Ey El Ey a By S EY i Planning Strategies, vA Methods and Projects for UrbanRiversEmbankment Walls and Promenades strated by the ¥. flooding (AS Toleating), some of them avoid Placing over the water) or they move up and Frat ch Adapting). Eventhough the avaiable space is imited, the numerous design tals emonstrate tat there are still multifarious options for iter. and measures shown he' [Amenity Many of the steep high banks ofthis Process Space block direct access to ‘he wate, and roads along the riverbank often present a further obstacle and nuisance, New recreational spaces by the waterside make the river visible and accessible; the fluctuations in water level an be appreciated again. Differences in level can also be coploted to ereate special quiet places protected from traffic noise in the middle of ‘opm in such constrained situations, new footpaths and cycleways alongside the water are often dificult to install. However, exceptional solutions such as floating jetties or pontoons can make a contribution to ereating high-quality, distinctive places ina city Flood protection In Process Space A the natural extent ofthe river flood plain is constrained by the artificial embankment walls and dense urban development allows few ‘alterations to this situation. Any intervention in these spaces should consequently avoid further reducing the discharge cross-section. Terracing back the riverbank walls ean help eenlange the space to some extent, and the walls can be raised to improve flood protection. In ths situation temporary solutions are preferable to avoid creating an adcitional barrier between the city andi river Ecology Most of these hard, built-up banks are of litle ecological interest; there is mo amphibious marginal zone at all and lite riparian vegetation. On the channel bed there are few current variations and the rveris impassable for many aquatic animals. These ‘watercourses are classified under the EU Water Framework Directive as artificial’ or at least heavily modified’ and are thereby subject to weaker quali habitat must be improved where possible but nee scale hab teria: the ecological rot be ‘good! Nevertheless, small sate habia enhancement ieee! laces for ah sheer rom he cent can be builtin the river channel, and small amphibious z < us zones created as stepping-stone biotopes make it easier for fish and amphibians to migrate up- and downstream. In certain places the embankment wal can be breached to create water-land connections for animals and plantsAL Linear spatial expansion expansion A3 Temporary resistance AG Placing over the water AS Tolerating AG Adapting ALA Intermediate levels AL. Terraces [A1.3 Broad riverbank steps ‘A2.1 River access parallel to the bank ‘A2.2 River access perpendicular to the bank A3.1 Closable access A3.2 Retaining sightlines ‘4.1 Balconies ‘A4.2 Overhangs ‘A4.3 Suspended pathways ‘AS.1 Underwater steps [AS.2 Boulders and stepping stones AS.3 Foreshores ‘AS.A Submergible riverside paths |AS.5. Submergible boardwalks |AS.6 Surmounting the embankment wall |AS.7 Submergible furniture AS.8 Submergible planting |AS.9 New embankment walls A6.1 Floating jetties ‘86.2 Floating islands ‘AG.3 Moored ships Design Catalogue Embankment Walls and Promenadestura en tres a de sostre vutuament i er parets o que arriben oltant fins aee Spatial situation Dikes are the oldest and simplest built structures for protecting areas from the dangers of flooding. In constricted urban spaces they are frequently substituted with vertical flood protection walls. The protection system is then overaid with infrastructure lines such as railway tracks. Floodgates at crossing points can make these barriers permeable, but basicaly dikes and flood walls create a powerful spatial and functional separation between the urban area and flood plain, Operative processes The various limiting elements such as ood protection walls or dikes are at a considerable distance from the riverbank and thus affected by water only Periodically. They are engineering works that contain and fundamentally shape the flood plain space. Dikes and flood protection walls are, within a certain return period, bound to be repeatedly exposed to the fluctuations of flood events. They must then withstand the scour of the current and pressure of accumulating water. From elevated dikes, fuctut tions in river fow rate and the extent of the different water levels in the dike foreland