Section 7 Abutment Design Section 7 of the Bridge Design Practice deals with the design of rolled beam bridges. folled beams are not as economicel as welded girders. They have therefore given way to the letter. Instead of a problem on rolled beams, a problem on the design of an abutment 1s being given for Section 7. The open end abutment which you are asked to design was described in the original Section 5 of the Bridge Design Practice. A copy of that portion is attached, as well as other pertinent information. Problem 1. Design the typical section of an open end abutment with a spread footing for a girder bridge using the following assumptions: Allowable foundation pressure 13 tons per sq. ft. Girder spacing 62 ft. centers. Dead Load of superstructures 32.5 K/girder. Live Load reaction 60.4 K/lane. Girders 4 ft. deep. Masonry plates 10" x 11-6", expansion bearings. Use individual pedestals under each girder and reinforce the footing to resist the bending between pedestals. Problem 2. Design a pile foundation for the above abutnent using 45 ton piles. ”DSelee2 ABUTMENTS The plan and elevation of a typical abutment for this structure is shown in Fig. 5-74. Nore: Ohly 0 few dinansins are shown Ths figure. é Gs linere Alen and, feratisns "hah if can b0 Laid out miitaourh re i bc a ut / ey sey Ef Bearing z LL A/T fetibifiton AT BEARINGS AT_ToP OF DECK LAN ‘Det. M-1 fp. g room Tr Le eee Fig. 5-7h ELEVATION The wingwalls will be standard retaining walls. Their length is determined from the study shown in Figs 5-3. Some saving of materials is effected by corbelling the last & feet as indicated. Concrete dimensions, reinforcement and pile layout for the wingwalls may be taken directly from Bridge Department Standards. In cases of this kind it is the usual practice to show the pile layout on the founda- tion plan and include a duplicate tracing of the standard cantilever retaining wail in the plans, It will be necessary to design the reinforcement for the corbel. This will be left to the student.7-3 The abutment proper is a simple L-retaining wall founded on piles. It is usually assumed that the abutment is sufficiently stiff to distribute the concentrated loads of the girders uniformly. Reference is made to Drwg. 5-170-808 for cases to be investigated. Since the girders rest. on expansion rockers at the abutments, Cases IV and V may be omitted. The typical section is shown in Figure 5-75. The front row of piles is battered to resist the horizontal thrust of the earth behind the wall, The 6 inch heel is for convenience in construction; it gives the builder a reasonably true surface to rest the back forms on, where he can line them up easier than when they rest on the earth, The heel is not always used. Lia yn Ht. Mot, FS om ¢ fecker Bearing 4 Le . yy Peieforcemep?t | of Aa este/ S| nets: 4 Fears Tet 5 Crewe prsferredt’ proche a te plau Aotk ree w We ger es hon Zhe A. TI sper OD WS), eoTuig Yertieal J \ylone. N Badter 15 Lasq to” FV Ales Cleio” Figs 5-75 ‘12 5e4e2 (a) FOUNDATION (PILES) Fig.. 5-74 shows the loadings for Cases I, II and III. , ons’ i Case I Case T Case I Fig. 5-76 Girder Reactions - Use typical interior girder DL (5.2.7 (a)(5)) 14.5/8,7 = 1.67 k/ft. LL (no impact) (5.2.8(e)) 48.0/10 sec a = 4.15 k/ft. End Diaphragm = 2.0 x 3.5 x 0.15 = 1.08 kfte Abutment - Vertical Loads Footing 2.5 x 6.0 x 0,15 = 2.25 k/ft. Backwall 1.0 x 7,0 x 0.15 = 1105 k/tt. Backfill 0.5 x 7.0 x 0,12 = 0.42 k/tt. Pedestal 3.0 x 3.0 x 2.8 x 0.12/8.7 = 0.38 k/ft Abuti it - Horizontal Loads LL Surcharge (2' Level) at 36 1b = 0,036 x 2 x 9.5 0.684 k at 27 lb = .684 x 27/36 = 0.513 k Earth Pressure at 36 1b = 0,036 x 9.5 x 255(2 = 1.62 k at 27 lb = 1.62 x 27/36 = 1.22 k Case I (36 1b equivalent fluid pressure) Vertical forces: (taking moments about heel) 2.25 x3.00= 6.75 1105 x 100 = 1.05 0.42 x 0.25 = 0.11 0.38 x 3.00 = 1.14 0 9.05 Subtotal 4. 