#VMMZJOH
EJ
4FLPMBI

EBO
%BNQBLOZB
CBHJ
.BTB
%FQBO
"OBL

"INBE
#BMJZP
&LP
1SBTFUZP

"CTUSBDU
7KLVSDSHUDLPVDWUHYLHZLQJEXOO\LQJDWVFKRROVLQFOXGLQJLWVGHQLWLRQVFKDUDFWHULVWLFVIRUPVDQGIDFWRUV
SUHFHGLQJLW0RUHVSHFLFDOO\WKLVSDSHUGLVFXVVHVWKHHIIHFWVRIEXOO\LQJRQFKLOGUHQVIXWXUH$FFRUGLQJ
WR OLWHUDWXUHV DQG VRPH YDULRXV UHVHDUFKHV EXOO\LQJ LQ FKLOGKRRG DQG LQ VFKRRO GD\V DOOHJHGO\ EHFRPHV
RQH RI PDLQ IDFWRUV WKDW FDXVHG SV\FKRORJLFDO GLVRUGHUV LQ WKHLU DGXOWKRRG 6RPH RI UHFRUGHG GLVRUGHUV
WKDWDUHUHODWHGWRORQJWHUPLPSDFWRIEXOO\LQJDWVFKRROGD\VDUH3RVW7UDXPDWLF6WUHVV'LVRUGHU376'
GHSUHVVLRQODFNRIFRQGHQFHDQGZLWKGUDZDO(YHQWXDOO\WKLVSDSHUZLOOSURSRVHWKHZD\VDQGPHWKRGVLQ
VROYLQJDQGSUHYHQWLQJEXOO\LQJDQGLWVLPSDFWV
.H\ZRUGVEXOO\LQJEXOO\LQJDWVFKRROV3RVW7UDXPDWLF6WUHVV'LVRUGHU376'EXOO\LQJSUHYHQWLRQ

 3HQXOLVDGDODKDOXPQXV)DNXOWDV3VLNRORJLGDQ,OPX6RVLDO%XGD\D)36%8,,<RJ\DNDUWDSUDNWLVLK\SQRWKHUDS\GDQDQJJRWD

,QGRQHVLDQ%RDUGRI+\SQRWKHUDS\,%+
"
1FOEBIVMVBO
.HNHUDVDQGDODPGXQLDSHQGLGLNDQDGDODKIDNWD
\DQJ VXGDK VHULQJ WHUMDGL 'L -DNDUWD KDPSLU WLDS
SHNDQ DGD WDZXUDQ SHODMDU \DQJ NDUHQD VHULQJQ\D
SHULVWLZD WHUVHEXW VXGDK WLGDN ODJL PHQDULN EDJL
SDUD SHQFDUL EHULWD %HEHUDSD ZDNWX ODOX GXQLD
SHQGLGLNDQ WDQDK DLU VHPSDW MXJD GLKHERKNDQ ROHK
NDVXV*HQJ1HUR\DQJEHUDQJJRWDNDQSDUDSHODMDU
SXWUL GL 3DWL -DZD 7HQJDK *HQJ SHODMDU SXWUL LQL
PHQMDGL WHUNHQDO VHDQWHUR QHJHUL VHWHODK YLGHR
UHNDPDQ SHQJDQLD\DDQ PHUHND WHUKDGDS SHODMDU
SXWULODLQQ\DEHUHGDUGLLQWHUQHWGDQGLDQJNDWVHFDUD
OXDV ROHK PHGLD PDVVD QDVLRQDO )DNWD WHUVHEXW
NHPXGLDQPHQJXDNVDODKVDWXVLVLJHODSSHUJDXODQ
SHODMDUGLPDQDWHUQ\DWDNDVXVVHUXSDWLGDNKDQ\D
WHUMDGLGL3DWLWHWDSLEDQ\DNWHUMDGLMXJDGLEHEHUDSD
NRWD ODLQ GDQ WHUOHELK GL NRWDNRWD EHVDU )DNWD
PHQJHMXWNDQWHUVHEXWVRQWDNPHPEXNDPDWDEDQ\DN
SLKDNWHQWDQJEHQWXNODLQGDULNHNHUDVDQGLVHNRODK
GDQGXQLDSHQGLGLNDQSDGDXPXPQ\D
SHQJDQLD\DDQSHODMDUDQJJRWD*HQJ1HUR WHUKDGDS
SHODMDUODLQQ\DVHSHUWLGLVHEXWNDQGLDZDOWXOLVDQLQL
DGDODKWHUPDVXNGDODPNDWHJRULEXOO\LQJ
7XOLVDQLQLKHQGDNPHPEDKDVEXOO\LQJEHVHUWD
NDUDNWHULVWLNQ\D SHUEHGDDQQ\D GHQJDQ EHQWXN
SHULODNX NHNHUDVDQ ODLQ GDPSDNQ\D VHUWD DNVL
DSD VDMD \DQJ ELVD GLODNXNDQ XQWXN PHQFHJDK GDQ
PHQDQJDQLEXOO\LQJEDLNNRUEDQPDXSXQSHODNX
#
1FNCBIBTBO

%FOJTJ
#VMMZJOH
6HFDUD KDUDK NDWD EXOO\ EHUDUWL PHQJJHUWDN
GDQ PHQJJDQJJX RUDQJ \DQJ OHELK OHPDK,VWLODK
EXOO\LQJ NHPXGLDQ GLJXQDNDQ XQWXN PHQXQMXN
SHULODNX DJUHVLI VHVHRUDQJ DWDX VHNHORPSRN RUDQJ
\DQJ GLODNXNDQ VHFDUD EHUXODQJXODQJ WHUKDGDS
RUDQJDWDXVHNHORPSRNRUDQJODLQ\DQJOHELKOHPDK
XQWXNPHQ\DNLWLNRUEDQVHFDUDVLNPDXSXQPHQWDO
%XOO\LQJ ELVD EHUXSD NHNHUDVDQ GDODP EHQWXN
VLN PLVDO PHQDPSDU PHPXNXO PHQJDQLD\D
6HODPD LQL NHWLND EHUELFDUD PHQJHQDL PHQFLGHUDL YHUEDO PLVDO PHQJHMHN PHQJRORN
NHNHUDVDQ SHODMDU WRSLN \DQJ VHULQJNDOL PXQFXO RORNPHPDNLGDQPHQWDOSVLNLVPLVDOPHPDODN
DGDODKWHQWDQJWDZXUDQSHODMDU3DGDKDOVHEHQDUQ\D PHQJDQFDP PHQJLQWLPLGDVL PHQJXFLONDQ DWDX
DGD EHQWXN ODLQ NHNHUDVDQ GL VHNRODK \DQJ MDUDQJ JDEXQJDQGLDQWDUDNHWLJDQ\D2OZHXV
PXQFXO NH SHUPXNDDQ WHWDSL GDSDW PHQLPEXONDQ
GDPSDN\DQJMDXKOHELKVHULXV\DNQLEXOO\LQJ.DVXV %HUGDVDUNDQ GHQLVL WHUVHEXW EXOO\LQJ WHUMDGL

