha ting ni rt phc tp s dng cc b lc
s m hnh ha c trng ca c quan to m (thanh qun). Thng tin ting
ni c chuyn ch bng cch pht cc h s b lc ca thanh qun v dy kch
thch cho php khi phc ting ni ti my thu. Ta ch xt cc nguyn tc c bn
ca b m ha ton tc GSM v cc c im chnh ca n.
Ti MS, tn hiu thanh p ca ngi dng c bin i thnh tn hiu
in tng t bng micro. Tn hiu in c ly mu ti 8 kHz v mi mu
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c bin i thnh biu din s 13 bt bng b bin i A/D u. Sau qu trnh
bin i ny tn hiu c chuyn cho b m ha ting ni GSM. Ti pha mng
tnh hnh phc tp hn 1 cht v cc tn hiu ting ni thng c m ha bng
khun PCM lut A 8 bt tng thch vi PSTN/ISDN. C ngha l trc khi
tn hiu ting ni c chuyn cho b m ha ting ni pha mng, trc tin
cn phi bin i PCM lut A 8 bt thnh PCM u 13 bt.
B m ha GSM thuc h cc b m ha d bo tuyn tnh kch thch
xung u RPE-LPC. N cn s dng d bo di hn LTP b xung cho d bo
ngn hn STP thng thng, v th c gi l b m ha ting ni RPE-LTP.
B m ha ny c th chia thnh 4 phn: tin s l, lc phn tch STP, lc phn
tch LTP v tnh ton RPE. Ta xt vn tt cc qu trnh ny.
Tin s l Tn hiu ting ni ly mu u tin c cho qua b lc kha
loi b bt k sai lch dc no c th tn ti ri cho qua b lc tin nhn phn ng
xung hu hn bc 1 (FIR). B lc tin nhn dng nhn phn tn s cao, cng
sut thp ca ph ting ni. iu ny cho chnh xc s tt hn trong cc tnh
ton tip theo. Sau tn hiu ting ni c chia thnh cc khung khng chng
ln nhau gm 160 mu, mi mu di 20 ms.
Lc phn tch STP D liu ting ni vn cha mc d tha cao, c ngha l
c th d on mu ting ni tng lai t cc mu ting ni trc . Theo thut
ng ton hc ta c th ni rng mu ting ni c th xp x bng t hp tuyn
tnh ca 1 s mu ting ni qu kh (8-16 mu) sao cho mu ting ni d on
ti thi im n c cho bi
Trong
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t cc h s d on ak khng c tnh trc tip. Thay vo mt s h s
phn x c tnh t cc h s t tng quan ca khi ting ni. Lng t ha
u cc h s phn x l khng hiu qu, v th chng c bin i thnh tp
cc h s khc gi l cc t s din tch loga (LAR). C 8 LAR trn khi 20 ms
ting ni v chng c lng t ha bng 6 bt cho LAR(1) v LAR(2), 5 bt
cho LAR(3) v LAR(4), 4 bt cho LAR(5) v LAR(6) v 3 bt cho LAR(7) v
LAR(8), tng cng 36 bt trn khi ting ni. Cc phn phi bt ny c da
trn di ng v s phn b cc gi tr LAR.
Lc phn tch LTP Lc ting ni bng b lc o A( z ) c xu hng loi b
nhiu tha bng cch tr mi mu ting ni mt gi tr d on ca n dng p
mu qu kh. Tn hiu nhn c c gi l s d d on ngn hn v ni
chung n s c lng chu k nht nh lin quan n chu k pitch ca ting ni
gc khi n c pht m. Tnh chu k ny th hin mc d tha na m ta c th
loi b bng b d on pitch hay b d on di hn. Dng tng qut ca b lc
d on di hn c dng
Trong
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khong cch xung l 3 mu, c 3 v tr li c th cho xung kch u tin v
thng tin ny c m ha bng 2 bt. Cc bin xung c chuNn ha theo
bin cao nht ca khi v c lng t ha bng 3 bt. Sau cng, cc gi tr
cc i c lng t ha bng 6 bt. Kt qu nhn c 47 bt trn khi con 5
ms. Bng 4.17 l s phn phi bt y ca b m ha ting ni GSM. Mi
khi 20 ms c m ha bng 260 bt, to nn tc bt 260/20 ms = 13 kb/s.