6. 1 87 X 3.25 22.5 TOTAL, m0 3I.5R15 forward 31.55 Horizontal forces 0.684 x 4.75 3.2 5 62 3617) = 50h Resultant is 39.6/11.0 = 3.6" from heel Horizontal Component = 1.62 + 0.68 = 2.30 k Vertical Component = 11.0 « Case Ia (27 1b equivalent fluid pressure) Vertical forces 31.5 Horizontal forces (0.75% Case I)= _ 6, Resultant is 37.7/11.0 = 3.4 from heel The usual procedure is to make a trial design for the maximum condition (Case E) check it for the other conditions and modify the design as required. This pro- cedure will be followed. In order that the piles may be uniformly loaded, the centroid of the pile group must coincide with the point where the resultant cuts the base of the footing. The batter piles do not support the same vertical load as the plumb piles. It will be necessary to find how many batter piles are required and their value in support- ing vertical loads. Assuming 64k battered pile the values, per pile are: (solve graphically) for 1:3 batter Horizontal 20 k Vertical 60k ih 15 k i 62 k " " 13k " 63 k " ‘ uk " 64 k Approximate spacing of piles = 64/11 = 5.8 Use 5.5! Average axial load = 5.5 x 11 = 60.5 k Assume piles in front row battered and spaced 2x 5.5 = 11.0 feet Total horizontal force on pile = 11 x 2.3 = 25 Assume 1:5 batter 0.15 x2 x 60.5 = 181k > and 1:5 batter will be used. Assume centroid of pile group 3.6! from heel. Locate front row 4.5 from heel. Locate back row 0.9 + (0.9 x 63/64) = 1.79" Say 1:8 from front row. (Symmetrical about resultant), 5354 Check loading on piles: Gase I Satisfactory by design Case Ia Bren ote; on rear piles And it will be necessary to reduce the spacing. Try 5.00 spacing and increase distance between rows to 2.0'. On rear pile: 10.0 x 11.0 x 1.1/2.0 = 60.5 5*-0" net spacing will be used, 10'-0" spacing in each row, Front row battered. Case IT Case Ila Case Ia. Case IIT Abutment D.L. 4610 9.051 Superstructure D.L. 2.72 x 3.25 = 8:83 Vertical forces = 6.82 17.88 Horizontal Forces = 8.29 26.17 Resultant 26.2/6.82 = 3.84! from heel Pile Loading: 10«6.82+ Ch2 yf, 066, Vertical Rear row 68,2 x 0.66/2.0 = 22.5 Front row 68.2 x 1.34/2.0 = 45,7 Horizontal £4 = 25.3 Deduct Batter Pile 45.7 x 13/64 - 9.3 To be taken by bending in piles 16.0 OK. (27 1b equivalent fluid pressure) Satisfactory by inspection and comparison with Resultant (9.05 + 8.30) /4.10 = 4.23! from, heel Pile Loading: Lox4l= 40k Vertical Front Row 41.0 x 1.7/2.0 = 35 k z 121 x 1.1/1.8 = 74 keT The pile arrangement is shown in plan, Fig. 5-77. Fig. 5-77 Selre2 (0) REINFORCEMENT (1) Backwail The vertical reinforcement in the backwall is similar to that for a standard retaining wall of the same height. Neglecting the supporting effect of the pedestals and considering the moment in the wall at the top of the footing: Surcharge 0.072 x 7* x 1/2 = 1.761 Backfill 0.036 x 7% x 1/6 = 2.06 M = 3.821 d= 12-2 = 10" From ACI Hdbk: Res M Cone, = 148 x 0.1 = 14.8tk Ag 7 yxi282 x12» 0,257 sqein./ft. ‘S$ "20 x 0289 x 26 Use 5/8 at 12" = 0.31 sq. in./ft. in back face, Provide temperature reinforcement, vertical in front face and horizontal in both faces. Use 5/8 at 24 in. (2) Footing Abutment footings of this type are usually con- sidered as beams continuous over the pile supports and56 7-8 carrying a uniform load. This is not exactly true, but it is close enough to provide a basis for the design of the longitudinal reinforcement. Ia interior span of an infinite number of equal spans is assumed, hence the fixed end moments are maximum moments for the design. Loads are based on the