DAr Hec oa NANc

TRTIONG DAr Hgc nAcs KHoA

KHoA xAv tgNc rnuy Lgr - rnuy DrEN

,.lu'i.v'

BAI GIANG
/\\
cONG rRiNH
(Ding cho Nginh THXD)
rHfyf

Ths.cvc r,t vAN uo.l

TS. NGUYnN vAN rrrloNc

ua NANG 01 -zotz

I
cHUoNG 1 KHAI NIEM cHUNG vi cONc rniNs ruu.'f loI
sr..vAr rRo cua ruut Lor rRoxc xdN KrNH rf qudc oAx
Ddt vdh dd:
- Nttoc Id yeu to kh1ng thd thieu daoc d6'i voi moi su sdng trn Trdi ddt vd d6ng vai trd
l6n trong ndn kinh t'qu6'c ddn cfia cdc nxdc.Vi du: S* dung ndng laong nuoc dd phdt
din, dilng ntdc tuoi ru1ng, nu1i cd, loi dung nadc dd vdn trii giao th1ng thuj vd dilng
nudc dd phryc vu cho moi sinh hoat khdc cfia con ngadi.
- Trrt ltqng nudc ff'An tdi ddt rd't ldn, khodng 1,5 ti km3 trong dd hon 90Vo ld nudc d cdc
dai dtong vd bidn, cdn lai ld nuoc d trong luc dia. Song nuoc daoc phdn bd rd1 kh1ng ddu
theo khdng gian vd phdn phdi khdng ddu theo thdi gian. Mdt khdc nudc cfrng c6 thd gdy
nhidu tdc hai rdlt to l6n cho ndn kinh t'Qudb ddn vd con ngudi nhr.r: nan lfi lut, ngdp ilng
hay x6i ld cdc bd s1ng. *l
- Vi vdy mudn loi dung tdi nguyn ddng nadc phuc vu cho nn kinh t'Quo'c ddJ.vd ddi
sdng con ngttdt, phdi nghin cfru im ra nhfrng bin phdp cdng trinh loi dung l\h loi c'fia
ddng ntdc vd chdng lai cdc tdc hai cfia n6. Chinh til ddy ngdnh khoa hoc Thuj loi duoc ra
ddi theo yu cdu cila con ngudi trong vic sft dqrg ngu6n rutdc vd cilng vdi su phdt tridn
cfia cdc khoa hoc khdc nha todn, vdt ly, hod hoc, thuj vdn, dia chdt, thui; luc, k7 cdu, vdt
liu xdy dWS.
o Nhimg c6ng trinh xdy dmg nham srl dung tdi nguyOn nu6c vd chdng lai t6c hai cira n5
goi ld c6ng trinh thui lgn.
o Can cf vdo muc dich chtr ydu trOn, xAy dung c6c c6ng trinh Thoi loi bao gdm c6c linh
vuc sau dAy :
1. Thui diOn : loi dung nang luong cira nu6c s6ng bidn dd ph6t diOn
2. Thui n6ng : dtrng bicn ph6p thuy loi dd ph6t tridn n6ng nghiOp (nhu tudi, tiOu,
chdng x6i mdn, chdng chua mdn, vd chdng bac mhu)
3. Giao thOng thujr : cAi thiOn vd loi dung sOng, hd , bidn dd ph6t tridn giao th6ng
thuf.
4. COp tho6t nu6c cho c6c co s6 sin xudt c6ng nghiOp vh virng dAn cu
5. Tri thuy: chinh tric6c ddng sOng- chdng lut, chdng x6i ldvd bdi lSng trOn cdc
h thOng sOng
6. NuOi trdng thuj sAn: lbm hd nuOi c6, cdp nudc cho nuOi trdng thujr sAn, duhng
c6 di...
Ngodi ra thuf loi cbn c6 nhiOm vu kh6c nhu cii tao mOi trudng m6i sinh, tao nOn
c6c khu an du6ng, khu nghi m6t...

s2. DAc ptiivr ctin cONG TRiNH THU* LoI vA vAN pi l,oI DUNG
rdxc HOP

Ddc didm cfia c1ng trinh thui, loi lA ldm vic trong ntdc nn chiu moi tdc dung cfia
nadc nhtt tdc dung co hqc, hod ly, thdm, tdc dung cila vi sinh vdt vd ddn sinh kinh t'.
A. Dac tliim cira cOng trinh thuf loi
1. Tdc dung cira nudc tldi vdi cdng trinh thu;i loi:
 a. Tr{c dgng co hoc cfia nudc
90"g trinh thui loi chiu t6c dung ctra 6p luc thuy tinh vh dQng. Ngodi ra cdn phii kd
ddn 6p luc s6ng khi xudt hiOn s6ng vd t6c dong cria nu6c khi A9"g ddt. Dbng chAy
qua cdng trinh th6o (dQp trhn, cdng th6o nu6c l) mang xudng"b ha luu m6t n6ng too-"g
16n, c6 thd lam x6i 16 m6nh licr bd vd d6y s6ng bang?at rtuy d6. \n v4y h+ ruu con!
trinh cdn c6 biOn ph6p tiOu nang dd b6o v0 ha hi coni trinh vi ldng s6ng (hinh 1-l).

