(GB) Second conditional; alternatives for if WOW SECOND CONDITIONAL ‘© Wense the second conditional talk about imaginary situations in the present or the future: tae the books Back if 1 dd ae wo pay afin, (1 don have take any books ack ) ‘¢ We make the second conditional wih; f+ subject + Past Semple, subject +i (= ould) wouldnt + Infinitive ‘Taase main douse i hey camped ry ca __| bbe sv ther a dap ‘he ean stay up so late, | he would felted al the tine. We cam we cod or igh in the main clase instal of would to.mean woul petops he hank found et, cold say 1 dt coun the money ely need ght Rep ‘TS! » Evo sc dosnt mater whether ihe station in the 1 lauseexss or ot dake the Dos Bac, een if had to pay a fine * in second condinals we can sy f hehe was... oF Wiebe were... J waster rich ayo era ATERNATVES FOR We often use provided, as fng os, assuming, agin and suppose isead ff conditional © Provided ands Lng as mean ‘ly if his happens) Provided noone wa loking tae as much pape 1 needed el security guards longa ese agreed na toc he police © Assonng meas aeceping that somethings tre noone ele saw the by, Fast el i return the things he salen © Imagine ard suppose have the same meaning (= form a ctr in you mind abou wha something could be ke) 1 We can use imagine and supe an aerate for fin questions: imagin/Supose you found some rary books hat ered back ight mowhs ao, woul you return then? ‘WS We cam ako use provided song as, assuming imagine snd supose nother types of condinas to tlk aboot ral stuaons: Wel see you ong, proved Alex doesnt have {0 ork lat. WEI hire ca aang nt to expensive et goto that nice Japanese estar accming i tl open + We can say provided o proving and suppose ot sipping 4 We can also use unless in conditional to mean if at wuld hit somebody unless tha, (fT ido have). POSTIVE AND NEGATIVE (© We make the third conditional with: if «subject + Past Perfect, subject» («would wouldnt + have + past participle. If" seem hn, have said helo. ite hadn't got lst. we wouldnt have been ate ‘© We can also use could and might inthe main cause to mean, ‘would peraps the men hadnt ran away, she could have Aeled hem. fit had been me, Ligh have left note on theca, (The if clause can be fist or second in the sentence. ‘questions (¢ We make questions inthe third conditional wih: (question word) + would + subject + have + past participle + ifr subject Fast Perfect. ‘Whet would the owner of he cr have done i he seen him? ‘TPS! » We dont usually use would inthe if clause: IT known, 1d have helped. not 1 We cam also se imagine and suppose instead of fin third ‘conditional questions: ImagineSuppose he'd sen you, what ‘would you have dane? LED Making, refusing and accepting offers ‘Wou'd you fhe me to (céme réanc)? iim Gotmatecyes Wu itp (eet for you ‘why nT (kde the is)? Mab aba, Wd i (eed he Ms em seh? ters NOR ba nso rng Nk bistable (hb et clot wey tbe esr (be NN tls Of can age xcepting offers ‘Are you sire you wouldn't ming? Tits kde spe Mp WAL id be winder you Sas ‘sibogas you dba mod. Ye lt* ree emewmenene RMN) g adlkif.. Wha. tle 1 ses eps Thy fe be pene ha rel ape the aman al sh eens hae | _ ‘Slowed by he Fas Spe ben in serous trouble. (The woman dd shoct the men, so shed get in seriows trouble) Language Summary 4 (Thank fr... i le followed by verbing. THe We can abo yy: Kid began, te ifyou could. ED Phrasal vorts (1) Bn sais comerpeninm com) clomiosy {piece of information that another person has told you: ‘Could you pass this message on to your clasemates? ‘make sth fp or make fp sth invent an excuse, explanation, nory ec Tas le for werk | mee wp ex Ose Sunde appr ina rca yo hte a othe crening but tured att beat of fen ‘run sb/sth ver or run éver sb/sth hit somebody or something while you are driving and knock them to the round: acinar over cat lastnight a0. 