carryin, capacity of the pile, to simplify calculations and takes care of loadings not considered in the analysis, such as the girder concentrations. Assumed loading Use M= 12.8 x 5.00 /12 = 26.7'k for design ee SSS = 0.77 sq. in. x 0.89 x 23. Taeoretically, two 3/4 bars top and bottom are more than sufficient to’satisfy the stress requirements. However, this would leave large areas unreinforced and would not be enough to provide temperature reinforcement. Therefore, in order to tie the structure together and insure adequate reinforcement in all areas of the footing, the following will be used: 3/4 at 13"t Total 5 top and bottom 000 = 21 psi Unit shear = And no shear reinforcement is required. The arrangement of the reinforcement is shown in the Typical Section of the abutment (Fig. 5-75). 5ebe3 GENERAL The foundations for this structure were compara- tively simple. The column footings were subject only to direct load; the moment shears from the columns were assumed to be taken by bending in the piles. Only the central or "typical" portion of the abutment was designed. The treatment of the corners of skewed abutments, such as the one in this case, is a special problem which calls for considerable engineering judgment and experience. The usual procedure is to study previous jobs of a similar nature for ideas on what to do in the case at hand. The details of reinforcement at the corners should be worked out with some care to avoid excessive waste and more impor- tantly, congested reinforcement through which it is diffi- cult to place concrete. These details should be shown clearly on the plans.BRIDGE DESIGN PRACTICE CORRESPONDENCE COURSE Section 7 Abutment Design Solutions 1737-1 BRIDGE DESIGN PRACTICE - SECTION SEVEN Solution for Problem Seven The following solution for the épen end abutment problem is simpler than many of the solutions submitted. The other: solutions give adequate results but seem to be more comp- licated and less direct. The following information helps in Selecting a trial section, Memo to Designers 3.5.3-5 gives footing cover and berm require~ ments, as shown in the sketch below. Slope outside of Wingwal/ 3 Min for Box Giraci 2 Min for = Bear 3 { or Box Gd ON FILL = & PLAN \ The following information on berms and cover were taken from Memo to Designers 315.3=5: Policy All open end structures shall have berms in front of the abutment to help support the embankment behind the abutment, to aid in compacting the fill in front of the abutment, to aid in resisting erosion, and to improve appearances. Width Berms shall have a minimum width of 5 feet, measured normal to the abutment, from the edge of the abutment footing to the top of the slope. Glearance A clearance of 3 feet shall be provided between the bottom of the super structure and the surface of the berm. 2 feet clearance will be permitted on T-beam bridges, but 3 feet is preferred. 75dee BRIDGE DESIGN PRACTICE ~ SECTION SEVEN 176 Solution for Problem Seven (Con't) Level Berms shall preferably be level but if the roadway is superelevated the berm may parallel it if such will be advantageous. Article 3.5.2 (d) of the Bridge Planning and Design Manual states: "Except in small structures, and retaining walls no footing shall have a thickness at the edge of less than 2 feet. when piles are used, the footing shall have an edge thickness of not less than 18’inches above the tops of the piles." Select A Trial Section-- Assume No Skew. 41-07 Assume: 61-0" footing width 3r.on & O'-6" & Ot-6" heel ledge for 21-0" a form seat. 1-0" backwall Pedestals as shown £ Bearing Pabeam e+é" ABUTMENT SECTION Scale:BRIDGE DESIGN PRACTICE ~ SECTION SEVEN 7-3 Solution for Problem Seven (Con't) Problen 1. Abutment on Spread Footing © wu, 222$ = 5.008/re 36? Barth Pressure for footing Design BSB oor 82 = 2,60" 24396 x 8 P 5,681-K H (Heel) $ Total —6.28'-k 27 5.2, 0475 x 6428=4,72'* 2Mps we/et Arm Moment @ o.98k/tt —1.00ft 0.98" “FE @ 0.21 2675 0.58 @ 1.80 3.00 5h ® 0.51 0.25 0.13 *@® Not included © 5.00 3.00 15.00 ® 6.04 3.00 18.12 @_See above 6428 Vert Loadsh4. 