are clearly visibi. Design approaches The aim of design measures within this Process Space isto shape the protective limits nota rigid mono-functional lines but rather as mulunctog ‘elements that enrich their surroundings. Process Space B lies within the flood protection tne (green ine) along the watercourse. These ood protection lines constitute the iit! ‘he flood plain and can ie faraway from the actual water channel. The flood iit thus Not related to the limit of the river's dynamically meandering channel (redline) né therefore be designed separately, In the face of the more extreme flood events that may be expected as a consequence of climate change, and through the new procedures and action required by the EU Foes Iraregemet Directive, many ood protection systems must be renovated Sr: ww cases the construction of new dikes may be necessary if the river space needs © Deeley sting des back ory este nets avon precio." incovate design ofthese protein nes the interrelation ofthe watercourse rotected hinterland can be improved. Openings inthe protective line SRamle, make it ss divisive and create visual connections; when the waters rie tes® ‘openings are temporarily closed. Other appropriate design tools for this Process ae are aimed at using the protective line more effectively by promoting multifunctions integrating it more closely in other : ‘ways. When reinforcing or raising existing systems —B1 Differentiating resistance B2 Vertical resistance B3 Reinforcing resistance B4 Integrating resistance BS ‘Temporary resistance Be ‘Making river dynamics evident B11 Dike parks B12 Trees on dikes B1.3 Reprofiling the dike section B14 Dikes as path networks BLS Dike steps and promenades B1.6 Superdikes B2.1 Integrating flood protection walls 82.2 Influencing perceptions ofthe wall height 1B3.1 Invisible stabil 3.2 Glass walls B4.1 Using the historical city wall 1B4.2 Watertight facades 5.1 Portable protection elements B5.2 Attachable protection elements 5.3 Fold-out protection elements B6.1 High water marks B6.2 Art objects and furniture Design Catalogue Dikes and Flood Walls| reas Spatial situation Through the industri ses, setlement and ienseaton | aenuc tat wen vide constueson an fal and elton n pred sistant steel construction, which has been fixed underground. The deek forms an atr2e: tive riverside promenade and has been complemented atits southern end with jt In some places, the deck blends into the vegetated shore, while in other places it seems 0 be suspended above the ground or the surface ofthe wate. Steps gve easy access © NE lower level. In case of floods, the necessary openings in the food protection wal can PS closed with mobile elements, ooProject Catalogue Embankment Walls and Promenades Limmat Wikingerpark, 2003-2004 Zurich, Switzerland River data for project area nt area: 2176 km ge (MQ): 96 m/s (One-in-100-year flood discharge (HQ100): iat of riverbed: 60 m; Width of flood plain: Location: 47° 23' 43” N ~ 08° 30'16 ‘The riverside as contact space A number of different interventions have turned hitherto unused section of the Limmat with its derelict riverbank wall into a public park. Within @ densely populated neighbourhood and a section ofthe riverside thats sill being used by industry, a new public place near the water's edge has been crested With regard to design, considerable emphasis has been put on the zone where the water meets the land. The riverside was made accessible to pedestrians by flattening the round {and building a 180 m long path with steps; its particular design offers promenadess the opportunity to come into contact with the water, The last step les below the water surface making the water accessible right into the river. As an additional measure, the conerete fight of steps that leads down to the water was extended into the Limmat foF another 12 musing roughly hewn granite boulders. For that purpose, the embankment zone ws slighty raised, The surfaces of the stones le either just below the water level OF just aboveit. Visible dynamics The rough surfaces ofthe stones break the current ofthe ve ddramatising its How as a visual and haptical experience. Through these stepping O° the river itself becomes accessible, The subtle level differences ofthe stones make ©" ‘minor water fluctuations recogisable. At low water levels, one can walk fer into the river, but if the waters high even those stepping stones that ae