 /0

70-
*7

 %XOO\LQJGL6HNRODKGDQ'DPSDNQ\DEDJL0DVD'HSDQ$QDN

NDUHQDGXDKDOSHUWDPDDGDQ\DNHWLGDNVHLPEDQJDQ GDSDW PHQGHULWD PDVDODK JDQJJXDQ HPRVLRQDO

NHNXDWDQDQWDUDSHODNXEXOO\LQJ\DQJOHELKNXDWGDQ GDQ SHULODNX ,QGRQHVLDQ $QWL%XOO\LQJ KWWS
WDUJHWNRUEDQ\DQJOHELKOHPDK.HWLGDNVHLPEDQJDQ LGZRUGSUHVVFRPWDJEXOO\LQJ
NHNXDWDQ LQL ELVD EHUXSD XNXUDQ EDGDQ NHNXDWDQ )DNWDIDNWD EHULNXW EDUDQJNDOL FXNXS
VLN MXPODK SHODNX YHUVXV NRUEDQ NHSDQGDLDQ PHPEXNWLNDQ GDPSDN EXOO\LQJ \DQJ EHJLWX VHULXV
ELFDUD JHQGHU MHQLV NHODPLQ VWDWXV VRVLDO GDQ
SHUDVDDQ OHELK VXSHULRU 8QVXU NHWLGDNVHLPEDQJDQ
NHNXDWDQGDQLQWHQVLWDV\DQJEHUXODQJXODQJLQLODK
\DQJPHPEHGDNDQEXOO\LQJGHQJDQEHQWXNNHNHUDVDQ
ODLQQ\D'DODPNRQLNDQWDUDGXDRUDQJDWDXDQWDU
NHORPSRN\DQJNHNXDWDQQ\DVDPDWHUPDVXNWDZXUDQ
GDQ PHQJNKDZDWLUNDQ 3DGD WDKXQ  ODOX
VHRUDQJ JDGLV UHPDMD EHUXVLD  WDKXQ VLVZL 603
 %DQWDU *HEDQJ %HNDVL GLWHPXNDQ WHUJDQWXQJ
GLNDPDUPDQGLUXPDKQ\D*DGLVWHUVHEXWGL\DNLQL
PHQJDNKLUL KLGXSQ\D NDUHQD PHUDVD PDOX VHULQJ
GLHMHNWHPDQWHPDQVHNHODVQ\DVHEDJDLDQDNWXNDQJ
PDVVDO DQWDU SHODMDU PDVLQJPDVLQJ PHPLOLNL EXEXU.DVXV\DQJKDPSLUVDPDGLDODPLROHKJDGLV
NHNXDWDQ EHULPEDQJ GDQ PHPLOLNL NHPDPSXDQ
XQWXN VDOLQJ PHQ\HUDQJ DWDX PHQDZDUNDQ VROXVL
GDQ NRPSURPL XQWXN PHQ\HOHVDLNDQ PDVDODK
'DODPNDVXVEXOO\LQJNHWLGDNVHLPEDQJDQNHNXDWDQ
DQWDUDSHODNXEXOO\LQJGDQNRUEDQQ\DPHQJKDODQJL
NHGXDQ\D XQWXN PHQ\HOHVDLNDQ NRQLN PHUHND
EHUQDPD /LQGD 8WDPL  WDKXQ VLVZL NHODV  GL
6/731  -DNDUWD ,D GLWHPXNDQ PHQJJDQWXQJ
GLUL GL NDPDU WLGXUQ\D 7LQGDNDQ WHUVHEXW GLGXJD
NXDW WHUMDGL NDUHQD GHSUHVL DNLEDW VHULQJ GLHMHN
WHPDQWHPDQQ\D GL VHNRODK ODQWDUDQ LD WLGDN QDLN
NHODV KWWSPIDKPLDEORJVSRWFRP
VHQGLUL VHKLQJJD SHULODNX NHNHUDVDQ LQL WHUMDGL
EHUXODQJXODQJ 'HQJDQ GHPLNLDQ SHQ\HOHVDLDQ
EXOO\LQJ SHUOX NHKDGLUDQ SLKDN NHWLJD 6HEDJDL
FRQWRK VHRUDQJ VLVZD \DQJ PHQGDSDW SHUODNXDQ
EXOO\LQJ GDUL WHPDQ VHNRODKQ\D \DQJ OHELK NXDW
SHUOX EDQWXDQ RUDQJ GHZDVD VHSHUWL JXUX DWDX
RUDQJWXD XQWXN PHQRORQJQ\D .HGXD DGDQ\D
SHQ\DODKJXQDDQ NHWLGDNVHLPEDQJDQ NHNXDWDQ
WHUVHEXW XQWXN NHSHQWLQJDQ SHODNX GHQJDQ FDUD
PHQJJDQJJXPHQ\HUDQJVHFDUDEHUXODQJNDOLDWDX
GHQJDQ FDUD PHQJXFLONDQ RUDQJ ODLQ .HSHQWLQJDQ
WHUVHEXWELVDEHUXSDNHLQJLQDQXQWXNPHQXQMXNNDQ
NHNXDVDDQDWDXVXSHULRULWDVNHSHQWLQJDQHNRQRPL
DWDXKDQ\DVHNHGDUPHPHQXKLNHSXDVDQGLULPHOLKDW
EXGD\DEXOO\LQJGLVHNLWDUNLWDKWPO
0HQJDSDNDVXVEXOO\LQJGLVHNRODKLQLNXUDQJ
EDQ\DN PHQGDSDW SHUKDWLDQ KLQJJD DNKLUQ\D MDWXK
NRUEDQ" 3HUWDPD HIHNQ\D WLGDN WDPSDN VHFDUD
ODQJVXQJNHFXDOLEXOO\LQJGDODPEHQWXNNHNHUDVDQ
VLN ,QL SXQ VHEDJLDQ EHVDU WLGDN WHUHQGXV NDUHQD
EDQ\DNNRUEDQ\DQJWLGDNPDXPHODSRUNDQNHNHUDVDQ
\DQJGLDODPLQ\DHQWDKNDUHQDWDNXWPDOXGLDQFDP
DWDXNDUHQDDODVDQDODVDQODLQ.HGXDEDQ\DNNDVXV
EXOO\LQJ \DQJ VHFDUD NDVDWPDWD WDPSDN VHSHUWL
EHUFDQGDDQELDVDNKDVDQDNDQDNVHNRODKDWDXUHPDMD
\DQJGLNLUDWLGDNPHQLPEXONDQGDPSDN\DQJVHULXV
(MHNDQHMHNDQ GDQ RORNRORNDQ YHUEDO WHUPDVXN
RUDQJODLQWXQGXNSDGDQ\D2OZHXV GDODPNDWHJRULLQL%DQ\DNRUDQJWXDGDQJXUX\DQJ
PHQJLUDEDKZDWHJXUDQVDMDPXQJNLQVXGDKFXNXS
%XOO\LQJ GDSDW WHUMDGL GL OLQJNXQJDQ PDQD XQWXN PHQ\HOHVDLNDQ EHUFDQGDDQ ERFDKERFDK LWX
VDMDGLPDQDWHUMDGLLQWHUDNVLVRVLDODQWDUPDQXVLD 3DGDKDO OXND SVLNLV GDQ HPRVLRQDO \DQJ GLDODPL
DQWDUD ODLQ GL VHNRODK VFKRRO EXOO\LQJ NDPSXV NRUEDQ NHNHUDVDQ YHUEDO LWX MDXK OHELK GDODP GDQ
WHPSDW NHUMD ZRUNSODFH EXOO\LQJ GXQLD PD\D PHQ\DNLWNDQ .HWLJD VHEDJLDQ RUDQJWXD GDQ JXUX
F\EHU EXOO\LQJ OLQJNXQJDQ SROLWLN SROLWLFDO PDVLKEHOXPPHPLOLNLSHQJHWDKXDQ\DQJPHPDGDL
EXOO\LQJ OLQJNXQJDQ PLOLWHU PLOLWDU\ EXOO\LQJ PHQJHQDLEXOO\LQJGDQGDPSDNQ\DEDJLNHKLGXSDQ
GDQOLQJNXQJDQPDV\DUDNDWSUHPDQJHQJPRWRU
'DODPKDOLQLEXOO\LQJGLVHNRODKDGDODKNDVXV\DQJ
VHULQJGLOXSDNDQ3DGDKDOEXOO\LQJGLVHNRODKGDSDW
PHQ\HEDENDQ HIHN \DQJ VDQJDW VHULXV EDLN GDODP
MDQJND SHQGHN PDXSXQ MDQJND SDQMDQJ EDJL SDUD
NRUEDQQ\D 'DODP MDQJND SHQGHN EXOO\LQJ GDSDW
PHQLPEXONDQ SHUDVDDQ WLGDN DPDQ WDNXW SHUJL NH
VHNRODKPHUDVDWHULVRODVLSHUDVDDQKDUJDGLUL\DQJ
UHQGDK GHSUHVL DWDX EDKNDQ PHQGHULWD VWUHVV \DQJ
GDSDW EHUDNKLU GHQJDQ EXQXK GLUL EDJL VL NRUEDQ
6HGDQJNDQ GDODP MDQJND SDQMDQJ NRUEDQ EXOO\LQJ
/0

70-
*7

DQDN6HKLQJJDVHEDJLDQRUDQJWXDGDQJXUXEHQDU
EHQDUWLGDNWDKXEDKZDDGDPDVDODKVHULXVGLVHNLWDU
PHUHND

"HSFTJ
EBO
#VMMZJOH

%XOO\LQJ VHEHQDUQ\D DGDODK VDODK VDWX GDUL
EHQWXN SHULODNX DJUHVL$JUHVL PHUXSDNDQ SHULODNX
\DQJGLPDNVXGNDQPHQ\DNLWLRUDQJODLQEDLNVHFDUD
VLN PDXSXQ SVLNLV 'DODP KDO LQL MLND PHQ\DNLWL
RUDQJ ODLQ NDUHQD XQVXU NHWLGDNVHQJDMDDQ PDND

$KPDG%DOL\R(NR3UDVHW\R

SHULODNX WHUVHEXW EXNDQ GLNDWHJRULNDQ SHULODNX PHPLFXSHULODNXDJUHVLIGLDQWDUDQ\DDGDODK

DJUHVL 5DVD VDNLW DNLEDW WLQGDNDQ PHGLV PLVDOQ\D
ZDODXSXQVHQJDMDGLODNXNDQEXNDQWHUPDVXNDJUHVL 
'BLUPS
#JPMPHJT
6HEDOLNQ\D QLDW PHQ\DNLWL RUDQJ ODLQ PHVNL WLGDN 0HQXUXW'DYLGRIIDGDEHEHUDSDIDNWRU
EHUKDVLOGDSDWGLNDWHJRULNDQVHEDJDLSHULODNXDJUHVL ELRORJLV\DQJPHPSHQJDUXKLSHULODNXDJUHVL
3HQJHUWLDQDJUHVLPHUXMXNSDGDSHULODNXDWDXEHQWXN D *HQWDPSDNQ\DEHUSHQJDUXKSDGDSHPEHQWXNDQ
NHLQJLQDQ GULYHPRWLYDWLRQ \DQJ GLPDNVXGNDQ VLVWHP V\DUDI RWDN \DQJ PHQJDWXU SHULODNX
XQWXN PHPEXDW REMHNQ\D PHQJDODPL EDKD\D DWDX DJUHVL'DULSHQHOLWLDQ\DQJGLODNXNDQWHUKDGDS
NHVDNLWDQ$JUHVLDGDODKIHQRPHQDNRPSOHNV\DQJ ELQDWDQJ PXODL GDUL \DQJ VXOLW VDPSDL \DQJ
WHUGLUL GDUL VHMXPODK SHULODNX GDUL MHQLV \DQJ OHELK SDOLQJ PXGDK GLSDQFLQJ DPDUDKQ\D IDNWRU
NKXVXV+DOO /LQG]H\
B
'BLUPSGBLUPS
"HSFTJ