Hinh I'1: Bin phdp gidm thrim vd ilAu ndng ha luu cdng trinh n"n ndn ddi
I -Thdn diip; 2-cftu van; 3-sdn tru6c; 4-sdn tiu nring; S-sdn sau; 6,7, g-ct

b. Tr{c dqng cria thdm

Khi c6ng trinh tao ra d0 ch0nh lOch cdt nu6c thuong ha luu thi sO xudt hien ddng
thdm qua ndn vi bd. Ddng thdm qua ndn sE gay nOn 6pluc thdm, mdr nu6c, x6i ngdri
ho5 hoc, x6i ngdm cd hgc, ddy trdi ddt. Dd tr6nh cdc t6c hai trcn ra 6p dung bien
[h6p
k6o dii duorrg vidn thdm nhu lhm sAn phri phfa thuong luu (sAn trudcj, cU ctrdng tirdm,
hodc m)ng chdng thdm (hinh 1-1).
c. T6c dqng ho6 lf cira nudc
Nudc c6 thd t6c dung ln vAt liOu ldm cdng trinh vd dAt ndn lim cho bd mar bi beo
mdn. Su dn mdn ctra nu6c d6i v6i kim loai, b0 tOng, d6, 96 x6y ra khi nu6c c6 tinh
xdm thuc. Dbng chiy c6 luu tdc l6n sE sinh ra ving c6 chan khong vd d6n ddn hin
tudng khi thuc. HiOn tuong x6i ngdm cd hoc vh ho6 hoc c6 thd xAy ra trong ndn cong
trinh do ddng th6m.
d. T6c dqng cfra sinh vAt
MOt sd sinh v6t s0ng & trong nudc g6y t5c dung khOng tOt dOi v6i cong trinh nhu h)
an ldm muc n6t 96. Ngodi ra cbn c6 m6t sd vi khudn xAm nhAp vdo vat lieu, c5 loai
cOn trirng gam d6 vh b0 t6ng ctra c6ng trinh.

2. Di6u kin thi6t kd vi thi cdng

- Didu kin thii k': C6c didu kin tu nhien (dia hinh, dia ch6t, khi h6u, thuf van...) vd
ddn sinh kinh t c6 tdc dUng quyOt dinh ddn vioc chon hinh thfc, kdt cdu, kich thu6c v) bd
tri cdc cdng trinh trong h0 thdng. Do d6 didu kiOn thidt kd Anh hu&ng ddn gi6 thinh cho
nOn ngudi thict ke phAi thAn trong phAn tfch cdc didu kiOn mOt cdch ky luong. Hdn nfra
didu kin dia hinh, dia chAt, thuf van vd ddn sinh kinh t & cdc ving xAy dung hdt srlc
kh6c nhau vi vQy vic thidt kd c6ng trinh thuf loi khOng thd theo m6t mdu mtrc dinh sdn
ndo.
- Di6u kin thi c1ng: Thi c6ng c6ng trinh thuf lcri vd cing phrlc tap vi di0n thi cong rQng,
dia hinh phrlc tap, nudc xuyOn bi nudc uy hidp, phii d6n dbng thi cong dd tam cong t5c hd
m6ng- x0y dung cOng rrinh. MAr kh6c viOc thi c6ng c6ng trinh thujr loi phAi d6m b6o liOn
tuc, dfng tidn d0 vi vQy ddi h6i phudng 6n xfr lf thi cdng phrlc tap vh ton k6m. Khoi luong
c6ng trinh thuf loi rtitl1n nOn v6n ddu tu l6n vd thdi gian thi cOng rAt dhi vi vQy ngudi rhi
c0ng phii c6 phuong 6n chudn bi nguyOn vAt liu m6t c6ch ddy dtr, chinh x6c cho moi thdi
ky.
3. inh hu6ng cira cOng trinh thuf loi ddi v6i khu vuc lAn cAn
C6 thd n5i khong c6 loai c6ng trinh n)o khi xdy dung xong lai ldm thay ddi lon didu
ki6n kinh t0 vd thiOn nhi0n cria khu vuc nhu c6ng rrinh thuf loi.
- Khi c6 cong trinh thuf loi sO hinh thdnh nhfrng khu vuc c6ng nghip, thhnh phd,
duong giao thdng vh khu dAn cu mdi...
' C6c c0ng trinh dAng nudc tao hd chrla ldm ngAp lut ci mOt ving rong l6n & thuong luu
vd lhm thay ddi khi hau & trong ving. Muc nudc ngdm cing dJo. c'dang len 6nh hiong
dOn sinh tru&ng cAy trdng trong ving tao didu kien ph6t tridn kinh td t6t hon