Bng 4.17 Tng kt s phn phi bt RPE-LPC
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khi phc ti thit ting ni t cc khung 2 pha ca khi b loi b. Cc
bt cp Ib km quan trng hn 1 cht v c bo v t hn. Cc bt cp II l km
quan trng nht v khng c bo v.
4.9.3.5 M ha knh
c s dng nhm gim BER h thng n cc mc chp nhn c, t
ci thin cht lng tng. Tuy nhin, m FEC a d nht nh vo d liu
pht i, v th lm tng tc d liu pht v di thng knh. V l do ny, m
ha knh c s dng 1 cch c chn lc trong GSM. T bng 4.17 ta thy rng
b m ha ting ni cho ra 260 bt / 20 ms, tng ng vi tc d liu 13
kb/s, v cc bt ny c chia thnh 3 cp. Hnh 4.20a ch ra khun dng khung
ting ni 260 bt ti li ra b m ha ting ni. Cc bt cp Ia c nhn {d0 d 49 } ,
cc bt cp Ib c nhn {d50 d181} v cc bt cp II c nhn l {d182 d 259 } . Nh
bit, khung ting ni s b loi b nu bt k bt no trong cc bt cp Ia b thu
sai. Do , iu quan trng l my thu phi c kh nng pht hin c khi no
cc li trong cc bt Ia lt qua qu trnh FEC. iu ny t c bng s dng
m khi pht hin li yu. M c s dng l m cyclic rt ngn (53,50,2) vi
a thc sinh cho bi
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cui cc bt Ia nh hnh 4.20b. Cc bt Ib v 4 bt ui ton khng sau c
cng vo cc bt Ia v cc bt kim tra chn, v tt c cc bt c tro th t
theo mi quan h sau:
4.3.9.6 Xen k
Trong mi trng di ng, cc li trong cc bt pht i c xu hng xy ra
thnh cm khi MS di chuyn vo ra cc fades su. M xon nu trn l hiu qu
nht khi cc li phn b ngu nhin khp lung bt. V l do ny, cc d liu
m c xen k trc khi pht i trn giao din v tuyn. Ti my thu, qu trnh
gii xen k c xu hng phn b cc cm li mt cch ngu nhin khp cc d
liu thu, nh tng hiu qu ca gii m xon sau . H thng GSM dng 2
cp xen k khc nhau v chng c m t nh sau.
Xen k ng cho khi i vi knh TCH/FS mang thng tin ting ni, khi
m 456 bt c chia nh thnh 8 khi con mi khi 57 bt B0 , , B7 bng
cch gn bt m ck cho khi con Bi theo nguyn tc sau
i = k mod 8
Tc l mi bt th 8 c gn cho cng khi con. Qu trnh ny c m
t trn hnh 4.21a. Mi khi con khi to thnh 1 na ca 8 cm pht lin tip
trn giao din v tuyn. Na cn li ca mi cm c chim bi cc khi con t
cm ting ni trc hoc cm tip theo nh hnh 4.21b. y Bin l khi con
th i ca khung ting ni n. Cm cng cha 2 c nh cp hl v hu , dng ch
ra na cm c b nh cp bi knh FACCH hay khng.
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4.3.10.1 M ha knh
V m ha knh ph thuc mnh vo loi knh nn mi knh s c xt
ring bit.
TCH/F9.6 Mc d dch v d liu lm vic ti 9.6 kb/s, mt lng thng tin ph
nht nh c b xung to nn tc d liu trung gian 12 kb/s. D liu ny
c a n khi m ha dng khi 60 bt c 5 ms, v b m ha lm vic
trn nhm 4 khi tc l 240 bt, {d (0), , d (239)} . Bn bt ui ton 0 c b
xung cui mi khi v d liu c m ha xon tc vi a thc sinh
nh ni trn. Kt qu c khi d liu m ha 488 bt, {C (0), , C (487)} .