%HEHUDSD WHRUL DJUHVL PHQJDWDNDQ EDKZD
SHQ\HEDEXWDPDPXQFXOQ\DSHULODNXDJUHVLDGDODK
WHUKDODQJQ\D VHVHRUDQJ GDODP PHQFDSDL WXMXDQ
NHEXWXKDQ NHLQJLQDQ DWDX SHQJKDUDSDQQ\D
)UXVWUDVL \DQJ PXQFXO LQL GLVHEDENDQ DGDQ\D
IDNWRUGDULOXDU\DQJEHJLWXNXDWPHQHNDQVHKLQJJD
PXQFXOSHULODNXDJUHVL%DQGXUDPHQ\DWDNDQEDKZD
NHWXUXQDQ WDPSDNQ\D PHPEXDW KHZDQ MDQWDQ
\DQJ EHUDVDO GDUL EHUEDJDL MHQLV OHELK PXGDK
PDUDKGLEDQGLQJNDQEHWLQDQ\D
E 6LVWHP RWDN \DQJ WLGDN WHUOLEDW GDODP DJUHVL
WHUQ\DWD GDSDW PHPSHUNXDW DWDX PHQJKDPEDW
VLUNXLWV\DUDI\DQJPHQJHQGDOLNDQDJUHVL3DGD
KHZDQ VHGHUKDQD PDUDK GDSDW GLKDPEDW DWDX
GLWLQJNDWNDQGHQJDQPHUDQJVDQJVLVWHPOLPELF
GDHUDK \DQJ PHQLPEXONDQ NHQLNPDWDQ SDGD
SHULODNXDJUHVLPHUXSDNDQKDVLOGDULSURVHVEHODMDU PDQXVLD VHKLQJJD PXQFXO KXEXQJDQ WLPEDO
VRVLDO PHODOXL SHQJDPDWDQ WHUKDGDS GXQLD VRVLDO EDOLNDQWDUDNHQLNPDWDQGDQNHNHMDPDQ2UDQJ
6RHGDUGMR )DGLOOD
0HGLD EDLN FHWDN PDXSXQ HOHNWURQLN WLGDN
NDODK SHQWLQJ GDODP PHQGXNXQJ WHUEHQWXNQ\D
SHULODNX DJUHVL 7D\DQJDQ NHNHUDVDQ GDSDW
PHQLPEXONDQ UDQJVDQJDQ GDQ PHPXQJNLQNDQ
LQGLYLGX \DQJ PHOLKDWQ\D WHUOHELK PHUHND \DQJ
EHUXVLD PXGD XQWXN PHQLUX PRGHO NHNHUDVDQ
\DQJEHURULHQWDVLSDGDNHQLNPDWDQDNDQVHGLNLW
PHODNXNDQDJUHVLVHGDQJNDQRUDQJ\DQJWLGDN
SHUQDK PHQJDODPL NHVHQDQJDQ NHJHPELUDDQ
DWDX VDQWDL FHQGHUXQJ XQWXN PHODNXNDQ
WLQGDNDQDJUHVL
F .LPLD GDUDK .LPLD GDUDK NKXVXVQ\D
KRUPRQ VHNV \DQJ VHEDJLDQ GLWHQWXNDQ IDNWRU
VHSHUWL \DQJ GLWD\DQJNDQ 6LWXDVL \DQJ VHWLDS KDUL
PHQDPSLONDQ NHNHUDVDQ \DQJ EHUDQHND UDJDP
VHGLNLW GHPL VHGLNLW DNDQ PHPEHULNDQ SHQJXDWDQ
EDKZD KDO LWX PHUXSDNDQ KDO \DQJ PHQ\HQDQJNDQ
DWDX KDO \DQJ ELDVD GLODNXNDQ 'DYLGRII 5RQDOG
NHWXUXQDQMXJDGDSDWPHPSHQJDUXKLSHULODNX
DJUHVL 'DODP VXDWX HNVSHULPHQ LOPXZDQ
PHQ\XQWLNNDQ KRUPRQ WHVWRVWHURQ SDGD WLNXV
GDQEHEHUDSDKHZDQODLQWHVWRVWHURQPHUXSDNDQ
KRUPRQDQGURJHQXWDPD\DQJPHPEHULNDQFLUL
HW DO  6RHGDUGMR  )DGLOOD  'HQJDQ NHODPLQ MDQWDQ7LNXVWLNXV WHUVHEXW WDN ODPD
PHQ\DNVLNDQ DGHJDQ NHNHUDVDQ WHUVHEXW WHUMDGLODK NHPXGLDQ EHUNHODKL VHPDNLQ VHULQJ 6HZDNWX
SURVHV EHODMDU GDUL PRGHO RUDQJ \DQJ PHODNXNDQ WHVWRVWHURQ GLNXUDQJL KHZDQ WHUVHEXW PHQMDGL
NHNHUDVDQ GL WHOHYLVL VHKLQJJD DNDQ PHPXQFXONDQ OHPEXW .HQ\DWDDQ PHQXQMXNNDQ EDKZD DQDN
SHULODNXDJUHVL EDQWHQJ MDQWDQ \DQJ VXGDK GLNHELUL GLSRWRQJ
6HODLQ LWX EHEHUDSD SHQHOLWLDQ PHQHPXNDQ
EDKZD SHULODNX DJUHVL WHUQ\DWD MXJD PHQXODU $GD
UDQJVDQJDQSHULODNXDJUHVL\DQJGLVHEDENDQVHULQJQ\D
VHVHRUDQJPHOLKDWWD\DQJDQSHULODNXDJUHVLPHODOXL
WHOHYLVL DWDX PHPEDFD VXUDW NDEDU \DQJ PHPXDW
KDVLOSHULODNXDJUHVLVHSHUWLSHPEXQXKDQWDZXUDQ
PDVVDO GDQ SHQJDQLD\DDQ .HOXDUJD OLQJNXQJDQ
DODWNHODPLQQ\DDNDQPHQMDGLMLQDN6HGDQJNDQ
SDGDZDQLWD\DQJVHGDQJPHQJDODPLPDVDKDLG
NDGDU KRUPRQ NHZDQLWDDQ \DLWX HVWURJHQ GDQ
SURJHVWHURQH PHQXUXQ MXPODKQ\D $NLEDWQ\D
SDGD PDVDPDVD KDLG LQL ZDQLWD FHQGHUXQJ
PXGDKWHUVLQJJXQJJHOLVDKWHJDQJGDQPXGDK
EHUPXVXKDQ 6HODLQ LWX EDQ\DN ZDQLWD \DQJ
PHODNXNDQ SHODQJJDUDQ KXNXP PHODNXNDQ
GDQ WHPDQ EHUJDXO \DQJ PHPLOLNL SHULODNX DJUHVL WLQGDNDQ DJUHVL SDGD VDDW EHUODQJVXQJQ\D
MXJD ELVD PHQXODUNDQ SHULODNX WHUVHEXW 'DYLGRII VLNOXVKDLGLQL
5RQDOGHWDO
6HFDUD XPXP DGD EHEHUDSD IDNWRU \DQJ GDSDW

 /0

70-
*7

 %XOO\LQJGL6HNRODKGDQ'DPSDNQ\DEDJL0DVD'HSDQ$QDN

-JOHLVOHBO
D .HPLVNLQDQ %LOD VHRUDQJ DQDN GLEHVDUNDQ
GDODP OLQJNXQJDQ NHPLVNLQDQ PDND SHULODNX
DJUHVL PHUHND VHFDUD DODPL PHQJDODPL
SHQJXDWDQ
E $QRQLPLWDV.RWDEHVDUVHSHUWL-DNDUWD%DQGXQJ
6XUDED\D GDQ NRWD EHVDU ODLQQ\D PHQ\DMLNDQ

