UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST

CALOOCAN CAMPUS
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT # 1
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT RELATION AND
RMS VALUE OF SINUSOID

ENGR. ROMEO C. HIPOL

INSRUCTOR

MENDOZA, RAMWEL ABRAM A.

STUDENT

20131203106
STUDENT NUMBER

NEE312 - 2CPM
SUBJECT SECTION

GROUP 3

12/11/15 12/17/15

DATE PERFORMED DATE SUBMITTED:

LIST OF INSTRUMENTS
UNITRAIN-I INTERFACE

EXPERIMENTER (EE-L-06-126-D-127) TO BE USED AS A DOCKING

STATION

Equipment:

- Connects to the UniTrain-I Interface and additional Experimenters via

UniTrain-I bus

- UniTrain-I bus connection for experiment cards

- Direct connection to the standard UniTrain-I power supply for use without
an UniTrain-I Interface

- Fixed and variable voltages available via 8 2-mm sockets

- Accommodates UniTrain-I experiment cards

- Accommodates a breadboard for experimenting with discrete

components and integrated circuits

- Accommodates a multimeter using IrDa interface

- Dimensions: 28 x 19 x 9 cm

- Weight: 0.5 k

METRAHIT MULTIMETER - RMS measurement with the following and

more: V AC TRMS, V AC+DC TRMS 100 kHz with bandwidth, V DC, dB,
Hz (V), Hz (A), , F, V diode, C / F (TC / RTD)

- Power measurement (W, VAr, VA, PF): active, reactive and apparent power
with extreme values, power factor

- Energy measurement (Wh, VArh, VAh) active, reactive and apparent

energy, mean power value with adjustable observation period and maximum
value
- Mains quality analysis: recording of over and undervoltage, dips, swells,
voltage peaks and transients in 0, 50 and 60 Hz systems
 - Harmonic analysis: RMS values and distortion components up to the
15thharmonic at 16.7, 50, 60 and 400 Hz

EXPERIMENT CARD DCCL NO. 1

LEADS AND CONNECTION PLUGS - Connectors consist of plugs (male-

ended) and jacks (female-ended). The connection may be temporary, as for
portable equipment, require a tool for assembly and removal, or serve as a
permanent electrical joint between two wires or devices.

EXTENSION CORD- An extension cord, power extender, or extension

lead is a length of flexible electrical power cable (flex) with a plug on one end
and one or more sockets on the other end (usually of the same type as the plug).
DATA
TABLE 1.1

TRIAL VP IP VRMS IRMS

1 2.15 0.6 1.52 0.42

2 2.19 0.3 1.54 0.21

GRAPH NO. 1 VOLTAGE TRACE

 GRAPH NO. 2 CURRENT TRACE

GRAPH NO. 3 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT TRACE OF RESISTOR

GRAPH NO. 4 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT TRACE OF CAPACITOR

 GRAPH NO. 5 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT TRACE OF INDUCTOR

EXERCISES
 EXERCISE 1: COMPUTE FOR THE RMS VALUE OF THE VOLTAGE AND
CURRENT IN RUN 1 USING THE MEASURED PEAK VALUES. COMPARED THE
COMPUTED RMS VALUE WITH THE MEASURED RMS VALUE OF THE VOLTMETER

Vrms = 0.707 Vm Irms = 0.707 Im

= 0.707(2.15) = 0.707(0.6)

= 1.52 = 0.42

Vrms = 0.707 Vm Irms = 0.707 Im

= 0.707(2.19) = 0.707(0.3)

= 1.54 = 0.21

THE RMS VALUE IS ALMOST THE SAME

EXERCISE 2: DRAW THE VOLTAGE AND CURRENT WAVEFORM IN A

PURELY RESISTIVE, PURELY INDUCTIVE AND PURELY CAPACITIVE CIRCUITS
WITH THE VOLTAGE AND CURRENT HAVING AN RMS VALUE OF 106 VOLTS AND
14.14 AMPERES RESPECTIVELY