4. Nhirng hAu qui to l6n do cOng trinh thuj loi bi hu h6ng

C6c c6ng trinh thuy l-o. i nhAt lh vdi dap dang nu6c gifr m6r khdi luong nu6c rdr
16n v6i c6t nudc rdt cao -
khi bi hu h6ng khOi luong nudc khdng ld d6 d5 vd ha luu v6i
-
toc cgc kj'lon ldm thiOt hai dtn tfnh ri'+ng tai sAn-nfran dan, laL te liet vd hu h6ng c6c
fuu
khu^ c6ng nghiOp, n6ng nghip trOn mOt ph?m vi 16n, vd ldm dinh tr giao th6ng van tii
thuf...
Vi du: - D4p trgng luc Francis 6 M! h6ng nam 1928 ldm cho hon 450 ngubi chOt
- D4p vbm Manpasset & Ph6p h6ng nam 1959 dd, ph6 huj, ci Thbnh phd FrOjus vd
hon 500 ngudi chdt.
- Gdn day dap vdm vaiong & y h6ng naml963 ldm 3000 ngudi chdt
- 0 ViCt Nam cfrng dd c6 su cd vd dAp Sudi TrAu (Kh6nh Ho)) th6n e 1U1917 viL
thrdng llll9l8, dap Sudi Hdnh thdng 1211986, dAp Am Chria thr4ng l0l|9g2 cfrng rai
Kh6nh Ho). & dap Ddu Tidn Qay Ninh) su cd rh6ng IlL986 x6y ra & crla rrdn xA sau, khi
hd tich nudc chua ddy nhung do thidt kd chua dring td hgp lgc nen khi ldm viOc, lien kdt
gifra tai tru dd chng van vd khung th6p n6o da bi ph6 vd ldm c6t dfit tru pin, ph5 h6ng cria
trin, gAy ra lfr nhAn tao trong mia khO & ha du sOng Sbi Gdn, thiOt hai vd tdi s6n rat l6rn.
VAy ta thdy tdn thdt do c6ng trinh thuf lo. i hu h6ng thuhng l6n hon nhidu so v6i
vOn ddu tu xAy dUng n6. Cho nn ngudi k! su thuy loi cdn phii nhdn thrlc ddy dir rdm quan
trong cfia c6ng trinh cfrng nhu hAu quA cria sU cd dd n6ng cao y thrlc trdch nhim tiong
c6ng t6c khio s6t, thit kd xAy dung vd quAn lf c6ng trinh thuf loi.
B. Vdn dd lqi dqng tdng hgp khi thidt ke xAy dqng cOng trinh thuf loi
Nu6c trong^thin nhin c6 thd ddng thdi srl dung vlo nhidu muc dich kh6c nhau, vi vQy
vi0c lgi dqng tdng hqp lh nguyOn t6c cdnbAn nhdt khi khai th6c ngu6n nudc.
Khi khai thdc ngudn nudc cdn chrt y cdc ddc didm sau:
- Khi du kin khai thdc ngudn nudc cho m6t muc dich nio d6 cdn ddng thdi nghien crlu
phuc vu cho c6c muc dfch kh6c. Vt du: khi xdy dWS trgm Thujt din cdn klt ho.p ttoi
rubng, vdn tdi, phdng lfi vd nudi cd...
- Trong bicn phdp khai thdc hi6n tai cdn tinh dcn khi ndng khai thdc triet dd lau dei dd
ddp ung duoc su m& rQng sin xudt trong tuong lai.
- Cdn phAi nghiOn crlu loi dung nhfrng c6ng trinh sdn c6 vd tr6nh lhm gi6n doan cdc cdng
trinh dang du-o. c khai th6c.
- Vic khai thdc trit dd ngudn nudc theo nguyn tac loi dryng tdng hqp v6 cilng phtc tqp
vi cilng mOt lrtc khdng thd thod mdn daoc nhu cdu dilng nadc crta nhidu ngdnh I vidu: khi
taoi thi mdt nadc, khOng ddm bdo phdt din binh thudng hodc khdng dfi naoc ad ddm bdo
vdn dd giao thdng.../ khi d6 ph6i dua vdo nguyOn t6c uu tiOn cho nghnh trong didm vh chf
f thich d6ng ddn c6c nghnh kh6c.
-^ViOc loi dung tdng hgp cbn phu thuOc vdo chd dd xd hoi vd mrlc d0 ph6t tridn kinh td
cfia ttng nu6c. I vi vic khai thdc ngudn nudc dung cham dh rdt ntttbu ngdnh kinh t'
khdc nhau crta mdt nadcl

s3 pHAN LoAr vA cAc crAr DoAN rulfr rf coNG TRiNH THU.i

I. PhAn loai
Dd phuc vu nhfrng muc dich khdc nhau vd tu)t theo di6u kin tu nhin 6 cdc vr)ng xdy
dttng khdc nhau, thrqc t'cd rd't nhiAu bai c1ng trinh thuj, cdng vd kt cdu cfia chfing cfing
rdt khdc nhau. Dd tin cho vic nghin ctu ta cdn phdn loai cdc cdng trinh tnuj, tot tnei
mdt s6'ddc tinh:
l. Theo cr{c nginh phqc vu gdm c6
+ COng trinh thuy nOng
+ C0ng tdnh thujz diOn
+ C0ng trinh vdn tii thuf
+ COng trinh cdp tho6t nudc
+ COng trinh phuc vu thuli sin
2 Theo chrlc nang cu thd cfia cong trinh
+ C0ng trinh dang nudc: Ngan ddng chAy- d6ng nu6c ( vf du: ddp ngan song, cdng
didu tidt nudc, cOng ng[n tridu, d bidn, d0 s6ng)
+ Cdng trinh ldy nu6c: lAy nu6c tr) sOng, hd phuc vu cho ngbnh ding nudc (c6c c6ng
10y nu6c, tram born ..)