SHODMDU 603 GDQ 60$ GL -DNDUWD<RJ\DNDUWD GDQ
6XUDED\D0HQXUXWVXUYHLWHUVHEXWUHVSRQGHQ
PHQ\DWDNDQEDKZDEXOO\LQJSHUQDKWHUMDGLGLVHNRODK
PHUHND 3HODNXQ\D DGDODK WHPDQ NDNDN NHODV
DGLN NHODV JXUX NHSDOD VHNRODK KLQJJD SUHPDQ
GL VHNLWDU VHNRODK +DPSLU VHPXD UHVSRQGHQ WLGDN
SHUQDK PHODSRUNDQ EXOO\LQJ \DQJ PHUHND WHULPD
DWDX PHUHND OLKDW 'DWD \DQJ PDVXN NH .RPLVL
EHUEDJDLVXDUDFDKD\DGDQEHUPDFDPLQIRUPDVL
\DQJEHVDUQ\DVDQJDWOXDUELDVD2UDQJVHFDUD
RWRPDWLVFHQGHUXQJEHUXVDKDXQWXNEHUDGDSWDVL
GHQJDQ PHODNXNDQ SHQ\HVXDLDQ GLUL WHUKDGDS
UDQJVDQJDQ \DQJ EHUOHELKDQ WHUVHEXW 7HUODOX
EDQ\DNUDQJVDQJDQLQGUDGDQNRJQLWLIPHPEXDW
3HUOLQGXQJDQ$QDN,QGRQHVLD.3$,SHU1RYHPEHU
 PHQXQMXNNDQ KDO \DQJ VDPD 6HWLGDNQ\D
WHUMDGL  NDVXV NHNHUDVDQ VLN  NHNHUDVDQ
VHNVXDO GDQ  NHNHUDVDQ SVLNLV SDGD DQDN \DQJ
WHUMDGLGLOLQJNXQJDQVHNRODKKWWSELJORYHDGDJLR
ZRUGSUHVVFRPNHNHUDVDQEXOO\LQJGL
GXQLDPHQMDGLVDQJDWLPSHUVRQDODUWLQ\DDQWDUD VHNRODK
VDWXRUDQJGHQJDQRUDQJODLQWLGDNODJLVDOLQJ
.DVXVEXQXKGLULSHODMDU603GLEDJLDQDZDO
PHQJHQDO DWDX PHQJHWDKXL VHFDUD EDLN /HELK
WXOLVDQLQLDGDODKFRQWRKGDULDNLEDWNDVXVEXOO\LQJ
MDXK ODJL VHWLDS LQGLYLGX FHQGHUXQJ PHQMDGL
\DQJ GLODNXNDQ ROHK WHPDQ VHNRODK \DQJ ELVD
DQRQLP WLGDN PHPSXQ\DL LGHQWLWDV GLUL
%LOD VHVHRUDQJ PHUDVD DQRQLP LD FHQGHUXQJ
EHUSHULODNXVHPDXQ\DVHQGLULNDUHQDLDPHUDVD
WLGDNODJLWHULNDWGHQJDQQRUPDPDV\DUDNDWGDQ
NXUDQJEHUVLPSDWLSDGDRUDQJODLQ

1SPTFT
1FOEJTJQMJOBO
ZBOH
,FMJSV
3HQGLGLNDQ GLVLSOLQ \DQJ RWRULWHU GHQJDQ
SHQHUDSDQ \DQJ NHUDV WHUXWDPD GLODNXNDQ GHQJDQ
PHPEHULNDQ KXNXPDQ VLN GDSDW PHQLPEXONDQ
EHUEDJDL SHQJDUXK \DQJ EXUXN EDJL UHPDMD
3HQGLGLNDQGLVLSOLQVHSHUWLLWXDNDQPHPEXDWUHPDMD
PHQMDGL VHRUDQJ SHQDNXW WLGDN UDPDK GHQJDQ
RUDQJ ODLQ GDQ PHPEHQFL RUDQJ \DQJ PHPEHUL
KXNXPDQNHKLODQJDQVSRQWDQLWDVVHUWDLQLVLDWLIGDQ
SDGDDNKLUQ\DPHODPSLDVNDQNHPDUDKDQQ\DGDODP
EHQWXNDJUHVLNHSDGDRUDQJODLQ+XEXQJDQGHQJDQ
OLQJNXQJDQ VRVLDO EHURULHQWDVL NHSDGD NHNXDVDDQ
GDQ NHWDNXWDQ 6LDSD \DQJ OHELK EHUNXDVD GDSDW
EHUEXDW VHNHKHQGDN KDWLQ\D 6HGDQJNDQ \DQJ
WLGDN EHUNXDVD PHQMDGL WXQGXN 3ROD SHQGLVLSOLQDQ
WHUVHEXW GDSDW SXOD PHQLPEXONDQ SHPEHURQWDNDQ
WHUXWDPD ELOD ODUDQJDQODUDQJDQ \DQJ EHUVDQNVL
MDGL SDUD SHODNX MXJD WLGDN PHQ\DGDUL DNLEDW GDUL
SHUEXDWDQ PHUHND %XOO\LQJ GDODP EHQWXN YHUEDO
GDQ SVLNLV VHSHUWL PHQJHMHN GDQ PHQJRORNRORN
NDGDQJNDOD PHPDQJ GLDQJJDS VHSHOH ROHK SHODNX
PDXSXQ SDUD JXUX EDKNDQ WHUPDVXN ROHK NRUEDQ
NDUHQD GDPSDNQ\D WLGDN WDPSDN VHFDUD ODQJVXQJ
'DPSDNYHUEDOEXOO\LQJPHPDQJEHUVLIDWSVLNRORJLV
GDQ HPRVLRQDO .DUDNWHULVWLN NRUEDQ \DQJ OHPDK
SHQGLDP GDQ WLGDN SHUQDK PHODZDQ NHPXGLDQ
PHQ\HEDENDQ DNVL EXOO\LQJ WHUVHEXW EHUODQJVXQJ
WHUXVPHQHUXV KLQJJD DNKLUQ\D PHPEXDW NRUEDQ
WHUWHNDQGDQGHSUHVL
6HODLQ GLODNXNDQ ROHK WHPDQ DNVL EXOO\LQJ
WHUQ\DWD EDQ\DN GLODNXNDQ MXJD ROHK JXUX 'DWD
GDUL .3$, 6HODPD -DQXDUL KLQJJD $SULO 
PHQXQMXNNDQDQJND\DQJDJDNPHQJHMXWNDQ6HODPD
SHULRGH ZDNWX WHUVHEXW MXPODK NDVXV NHNHUDVDQ
WHUKDGDSDQDNEHUXVLDWDKXQGL,QGRQHVLDWHUGDWD
NDVXV'DULMXPODKLWXSHUVHQWDVHWHUWLQJJL\DLWX
SHUVHQGLODNXNDQROHKJXUX%HQWXNNHNHUDVDQ
\DQJGLODNXNDQROHKJXUXEHUPDFDPPDFDPPXODL
GDULSHQFDEXODQNHNHUDVDQVLNNHNHUDVDQVHODPD
PHQJDMDUGDQODLQODLQQ\DKWWSGHWHNWLIURPDQWLND
KXNXPDQWLGDNGLLPEDQJLGHQJDQDOWHUQDWLIODLQ\DQJ ZRUGSUHVVFRPNHNHUDVDQWHUKDGDSDQDN
GDSDWPHPHQXKLNHEXWXKDQ\DQJPHQGDVDUPLVDO
GLODUDQJXQWXNNHOXDUPDLQWHWDSLGLGDODPUXPDK 3HQXOLV SHUQDK PHQDQJDQL NDVXV NOLHQ SHODMDU
WLGDNGLSHUKDWLNDQROHKNHGXDRUDQJWXDQ\DNDUHQD \DQJOXPD\DQFHUGDVGDQSLQWDU6DDWLWXGLDNHODV
NHVLEXNDQPHUHND6RHGDUGMR )DGLOOD

1FMBLV
#VMMZJOH
3DGD WDKXQ  ODOX <D\DVDQ 6HPDL -LZD
$PLQL SHUQDK PHODNXNDQ VXUYHL WHUKDGDS 
/0

70-
*7

60$$QDNWHUVHEXWPHQGDSDWNDQQLODL\DQJEDJXV
SDGD VHPXD PDWD SHODMDUDQ NHFXDOL PDWHPDWLND
'LD PHQJDWDNDQ VDQJDW WLGDN VXND PDWHPDWLND
GDQPHUDVDERGRKGDODPVHPXDSHODMDUDQKLWXQJ
PHQJKLWXQJ 'DODP VHVL WHUDSL SHQXOLV DNKLUQ\D
PHQJHWDKXL EDKZD DNDU PDVDODK PHQJDSD GLD