8H when a bomb goes off, it explodes: The bomb went arcraaly 637 pm run awly leave a place quickly because you are frightened or ‘dont want 1 get caught! The thief took my bag and ran away work sth dit or work dut sth understand of find the answer {o something by thinking about i: 1 took me ages to work (ue the answer to question 3. take 8 eave the ground and begin wo Aly: The plane took ‘off over an hour late seack sb dit or knock dit sb hit somebody hart so that ‘they become unconscious: The mugger hi the man so hard ‘that he knocked him ut ‘come rund become conscious again after being knocked ‘out: When he came round, he couldn’ remember anything TIPS! « Turn out is often followed by he infinitive with to or "(hat)+ clause’ The trip turned out be rather exciting Ie turns out (that) we went to the same school * Work out is often followed by a question word: I couldnt ‘work out what was happening 's often unexpected: I wasnt looking forward (7) Connecting words: reason and contrast (40 O35) aoe ‘giving reasons Decouse duets as because ot since expressing comrast however apart rom. send of despa where eventhough nevertheless 1 Because, however: whereas, since, eventhough and nevertheless ae followed bya cine (auject «verb + ‘because peopl often play practical joes on each oth 1 Apar rom, instead of, despite, due to and becouse of ae {ollowed by a noun or verbsing apart from one thing instead of coming out of th 18 -Aer due to and because of t's more common to use & noun than vebring defo very mild wie. ‘THIS! « We can also use these phrases for expressing contrast ‘except for (= apart rom), inspite of (despite) although (even though ‘© We use however and nevertheless to contrat two sentences. ‘We usually put these words at the beginning ofthe second ‘We use the other words/phrases inthe table to contrat two clauses in the same sentence. We can pat these wordphrases atthe beginning or in the middle ofthe sentence: Even though isa enoyedimyeif =| xy mye ve thought EB Ways of exaggerating ‘Match phrases 1-12 to meanings a)-1). 1 Tm pitches 2) ten very thirty 2 Tm dfing for adrink\—») Tm very frightened. 3 Vm Sver the, gadon, @ Tim very worried. 4 Yim seared silt. @ Um very happy.GBB Narrative verb forms; Past Perfect Continuous Past Simple and Pest Continuous ‘© We use the Past Simple for completed actions in the past. ‘These tell the main event ofthe story inthe order that they happened: One day, one ofthe sailrs went fora drive in the cuthack and accidentally ram over a kangaroo. 1 We use the Past Continuous for longer action that was in progress when another (shorter) action happened: While the sallor was taking some photos, the kangaroo came round. {© We also use the Past Continuous for background information that isnt par of the main story: In 1987 the ‘worlds best sailors were competing inthe America’ Cup yacht race of the coast of Fremantle. 1 Look at this sentence and the diagram: While they were Siying ct 25,000 fect, one cow broke free and stared running ‘around inside the plane. past plane 00k off free ‘TIS « We also use the Past Continuous when two longer ‘actions are happening at the same time: While Twas watching TV Steve was making dinner. {We often use when, while and as with the Past Continuous: ‘Tony phoned me when/while/as I was geting ready to leave. ‘We dont usually use while or as with the Past Simple. Past Perfect Simple and Past Perfect Continuous ‘© We usually use the Past Perfect Simple for an action that ‘was completed before another action in the past: Eventually the pilot of a Russian transport plane told the police what © We usually use the Past Perfect Continuous fora longer action that started before another action in the past (and ‘often continued upto this past action): The boat had been sailing in calm waters when a cow fell from the sky. * Look at this sentence and the diagram: Before they took off ‘rom their Siberian airbase, the plane crew had stolen some cows. 1© Look at chs sentence and the diagram: The boat had been sailing in calm waters when a cow fell from the sky. had been sling — eee past started sali ‘TW! Ifthe onder of past events is clea, we dont usually use the Past Perfect: woke up, got dressed and made some breakfast ‘© When were telling a story we dont have to use the Past Perfect every time we refer to further in the past. ‘When we have established the time, we can use the Past ‘Simple or the Past Continuous: I started telling everyone about the wedding Pd been to im Italy two years earlier My sister was geering married and I arrived late for the ceremony When I go there I PAST PERFECT SIMPLE ‘© We make the Past Perfect Simple positive with: subject + had or d+ past participle The police tried to work out why the boat had sunk. (© We make the Past Perfect Simple negative with: subject + hadnt + past participle. “The