+ COng trinh th6o nudc: dtng dd th6o nu6c tt hd chfa, tt d6ng ra song ( vf dq: cdc
duong trln l[, cOng th6o nudc, cdng tiOu)
+ COng trinh d6n nudc: Ding 0d a6n nudc tt noi ndy ddn n6i kh6c (kenh, xi phong,
cdu m6ng, ducng hdm v.v...)
+ COng trinh chinh tri s6ng: Ld c6c loai d0, kb ch6n s6ng dd didu chinh bien hinh ddng
s6ng theo hu6rng c6 lgi.
3. Theo thdi gian sir dung
+ C0ng trinh ddu ddi: li loai c6ng trinh srl dqng thuong xuyn hoac dinh kj' trong su6t
qu6 trinh khai th5c. Tuj' thuoc v)o chrlc ndng, cOng trinh lAu ddi duoc chia thhnh
cdng trinh chfi yu vd, c1ng trinh thft ylu :
- COng trinh chtr ydu : ld cOng trinh md sr,r hu h6ng ctra chring sE 6nh hu&ng truc
tidp dOn su le viOc binh thudng cria cOng trinh ddu mdi vd h thOng, ldm cho
chring khOng dim nhdn duoc nhim vU nhu thiOt kd dat ra (d0, dAp, c6ng trinh
nhdn nu6c, knh d6n, th6p didu 6p )
 - COng trinh thrl yOu : ld cOng trinh md su hu h6ng cira chring g 6nh huong ddn
su ldm vic binh thudng ctra c0ng trinh ddu mdi vd h0 r B, c6 thd phuc hdi
du-o. c trong thdi gian ngin (tudng phAn cdch, cOng trinh xi u phdng, cOng trinh
gia cd bd nam ngodi cum ddu mdi )
+ COng trinh tam thdi: Ld loai cOng trinh chi str dung rrong rhdi j'xay dung hoac chi
dlne dd srla chfra cOng rrinh lau ddi rrong qu6 irinh khai th6r i du : d0 quai, kOnh
d6n dbng, xA luu lugng thi c6ng, cdu tam...)
4. Theo vi tri xiy drrng
+ Cum ddu m6i cOng rrinh thuf loi : ld td hqp cdc hang muc c6n trinh thujz tdp trung
6 vi tri kh6i ddu cira ho rhdng dan, tho6t nu6c; ldm ihrlc nang dp hoac tho6t nudc,
didu tidt, kh6ng chd, phAn ph6i nu6c.
+ H9 th6ng dAn, thodt nu6c : ld td hqp m+ng lu6i duong d6n vd c trinh li0n quan c6
mdt trong du 6n.
5. Theo kdt cdu vh vAt liu xAy dgng
+ COng trinh ddt
+ Cdng trinh d6
+ COng trinh b0 t6ng
+ COng trinh 96
+ COng trinh ding vat li0u tdng hqp
6. Theo ning luc phr;c vu hoic theo dic tinh k! thuit cria cdc ha muc cdng trinh
Day ld c6ch phAn loai quan rrong nhAr, c6ng trinh thuf lgi dugc n thdnh ndm cdp
tuj' theo quy m0, dia didm x6y dung cOng trinh, mfc d0 Anh huong cira chring ddn ph6t
tridn kinh td xd hoi, an ninh qudc phdng iung nhu t6c dQng tiOu cuc tdi nguyOn, mdi
trudng, tdn thdt vd ngudi vd thi sin do su rui ro c6 thd gay ra. SU kh nhau cria m6i cdp
thidt kd duoc thd hiOn bang h0 sd an tohn chung cira cOng rrinh vd i dinh vd kh6o s5t
thiet kd.
+ Phin cdp theo dac tfnh ki thunt cfia cdc h?ng muc c6ng tri h (TCXD VN285 :
2002\
Loai cdng trinh

1. D{p vat HCU ddt, dtit - dd >70+100 >10+25 <10

c6 chidu cao l6rn nhdt. m >35+75 >8+15 <8
>25+50 >8+15 <8
2. DAp b t0ng, b0 tOng cdt >60+100 >10+25
th6p cdc loai vd cilc cOng >25+50 >5+10
trinh thuf chiu 6p khdc c6 >20+25 >5+10
chidu cao. m
3. Tuong chSn c6 chidu cao, >25+40 >8+15
>20+30 >5+12
>18+25 >4+8
4. Hd chrla c6 dung tich, >200+1000 200 | >l+20
106m3
 Chil thtch :
I. Edt n6n chia thdnh ba nh6m didn hinh :
Nh6m A : Ndn ld dd
Nhdm B : Ndn ld ddt cdt, dd| hdn kh6, dat sdt d trqng thdi cang vd nfta cung
Nh6m C : Ndn ld ddt sdt bdo hod nu6c d trqng thdi ddo
2. Chidu cao c1ng trinh dtoc t{nh nhu sau :
- Vdi dQp vQt liu dd\, dd't-dd : Chiu cao tinh n)r mdt ndn thdp nhdlt sau khi cton m6ng
(kh1ng kd phdn chi'u cao chdn khay) dh dinh ddp.
- VAi dQp be fing cdc loai vd cdc cOng trinh xdy dilc chiu dp khdc : Chidu cao tfnh ttj
ddy chdn khay thdp nhdt dn dinh c6ng trinh.