usually well abO¥E water surface are submerged. Apart from giving access tothe water, the stones INTEL the flow ofthe river causing varying currents. This alo crates an artifical alow Mae zone inthe Limmat wich, inthe strong current ofthe ver, may serve a5 8 eSNG 20 for sh and as a smal enclave and rare habitat for some animal and plant sede: Teete : : r ee ee Thosrigitocwast ink ete sognec le eg ok asia o a ne Se Ge Semen rata dernentof tie river Both the sepedng stones and ie bles ok ike pe empoe e troenof or eroded fragment of the stairs. They highlight the natural dynamics of the ersng onthe tert he ering ater without pretending to imitate te forms ofa natural watercourse soe rca eee156 157 Project Catalogue Embankment Walls and Promenades ee Limmat Factory by the Water, 2006-2007 Zurich, Switzerland River data for project area Catchment area: 2176 k discharge (MQ): 96 m'/s 1ein-100-year flood discharge (HQ 100): 59 ith of bed: 60 m; Width of flood plain: 70 m ocation: 47° 23° 43" N ‘The Limmat is an alpine river with pebbled bed and banks, high How velociy and occa Sonal violent floods. In the Zurich city area, however, these are softened by Lake Zurich, Which also functions to reduce the sediment load, Industrial remi cence Inthe entire municipal area of Zurich, the Limmats wate power is utilised via branched-off channels, The small-scale project ofthe Fabrik am ‘Wasser (Factory by the Water) uses the Limmats riverside at the former site ofthe HONE Sik weaving mill, which also took advantage ofthe Limmat’s power in the pas. can which ran parallel tothe river before itwas filed i, carried the water ofthe Limmatt® {he turbines ofthe mill. The outdoor spaces designed by the Zurich landscape architects Schweingruber Zulauf delineat. the former factory canal. As part ofthe conversion the area was lowered so that today it offers a new direct access tothe water's edge. Inthe Section between the former canal walls, wave-like terraces have been built nto the tran ‘The diferent surfaces - varying beween lawn, crushed aggregate lawn and lrgepeDBES Dear the riverside ~ are lined by stairs in dynamic wave-like forms that evoke the water iat used to flow here. The wall of the former canal has been partially exposed. The entire ‘composition recalls the industrial use ofthe river space. Asa result of the increased differentiation ofthe riverside topography, the embank ent Path could be lowered so that it now passes without interruption under the rot bridge the Hardeggsteg. At the lowest point ofthe path, the Limmat has become dir Accessible, offering a popular place for bathing. Now, ll fluctuations in water levels * jimediately evident in the open space, The most important outcome of this comers however, isthe ri id's increased attractiveness for leisure activites. tinaTwo paths for all eventualities During flooding, the lower-ying areas of the shave bee the ter terme canal wil ill ith water and become impassable. Therefore it has been necessary tnerecta temporary flood protection system around the adjoining school building, For tat purpose, poss have been sunk into the ground, which, in the event of high water, sre pulled up and fitted with mobile protection elements. At low water levels, the water ily accesible. This is the first time that a mobile flood protection system has been tested on a Zurich. The path along the Limmat is also secured during ods. n addition to the ea ver path next the wall a second one, safe in case of floods, passes bythe buildings le extent snl ora eae Eehong the outines ofthe turbine building, today used as an indoor and outdoor ions lowe eter bere rexaan, hedgerows dlieate the former canal and encompass an elongated public The ooensox pound These open spaces are also used bythe adjacent school. The entire urban et den space next to the Limmatis designed to be multifunctional, The region around the 5 Even dering flood ever the pth next othe factory also enriches the adjoining residential area. ee eevee\pAsio4-s2iqopHIOH pn @ Ey§© Turid Hélidobler-Forsythf “is bf ly Pe te fs it Tiny : \N — Zen a A Pry174-175-176-177 Terminal internacional de ¢ bassatgers, lokchama, Jape, 20002000 race yf tectes: Foreign Office Architects/Farsnig f Mousavi, Alejandro Zaera-Polo; Estructne Structural Design GroupiKunio Watanabe Exposicié presentada al pavells britanic de |e biennal d'arquitectura de Venécia (2002) | ¢ 'a galeriaclibreria RAS de