VP = RMS/ 0.707 IP = RMS/ 0.707

= 106/ 0.707 =14.14/ 0.707

=149.92 V =20 A

QUESTION AND PROBLEMS

1. WHAT IS THE EFFECTIVE VALUE OF A SINE WAVE? WHY IS IT CALLED
EFECTIVE VALUE?

THE EFFECTIVE VALUE OF A SINE WAVE IS CALLED THE ROOT-MEAN

SQUARE OR THE RMS VALUE. IT IS CALLED EFFECTIVE VALUE BECAUSE
THE RMS VALUE OF AC IS THE AMOUNT OF AC THAT PRODUCES THE SAME
HEATING EFFECT AS AN EQUAL AMOUNT OF DC.

2. WHY IS THE EFFECTIVE VALUE CALLED RMS (ROOT MEAN SQUARE) VALUE?

THE HEATING EFFECT OF AGIVEN AC CURRENT IS PROPORTIONAL TO

THE SQUARE OF THE CURRENT. EFFECTIVE VALUE OF AC CAN
BECALCULATED BY SQUARING ALL THE AMPLITUDES OF THE SINE WAVE
OVER ONE PERIOD, TAKING THE AVERAGEOF THESE VALUES, AND THEN
TAKING THE SQUARE ROOT. THE EFFECTIVE VALUE, BEING THE ROOT OF THE
MEAN (AVERAGE) SQUARE OF THE CURRENTS, IS KNOWN AS THE ROOT-
MEAN-SQUARE, OR RMS VALUE.

3. COMPUTE FOR THE EFFECTIVE VALUE OF A VOLTAGE WITH A MAXIMUM

VALUE OF 325 VOLTS

VRMS = 0.707 VM
= 0.707 (325 V)
= 229.775 V
4. A SINE WAVE HAS A MAXIMUM VALUE OF 325 VOLTS. WHAT IS ITS
INSTANTANEOUS VALUE AT 45? COMPARE THIS COMPUTED VALUE WITH THE
ANSWER OBTAINED IN NO. 3. DO YOU NOTICE SOMETHING?

v = VM Sin
= 325 Sin (45)
= 229.81

THE VALUES OBTAINED FROM 3 AND 4 IS ALMOST NEARLY EQUAL.

5. ARE THE VOLTAGE-CURRENT CURVES OBTAINED IN THE EXPERIMENT FOR

THE RESISTIVE, INDUCTIVE AND CAPACITIVE CIRCUITS THE SAME WITH THE
EXISTING THEORIES? IF NOT, EXPLAIN THE CAUSE OF DISCREPANCIES
THE GRAPH SHOWS NEARLY ACCURATE OR EXACT WITH THE
THEORIES. SOME FACTORS THAT MAY CAUSE SOME DISCREPANCIES
 ARE THE INTERNAL RESISTANCES OF THE INSTRUMENTS USED. ALSO
THE RESISTANCES OF THE WIRES CAN BE A FACTOR.

DISCUSSION
A CIRCUIT CAN HAVE EITHER AN ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) OR A
DIRECT CURRENT (DC). AN ALTERNATING CURRENT IS AN ELECTRIC
CURRENT IN WHICH THE FLOW OF ELECTRIC CHARGEPERIODICALLY
REVERSES DIRECTION. ACCORDING TO FOURIER'S THEOREM, ANY VARYING
SIGNAL MAY BE ANALYZED IN TERMS OF ITS SINUSOIDAL COMPONENTS.
THEREFORE TO STUDY THE GRAPHS OF AC, WE USED SINE WAVES
 IN THE EXPERIMENT THAT WE PERFORMED, WE WERE ASKED TO GRAPH
AND OBTAIN TO KINDS OF VALUES, THE RMS OR ROOT-MEAN-SQUARE AND
THE AVERAGE VALUE.