$KPDG%DOL\R(NR3UDVHW\R

PHPEHQFLSHODMDUDQPDWHPDWLNDGDQPHUDVDERGRK OXSD DSD VDMD \DQJ WHODK GLODNXNDQ GDQ VLDSD

GDODPVHPXDSHODMDUDQKLWXQJPHQJKLWXQJDGDODK VDMD \DQJ GLD WHPXL EHEHUDSD KDUL VHEHOXPQ\D
NDUHQDSDGDZDNWXNHODVGDQ6'DQDNLQLSXQ\D 2OHK GRVHQQ\D 0LD GLVDUDQNDQ XQWXN PHQMDODQL
SHQJDODPDQ GLDMDU ROHK LEX JXUX PDWHPDWLND \DQJ K\SQRWKHUDS\ GHQJDQ SHQXOLV 3DGD VDDW SUHWDON
VDQJDW JDODN 0HQXUXW GHVNULSVL DQDN WHUVHEXW VHPDFDP DQDPQHVLV GDODP SVLNRORJL NOLQLV XQWXN
VHWLDSNDOLPHQJDMDULEXJXUXPDWHPDWLNDLWXVHODOX PHQJLGHQWLNDVLGDQPHQGLDJQRVLVPDVDODKNOLHQ
PDUDKPDUDK GDQ PHPEHQWDNEHQWDN 6HWLDS NDOL GLNHWDKXL EDKZD 0LD PHQGHULWD IRELD NHUDPDLDQ
EHUELFDUD ,EX *XUX LWX PHQJHOXDUNDQ VXDUD \DQJ WDQSD GLD WDKX VHFDUD SDVWL DSD SHQ\HEDEQ\D -LND
VDQJDW NHUDV GHQJDQ PDWD \DQJ PHORWRW ,EX JXUX EHUDGD GL WHPSDW UDPDL DWDX EDQ\DN RUDQJ GLD
LWX VHULQJ SXOD PHQJKXNXP PXULG GL GHSDQ NHODV
GDQ PHPXNXO NDNL SDUD PXULG GHQJDQ SHQJJDULV
ND\X\DQJEHVDU$QDNWHUVHEXWSHUQDKVXDWXNHWLND
PHQGDSDWNDQQLODLQROVDDWXODQJDQ$QJNDQROLWX
GLWXOLVEHVDUEHVDUGHQJDQSHQDEHUZDUQDPHUDKGL
NHUWDV XODQJDQQ\D 'LD NHPXGLDQ GLKXNXP EHUGLUL
GLGHSDQNHODVGDQGLSXNXOGHQJDQSHQJJDULV%LVD
GLSDKDPL MLND NHPXGLDQ SHODMDUDQ PDWHPDWLND
GDQ SHODMDUDQ PHQJKLWXQJ ODLQQ\D VHRODK PHQMDGL
PRQVWHU \DQJ PHQDNXWNDQ 6HMDN VDDW LWX VHWLDS
DNDQ PDVXN MDP SHODMDUDQ PDWHPDWLND GLULQ\D
VHODOX PHUDVD WHJDQJ GDQ FHPDV WDQSD GLD WDKX
SHQ\HEDEVHEHQDUQ\D'LDMXJDVHODOXWDNXWNHSDGD
VHPXDJXUXPDWHPDWLNDGDUL6'KLQJJD60$WDQSD
DODVDQ\DQJMHODV3HUDVDDQFHPDVGDQWDNXWLWXWHUXV
PXQFXOVDPSDLGLDEHUWHPXGHQJDQSHQXOLV

%BNQBL
#VMMZJOH
ODQJVXQJGLVHUDQJUDVDFHPDVDQ[LHW\SXVLQJGDQ
PXDOVHKLQJJDGLDVHODOXPHQFDULWHPSDW\DQJVHSL
XQWXN PHQ\HQGLUL 'LD MXJD PHPLOLNL UDVD PLQGHU
VXND PHQ\HQGLUL PXGDK PHUDVD WHUWHNDQ GDQ
PHQGHULWD DPQHVLD WHPSRUDO *DQJJXDQJDQJJXDQ
LQLODK \DQJ NHPXGLDQ PHQ\HEDENDQ 0LD PHQMDGL
VHSHUWLRUDQJNHVXUXSDQ
'DODP SURVHV SUHWDON WHUVHEXW DQDN LQL
PHQJHOXKNDQ RUDQJWXDQ\D \DQJ WHUODOX VLEXN
PHQJKDELVNDQ ZDNWX XQWXN EHNHUMD VHKLQJJD
KDQ\DSXQ\DVHGLNLWZDNWXWHUVLVDXQWXNGLD.HWLND
603KLQJJD60$GLDVHULQJPHUDVDPDUDKNHSDGD
RUDQJWXDQ\D NDUHQD SHUKDWLDQ PHUHND \DQJ GLD
UDVD VDQJDW NXUDQJ 1DPXQ UDVD PDUDK LWX VHODOX
GLSHQGDP6DPSDLGLVLQLSHQXOLVVHPSDWEHUDVXPVL
EDKZD DNDU PDVDODK 0LD DGDODK NXUDQJ GHNDWQ\D
KXEXQJDQ GLD GHQJDQ RUDQJWXDQ\D 1DPXQ SDGD
VDDW WHUDSL NHWLND 0LD EHUKDVLO GLEDZD PDVXN NH
6HEDJDLPDQD GLVHEXWNDQ GL DZDO EDKZD SLNLUDQ EDZDK VDGDU GHHS WUDQFH GDQ GLODNXNDQ
GDODPMDQJNDSHQGHNEXOO\LQJGDSDWPHQLPEXONDQ
SHUDVDDQWLGDNDPDQWHULVRODVLSHUDVDDQKDUJDGLUL
\DQJ UHQGDK GHSUHVL DWDX PHQGHULWD VWUHVV \DQJ
GDSDW EHUDNKLU GHQJDQ EXQXK GLUL 'DODP MDQJND
SDQMDQJ NRUEDQ EXOO\LQJ GDSDW PHQGHULWD PDVDODK
HPRVLRQDOGDQSHULODNX
(IHN MDQJND SDQMDQJ EXOO\LQJ ELVD MDGL WLGDN
GLVDGDULEDLNROHKSHODNXNRUEDQPDXSXQJXUXGDQ
RUDQJWXD .DUHQD GDPSDNQ\D OHELK EHUVLIDW SVLNLV
GDQHPRVL\DQJWLGDNWHUOLKDWGDQSURVHVQ\DVDQJDW
SHUODKDQ EHUODQJVXQJ ODPD GDQ WLGDN ODQJVXQJ
PXQFXO VDDW LWX MXJD 3HQXOLV VHQGLUL PHPLOLNL
SHQJDODPDQ PHQDULN \DQJ PHPEXNWLNDQ EDKZD
EXOO\LQJELVDEHUDNLEDWEXUXNEDJLVLNRUEDQGDODP
MDQJND SDQMDQJ 3HQXOLV SHUQDK PHQDQJDQL NOLHQ
ODLQ \DQJ PHQGHULWD JDQJJXDQ SVLNLV GDQ SHULODNX
.OLHQ SHQXOLV WHUVHEXW VHEXW VDMD QDPDQ\D 0LD
DGDODK VHRUDQJ PDKDVLVZL GL VHEXDK SHUJXUXDQ
WLQJJLVZDVWDGL<RJ\DNDUWD6HEHOXPGLWHUDSL0LD
GLODSRUNDQ VHULQJ PHQJDODPL JHMDOD VHSHUWL RUDQJ
NHVXUXSDQ GDQ VHWHODK VDGDU GDUL NHVXUXSDQQ\D
GLD PHQMDGL VHSHUWL PHQJDODPL DPQHVLD 'LD

UHJUHVL GLEDZD NHPEDOL NH PDVD ODPSDX EDUX
WHUXQJNDS EDKZD PDVDODK SVLNLV GDQ HPRVL DQDN
WHUVHEXW GLVHEDENDQ ROHK EXOO\LQJ \DQJ GLODNXNDQ
WHPDQWHPDQQ\D SDGD VDDW GLD GXGXN GL NHODV GXD
603
%HUGDVDUNDQ DSD \DQJ GLXQJNDSNDQQ\D
SDGD VDDW 603 DGD HQDP WHPDQ VHNHODV GLD \DQJ
PHPEHQWXNVDWXJHQJGDQPHUHNDVHULQJPHODNXNDQ
EXOO\LQJ WHUKDGDSQ\D %XOO\LQJ \DQJ GLDODPL 0LD
OHELK EDQ\DN GDODP EHQWXN YHUEDO GDQ PHQWDO
VHSHUWL PHQJHMHN PHQFHPRRK PHQJRORNRORN
PHPDNL PHQJDQFDP GDQ PHQJLQWLPLGDVL %HQWXN
ODLQQ\D DGDODK SHQJXFLODQ %HEHUDSD WHPDQ 0LD
\DQJ PHQFRED PHQGHNDWL 0LD WXUXW GLHMHN GDQ
GLLQWLPLGDVL ROHK DQJJRWD JHQJ WHUVHEXW VHKLQJJD
0LD VHULQJNDOL WLGDN SXQ\D WHPDQ EHUPDLQ VDDW GL
VHNRODK
6HPXD LWX EHUODQJVXQJ KDPSLU VHWLDS KDUL
VHODPD 0LD GXGXN GL NHODV  603 .HWLND SHQXOLV
PHQDQ\DNDQ PHQJDSD PHUHND PHODNXNDQ KDO LWX
0LD PHQMDZDE WLGDN WDKX 'LD MXJD WLGDN SHUQDK
PHODSRUNDQ GDQ PHQFHULWDNDQ NHSDGD VLDSDSXQ
/0