54K £My= 46.49" - ke Location of Resultant from heel -- $6249 = 3-2 The Resultant falls within middle third I of footing a U6? = 1s cet, L638 02 x 14.5h= 209", Py Me Ube. 2, O02 = UeSh= 209" NF Me MbeSe x. 249 2ehK2+0048 = 2.90 or <% O.K. * Memo to Designers 3.5.2-5, Earth Loads on Footings, May 23, 1955, states "this may be included for simplifying calculations" -- it has been omitted here, The above Memo covers the Bridge Dept. practice for loads caused by superimposed fills. 7itt BRIDGE D&SIGN PRACTICE -SECTION SEVEN Solution for Problem Seven (Con't) Case IA By reducing the fluid pressure 25% , 6.2¢—4.72=1.56'~* The resultant shifts closer to the center of gravity of the footing: He93 — 3, PEGE = 3-08 from heel This is better than Case I, The increase in heel pressure is small, Case Il --- Case I minus Live Load P=1he5h ~6.04= 8.504 My= 46.49 —18,12= 28,37""W/tt Resultant 24037 = 3.34" from heel The resultant falls within the middle third. P=8.50 M=0,34(8.50) = 2.9'* pts = 2270 2 252 1.42 £0048 = 1.9 ored O.K, Gase IIA OK by inspection -- refer to Case IA, Case IIT - Abutment standing alone. Case I — LL —DL of Deck PMc _ 2.8 ae = ahs BeBe P=1he54 —11.04=3.50K/tt : = 0.58+0.48=1.06 or 0.10 My= 46049 —33.12 = 13.37'~k/tt OK Resultant +4 = 3.82' from heel, within middle third. M=0.82 x 3.50=2.87'-/rt Case IIIA By reducing the fluid pressure 1456 _ 9,45" 30d This shifts the resultant 0.45' toward the heel. 3.82 — 0.45 = 3.37' from heel, OK Gase IV&V These cases do not apply since the problem specifies expansion bearings, 178BRIDGE DESIGN PRACTICE = SECTION SEVEN Solution for Problem Seven (Con't) Design of Backwall Design H=6.5" with a 2" surcharge. M= 0,072 x Se 2B x $35? _ 1.504+1.65 =3.17'* ” 12" wall = d=9.5" = b= 12 f.=1200 n=10 fg =20,000 psi Resisting moment 17.77'*, from 4D.7.8=(b) Bridge Manual Using the A.C.I. Rein, Con, Handbook ana a= 20,0005) 1446 j=0.875 12,000 Ag= IL = vad = 0. fe Go5) = 0°23 84 nf ft Use No. 5ts at 16 inch centers, gives Ag=0.23, Yo=1.5 72! ae VL hd 1 92290 & 605 =1.23K/ee y * ‘| Capacity 2s ode = 432 kips Bond Yo required, 1230 300(0.875)9.5 Check of Pedestals Load par Ped. 11.04 x 6.5=71.9*/ped. Use 2' by 2° block Area =2h x 24=576 sqyin. T1200 — 125 psi Use minimum temp. reinforcing for 576 this type compression block. Design Footing Reinforcing For simplicity use the design allowable pressure less the weight of the footing for re-steel design. 3.0K/r? less wt. of ftg., 0.30, gives 2.7*/re Consider a one foot section 6.5" Ma Wh" 2671645)? _ og, sok 12 12 na: 2.7K /tt = 0.49 inches, OK, Have 1.5" * width of shear key (1/3t) v9180 BRIDGE DESIGN PRACTICE - SECTION SEVEN Solution for Problem Seven (Con't) Design Footing Reinforcing (Con't) fg = 20,000 psi f,= 1200 n=10 a= 146 b=12 d= 2h — 3 —0.5 = 20.5" = 9,5'*K Resisting Moment = 83'-K u 2 = + Dida) 0.317 sq. in./ft of width Use No, 5'8 Top & Bottom, Totalls bars. There is some two way bending in the front portion of the footing between pedestals, There is almost NO bending in the rear portion under the backwall. This condition offers a very indeterminate problem; by extending some of the back- wall steel into the toe of the footing, this can be taken care of. The approximate amount required can be determined by considering the bending at the face of the pedestals. 