Tl. E Jef Plate Collectors? A solar. collector. ig a speciot fia Yo Mot 2 Cheinger. Fhoeb Erecna forms solan nadianh entry g- Lo heat a peucd The Ax 2 encident radiahin, 1's ak bok appex! ante //00 Win? [oethou ophicoQ concentra hin ) ond is varceble. A ppliteh ms: Solan, wate hen hng — huplding Acoten ain cmd’ mia erclenbrce$ rrr hoot f. Docreph Fig Jf and Fig°6 31 _ He“ dleck"" salar erecgy absonbeny Se 15 enebopre bran spares cance end quer Pues toradoar nee tin tnd radio AA Qosrea Flot ~plate collectors WH mounted on a Shah nar, ao sphon_ woth orcestaton optinized Pr penton goco fhe” OBlack Outer cover Inner cover absorber plate Insulation Fluid conduit Collector box Figure 6.1.1 Cross section of a basic flat-plate solar collector. Reaction it cover |Abrorber pate ‘Sheot-and-tube solar collector. fo Oy Oo > 1D : (oy x Figure te ] aTArwEDY } ea mm reo x sf atest | Tae . @ we Figure 6.32 Temperature distribution on an absorber plate, From Duffie and Beckman (1974), (-a)Working fluid © ra me (- b)a, Fnorg Balance: The andl mene out put 7 oe colf ectox Qnea_ Ac /S gi a we AL S- Ue (p-Te---) Se So Can rad (nHon— absorked by & collectord unet aa Pf absorb: m2 ha) Uz, Overall heat Ene] om cofffrooE / mean ob sort ber— plete Jem pfre tos Tas Om boenr€ bear p oat us Uz, Tpm— Ta) ree premeE chew meaL_ bosses 4y cor duchm, enechin, and nedjaton > Tom is porehion nt («sles dep © vest sola ad {AHh~) and ontaverg rodeodiies) Nokte. Ghat Srna Rediah'm Ue ane iy pty nfl po- J-he pee | The iar mak Be mubeeplied iy COOS/ wr js Uc ts 15 2 “ la: pone Win pee een Fon Pea aan aay Tpmy Ton out an Ary collection ffi “7 @ae Lp TA! Ir 8 emodiaho in Jw. hour : ee cece J I~ m hived --(2) (2)BiCollec por Over Heat Loss Co officeats Bo Gol Ty bee Pollowin Ole sub saupts an und ar follows: pt plot oi nod ua ton CL Cove otenecho ses sky au! or bewk In porban AsSemphowr | - Steady Stete— Ms absorprar— 2 aco vA of solememyy - Heo feo» Phasuy b eo “8 /-1D . Veg ey jbl temp evcpue_beop Ehassg! eo corte: --D hawt fio Lhacegh inseam = Shy caviels cur block b aly at equivalent Tony Pe 64] \ Tham fia shan a— nefaord pr ao ee Cour— system : AE Som by pied — boca Ho OF Eh plobe 4 bem P eee ee meu tb Lys absorbed. 5% Syrnehcted 60 Herm ter: bho gh +o p ancl hop fone and to repr ood ur: artwork biig-C. 4s) Coos SEE po Chet J fig. 647d. J Loss thong! bop Junt teow t , , F cas, ay he pel (1p-Te 1)+ v1! Ted -(3 (i)Om Gos (12-1 gn, pret) (7p _ ey) WY wo the hay pret > Opt i) (Te +Te) Ss) jj, - | op ec hk oy P-el ’ Contchm— be Pw een en chine paella phir An, pres raalieho— foot pac cog five L he pweta— plat end Kt Cove ae (9) Ae,p-e1 + np-el Semi Carl wep hee ut haya Ri, —b—— — {9 jw tn cd-W— a! anhbuen & wuth— hry che = V €ea (east te +e |B rr Roki hm exchange js wi kh - (9) Shy ot Ts, Pom bo dp hn ine OE nea EN Ela reais ban o— fo ambient Lemp: ioe (YVas Wie Vine ow o Figure 64.1 Thermal aeiwork for a two-cover flat-plate collector: (a) in terms of conduction, convection, and radiation resistances; (b) in terms of resistances between plates. Figure 6.4.2 Equivalent thermal network for flat-plate solar collector.‘Top loss a Ue = ji _—- --(!9) 7, Ri +Re eee An che ative Produ wis cavslved cm Seling fr Ue * ish ae) Tey ond Ter af eae nb bop fess 1s Ue Eimer | (1¥-T+) . Exanpe— C4 clarkreto— Elka parece - Exe m ple Cf 3 Celcedate bho bop Joss coe Pic je Pisce with ews 7c haven bia folbe'* specifica nse Plobe. - bo ove spe: 2S mm Plode. emifteno— § 0.457 Pyrite t avn and sky Jo’. i Wend doot ranafer copia jows/rt. Meor— plate Lem pen hues yoo” C_ Collec bo~— ElG F YSPO Gloss emittana— 0.88 aoe Contec im He heat mea ph tat: SOM met For, @S - gee Cove SyStm Eq» 10 becom a lL Rj” 4 RA RR,” - \ end e \ hw + haere Ne p-ethyee (s)[4 7 hw = VOW/ wr hee = Ve Geary ) (Te. +t?) (way Gary - Sinw@Vorls =p hnyc-ws Ve (re xT) av’) een scirpte ee) (Eqnés) Ene hag debe eran plate em cone! IS eg uml owl Ap