+ PhAn cdp cOng trinh theo nang luc phuc vu (TCXD vN2g5 :2002)
Loai cdng trinh thuj loi Cdp thiet kd
I il III IV v
1. He thOng thuli nOng c6 diOn rfch duoc >50 <50+10 <10+2 <0,2
<2+0,2
tu6i hodc dien tich ru
nhien khu
ticu,103ha

2. I{h3 m6y thuf din c6 cOng > 300 <300+50 <50+5 <5+0,2 <0,2
sudt,103KW

3. COng trinh c0p ngudn nu6c (chua xrl >20 <2

<20+10 <IO+2
lf) cho c6c ngdnh sin xuAt kh5c c6 luu
luong, m3/s

II. Cr{c giai doan thidt kd

Dd xdy dFng cdng trinh thtry loi (xAy dung m6i, cAi tao, srla chfra l6n, nAng cdp) phii
thuc hin theo c6c bu6c sau :
l.Giai doan lap dU rin ddu tu thiry loi
Trong giai doan nhy c6 rhd lem theo hai giai doan sau :

1.1 86o cr{o nghin cfru tiin khi thi (BCNCTKT)

l. BCNCTKT ld mQt giai doan cira budc chudn bi ddu tu doi v6i c6c du 5n rhuoc
nhOm A, nham budc ddu nghiOn crlu c6c luAn cr1 vd kinh tc-ky thuat-xd h6i-m6i
trubtng trong vtrng c6 1i0n quan dOn du 6n dd, xem x6t so b6 :
- Sq cdn thidt phAi ddu ru;
- Quy m0, tdng mrlc ddu tu;
- So b0 x6c dinh tfnh khA thi ctra dU 5n;
- Du kin hinh thrlc ddu tu vd biOn phdp huy dQng vdn ddu tu.
2. BCNCTKT xern xdt cdc vdn dd quan trong vd cdn rhict nhdr vd Kinh rd-ky rhudr-xd
hOi cfia du 6n. BCNCTKT duo.c thuc hiOn cAn dAm b6o :
- Dring duong ldi, chfnh s6ch ph6t tridn kinh td-xdhQi cira DAng vh Nhh nudc;
- Phthgpv6i:
+ Quy hoach hoac phucng hucrng quy hoach tdng thd ph6t tridn kinh td-xa h6i
ctra vDng vd lSnh thd c6 liOn quan dd du-o. c cdp c6 thdm quydn phe duyt;
 + Quy hoach hodc phucng huong quy hoach tdng thd ph6t tridn ngdnh c6 lin
quan duoc clip c6 thdm quydn phO duyt, bao gdm cr{c linh vuc lien quan sau
o Thi nguyOn nudc cria khu vuc;
o Thi nguyOn ddt;
o Tdi nguyOn rtrng;
o NOng nghip vd nOng rhOn;
o Cong nghip;
o Nang lugng;
o Giao th6ng vdn tii;
o NuOi rrdng thriy sAn;
o Cfic nginh lin quan kh6c.
- Khai thdc vh srl dgng tdng hgp, bAo v0 bdn vfrng tdi nguyen nu6c, phbng tr6nh c6
hiu qu6lfr lut vd t6c hai do nudc g6y ra;
- Gin thiry loi v6i giao rh6ng, vdi xay dung n6ng rhOn vh d6 thi;
- Gin thi nguy6n nu6c vdi tbi nguyn rilng, tbi nguyn ddt kho6ng sAn, khf hdu,
nhu cdu vd kh6 nang ph6t tridn cAy trdng vd v6r nuOi;
- D6p rlng yu cdu bdn vfrng vd m! quan;
- Bio v0 mdi trudrng sinh th6i;
- 6p dgng cOng ngh, k! thudt rin ridn;
- Tuan thri c6c tiu chudn, quy pham, c6c dinh mrlc kinh td k! thu6t;
- Srl dqng v0n ddu tu c6 hi0u quA nhdr.
l.2B.6o c6o nghin crl khi thi (BCNCKT)
1. 86o c6o nghin crfu khA thi :

- Ldm cdn crl cho viOc ra quydt dinh tidn hhnh c6ng t6c chudn bi thuc hien ddu tu;
- Ldm cdn crl ph6p lf vd kinh tc-ky thuAt dOi v6i vic lap Thidt kd ky rhudr- rdng
du to6n hoac Thidt kdky rhuAr- thiet kC bAn v6 rhi c6ng;
- Lhm co s0 0d l4p hd so mdi thdu vd du thdu cOng r6c Tu vdn thi0t kc;
- Ldm co s6 dd l4p k6 hoach dxu rhdu xby l6p.
2. Khi lap BCNCKT cdn phii nghiOn cftu c6c luAn cr1 vd kinh td-ky thuAt-x6 hQi-moi
trudng trong virng c6 liOn quan ddn du 6n, xem x6t tfnh khA thi cira du 6n dd lim co
s& cho viOc lua chon vd quydt dinh chir truong ddu tu, thd hicn tren c6c mat chtr yeu
sau ddy :

- Su cdn thiet phii ddu tu;