Sau kch thc khi c thch nghi truyn trn ng v tuyn bng k
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thut gi l t l, trong 32 bt m b xa theo qui tc sau:
Cc bt b xa = C (11 + 15 j ), j = 0, ,31
iu ny c ngha l cc bt C (11), C (26), C (41) v.v b loi b, kt qu c khi
456 bt {c(0), , c(455)} . Vic c l c s dng thch nghi 1 cch chnh
xc tc ca m xon vi cc yu cu ca ng truyn. Ti my thu, b gii
m xon s s l 1 cch hiu qu cc bt b xa nh cc li v chng s c sa
theo cch thng thng trong b gii m Viterbi.
TCH/F4.8 D liu a n khi m ha vi tc bt trung gian 6 kb/s, hay
chnh xc hn l c 10 ms mt khi 60 bt. Mi khi c m rng thnh 76 bt
bng thm vo 16 bt ton 0, chn trong cc khi th 4, c 15 bt 1 ln. Hai trong
cc khi ny sau c mc xch to nn mt khi 152 bt, ri c m xon
tc 1/3 vi a thc sinh sau:
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trn. Cc knh cn li s dng s xen k phc tp c m t di y i
vi knh TCH/F9.6.
Nhc li rng m ha xon dn n khi 456 bt sau c l. V ni chung
knh d liu c th chp nhn tr tng th ln hn knh ting ni, nn sau
xen k ng cho khi tng ln n 22 cm, t tng kh nng ca h thng
ngu nhin ha cc li chm. Tic thay 456 bt khng th chia u cho 22 cm,
do s xen k tr nn phc tp. Hai cch xem xt qu trnh xen k khi l:
- Khi 456 bt c chia nh thnh 4 khi con 114 bt, mi khi con c
phn b u trn 19 cm vi 6 bt mi cm. Cc khi con c xen k ng
cho khi vi dch 1 cm gia mi khi con.
- Khi 456 bt c chia nh thnh 2 khi 6 bt t trong cc cm 0 v 21, 2
khi 12 bt t trong cc cm 1 v 20; 2 khi 18 bt t trong cc cm 2 v 19; v
16 khi 24 bt t trong cc cm 3 n 18. Do , mi khi 456 bt c xen k
trn 22 cm. Cc khi d liu cng c xen k ng cho vi khi mi bt
u mi cm th 4.
Lu rng cc bt d liu c tro th t trong mi cm.
4.3.10.3 Mt ha
Cc cm c mt ha ging nh trong phn trc i vi knh ting ni
ton tc.
Trong T3 l s trong di 0 n 50 v c xc nh bi
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Thut ton chn t bo th 2 dng cho cc trng hp MS bit v cc
sng mang BCCH s dng trong mng. Trong trng hp ny lc u MS s ch
tm kim cc sng mang lu trong danh sch BCCH ca n v p dng thut
ton chn t bo. Trng hp qu trnh ny khng cho sng mang BCCH hp l,
MS s tr v thut ton chn t bo y ni trn. Vic lu thng tin sng
mang BCCH trong MS l c im ty chn v cch lp danh sch c th thay
i. V d MS c th lu danh sch cc sng mang BCCH ang dng khi n bt
ngun ln cui cng. Tuy nhin cch ny c th khng thch hp nu MS tt
ngun v di chuyn n v tr hon ton mi. It is encumbent upon an MS
chn t bo mnh nht th 4 ( ni 3 t bo mnh nht u tin khng ph hp)
v c th tr li thng bo tm gi trong vng 30 s, gi s cc sng mang BCCH
tt c u c thu vi C/I thch ng.
4.4.2 Ch ri
Sau khi chn c t bo thch hp, MS chuyn sang ch ri ti
n phi theo di knh tm gi BTS v tip tc m bo rng n c cm tri
trn t bo thch hp nht.