Barcelona (ona 209, } \ es: ah ifremoval of transverse structures, as well as numerous initialisation : initialisation measures such as the ments (€-g, rocks and deadwood) and the creation of a mean dering course. Topsoil was removed IN, aside from a few initial plane hese measures also improve flood fer is retained longer in each section is also increased through the targ geted lateral constriction of the streams profile, i.e, the placement of gabions. Where self-dmomic development is not allowed, the placement of ba cement of baffle el nd vegetation ings of native trees and shrubs, develop itself freely. Th management for areas fu ther downstream, as of the stream. The retention of floodwat fies and the broadening ofthe stream improve the structural diversity Experiencing the stream Some of an existing bicycle path was remains uninterrupted and is now part ofthe transregi the stream from the pa cated but it ional Werse bicycle path. Access to and a “green classroom” allow visitors to have an intensive expe- yew natural areas in the flood plains. A balance has been achieved between rience of the undi ‘bed natural development and demands for recreational use. The overall design of the stream is based on the model of a naturally flowing Interventions in Stream and a park landscape, ie landscape are visible at some locations through the intentional use of artificial elements such as the gabions.DL.2 Dead wood 2a Widening the channet 5.1 05.3 F ELA Rem iparian manageme ofiling the channel cross-section ducing disruptive elements ing meander 270 274 Project Catalogue Dynamic River Landscapes Werse Near-natual Development, since 2001 Beckum, Germany River data for project area Stream type: Small gravel-dominated lowland rvers Catchment area: ~ 10 km Mean discharge (MQ): 0.6 m/s One-in-100-year flood discharge (HQ100): ~15 m/s Width of riverbed: 2 m; Width offload plain: 20-100 m Location: 51° 45' 15" N - 08° 01' 06" E “The source area ofthe Werse is located in the town of Beckum. Today itis parcafa green corridor that runs westward from the southern edge ofthe town centre, Ot the centuries the stream was relocated within the town and aso served as moatinte town's system of forifications. The steam continued to be regulated as tess 378 and appeared as a poorly sructured, straightened, and strongly reifoeed Despite the stream's historia! significance in terms of hydropower generation nda supply the monotonous riverbed structures and steam banks, together wih eS it playe a very minor roe inthe town, reduced itto a highly degrades wares Since 2001 attempts have been undertaken to improve the Wers: Insel development as a natural owing stream, local recreation and fod manana a priority. The stream and its food plains wll e developed while incorporate historical structures that stem from its previous uses. The establishment Of 8 yg continuity, a strengthening ofits habitat network, and the craton of 2928000 ast streans seynamic development will lead to an aesthei eMMAPESOOT and, in addition tothe enjoyment of nature, will improve opportuni tion. By 2010, 2.2 km ofthe stream had been redesigned. Jo version ot ‘The corners Flood m: ological measures - 1d management through ecologi read ypss came Weis to river bottom ramps and the construction of fish adders 0, adi ‘now allow for the continuous flow of the stream. In certain aPE35 06 gai ial steps it 3 a plains are now able to evolve selt-dynamically- The esentia SEP a the removal of stream bank reinforcements, the dynamisationLimitation of flood area Limitation of channel Overfiow n longer pos Natural limit Flood limit Channel development limitPROCESS SPACES Embankment Walls and Promenades Dikes and Flood Walls Flood Areas Dynamic River Landscapes Limits Limits process space Flood limits Limits of sel-dynamie river channel development Riverbed reinforcement Limits of vertical water level actuation Limit of vertical water level fuctuation| Horizontal spread Sedimentation shift Secimentaton Erosion Undercu bank SedimentsDikes and List of process Ena ee i Flood Walls spaces and design strategies BL Linear Differentiating spatial resistance is cngagnaa N72 Az Selective spatial Vertical expansion resistance Se aa a3 B3 Temporary inforcing resistance resistance 8 R78 AS B4 Placing over tet 2 the water oe fe be ee BS Tolerating ee ae resistance Rez : 2 BS a Acar Bigs Ateotng Making : river dynamics evidentFlood