THE EFFECTIVE VALUE OF A SINE WAVE IS CALLED THE ROOT-MEAN

SQUARE OR THE RMS VALUE. IT IS CALLED EFFECTIVE VALUE BECAUSE
THE RMS VALUE OF AC IS THE AMOUNT OF AC THAT PRODUCES THE SAME
HEATING EFFECT AS AN EQUAL AMOUNT OF DC. TO OBTAIN THE RMS VALUES,
WE CAN USE THE FORMULAS THAT WERE DISCUSSED IN THE LECTURES. WE
DERIVED THE FINAL FORMULA FROM

v = v(t) = Vm sin (t + )
i = i(t) = Im sin (t).

WHERE IS THE ANGULAR FREQUENCY AND = 2f, IS THEPHASE

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE VOLTAGE AND CURRENT. BY SIMPLIFICATION, WE
OBTAIN THE FORMULA

VRMS = Vm/2 = 0.707 Vm AND IRMS = Im/2 = 0.707Im

IN A CIRCUIT, LOADS CAN BE A RESISTOR, A CAPACITOR OR AN

INDUCTOR. IN A RESISTOR LOAD, THE VOLTAGE V ACROSS A RESISTOR IS
PROPORTIONAL TO THE CURRENT I TRAVELLING THROUGH IT. FURTHER, THIS
IS TRUE AT ALL TIMES: V = IR. SO, FOR A RESISTOR, THE PEAK VALUE OF
VOLTAGE IS R TIMES THE PEAK VALUE OF CURRENT. FURTHER, THEY ARE IN
PHASE: WHEN THE CURRENT IS A MAXIMUM, THE VOLTAGE IS ALSO A
MAXIMUM.

FOR A CAPACITOR, THE VOLTAGE ON A CAPACITOR DEPENDS ON THE

AMOUNT OF CHARGE YOU STORE ON ITS PLATES. THE CURRENT
FLOWING ONTO THE POSITIVE CAPACITOR PLATE (EQUAL TO THAT
FLOWING OFF THE NEGATIVE PLATE) IS BY DEFINITION THE RATE AT
WHICH CHARGE IS BEING STORED. THE VOLTAGE ACROSS THE
CAPACITOR IS 90, OR ONE QUARTER CYCLE, BEHIND THE CURRENT.
IN PHASE DIFFERNECE, WE CAN SAY THAT THE CURRENT LEADS THE
VOLTAGE BY 90.
FOR AN INDUCTOR, AN INDUCTOR IS USUALLY A COIL OF WIRE. IN AN
IDEAL INDUCTOR, THE RESISTANCE OF THIS WIRE IS NEGLIGIBILE, AS IS ITS
CAPACITANCE. THE VOLTAGE THAT APPEARS ACROSS AN INDUCTOR IS DUE TO
ITS OWN MAGNETIC FIELD AND FARADAY'S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION. THE VOLTAGE ACROSS THE IDEAL INDUCTOR LEADS THE
CURRENT BY 90.IT REACHES ITS PEAK ONE QUARTER CYCLE BEFORE THE
CURRENT DOES.

CONCLUSION

AFTER THE EXPERIMENT, I THEREFORE CONCLUDE THAT THE WAVE

FORMS OF THE ALTERNATING CURRENT OR AC CURRENT VARIES DEPENDING
ON THE LOAD.
 THE ROOT MEAN SQUARE OR RMS VALUE CAN BE OBTAINED BY USING
THE VOLTMETER AND AMMETER IN MEASURING OR CONVERTING THE MAX OR
AMPLITUDE VALUE YOU OBTAINED IN THE OSCILLOSCOPE BY USING THE
FORMULA :

RMS =0.707(MAX VALUE)

FOR THE RESISTOR, THE WAVE FORM OF THE VOLTAGE AND THE CURRENT
ARE IN PHASE WITH EACH OTHER. THE CAPACITOR MAKES THE CURRENT
LEADS THE VOLTAGE BY 90. AND FOR THE INDUCTOR, THE GRAPH
SHOWS THE VOLTAGE ACROSS THE IDEAL INDUCTOR LEADS THE CURRENT
BY 90.

REFERENCES:

WIKIPEDIA.COM

PHYSICS UNSW (http://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/jw/AC.html)