4.4.2.1 Tm gi
Tn hiu tm gi pht i trn knh PCH dng bo cho MS bit v cuc
gi n. V th, MS phi lun lun theo di PCH lin quan vi cc tn hiu tm
gi cha a ch duy nht ca n. MS c th xc nh ton b t chc knh iu
khin trn sng mang BCCH nh d liu cha trong BCCH. Trong cc t bo m
cc knh tm gi nm trn nhiu hn 1 khe thi gian, MS s xc nh PCH lin
quan nh 3 s sau cng ca IMSI duy nht ca n. Bng cch ny cc MS c
phn b ngu nhin gia cc ti nguyn v tuyn phn cho PCH. H thng GSM
cng h tr ch tm gi phn khe, trong PCH c chia thnh mt s khi
tm gi con v MS ch cn nghe knh trong khi con tm gi gn cho n. MS s
gim cng sut trong nhng qung thi gian n khng theo di PCH, nh tng
chu trnh np li pin. K thut ny c gi l thu gin on (DRX).
Cc thng bo gi i trn PCH s cha IMSI ca MS cn tm. Mt khi
MS nhn din c IMSI ring ca n, n s tr li bng chuyn sang ch
truy nhp. Cc thng bo tm gi khng c tr li s c lp li cho php
vi thay i trong knh v tuyn; tuy nhin chnh sch lp li chnh xc l vn
i vi nh khai thc mng.
4.4.2.2 Chn li t bo
Khi trong ch ri, MS phi lin tc theo di cng tn hiu ng
xung ca cc BTS xung quanh nhm m bo rng n lun cm tri trn BTS
thch hp nht. MS s lin tc o cng tn hiu thu t BTS phc v v t 6
sng mang BCCH mnh nht cha trong thng bo danh sch lng ging mang
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trn BCCH ca BTS phc v. t nht c 5 s mt ln, MS li c yu cu thc
hin thut ton chn t bo nhn dng xem c cn HandOver trong ch ri
sang t bo thch hp hn hay khng. Nu t bo mi c cha trong vng nh
v hin thi, MS ch vic chuyn sang t bo mi v bt u gii m d liu PCH.
Ch no m t bo mi thuc v vng nh v khc, MS phi thc hin cp nht
v tr trc khi n c th thu cuc gi n.
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tr truyn dn gia thi im n ca cm truy nhp v lch biu ca BTS.
Tham s ny c dng khi xng sm thi gian ti MS v trnh va
chm vi d liu t cc MS khc ti BTS mt khi MS vo ch dnh ring. Ti
giai on ny, BSC s phn phi knh ri trn BTS v khi BTS xc nhn rng
knh c kch hot thnh cng, thng bo gn knh ban u c hnh
thnh. Thng bo ny cha cc chi tit v knh c phn phi, sm thi gian
ban u cn dng ti MS, cng sut pht cc i ban u v a ch cho php MS
nhn dng ch n ca thng bo.
Tham s sm thi gian (TA) c pht i nh s 6 bt cung cp 64 bc
TA mi bc ng vi chu k mt bt, c th l 3.69 s. C ngha l h thng c
th dng sm thi gian ti a 63 3.69 s 232 s , ng vi khong cch lan
truyn i-v c 70 km v khong cch ti a t BS n bin gii t bo c 35
km. Cc t bo ln c th dung ha bng cch tng thi gian bo v xung quanh
mi khe thi gian bng cch ch dng cc khe lun phin (ngha l khe 0, 2, 4, 6).
Bng cch ny, vic truyn ng ln c th ln sang khe ln cn v bn knh t
bo c th tng ln n hn 120 km. Cch gii quyt ny s dn n gim dung
lng t bo v n c trin khai trong trng hp c bit, v d vi cc BTS
b bin m bo thng tin hng hi. K thut ny cng gii thch cho vic dng
cc khe thi gian 0, 2, 4, 6 cho cc knh iu khin chung, v chng l cc khe
duy nht c cung cp trong cc t bo ln.
Thng bo gn knh ban u t BTS c gi n MS thch hp bng
cch gi km ni dung chnh xc ca cm truy nhp pht i t MS n BTS cng
vi chuNn thi gian m t thi im ti thu c cm truy nhp. Thng bo
ny c gi cho MS bng knh AGCH chia s cng knh vt l nh PCH. MS
lin tc theo di AGCH cho n khi n pht hin c thng bo cha c ni
dung ca cm truy nhp ban u ca n v mc thi gian ng vi thi im pht
thng bo. Lu rng ti im ny MS phi c nhn dng 1 cch r rng v c
xc sut hu hn rng 2 MS c th pht cm truy nhp ging nhau trong cng
khe thi gian RACH.