Areas Riverbeds and Currents x y DP C1 as D1, Extending Deflecting the space the current R92 er c2 D2 Placing over Grading the water the channel 596 Rit c3 D3 Toler Varying Ru the riverbed S120 C4 ey varying q pane ae 2 2 reinforcement toni : “DDS cS : ! Varying : t 2 Vary Asantios the riverbed 8 2 reinforcement , R126 Dynamic River Landscapes Allowing a poms : migration R134 2 Initiating channel ‘dynamics R196 E3 Creating ynew channels R18 E4 Restricting Bi channel 5 dynamics R140 Introductionee ck Dikes and Flood Walls Embankment Walls and Promenades List of design tools and design measures AL Linear spatial expansion 52 ALA Intermediate levels S53 A12 Terraces 55: 1.3. Broad riverbank steps “5 A2__ Selective spatial expansion "54 2.1. River access parallel to the bank “55 2.2 River access perpendicular to the bank *59 A3 Temporary resistance A3.1. Closable access "57 ‘A3.2. Retaining sightlines 6 ¢ AG Placing over the water § AGA. Balconies 6.2. Overhangs * 5: A4.3 Suspended pathways "59 AS Tolerating ~ AS.1 Underwater steps S61 5.2 Boulders and stepping stones “61 8.3 Foreshores AS.4 Submergible riverside paths 62 8.5 Submergible boardwalks S62 AS.6. Surmounting the embankment wall 62 AS.7 Submergible furniture 563 5.8 Submergible planting % 63 45.9 New embankment walls 63 AG Adapting 64 6.1 Floating jetties 65 6.2 Floating islands 6.3 Moored ships S65 51 _ Differentiating resistance “72 B11 Dike parks 573 B1.2 Trees on dikes S73 81.3 Reprofiling the dike section S74 B14 Dikes as path networks 74 BL.S Dike steps and promenades 74 81.6 Superdikes “75 82 Vertical resistance * 82.1 Integrating flood protection walls <7: 82.2 Influencing perceptions “77 of the wall height 83 _ Reinforcing resistance 83.1 Invisible stabilisation 5.79 B3.2 Glass walls 579 84 Integrating resistance "80 B41. Using the historical city wall 87 184.2 Watertight facades § 81 85 Temporary resistance 82 85.1 Portable protection elements 5.82 85.2. Attachable protection elements 5.83 85.9 Fold-out protection elements 5.83 86 Making river dynamics evident 84 86.1. High water marks S85 86.2 Are objects and furniture $85Flood ‘Areas ci Extending the space “92 cha Setting back the dike S93 (ch.2 Branches S23 1.3 Flood channels 5.93 (1.4 Reprofiling the flood plain S94 C15 Backwaters S94 Polder systems 9. Retention basins “95 2 Placing over the water 25 2.1 Mounds S97 c2.2 Mound principle with buildings S97 2.3 Buildings on piles 2.4 Escape routes * 98 2.5 Cableways 599 C3 Tolerating C2. Paths within the flood plain * 201 ©3.2 Sport facilities and playgrounds ‘10 3.3 Flood-tolerant buildings “101 (€3.4 Parks within the flood plain 3.5 Extensive natural areas F102 3.6 Agriculture § 108 1637 Camping and caravan sites 3.8 Events grounds 6 103 C4 Evading S104 (84.1 Warning signs and barriers 105, (C42 Electronic warning systems § 105 C5 Adapting “ 106 5.1 Floating and amphibious houses * 107 65.2 Marinas * 107 Riverbeds and Currents Di effecting the current 114 DLA Large single rocks © 115 1.2 Dead wood "115 13 Laid stone groynes § 115 DL.4 Piled stone groynes "116 DLS Bioengineered groynes 116 DIL Submerged groynes § 116 1.7 Riverbed sills 5 1 D2 Grading the channel 118 02.1 Widening the channel “119 02.2 Extending the flow length " 119 D3 Varying the riverbed 3.1 Sand and gravel beaches fon inner bends © 121 13.2 Sand and gravel beaches inbays S121 103.3 Creating scour holes "121, D& Varying the bank reinforcement ‘122 4.1. Parially natualising the riverbank “123 104.2 Living revetment 123 4.3 Stone revetment § 124 Dé.4 Terraced stone revetment S124 104.5 Masonry riverbank revetment 124 4.6 Building over the existing reinforcement "125 D5 Varying the riverbed reinforcement "128 5.1 Fish passes 127 5.2 Varying the riverbed and transverse structures 127 105.3 Ramps and slides 127 Dynamic River Landscapes Et Allowing channel migration 5 134 E11 Removing riverbank and riverbed reinforcement 135 E12 Semi-natural riparian management 1 E13 Regulating water extraction 5 E2 Initiating channel dynamics "136 2.4. Reprofiing the channel cross-section 137 2.2 Introducing disruptive elements § 137 2.3. Adding bed load * 137 3 channels 3.1 Creating meanders "139 3.2 Incorporating a straightened channel 199 3.3 Creating multiple channels 5239) 4 Restricting channel dymamies 5 140 4.1 ‘Sleeping’ riverbank reinforcement ‘1 4.2. Bank reinforcement as needed S141 4.3 Selective bank reinforcement § 141