hea} boss ? Uk (p-7 Te) = (heyp- ee huyp-e )F 7) This can We neonrcmoe J ’ — Toe Pp 7 Uy Te =) Nop a + hope Th pre ced ws 16 te eobrmate— TS tm hich Anypre ond fagen a ont thenkeded: Ue ca bh hen wed he caked ated + T Base — rads 2 cabeate—— fe ane labe gen PT Sms pow an Dre 2 + bh" we 7 Comm a colt kd Te- Assim — Te=3S ec = =p bape alo Wim® andl Ane c-az Shag? ©spfensh estinete of Yr -| Ue = (—4___ + ft 1OrS.M 352 4% C0) = GAL W/m? =)'Tez w00- (6-4) (100-0) BSL+1ER EC = GV. : We bh ned estima bee hr, p-e = 2.0| W] wr KK Wa ye -F S. Sd wm U ce 6. G2win* UK yy. 4b8C Oe equ a warebelly _ purslane: Noke Ehab nodiation theta plake ound coven 1S Eke dlomemant mode a) heat © Ww. A sdlech sudoc 4 bow pe ee (eco), Can be und fou abso bu plate to decuatyr Losses by pediehion eee ora e el as RS eye copy wohsn af afer nun cow y ambU&L Elm pre rualrn pind Veo w cool} yond defeat plete emid bene ope’) ver pers buns ona_owveileble + ( voluer omAn empe peri cod conrel i 7 ahon /- U. aan Kleja_(1599)$ pm ‘ Ur N | NF (Ten TH) } ho WH) -\ & Te 2 — 2 + T (ten PAWS) OG + Ta2) —_ 4) gy aatstnotiee Spr 0,008 Nho C4 NV = nunbo— gt covtur i Cp 0-08 She -0.1166 hw €p)([40 oT9Cew) Ge S20! - 9.000081 /3*) bn. 2 Ue? Ae (UA) dye = edge OSS cof Cita eo Zt will be onuned Phok fo aconm sad dem perebins To = Overoll goss coffrcie ,= Ue+ Op Ve 9 (DSr Temperature disk uch whom be }ween_ Lubes and collect Ehfreersy Facto! Sheet -Enbe- co} ig re Fon of Fig. 6S. W +, Distance be reese pubere D, kube— Aioomeben— Si Shee’ enc Rae (riamively smath), Sheet ¢ a) wee weod— sho A be geod conducto™ => ecm pore! gus ent Eawengh and sheer eho \pond can be uk AS gible a vey eb some Local was— vemperetus— Th. From oO Claw ico PI fegion Wh wetn— cent \ins Lees and bho bet Yost The Lempeshars— propile Ray iy uta by | T S 7 -Te W. cosh Gm) ts) cosh m Ww-D) le wr MOA S is pore spore HM cus cheep lade eee Ty To - Y, Conai deremy sym) S+ absovhed sole eners = \ Vu be bhermad corded mM = ~~ = Am! h& ? Plate motor cod+ d j ()Figure 63.1 Sheet and tube dimensions. YAXtT,-T) $ Shift fo x. frxtax k- 'y = = a WOUAIED (0) (b) Figure 65.2. Energy balance on fn element.Th woh wen f Ekx_ collector is y trs_(Q) compen ets a ’) es) condueured Eo EK bbe Veg KOM fn b . \ow ingen Cgecpencli eXbon f° Tre UN w eft) qin \me One colleck ed above ube a HeE ) (ek em) , ae) —— & + Vee => cs Yq - (a) ont (w- dD) F _ gpa des po jisers \ Le wel --(\2) (wy Y one = DLS tthe) 83 pal: \ (wv) F 4D MLS Utter) ; SL \ wake 3 ase 2’ ne ne tesa. oa ie oe wt core ya { oe nani Sran © , WV - (a) \ Qe Ty ngewe Co ay [S- Ue oT) - rE Te yew mM @)See eno wb chica meten hy i= heal brsnef o— codficink be buseam qa and Fab VL. Cc onduc hana = ox Cu oe cunil> a Nani, ke pond ¥ = eel a. oe ve nee paces empo_teul bo fae ye cenkoch so TWH CY 7 Solving (2) prTs eed Yuid wept 7 < eae chet) 4 oud. A cubs hh bey cn ds) ) owe LS Lae) @ we So 7 cole S— ir 1 z A) \ te | Ty tk en Plaid rte s 6° Hecho of temp aad nits ot TP (2 ae coh TeiTh 5 is Plow dinsichion 5 a js fobet— lo mote, and ris number the flu bemgs Craters ob Coljec bom i Porotlel Feber » “y doce Hon q 2 (ceca a sy : \ lcm Wr art “Tou - Ky. ™ Ce 24 For a colleckou } tang bn Ve 2 We On U. Ack’ Te Te - SO, np -- RS) Qo = wwe = collecbow Anse» Ke moved Facts cand J. Colle chor Heat Flow Fockotu eye kat remo rR ochow Fre vs dr naho of AChw woul 9 wy a collect to pe ghd oe surf oe en (Tpm = ee we connas pada to manimum posse. ners a her Wek OStrars— b eemiacmuems “ (3)FR = se 0. (Ss - UitRi19) QL) on Fe 2 &o , SS 4%(1) Ac Uv ~ exp Bete am ot ye a re Cone Col\ ect be dd cud seek tchale pie Fes Ee, |\- exp Bet E AULF Cp - (22) pf ts cop wech™ 4 on Sing vorveble now oF Ai vacasion Verne collects fmGe- Dee! Capacitance THE Eq is. equtvelet Ye fectven 4 = Cohan ge are USL ergy ee Que NeFe ls Piatace Exem ple. © FI “e) poyExample 6.7.1 Calculate the daily useful gain and efficiency of an array of 10 