2.0) [| a M=5.4 x 1.0 = 52h’ "¥ee As=x2ttrrgs = 0.18 sqein./ ft 7 ye Sheateranavores” 7 oy = 26 psi OK Shear) ongitudinal aptense csp = 26 psi OK Bond = u== r= Toad o= ar = — 6060 = 1a" trea Loni om TeaO B75) (20-5) 41" required longitudinally All bars(No, 4's & above) with spacings of 13" or less give this Loe For typical section, see next page.BRIDGE DESIGN PRACTICE - SECTION SEVEN Solution for Problem Seven (Con't) Typical Section a Paving Notel en © Bre. & Pte. 3x12" — [—#s Je 18 ) #h tot 9 T~ #4 218 r ES Pedestal Rein. } Not shown crs m4 218 [—— #5, Tot 1h =a 3" Clear — oo Min. Spread Footing General Not enough information is given about the soil to compute the resistance to sliding, Generally shallow abutments such as this are not designed with shear keys. There is some ques- tion over the adequacy of shear keys in this type abutment, if calculations show keys are required for stability, there is some doubt if the right foundation has been selected, Careful review of the foundation report is in all cases a good practice. 181192 7-8 BRIDGE DESIGN PRACTICE - SECTION SEVEN Solution for Problem Seven (Con't) Problem 2, Abutment on Pile Footing Use same section as spread footing; this reduces "d" for the ould be concrete, but it she @ Very adequate considering the ex capacity available in the previous designs Add the earth fill on toe of ftg., (5) eS 0650 x 06120x(0.85)" = 0.239e 0,23 x 3.8=0.87' "ft XM=47.36'-k — Lhoads = 14477 + P= 14.77% Considering the footing as a simple beam: 17.3, Front Pile Load/tt. 82~ x 14.77 = 6437/ft Rear Pile Load/ft. 1.3. x 14.77 = 6,40K/ft 340 Front spacing: 20, = 10.75" Rear spacing: Pp =U Gase IA Check rear spacing only Lb\F, Rear Pile Load/tt 2:49 x 14.77=6,9K/ft Rear Pile epacing: 2 = 13.0 Gase II Case I less Live Load Front Pile Load/ft. 1.8 8073 = 504% than Hoo B= Sak, dese ¢ Gase ITA OK by inspection Gase III & IIIA OK by inspection Gase IV&V Nese cases do not apply since the problem specifies expansion bearings, Use a 10 foot spacing in front and a 12 foot spacing in ng 0! the rear. Thkegroup’ piles depends on the length of the abutment -- this information was not furnished, * Allow for Pedestals7-9 BRIDGE DESIGN PRACTICE = SECTION SEVEN Solution for Problem Seven (Con't) Lateral Resistance of Piles 1/12 pile per foot rear row, 1/10 pile per foot front row 1/12+1/10 = 0.183 piles/ft. 90 x 0.15 x 0.183 =2.47%/tt, OK >1.91K/te No batter Pile required. Footing Reinforcing Use design pile loads for simplicity. Since grouping can not be determined use worst condition possible for front portion of footings sok ase ask m=2L = 20(20) = 1i2a5'-k {Ih eptenizg tone cor «one d=2h —6.5=1725", b=12" Mp = 60.29'-K/et, OK, it will be distributed over more than 2' of width. = 112.5 = 14646(1765) There will be very Little bending over the back row of piles, due to the effect of the backwall. Hs = 7+ Use 8—#7 -- top and bottom q As ol SQeins Consider the condition shown, it is the worst condition possible using d/2 inches from the face of wall and pedéstals as the critical section. a 17.5, 3-43 = Wx Uy} 465 = (0672 = 3.1" Sy 7 1837-10 BRIDGE DESIGN PRACTICE = SECTION SEVEN Solution for Problem Seven (Contt) Shear (Contt) Compute the shear perimeter required for the 90 kip pile, 1705" as shown; using 900 = 65"perimeter 90,000 = 17.5(0.875 0p 90 psis Ly 901175) (06875) required lane assumed on page 9, as shown in the sketch, The shearing p is approximately nine feet, which is adequate. Lo= 451000 = 12,2" © 24006875) 1765 5 number 7's give 13.75" The condition for shear shown should and usually is avoided by arranging the layout so the piles are nearer the OK pedestals. No 7's, Tot 16 a = Note: Use same |b reinforcing as for spread footing except as shown. ateon 184