- Lqa chon h)nh thfc ddu ru;
- Lua chon dia didm xAy dung;
- LUa chon c6c phucrng 6n k! thuAt c6ng nghQ;
- Xdc dinh ngudn vOn, kh6 nang tdi chfnh, tdng mrlc ddu tu, phucrng 6n hodn tri
v6n ddu tu nOu c6:
- Xflc dinh rinh kha rhi vd kinh rd-ky rhu6r-xd hoi ctra du 6n;
- X6c dinh hi0u quA ctra du 6n.
3. NOi dung NCNCKT cdn xem x6t cdc vdn dd quan trong vi cdn rhidr vd kinh td-k!
thuAt-xd h6i cAu du 6n trn co s& kd thta vd cu thd h6a du 6n quy hoach hodc
BNNCTKT neu c6 dd dim bAo dU 6n khA thi phn hqp vd th6ng nhdt v6i :

7
 - Quy hoach ho[c phucrng huong quy hoach tdng thd ph6t tridn kinh td xd hoi cria
virng vd lSnh thd dd du-o. c cdp c6 thdm quydn ph-O Auy-Ct;
- Quy hoach tdng thd hodc phuong hudng quy hoach tdng thd ph6t tridn ngdnh c6
liOn quan dd duoc cdp c6 thdm quydn ph duyOt hoac th6ng qua;
- Quy hoach tdi nguyn nudc cira khu vuc;
- Tei nguyn dAt;
- Tei nguyOn thg;
- NOng nghiOp vi n6ng thOn;
- COng nghiOp;
- Nang luorrg;
- Giao th0ng vAn rAi;
- NuOi trdng thfry s6n;
- Cdc nghnh li0n quan kh6c.
4. BCNCKT cdn tudn thfr :

- Lu0t thi nguyn nudc, c6c Luat c6lin quan; C6cph6p lenh c6lin quan;
' C6c chir truong, dudng ldi, chinh s6ch, Nghi quydti, c6 liOn quun DAng vi
Nhd nu6c; "tru
' Cdc quy dinh, quy chudn, tiu chudn, quy trinh, quy pham c6 liOn quan.
2.Giai doan lAp thidt kd cOng trinh thiiy toi
Trong giai doan nhy c6 thd lem theo hai giai doan sau :
2.1 Thidt kdky thuAr - tdng du toi{n
- TrOn co s& thidt kc so b0 d5 dugc phO duyt, cdn bd sung c6c rdi lieu co bin, dd xudt
v) tinh to6n c6c phuong 6n dd, cU thd vd chi tidt h6a mot budc c6c gi6i ph6p c6ng
trinh nham d6p rlng c6c yOu cAu sau : chon tuydn cong trinh va phucng ai aA tri
tdng thd tOi uu cdc hang muc cOng trinh chintr tai ddulndi, tren iuydn i6n vd c6c
c6ng trinh kh6c.
+ chon phuong 6n tOi uu vd chtrng loai, s6luong vb bd tri thidt bi.
+ Chon quy mO vh c6c hinh thrlc bO tri kOt cau cdng trinh tdi uu cho c6c hang muc
cong trinh chinh thuoc ddu mdi, tuydn duong dan, cong trinh phdng h6 vh khu t6i
dinh cu (nu c6).
+ Cu thd h6a cdc biOn ph6p quin lf vd bio vO mOi trudng nham khdc phuc cdc han
chd c6c tdc d6ng xdu, ph6t huy hiOu quh c6c r6c dOng tiih cuc.
+ Xdc dinh chinh xiic chtrng loai, sd luong, vr tri cdc hang muc cong trinh duoc ddu
tu. Chi tidt h6a cdckdt cAu chiu luc chfnh d6p rlng yeu cdu ddu thdu xay lfp.
+ Chgn bi0n ph6p vd tiOn d0 hqp li dd xOy drrng, khai thSc vd bio tri mQr cdch c6
hiOu quA cdng trinh, han chd g|y ra c6c tdc dQng tiOu cuc vd mdt m6i trubrng.
+ X6c dinh chinh x6c khdi luong chinh c6c loai v6t liu , v6.t tu, thidt bi vh tdng drl
to6n cOng trinh theo c6c l0 thdu duoc dinh hudng trong Quyet dinh ddu tu.
- Phai phn hqp v6i ndi dung, tiOu chudn k! thudt vd cdp c0ng trinh trong BCNCKT da
du-o. c cdp c6 thdm quydn ph duyOr.

- Tdng drJ todn ph6i duoc ldp tr0n co s6 dinh mr1c, don gi6, ch d6, chinh s6ch hin
hdnh 1i0n quan ddn chi phi ddu tu xAy dung vd kh0ng duoc vuot tdng mrlc dAu tu dd
ghi trong Quy0t dinh ddu tu.
2,2Thi6t kd bin vG thi cOng
 - Thidt kd bin vE thi cong cdn phii nghicn crlu vh tinh o6n dd cu rhd vd chi tidt cdc
gi6i ph6p c6c k! thuflt vi kdt cdu c6ng trinh dd du-o. c pho duyer rrong giai doan
Thict kc ky thuat-tdng du toi{n, l4p du to6n chd tao, i6p dar vd xay dirrg cong
trinh.
- Hd so bAn v6 thi c6ng lh cdn crl ph6p lf dd :

+ Ldm thfi tuc x6y dung chd tao vb lip dat.