accident hadnt killed the animal, (¢ We make Past Perfect Simple questions with: (question word) + had + subject + past participle \What had the crew done before they took off? PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS ‘© We make the Past Perfect Continuous positive with: subject + had or d+ been + verbsing, ‘The woman had been trying to get rid of the bugs for years. ‘© We make the Past Perfect Continuous negative with: ‘subject + had? + been ¢ verbeing. ‘We make Past Perfect Continuous questions with: (question word) + had + subject « been + verbsing. Wy had he been driving for so long? ‘TIS! « We cam use by te time, when, because, so, before, after, ‘6 soon as and until to make sentences with the Past Perfect: By the time I got there, mest people had gone home ‘We dont have to use the Past Perfect with because, so, ‘efor, afer. as soon as or until because the orr of events is usually clear: 1 (had) called her before ef the office. I waited until exrybody (had) arived We alten use the Past Perfect afer knew, realised, {forgot and remembered: Lew that she'l been looking, ‘new job. I realised that I ft my hey in the afia 4A Urban legends Phrasal verbs (1) ZB £8) Replace the words in bold with the correct form of a phrasal verb in the bos. nape] Lndew_ ‘poten | om age tam took off "ctu ae readies scttmead eee «Theme lame mie hat hewcone oes i ees eems Seem neenes orate pp cittccone eke come round 1 Thad fight with my brother and hhe accidentally knocked me out. 2 Luckily after the accident 1 ~ again quite quickly. 13 My brother was so frightened of what might do that he ___ 4 The film began badly, but to be worth staying for. 5 Can you give me a few moments to ___what lowe you? Narrative verb forms; Past Perfect Continuous 2B (Q 9 ext tes pt he soy ad oe the come ve Andy Yoaged/ 57299 trough the park one day on his way to the ‘ater "spologisedrvas apologising to Andy and then “went onfvas going on ranging. Feeling lithe annoyed, Andy then ?moicedrhad nodced his ‘wallet *went/had gone. So he ‘chased/was chasing the jogging pickpocket through the park. When he *had caught up/had been catching up with him, he "shouted had shouted, “Give me that wallet!” ! ) Read the second part of the story: Choose one of the verbs a) b) or €). The frightened robber did what he" b). and then *___ as quickly as he could. Anxious o tll someone about what”. Andy went straight hhome, where his wife, Barbara,“ for him to return. As Soom as he came in the door she asked him why he... to the shops. Andy * saying that he” a good excuse. Barbara *__ “I know you have. You lft your wallet on the table.” a 1 assaying @said had been saying 2 jean away 3) was running away <) had been running, away 2 a) happened ) was happening «had happened 4 sjwaswaiting ——») had waited waited 5 4)didnt go 1) hadn been going «hadn't been & Deetenelnaaine Menalnatet Aa anand 7 a)had ad ~~ 6) was having had” 8 abreplied 1) was replying —_e) had been replying @ Make sentences with these words, using the Past Simple, the Past Perfect Simple or the Past Perfect Continuous. 1 By the time Sam / get home from school / my friends / eat all the cake. Ay the time Sam gat home from school my fiends had eaten al the cake, 2 When [finally / arrive at the café Jacqui / already / wait for an hou. {By the time I/ get out of the shower / the phone / stop ringing. 4 When we arrive atthe cinema / the film already / sta(@] Kea! the story and fil in dhe gaps with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past ‘Simple, Past Perfect Simple or the Past Perfect Contintious. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. ate one evening Chate ‘came out (come our) of a shop where he and mk, Suddenly he © or (@sappeat) Nobody inthe shop —— (rotce) anything because they (do) their shopping. However, the net day the owner of the shop (phone) Chat to tell hi to come bok ih anay. When he *_______ (ge there he (Gee) his carin the same place that he (park tthe night before. On the window there was a note which said “Sony, but my wie (have to) take her to hospital urgent” Chote was very relieved ‘end told the pote that his car ® _ (be) retumed. However, when he *. home he discovered that his TV and computer %___ (be/stea). On the table was @ note reading “Som but need the money forthe kid's education” — et)