solar collector modules installed in parallel near Boulder, Colorado, at a slope of 60 and a surface azimuth of 0 “The hourly radiation on the plane of the collector 1, the hourly radiation absorbed by the absorber plate S, and the hourly ambient temperature T, are given in the table at the end of this example. The methods of Sections 2.15, 2.16, and 5.9 can be used to find Jy and S knowing the hourly horizontal radiation, the collector orientation, and the collector optical properties. For the collector assume the overall loss coefiicient U, to be 8.0 W/m? “Cand, the plate efficieney factor F” to be 0.841 (from Example 6.5.1). The water flow rate through cach 1 x 2-m collector panel is 0.03 kg/s and the inlet water temperature remains constant at 40°C, Assume a controlisr turns off the water flow whenever the outlet temperature is less than the inlet te vio yo fesand the heat removal O41 x 0.948, 797 The average foss rate for the hour 10 to 11, based on an inlet temperature of 40°C. is UT, ~F,) = 840 2) x 3600 = 1.09 MI/ and the average useful energy gain per unit of collector area is 2 WF = 0.797(3.29 — 1.09} x 10° = 1.76 MI/m? h (2) ‘The collacior efficiency for this hour is found from Equation 6.2 Qy _ % _ 176 Ty 7p 7392 oss and the day-long collector efficiency is Le 757 ‘or, OP ly useful energy gain of the 10 collector modules in the array is 38 Y 0, = 102757 x 10° = 150 MI th s Out, =T) % Time (MI /e0? hy (MI /m? hy (MI /m? by (MU /m0? by ” O02 oor 136 0.00 000 on 035 138 0.00 0.00 099 082 11 0.00 0.00 392 329 109 176 045 2s Lor 12 082 339 098 193 a8 321 095 si 047 163 02 037 029 099 039 0.08 007 os 095 0.00 0.00 1ST = A number of general observations can be made from the results of Example 6.7.1 ‘The estimated performance is typical of a one-cover nonselective collector, although in (1)most systems the inlet temperatures will vary throughout the day.® The lasses are both thermal and optical, and during the carly morning and late afternoon the radiation level was not sufficient to overcome the losses. The collector should not be operated during these periods Daily efficiency may also be based on the petiod while the collector is operating The efficiency calculated inthis manner is 7.57/18.39, or 41%, Reporting in this m: gives a higher value for collector efficiency. As the collector inlet temperature is reduced. these two day-long efficiencies will approach one another. Collector efficiency is, parameter that combines collector and system characteristics and generally is not reliable for making comparisons. The fluid temperature rise through the collector (from AT = Q,/titC,) varies from a high of 85°C between 12 and 1 to a low of 2.5°C between 2 and 3. This relatively modest temperature rise is typical of liquid heating collectors. The temperature rise can bo increased by reducing the flow rate, but this will reduce the useful energy gain (if the inlet Nuid temperature stays the same). If the flow rate were halved and if F” remained the same in fat, would decrease, which would reduce F’) then Fg would decrease to 0.76 and the temperature rise during the hour 12 to 1 would be 16.2°C, which is les than twice the original temperature rise. The efficiency during this hour would be reduced from 48.10 46%.7 ner (42)g Mean_ Plaid and Pha beTem porn turd ! sen_pPyrmance, oh fence Te aud ood collector | en bea ned ped pent brcnafer— cod), ee wh Ethan poor bem prrat irs» 4 proper * femprrticn I evel vatigg [luv ; luc temp tro tes a cnte oY Eqn 24 ot Yad bp Sebati} a Pe (LF) -B r TR ween ple epee he Bot coe he used be Cobadet— wd ha gee of co collec bom Q- AL S- Ue TERY Eqohap En ts! og ft Tom Ten G+ She (ra) Jo know Uz and ave Ey ample ee no mean fied and plake— em perot intr a ff Galt preveow ¢ an ple: Uc- Y Why? eo) 34¥, Lp = 0-194, Gu ae _ aay Pot he is)i Fons 40 p [te Xwifteoe(J-09°%) yro-7IF =~ 43°C Tp = 104 sypers/ze00 (-0DY xo ZIP = Sec ee