Mt khi MS thu c thng bo gn knh ban u thch hp, n iu
hng li v knh dnh ring mi v gi i thng bo ban u dng tham s TA
cha trong thng bo gn knh ban u. Khun dng ca thng bo ny ph
thuc vo l do truy nhp, v d tr li cuc gi tm gi. Thng bo ban u cha
cc chi tit v MS bao gm classmark v IMSI ca n. Khi BTS nhn c thng
bo ny, ni dung ca n c gi tr li MS m khng c thay i no. Nu MS
nhn c thng bo khc vi thng bo pht i ca n, n s ri knh ngay lp
tc v bt u li qu trnh truy nhp. iu ny m bo rng bt k s mp m
no cn li u c loi b v ch MS ng mi truy nhp knh dnh ring. Sau
khi thit lp kt ni trn knh dnh ring, MS s chuyn sang ch dnh ring.
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H/O l qu trnh nh MS gii phng kt ni ca n vi 1 BTS trong khi
thit lp kt ni mi vi BTS khc m vn m bo duy tr cuc gi hin thi.
H/O cng c thc hin gim nhiu, hoc gim tc nghn lu lng.
Ton b qu trnh H/O c th chia thnh 2 giai on khc nhau: chuNn b v thi
hnh.
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Bng 4.18 Tham s RXQUAL v BER knh tng ng (ng ln v
xung)
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knh. MS bo co BSIC cho mng cng vi cc kt qu o BCCH; iu ny cho
php mng bo m rng cc php o lin quan vi BTS ng.
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H/O v y l du hiu ng lin lc chuyn t BTS-c sang BTS-mi. Thi
gian gin on trong thc thi H/O c th gim th t 200 ms xung 100 ms nu
H/O ng b c dng thay cho H/O khng ng b v MS khng cn i
mng tnh ton sm thi gian yu cu.
4.4.6 Nhy tn
GSM s dng nhy tn chm (SFH) gim nh nh hng ca fading a
tia v can nhiu. Mi cm thuc knh vt l c th s c pht i trn tn s
sng mang khc nhau trong mi khung TDMA. Nh vy tc nhNy tn bng
tc khung (tc khong 217 khung/s). Cc knh vt l duy nht khng cho php
nhy l knh iu khin chung v iu khin qung b (tc l FCH, SCH, BCCH,
PCH v AGCH). l v MS phi d dng xc nh cc knh ny khi bt ngun
v qu trnh ny s tr nn phc tp hn nu cho php nhy tn trn cc knh
ny. Knh v tuyn trn cc knh iu khin chung v qung b ny c
pht i gi l sng mang BCCH. Sng mang BCCH c o bi cc MS trong
cc t bo ln cn xc nh xem BTS c l ng vin thch hp cho H/O hay
khng. V th, sng mang BCCH phi pht i lin tc v vi cng sut khng
i. C ngha l iu khin cng sut ng xung v pht gin on DTX cng
khng th s dng trn sng mang BCCH. Knh lu lng v knh iu khin
dnh ring c th s dng tn s sng mang BCCH nh 1 phn ca dy nhy ca
n, song vn phi tun th cc qui tc trn khi dng sng mang , ngha l iu
khin cng sut v DTX b cm. Hai ch li quan trng c c t trin khai SFH
trong GSM l:
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Tc ng ca nhy tn n can nhiu Trong h thng GSM khng nhy tn,
MS c xu hng b nhiu t cng tp MS trong cc t bo cng knh ln cn
trong sut cuc gi, nu MS khng b H/O. Mc nhi ny s thay i ty thuc
vo v tr tng i ca cc MS. V d mc nhiu s cao nu tt c cc MS u
mp t bo tng ng ca chng, trong khi mc nhiu s thp nu cc MS gn
cc BTS ang phc v chng. iu ny c ngha l trong hon cnh MS b mc
nhiu cao, rt c th l n vn s tip tc b nhiu trong sut cuc gi. Trong h
thng nhy tn, cc mu nhy (tc l dy cc tn s pht) l khc nhau trong cc
t bo cng knh v MS s chu nhiu t cc tp MS khc nhau trn mi cm.
iu ny ngu nhin ha mt cch hiu qu can nhiu v mi MS s chu mt
mc nhiu trung bnh. Tnh trng ny c a thch hn trng hp khng nhy
tn trong c th mt s MS chu mc nhiu rt cao trong khi cc MS khc
chu mc nhiu rt thp.