70-
*7

 %XOO\LQJGL6HNRODKGDQ'DPSDNQ\DEDJL0DVD'HSDQ$QDN
WHQWDQJDSD\DQJLDDODPLEDLNNHSDGDWHPDQJXUX
PDXSXQRUDQJWXDQ\D'LDKDQ\DPHPHQGDPVHPXD
SHUDVDDQQ\DNDUHQDWDNXWPDOXGDQWLGDNWDKXKDUXV
EHUFHULWD NHSDGD VLDSD %LVD GLED\DQJNDQ EHWDSD
PHQGHULWDQ\D0LDVDDWLWX'LVHNRODKKDPSLUWLGDN
SXQ\DWHPDQ\DQJEHQDUEHQDUGHNDWKDPSLUVHWLDS
KDUL PHQGDSDWNDQ LQWLPLGDVL ROHK EHEHUDSD WHPDQ
VHNHODVQ\D GDQ RUDQJWXDQ\D MDUDQJ SXQ\D ZDNWX
\DQJFXNXSXQWXNQ\DVDDWGLUXPDK

WLGDN PHQLPEXONDQ UDVD VDNLW 3DGD DNKLUQ\D VNLOO
PHPHQGDP SHUDVDDQ LWX VHPDNLQ NXDW VHKLQJJD
LQSXWLQSXW HNVWHUQDO \DQJ VHEHQDUQ\D WLGDN
PHQJDQFDPSXQLNXWSXODWHUSHQGDP$NKLUQ\D0LD
PHQMDGLVHSHUWLDPQHVLDPXGDKPHOXSDNDQKDOKDO
\DQJEDUXVDMDGLODNXNDQQ\D
'DODP SVLNRORJL NOLQLV JDQJJXDQ SKRELD
FHPDV GDQ JHMDOD VHSHUWL DPQHVLD \DQJ GLDODPL
0LD LQL GLVHEXW GHQJDQ LVWLODK 3RVW 7UDXPDWLF
6HWHODKVHPXDSURVHVWHUDSLVHOHVDLGDQHPRVL
HPRVL QHJDWLI DNLEDW SHULODNX EXOO\LQJ WHPDQ
WHPDQ VHNRODKQ\D EHUKDVLO GLKLODQJNDQ JDQJJXDQ
JDQJJXDQ SVLNLV GDQ HPRVL \DQJ GLDODPL 0LD SXQ
EHUNXUDQJ6HEXODQVHVXGDKWHUDSL0LDPHQJDEDUNDQ
EDKZDNRQGLVLGLDVXGDKEDLNNXOLDKODQFDUDPQHVLD
VHPEXKGDQVXGDKWLGDNNHVXUXSDQNHVXUXSDQODJL
3HQXOLV DNKLUQ\D PH\DNLQL GHQJDQ SDVWL EDKZD
JDQJJXDQJDQJJXDQSVLNLVGDQHPRVL\DQJGLDODPL
0LDLQLOHELKEDQ\DNGLVHEDENDQROHKEXOO\LQJ\DQJ
GLODNXNDQROHKWHPDQWHPDQVHNRODKQ\DNKXVXVQ\D
VDDWLDGXGXNGLEDQJNX603
.HWLND SHQXOLV PHQFHULWDNDQ DSD \DQJ GLD
XQJNDSNDQ VDDW SURVHV WHUDSL 0LD EDUX PHQJLQJDW
EDKZD HMHNDQHMHNDQ \DQJ GLODNXNDQ WHPDQ
 'DWD LQL VHPDNLQ PH\DNLQNDQ
WHPDQQ\D WHUXWDPD VDDW 603 EHUODQJVXQJ VDQJDW
LQWHQVGDQEHUXODQJXODQJKDPSLUVHWLDSKDUL(MHNDQ
HMHNDQGDQVHPXDVLWXDVL\DQJPHUDQJNDLSHULVWLZD
VDDW LWX DNKLUQ\D PDVXN NH GDODP SLNLUDQ EDZDK
VDGDU0LDGDQPHPEHQWXNVHEXDKSURJUDPEHUXSD
EDQ\DN RUDQJNHUDPDLDQGLHMHNGLSHUPDOXNDQ
PDUDKVDNLW KDWL ,QLODK \DQJ NHPXGLDQ PHPLFX
IRELD NHUDPDLDQ \DQJ GLDODPL 0LD $NLEDWQ\D
VHWLDSNDOLGLDEHUDGDGLWHPSDWGLPDQDDGDEDQ\DN
RUDQJGLVDQDSURJUDPEDQ\DNRUDQJNHUDPDLDQ
GLHMHNGLSHUPDOXNDQPDUDKVDNLW KDWL LWX DNDQ
DNWLIVHKLQJJDWDQSDVHEDE\DQJMHODVGLDODQJVXQJ
PHUDVDFHPDVWDNXWSXVLQJGDQPXDO
%DJDLPDQDGHQJDQDPQHVLD\DQJGLDODPL0LD"
.HWLNDGLHMHNGDQGLNXFLONDQROHKWHPDQWHPDQJHQJ
NHODVQ\DWDQSDDODVDQ\DQJWLGDNGLDNHWDKXLSDVWL
GLDWLGDNEHUDQLPHODZDQGDQKDQ\DPHPHQGDPUDVD
WDNXWGDQPDUDK\DQJGLUDVDNDQQ\D.RQGLVLWHUVHEXW
EHUODQJVXQJ EHUXODQJXODQJ GDODP ZDNWX \DQJ
UHODWLIODPD$GDXQJNDSDQUHSHWLWLRQLVWKHPRWKHU
6WUHVV 'LVRUGHU 376' 'L QHJDUDQHJDUD PDMX
VHSHUWL $6 SHQHOLWLDQSHQHOLWLDQ PHQJHQDL 376'
PHQHPXNDQ EDKZD EXOO\LQJ \DQJ GLDODPL VHPDVD
GXGXN GL EDQJNX VHNRODK VDQJDW HUDW NDLWDQQ\D
GHQJDQPXQFXOQ\DEHEHUDSDNDVXV&RPSOH[376'
SDGD VDDW GHZDVD 'U &KDUOHV 5DVLRQ VHRUDQJ
SVLNLDWHUGDUL(PRU\8QLYHUVLW\0HGLFDO6FKRRO$6
GDODP SHQHOLWLDQQ\D PHQHPXNDQ EDKZD EXOO\LQJ
GL VHNRODK GDSDW PHQ\HEDENDQ WHUMDGLQ\D 376'
SDGDVDDWGHZDVD/HELKODQMXW5DLVRQPHQ\DWDNDQ
EDKZDSHUHPSXDQGXDNDOLOHELKEHUHVLNRPHQGHULWD
376' SDGD VDDW GHZDVD DNLEDW EXOO\LQJ SDGD VDDW
VHNRODK GDULSDGD ODNLODNL KWWSHGLWLRQFQQ
FRP+($/7+H[SHUWTDEXOO\LQJSWVG
UDLVRQLQGH[KWPO
SHQXOLV EDKZD JDQJJXDQ \DQJ GLDODPL 0LD DGDODK
JHMDOD376'DNLEDWEXOO\LQJ\DQJGLDODPLQ\DSDGD
VDDWVHNRODK
$SD\DQJGLDODPL0LDDGDODKVDODKVDWXFRQWRK
Q\DWDGDULGDPSDNMDQJNDSDQMDQJNRUEDQEXOO\LQJ
\DQJMLNDWLGDNGLWDQJDQLDNDQWHUEDZDKLQJJDGHZDVD
GDQWHQWXDNDQPHQJJDQJJXSHQFDSDLDQSHQFDSDLDQ
WHUEDLNGDODPNHKLGXSDQPHUHNDEDLNGDODPVWXGL
NDULU KXEXQJDQ VRVLDO GDQ DNKLUQ\D NHEDKDJLDDQ
KLGXSPHUHND+DOWHUEDLN\DQJVHKDUXVQ\DGLODNXNDQ
DGDODKPHQDQJDQLGDQPHQFHJDKSHULODNXEXOO\LQJ
LQLVHMDNGLQLGLVHNRODKGDQGLUXPDK

.FODFHBI
#VMMZJOH
$GD EHEHUDSD KDO \DQJ ELVD GLODNXNDQ XQWXN
PHQFHJDK EXOO\LQJ 3HUWDPD PHQJXEDK FDUD
PHQGLGLN GDQ FDUD PHPSHUODNXNDQ VLVZD 'LDNXL
DWDX WLGDN SHULODNX VLVZD VHEDJLDQQ\D DGDODK
UHSUHVHQWDVL GDUL FDUD JXUX GDODP PHQGLGLN GDQ
PHPSHUODNXNDQPHUHND-LNDSHULODNXVLVZDEXUXN
RI VNLOO 3HQJXODQJDQ DGDODK NXQFL GDUL VNLOO EDLN
LWXVNLOO\DQJSRVLWLIPDXSXQVNLOO\DQJQHJDWLI0LD
GDODPKDOLQLEHODMDUPHQJXDVDLVNLOOPHPHQGDP
SHUDVDDQ3DGDGDVDUQ\DPHPHQGDPGDQPHQJXEXU
SHUDVDDQLQLDGDODKPHNDQLVPHSHUWDKDQDQGLULVHOI
WHUPDVXN GL GDODPQ\D WLQGDNDQ EXOO\LQJ PDND
SDVWL DGD VHVXDWX \DQJ NXUDQJ GDUL PHWRGH \DQJ
GLJXQDNDQJXUXGDODPPHQGLGLNGDQPHPSHUODNXNDQ
PHUHND
GHIHQVH PHFKDQLVP DJDU SHUODNXDQ WLGDN HQDN LWX 3HQXOLV WHULQJDW GHQJDQ VHRUDQJ *XUX %.