+ XAy d\rng, chd tao vh l6p dat.
+ Giiim s6t kidm tra chdt lugng xdy drrng, ch tao vh lip dat.
+ Nghi0m thu, rhanh to6n chi phi vh bln giao c6ng trinh.
- Trong khuon khd c6c chir truong vd k! thudt vb tdng du to6n dd du-o. c ph6 duy6r
trong Thidt kc ky thuAt-tdng du to6n, cdn kidm tra, khio s6t vb thu thap bd sung
c6c tdi liQu cdn thict vd nghin crlu tinh to6n nham d6p ung ycu cdu sau :
+ Didu chinh (n6u cdn thic0 tuyn, vi tri c6c hang muc trinh;
+ Tridn khai vh chi tit h6a c6ck0t cau cong trini.vd c6c"ong
biSn ph6p srl lf ndn;
+ Chi tidt h6a cdc kdt cdu kim loai, c6c so dd bo tri vd l5p aat itrigi ui;
+ Chi d{n k} thudt thi c6ng c6c hang muc c6ng trinh quan tior,g;
+ L4p b6ng tiOn lugrng c6c h4ng muc cOng trinh xay dung, hung muc c6ng
trinh phuc vu thi cOng, c6c c6ng trinh tamil "6"
+ X5c dinh s6 luong vh quy c6ch c6c vAt ru thidt bi.
- Thiet kc b6n vE thi. c6ng cdn tu0n thtr nQi dung Thict ko ky thuar-rdng du to6n d6
dugc phO duy0t, ndu didu chinh thay ddi cdn du-o. c su cho pfrep .tru duyot
Thiet kdky thuAr-rdng du to6n. "Jqoun
- Du todn phii dyOc 14n trOn co s& c6c bAn tin lucrng, cdc bhn k s6 luong, quy
c6ch vat bi, biQn ph6p xay d\rng, phn hgp udi ainrt mfc, don gia, .rrc aq,
1u, $ie1
chinh s6ch hiOn hdnh.
Luu y : Ddi vdi c6ng trinh duoc thidt kd mdt budc thi gdp hai gai doan Thict kd ky rhuar-
tdng du to6n vi Thidt kC ban ve thi cong thdnh m6t giai doan ld Thidt kC ky thuat-thi cong.

9
CHUONG 2. LU. C TAC DUNG IBru CONC rNiNU rHU* LOI
sr. PHAN LoAr vA rd Hop Luc
Khi thidt k c6c cong trinh thuf loi - od oAm b6o an todn vd kinh
td chfng ta phii
x6c dinh chfnh x6c cdc luc t6c dung- lOn cdng tdnh, mat kh6c cdn phAi
h,ra chon dring c6c
trudrng hqrp ldm viOc didn hinh dd lnon.nnoir
thdi t6c dung l6n c6ng rrinh
phn hqp v6i didu kion lhm viQ.c thgc
ldglu cong"i*'tl"dQng
trinh. otouiaf Ja-i rrai ireoai thidt kd phai
n6m
-ch6c
kt thuat thidt kd, dbng thai pnai c6 kTnh thuc ti6n vh n6m vfrng tinh hinh
dac didm cira dia phuong noi xa-y dqng cOng trinh.. "ehig-
Trong ph4m vi chuong ndy ta chi nu vd gi6i quydt c6c luc pnd
uicn nhdr d6i vdi c6ng
trinh thuf loi, cbn c6c luc riOng v6i m6i toai-cong tiinr, ,e duoi tfnh
don rrong c6c chuong
tuong fng.
I. PhAn loai luc
Dd phqc w cho viQc lQp cdc t6 duoc srl dung rrong tinh to6n thidt ko c6ng rrinh,
ngudi-ta phAn loai t6i trong theo thli!qgian vd tinh ;h;r t6c dung.
Theo d6 c6c thi ting t6c
dung ln cOng trinh duoc phdn thdnh tai trong thudng xuyn vd"tai
trong tam rhdi.
1. cdc tii trong thudng xuy0n vi t4m thdi (dni han vi ngdn han)
l. Trgng luqrng cria c6ng trinh vd c6c thiOt bi c6 dinh dat tren vd trong c6ng
trinh.
2.AP luc nu6c t6c.dung trgc tiOp lon bd mqt cOng trinh vd ndn; 6p luc nu6c thdm (bao
gdm h1c thdm vb luc ddy ndi thd tich & phdn J6ng trinh vh ndn bi bao hod nudc;
6p
luc cria nu6c ln mat kh6ng th6m cria cOng trinh) .i"g vdi muc no* t* nfrdt khi xAy
ra lfr thict k trong didu kion thidt bi loc vd tiou nudc ldm viec binh rhudng. Ricn!
c6c hang muc nam trong tuyon chiu 6p cira hd chfa, dap dang cd;;r phAi tinh
thc;
cdc luc ndu trong muc ndy rlng vdi muc nudc dang binh thuong.
3. Trong luong ddt vi 5p h/c bOn cira n6;6p luc ctra nham thach (g6y ra cho c6c hdm ld,
tuynen).
4.TLi trong gdy ra do kdt cdu chiu fng sudt tru6c.
5. Ap_lgc dtit ph6t sinh do bidn dang ndn v) kdt cdu c6ng rrinh, do tii rrgng b6n ngohi
kh6c.

6.Ap luc bDn c6t.