Tc ng ca nhy tn n fading a tia Knh truyn sng v tuyn di ng
gy nn nhng thay i bin ln cho tn hiu thu v mt s tia khc nhau c
cng xy dng hoc cng ph hy ti anten thu. V tr ca cc thng ging tn
hiu ph thuc mnh vo mi trng, v d v tr cc cao c hoc xe c, v vo
tn s cng tc.Ti cc vn tc di chuyn ln, tc fading tn hiu cao v di
cc thng ging s ngn gy nn cc cm li. Cc cm li c khc phc bng
xen k symbol v m ha knh. Ti cc vn tc nh hn, MS s chu thng ging
tn hiu lu hn v hiu qu ca xen k v m ha knh s km hn. Nhy tn c
th c s dng bo m rng MS khng b cc thng ging tn hiu lu.
Bng cch bo m rng s thay i tn s gia 2 ln nhy lin tip nm ngoi
di thng coherent ca knh, MS kh c th nhy t mt thng ging ny trc
tip sang thng ging khc. Do , nhNy tn c th dng gim nh nh hng
ca fading nhanh khi vn tc ca MS thp.
Cc dy nhy tn Dy nhy xc nh th t s dng cc tn s sng mang khc
nhau trn ng ln v ng xung. V cc tn s ng ln v ng xung
lun cch nhau mt khong c nh (45 MHz vi GSM900 v 95 MHz vi
DCS1800) nn ch cn mt dy nhy m t mt ng truyn song cng y
. Tham s phn phi di ng qui nh cc tn s sng mang c th s dng bi
mi MS trong dy nhy ca n. i vi 124 knh sng mang TDMA c th,
tham s phn phi di ng yu cu ti thiu 124 bt m t mt cch duy nht
mi t hp sng mang c th. Nhc li rng cc thng bo gn knh ban u
c pht i trn knh AGCH trong kch thc thng bo nn gi ngn
bo ton dung lng truy nhp ca h thng. trnh pht ton b tham s phn
phi di ng khi gn knh ban u, mt phng php 2 bc c s dng. Mi
BTS pht chi tit ca tt c cc sng mang m n ang dng dng thng bo
(c mang trn BCCH) m t knh ca t bo. Thng bo ny c dng bn
124 bt trong mi bt biu din 1 sng mang, cn 1 hoc 0 c chn vo
ch sng mang c th no ang dng ti BTS. MS gii m v lu thng tin ny
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khi n ch ri. Khi gn ban u, phn phi di ng c m t nh tp con
ca phn phi t bo, nh vy gim mo u (overhead) bo hiu trn AGCH.
Sau khi thit lp danh sch cc tn s sng mang c gn cho knh nhy
tn, MS cng phi xc nh dy s dng mi tn s. Dy nhy c miu t bng
2 tham s: s th t dy nhy (HSN) v dch ch s phn phi di ng (MAIO).
HSN chn 1 trong 64 dy nhy ngu nhin xc nh trc, cn MAIO chn
im xut pht trong dy. MAIO c th nhn nhiu gi tr nh cc tn s trong
phn phi di ng. Gi tr HSN=0 chn dy vng (cyclic) trong cc tn s
trong phn phi di ng c s dng ln lt. Cc knh nhy tn c cng HSN
nhng c MAIO khc nhau, s khng bao gi s dng cng tn s ng thi v
chng trc giao. Do , tt c cc knh nhy tn trong t bo s dng cng HSN
nhng c MAIO khc nhau. ch no cc knh nhy tn s dng HSN khc
nhau, chng s nhiu nhau trong 1/n cc cm, do cc knh nhy tn trong cc
t bo cng knh s s dng cc HSN khc nhau.