/0

70-
*7
 
$KPDG%DOL\R(NR3UDVHW\R
VHEXDKVHNRODKPHQHQJDKGLVDODKVDWXNRWDGL-DZD
7HQJDK \DQJ WDPSDN VDQJDW DNUDE GHQJDQ SDUD
VLVZDQ\D'DUL\DQJSDOLQJEHUDQGDODQVDPSDL\DQJ
SDOLQJSHQXUXWVHPXDELVDGHNDWGHQJDQ,EX*XUX
WHUVHEXW0HUHNDVHPXDMXJDQXUXWGHQJDQQDVLKDW
QDVLKDWQ\D.HWLNDSHQXOLVEHUWDQ\DDSDPHWRGHGDQ
PDXSXQQRQNXULNXOHUDSDSXQGDQEDJDLPDQDSXQ
KDVLOQ\D -DQJDQ SHUQDK PHQ\DODKNDQ SDUD PXULG
GDQ KLQGDUL PHPEHULNDQ KXNXPDQ 6HODOX EHULNDQ
SHQLODLDQ\DQJSRVLWLIEDKNDQPHVNLSXQKDVLOPHUHND
EXUXN3HQGHNDWDQLQLEDUDQJNDOLWHUNHVDQDQHKEDJL
PHUHND \DQJ WHUELDVD GHQJDQ EXGD\D PHQJKXNXP
SHQGHNDWDQ \DQJ ,D JXQDNDQ" ,D GHQJDQ EHUVDKDMD
PHQMDZDE EDKZD ,D WLGDN SHUQDK PHQFHOD DWDX
PHPEHULODEHO\DQJEXUXNWHUKDGDSPXULGEDKNDQ
PHVNLSXQPHUHNDPHODNXNDQNHVDODKDQ\DQJEHUDW
VHNDOLSXQ6HEDOLNQ\D,DVHODOXPHQDQDPNDQNDWD
NDWDGDQNDOLPDWNDOLPDWSRVLWLIVHWLDSKDULNHSDGD
VHWLDS PXULG 0LVDO NDPX LWX VHEHQDUQ\D DQDN
\DQJEDLNDWDXNDPXDGDODKDQDN\DQJEDLN
SXQLVKPHQW NHWLND PXULG PHODNXNDQ NHVDODKDQ
NDUHQD GL\DNLQL PXULG DNDQ WHUXV PHODNXNDQ
NHVDODKDQMLNDPHUHNDWLGDNGLEHULKXNXPDQ5LVHW
PXWDNKLUWHQWDQJNHNXDWDQSLNLUDQWHUPDVXNGDODP
DSOLNDVLQ\D GL GXQLD SHQGLGLNDQ PHQXQMXNNDQ
EDKZDKXNXPDQWHUQ\DWDELVDPHQJKDPEDWGD\DSLNLU
NUHDWLI GDQ ELVD PHQLQJNDWNDQ DJUHVL 6HGDQJNDQ
SXMLDQ SHQJKDUJDDQ GDQ GRURQJDQ \DQJ SRVLWLI
,D WHUXV PHODNXNDQ GDQ PHQJDWDNDQ NDOLPDW
VHSHUWL LWX GHQJDQ WXOXV GDQ DNUDE NHSDGD VHPXD
PXULGQ\D -LND GLODNXNDQ VHFDUD EHUXODQJXODQJ
VHWLDSKDULVHFDUDNRQVLVWHQNDOLPDWSRVLWLIWHUVHEXW
SHODQSHODQ DNDQ WHUVHUDS GDQ WHUWDQDP GDODP
SLNLUDQEDZDKVDGDUSDUDPXULG-LNDNDOLPDWSRVLWLI
HQFRXUDJHPHQWGDSDWPHUDQJVDQJNUHDWLYLWDVGDQ
SHULODNX SRVLWLI -LND LNOLP GDQ KXEXQJDQ SRVLWLI
DQWDUDSDUDVLVZDGDQSDUDJXUXLQLEHQDUEHQDUELVD
WHUEDQJXQGHQJDQEDLNEXOO\LQJGHQJDQVHQGLULQ\D
DNDQEHUNXUDQJ
.HGXDEDQJXQMHMDULQJNRPXQLNDVL\DQJDNWLI
WHUVHEXW EHQDUEHQDU WHODK WHUWDQDP GDODP SLNLUDQ
EDZDKVDGDUVLPXULGDNDQPHQGDSDWLGDQPHQ\DGDUL
EDKZD GLULQ\D VHEHQDUQ\D DGDODK DQDN \DQJ EDLN
GDQ VHFDUD RWRPDWLV VHJDOD SLOLKDQ SHULODNX GDQ
VLNDSQ\DDNDQEDLNSXOD6HEDOLNQ\DMLNDNDOLPDW
NDOLPDW \DQJ PDVXN GDODP SLNLUDQ EDZDK VDGDU
VL PXULG VHWLDS KDULQ\D DGDODK FHODDQFHODDQ
SHQLODLDQSHQLODLDQGDQSHQJKDNLPDQSHQJKDNLPDQ
\DQJ QHJDWLI WHUOHELK VHPXD LWX EHUDVDO GDUL JXUX
PDNDKDOKDOQHJDWLILWXODK\DQJDNDQWHUWDQDPGDQ
WHUSURJUDP GDODP EDZDK VDGDUQ\D -LND GHPLNLDQ
\DQJ WHUMDGL PDND VHJDOD SLOLKDQ SHULODNX VLIDW
GDQVLNDSVLPXULGSXQDNDQQHJDWLISXODWHUPDVXN
NHNHUDVDQGDQEXOO\LQJ7HUEXNWLVLVZDVLVZD\DQJ
EHUDGD GDODP ELPELQJDQ ,EX *XUX WHUVHEXW VDQJDW
MDUDQJ WHUOLEDW PDVDODK \DQJ VHULXV EDLN GHQJDQ
VHNRODK JXUXJXUX ODLQ WHPDQ VHNRODK PDXSXQ
RUDQJWXD
+DVLO SHQHOLWLDQ SXQ PHQGXNXQJ KDO WHUVHEXW
3HQHOLWLDQ\DQJGLODNXNDQROHK5DWQD-XZLWDVHRUDQJ
GHQJDQ SDUD RUDQJWXD .RKXW   %HULODK
RUDQJWXD LQIRUPDVL \DQJ XSWRGDWH PHQJHQDL
SHUNHPEDQJDQ NHJLDWDQ VHNRODK GDQ DQDN PHUHND
GL VHNRODK -LND SHUOX VHNRODK LGHDOQ\D PHPLOLNL
EDJLDQNKXVXV\DQJPHQDQJDQLNRPXQLNDVLGHQJDQ
RUDQJWXD6HODPDLQLNRPXQLNDVLDQWDUDVHNRODKGDQ
RUDQJWXDKDQ\DSDGDVDDWDNKLUVHPHVWHUSHPEDJLDQ
UDSRUGDQDWDXNHQDLNDQNHODV6XGDKVDDWQ\DSROD
NRPXQLNDVL LQL GLWLQJNDWNDQ NXDOLWDVQ\D %DQ\DN
\DQJ ELVD GLODNXNDQ VHEDJDL PHGLD NRPXQLNDVL
DQWDUDJXUXGDQRUDQJWXD0LVDOPHPEXNDKRWOLQH
VHNRODK \DQJ ELVD GLKXEXQJL RUDQJWXD VHWLDS VDDW
ZHEVLWH\DQJLQWHUDNWLIDWDXPDMDODKUXWLQEHUNDOD
3HQLQJNDWDQ NXDOLWDV NRPXQLNDVL VHWLGDNQ\D ELVD
PHQLQJNDWNDQ SDUWLVLSDVL GDQ NHGHNDWDQ RUDQJWXD
GHQJDQ VHNRODK \DQJ SDGD DNKLUQ\D MXJD DGDODK
NHGHNDWDQ NRPXQLNDVL DQWDUD RUDQJWXD GDQ DQDN
DQDN PHUHND .RPXQLNDVL DNWLI VHPDFDP LQL MLND
WHUEDQJXQ DNDQ ELVD PHQJXUDQJL EXOO\LQJ GDQ
DWDX PHQJXUDQJL GDPSDNQ\D ,QJDW VDODK VDWX
3VLNRORJ GL 8QLYHUVLWDV ,QGRQHVLD 8, -DNDUWD
WHUKDGDSVLVZDVLVZL6'603GDQ60$GLWLJDNRWD
EHVDU GL ,QGRQHVLD PHQXQMXNNDQ EDKZD VHNRODK
GHQJDQWLQJNDWEXOO\LQJSDOLQJUHQGDKDGDODKVHNRODK
\DQJWHUGDSDWKXEXQJDQ\DQJVDQJDWEDLNGDQDNUDE
DQWDUD JXUX GDQ VLVZD KWWSVWRSEXOO\LQJE\VHYHQ
YDULDEHOSHQGXNXQJGDULPDVDODK\DQJGLDODPL0LD
DGDODK NXUDQJQ\D NRPXQLNDVL DQWDUD GLD GHQJDQ
RUDQJWXDQ\DVHKLQJJD0LDWLGDNELVDPHQFHULWDNDQ
DSD\DQJGLDODPLQ\DGLVHNRODK
.HWLJD SHPEHULDQ SHPDKDPDQ \DQJ WHSDW
PHQJHQDL EXOO\LQJ WHUKDGDS SDUD JXUX VLVZD GDQ
EORJVSRWFRP RUDQJWXD PHODOXL ZRUNVKRS SHODWLKDQSHODWLKDQ
3HQGHNDWDQSRVLWLIODLQQ\D\DQJELVDGLODNXNDQ DWDX VHPLQDUVHPLQDU 3HPEHULDQ SHPDKDPDQ LQL
JXUXDGDODKPHPEHULSHQJKDUJDDQDSUHVLDVLWHUKDGDS ELVD EHUXSD PDWHUL WHQWDQJ NDUDNWHULVWLN EXOO\LQJ
VHWLDS XVDKD VLVZD  EDLN XQWXN DNWLYLWDV NXULNXOHU SHQFHJDKDQGDQSHQDQJDQDQQ\D'HQJDQGHPLNLDQ

