Stage 2: The use of references

In the second stage of the analysis, the references used in the text are categorized into: Integral; and Non-
Integral references. [Thompson and Tribble (2001, p. 92)]

Integral references are the references where the authors of the references are explicitly mentioned in the
next as an integral part of a sentence whereas non-integral references are the references where the citation
itself has no explicit grammatical contribution to the sentence. Figure 4-1 shows a breakdown of the
number and type of references amongst the sections in the text.

Figure 4-1: Shows breakdown of the references of the text

As shown in the figure, there are a total of 25 references that were referred to in the report 62 times. As
expected, the references are abundant in the Methodology section where the authors are laying down the
basis of their work along with the perspective of others work. The use of non-integral references is
predominant in this section so as to refer the reader to the main source. Moreover, the instances of integral
references are used to refer to general concepts, definitions and equations. Furthermore, the discussion
section includes only one integral text. This is because the paper builds upon the previous studies and
therefore, supports the proposed model with valid results. Following are some extracts:

Extract 2 (Integral reference):

A method for estimating fracture propagation with time was presented by Nolte and Economides
(1989).

Extract 3 (Non-integral reference):

Several other papers have discussed the use of pressure transient analysis in fracture reservoirs
(McGuire and Sikora, 1960; Gringarten, Ramey et al., 1975; Cinco and Samaniego, 1981; Britt and
Bennett, 1985; Schechter, 1992).