4.5 Cc vn an ninh
4.5.1 Gii thiu
Cc h thng th h 1 nh NMT, TACS v AMPS c t c im an ninh,
v th dn n cc mc hot ng la o ng k lm hi c thu bao v nh
khai thc mng. H thng GSM c 1 s c im an ninh c thit k bo
m cho thu bao v nh khai thc mng mt mc bo v tt hn chng li
cc hot ng la o. Cc c ch nhn thc bo m rng ch cc thu bao ngay
thng s hu cc thit b ngay thng (khng phi b nh cp hoc khng tiu
chuNn) mi c php truy nhp mng. Sau khi kt ni c thit lp, thng tin
trn ng v tuyn c mt m ha trnh nghe trm. Mi ring t ca thu
bao c bo v bng cch m bo rng cc chi tit nhn dng v v tr ca thu
bao c bo v. iu ny t c bng cch gn cho mi ngi dng mt s
nhn dng thu bao di ng tm thi (TMSI) thay i t cuc gi ny n cuc
gi khc. Do , khng cn pht IMSI ca ngi dng trn giao din v tuyn v
nh vy kh nghe trm n nhn dng v nh v ngi dng.
4.5.2 Bo v m PIN
Cp bo v u tin v c bn nht chng li vic s dng tri php MS l
m nhn dng c nhn (PIN), c thit k bo v chng li vic s dng tri
php th SIM b nh cp. Trong SIM, PIN c dng m s thp phn 4-8 s.
Ngi dng c th la chn dng hay khng dng cp bo v PIN ny. SIM c
th lu PIN 4-8 s th 2 gi l PIN2 bo v 1 s tnh nng truy nhp thu bao.
Sau khi PIN v PIN2 c nhp ng, thit b di ng (ME) c th truy nhp d
liu gi trong SIM. Sau 3 ln lin tip nhp PIN khng ng, SIM s b kha v
mi c gng nhp PIN sau u v hiu, ngay c khi tho SIM ra khi ME.
SIM c th m kha bng cch nhp m 8 s khc gi l cha m kha PIN
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(PUK) cng c lu trn SIM. Sau 10 ln nhp PUK khng ng, cha m kha
t hy v khng cn cch g c th m c SIM na.
4.5.4 Mt ha
Sau khi thu bao c nhn thc, nh vy l bo v thu bao v nh
khai thc mng khi nh hng ca truy nhp tri php, ngi dng phi c
bo v trnh nghe trm. iu ny t c bng cch mt ha d liu trn giao
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din v tuyn s dng cha kha th 2 Kc v thut ton b mt A5. Kc c to ra
trong giai on nhn thc bng Ki, RAND v thut ton b mt A8 cng c lu
trong SIM. Ging nh A3, thut ton A8 cng khng duy nht v c th chn bi
nh khai thc. Cha kha Kc i vi mi ngi dng c tnh ton trong AuC
ca mng ch khc phc vn roaming lin mng. Trong 1 s th hin, A3
v A8 c kt hp thnh mt thut ton A38 s dng RAND v Ki to Kc v
SRES.
Khc vi A3 v A8 (c th khng nh nhau i vi mi nh khai thc),
A5 s c chn t danh sch cc ng c khc nhau (s ng c khng vt qu
7). Trc khi bt u mt ha, giai on thng lng s xy ra trong MS v
mng s quyt nh dng phin bn A5 no. Ch no m mng v MS khng c
phin bn A5 no chung, kt ni vn tip tc dng khng mt ha hoc phi
ngt kt ni. Thut ton A5 nhn cha kha Kc di 64-bt v s khung TDMA di
22-bt ri to nn 2 t mt m di 114-bt BLOCK1 v BLOCK2 dng trn
ng ln v ng xung tng ng. Cc t mt m c HOC loi tr vi
114 bt d liu trong mi cm. Bi v d liu mt ha c tnh ton c dng
s khung TDMA, cc t s thay i t cm ny sang cm khc v khng lp li
trn chu k siu siu khung (khong 3,5 gi). Qu trnh nhn thc v mt ha
c tng kt trn hnh 4.25.
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