 /0

70-
*7

 %XOO\LQJGL6HNRODKGDQ'DPSDNQ\DEDJL0DVD'HSDQ$QDN

SDUDJXUXGDSDWPHQJDQWLVLSDVLGDQPHQJLGHQWLNDVL .DUHQD MLND WLGDN VHJHUD GLODNXNDQ DNVLDNVL \DQJ

SHULODNXEXOO\LQJSDUDVLVZD.RKXW
.HHPSDW GHNODUDVLNDQ NDPSDQ\H DQWL
EXOO\LQJ \DQJ PHOLEDWNDQ SHUDQ DNWLI VHPXD XQVXU
VHNRODKGDULSDUDJXUXNDU\DZDQVLVZDGDQSDUD
RUDQJWXD .DPSDQ\H LQL ELVD EHUXSD SRVWHUSRVWHU
DQWLEXOO\LQJ SHUWXQMXNDQSHUWXQMXNDQ VHQL DWDX
DSDSXQ \DQJ WHPD VHQWUDOQ\D DGDODK DQWLEXOO\LQJ
&DUD LQL VHODLQ XQWXN PHQFHJDK SHULODNX EXOO\LQJ
GDQPHPEHULNDQSHPDKDPDQDUWLEXOO\LQJWHUKDGDS
VHPXD XQVXU VHNRODK MXJD ELVD EHUIXQJVL VHEDJDL
PHGLD SHQJDOLKDQ HQHUJL GDQ VXPEHU GD\D PXULG
XQWXNKDOKDO\DQJSRVLWLI
.HOLPD VHEDJDL SHQFHJDKDQ VHNDOLJXV
VHEDJDL SHQDQJDQDQ NDVXV EXOO\LQJ VHNRODK SHUOX
OHELK VHULXV GDQ WHURUJDQLVLU EXOO\LQJ LQL DNDQ
PHUHSURGXNVL WLQGDNDQ NHNHUDVDQ \DQJ DGD GL
VHNRODK.DUHQDSHODNXDNDQFHQGHUXQJPHQJXODQJ
SHUEXDWDQQ\D GDQ NRUEDQ EXOO\LQJ SXQ PHPLOLNL
NHFHQGHUXQJDQ\DQJVDQJDWEHVDUXQWXNPHODNXNDQ
WLQGDNDQEXOO\LQJSXODMLNDDGDNHVHPSDWDQ
%BGUBS
1VTUBLB
#VLV
EBO
+VSOBM
2OZHXV 'DQ  %XOO\LQJ DW 6FKRRO :KDW :H
.QRZ DQG :KDW :H &DQ 'R 0DVVDFKXVVHWWV
%ODFNZHOO3XEOLVKLQJ
+DOO&DOYLQ6 *DUGQHU/LQG]H\3VLNRORJL
.HSULEDGLDQ  7HRULWHRUL 3VLNRGLQDPLN
PHQ\HGLDNDQ VHPDFDP EXOO\LQJ FHQWHU EDJL SDUD
VLVZD %LPELQJDQ .RQVHOLQJ GL VHNRODK ELVD MXJD
GLWDPEDKNDQIXQJVLLQL%DJLDQLQLEHUSHUDQVHEDJDL
WHPSDW SHQJDGXDQ \DQJ VDQJDW UDKDVLD DUWLQ\D
LGHQWLWDVNRUEDQSHODSRUDNDQGLUDKDVLDNDQ%DJLDQ
LQLMXJDEHUSHUDQPHPEHULNDQNRQVHOLQJGDQWHUDSL
EDJLVLVZDNRUEDQPDXSXQSHODNXEXOO\LQJ
$
1FOVUVQ
'DODP XQGDQJXQGDQJ SHUOLQGXQJDQ DQDN
1R 7DKXQ  SDVDO  GLQ\DWDNDQ DQDN GL
GDODP GDQ GL OLQJNXQJDQ VHNRODK ZDMLE GLOLQGXQJL
GDULWLQGDNDQNHNHUDVDQ\DQJGLODNXNDQROHKJXUX
SHQJHOROD VHNRODK DWDX WHPDQWHPDQQ\D GL GDODP
VHNRODK\DQJEHUVDQJNXWDQDWDXOHPEDJDSHQGLGLNDQ
ODLQQ\D8QGDQJXQGDQJSHUOLQGXQJDQDQDNGLDWDV
GHQJDQWHJDVWHODKPHQ\HEXWNDQPDQGDW\DQJKDUXV
GLSHQXKL \DNQL PHOLQGXQJL DQDNDQDN GL VHNRODK
GDUL VHPXD PDFDP WLQGDN NHNHUDVDQ %XOO\LQJ
VHEDJDL VDODK VDWX EHQWXN WLQGDN NHNHUDVDQ \DQJ
ELVDPHQJDQFDPSHUNHPEDQJDQDQDNGLPDVDGHSDQ
VHOD\DNQ\DPHQGDSDWSHUKDWLDQ\DQJOHELKGDULSDUD
JXUXRUDQJWXDSDUDPXULGVHQGLULGDQWHUOHELKODJL
SHPHULQWDK
8SD\D SHQFHJDKDQ GDQ SHQDQJDQDQ EXOO\LQJ
\DQJ OHELK VHULXV SHUOX XQWXN GLODNXNDQ .DUHQD
VHODPD LQL XSD\D DQWLEXOO\LQJ PDVLK GLODNXNDQ
VHFDUDVSRUDGLVROHK/60DWDX1*2VHUWDLQGLYLGX
LQGLYLGX\DQJHIHNWLYLWDVGDQNHEHUKDVLODQQ\DWLGDN
WHUODOX EHVDU 'HPLNLDQ MXJD GHQJDQ NRQWULEXVL
GDUL NDODQJDQ DNDGHPLN XQWXN PHQ\HGLDNDQ GDWD
\DQJ OHELK DNXUDW GDQ SHQDQJDQDQ \DQJ EHUEDVLV
GDWDHPSLULVSHUOXGLJLDWNDQODJL7XOLVDQLQLDGDODK
VDODK VDWX XSD\D  DZDO PHQXMX DNVLDNVL WHUVHEXW
/0

70-
*7

.OLQLV<RJ\DNDUWD.DQLVLXV
%DURQ 'RQQ  5REHUW $ %\UQH  6RFLDO
3V\FKRORJ\1986$$OO\Q %DFRQ
6RHGDUGMR GDQ +HOPL $YLQ )DGLOOD %HEHUDSD
3HUVSHNWLI 3HULODNX $JUHVL %XOHWLQ 3VLNRORJL
7DKXQ9,1R'HVHPEHU
'DYLGRII 5RQDOG HW DO $JJUHVVLRQ DQG &RXQWHU
$JJUHVVLRQGXULQJ&KLOG3V\FKLDWULF+RVSLWDOL]DWLRQ
-RXUQDO RI WKH $PHULFDQ $FDGHP\ RI &KLOG DQG
$GROHVFHQFH 3V\FKLDWU\ 9RO  ,VVXH  0DUFK

.RKXW 0DUJDUHW 5  7KH &RPSOHWH *XLGH
WR 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ &RQWUROOLQJ DQG 6WRSSLQJ
%XOOLHV  %XOO\LQJ D &RPSOHWH *XLGH IRU
7HDFKHUV DQG 3DUHQWV )ORULGD $WODQWLF
3XEOLVKLQJ
*OUFSOFU
,QGRQHVLDQ $QWL%XOO\LQJ KWWSLGZRUGSUHVVFRP
WDJEXOO\LQJ'LDNVHVSDGD0HL
%XGD\D%XOO\LQJGL6HNLWDU.LWDKWWSPIDKPLD
EORJVSRWFRPEXGD\DEXOO\LQJGL
VHNLWDUNLWDKWPO
.HNHUDVDQ %XOO\LQJ GL 6HNRODK KWWSELJOR3HULODNX
3URVRVLDOYV.HNHUDVDQ6RVLDO