7.T6c dqng ctra co ng6t vd til bidn.
8. Tei trong gAy ra do 6p luc du cria kE rSng trong ddt b6o hod nu6c khi chua cd kt
hodn tohn & mgc nu6c ddng b)nh thudng, trong didu kin thiot bi lgc vb tieu nudc lbm
vic binh thudrng.
9. Tdc dQng nhiOt ln cdng trinh vd ndn trong thdi ki' thi cong vh khai th6c ctra n6m c6
biOn do dao dOng nhit d0 binh quan rh6ng cria kh6ng khf le ffung binh.
10. Tai trong do tiu thuydn v) v6t trOi (neo bu6c, va dAp).
I l. Tai ffgng do c6c thict bi nAng, bdc dd, vAn chuydn vd c6c m6y m6c, kdt cau khdc
(cdn truc, cdu treo, palang... ), chdt hdng c6 x6t ddn khi n6ng chdt vucrt tAi thidt kc.

10
 12. Ap luc do s6ng duo. c x6c dinh theo t6c do gi6 l6n nhdt trung binh nhidu ndm.
13. Tei ffong gi6.

14. Ap luc nudc va trong rhdi k}, khai thdc binh thuong.
15. Tei trgng dQng sinh ra trong dudng d6n c6 6p vd khong 6p khi dfln vdi muc nudc
dAng binh thudrng.

2. C6c tii trong tam thdi dac bit

l.Tii trong do ddng ddt hoac nd.
2.Ap luc nu6c tuong rlng v6i muc nudc khi xiy ra l[ kidm tra.
3. Tai ffong gay ra do 6p luc du cria k r6ng trong ddt bdo hob nu6c khi chua c6 kdt
hodn todn rlng v6i muc nudc kidm tra l6n nhdt trong didu kien thidt bi loc nudc vb
tiu nudc ldm viQc binh thudng hoac muc nu6c dAng binh thudng nhung thiOt bi loc
vd tiOu nu6c bi h6ng.

4. Ap luc nudc th6m gia tdngkhi thidt bi chOng thAm vh tieu nu6c kh6ng ldm viec binh
thucrng.
5.T6c dQng do nhit trong thdi ki'thi cOng vh khai thdc ctra ndm c6 bin d6 dao d6ng
nhiOt d0 binh quAn th6ng cria khOng khi la lon nh0t.

6.Ap luc s6ng khi xiy ra t6c dO gi6 l6n nhdt thidt kd.
7. Ap luc nudc va khi dOt ng6t cit tohn b0 phu rAi.
8. Tii trong dQng sinh ra trong duong d6n c6 6p vd khOng 6p khi d6n & m{c nudc ldn
nhdt thidt kd.
9. 6p luc phdt sinh trong m6i diit do muc nudc sOng, h6 bi ha thdp d6t ng6r (nit nhanh).
II. Td hqp h1c

Dd c6 co s& khi lua chon c6c luc ddng thdi t6c dqng ln cong trinh, ngudi ta phdn
c6c luc t6c dung thdnh hai loai td frqp luc - d6 la td hqrp luc co b6n v) rd hqp luc dai bict
1. Td hqp lqc co bin
Bao gdm c6c thi trong vh ti4c dQng : thulng xuyOn, tam thli dii han, tam thli ng6n han
mi dOi tuong dang thidt kd c6 thd tidp nh6n cing m0r ldc.
2. Td hgp h,rc dqc bit
VAn bao gdm c6c t6i trong vh t6c dQng dd x6t trong td hqp tii trong co b6n nhung mot
trong chring duoc thay thd bang tAi trong (hoac t6c d6ng) tam thdi d[c biet. Truong hqp t6i
trong co bin c6 xt thOm t6i trong dOng dAt hoac nd cfrng duoc xdp vho td hqp dAc biQt.
Khi c6 luAn chrlng chic chin c6 thd ldy hai trong cdc thi trong hodc tdc dQng tam thdi ddc
bict dd kidm tra.
Luuj:
- Khi thidt kd phii lua chon dd dua ra td ho,p tAi trong co bin vi td hqp tAi trong dac
biOt bdtlgi nhdt c6 thd xiy ra trong thhi k}' thi cong vi khai thSc cdng rrinh
- Khi thidt kd cOng trinh phAi tinh todn theo td hqp t6i trong co bin vb kidm tra theo
td hgp tAi trong dac biOt.
- Hc sd an todn khi tinh v6i td hqp co bin lon hon tinh vdi td frqp dac bit.

11
 s2. xAc DrNH TRr s6 ctn LUc rAc DUNG
I.Ap luc nudc
1.Ap tuc thuf tinh
Phu thuOc vdo chidu cao cOt nu6c, hinh d4ng c6ng trinh v)
trong lucng ri6ng y cria
1o*: Tri s6 vd 6p luc nu6c t6c dung x6c dinhiheo c6c phuong pna'p aa
tiinn uay ffong
thuy luc.

WzT
Hinh 2.1 So d6 dp luc nrdc biln
cdt vd ddy ngtqc. W1, W2, Wj,
ili :- We Wo : dp ltc nudt: tfnh; W, : dp
t,. Itc bin crit; Wo,, : dp lq.rc driy
ndi, W, : dp tqc thd'm; G ; trontg
luong bdn thdn

ffilt'
2. Ap luc thuf dOng W6

Ap lqc thuy ddng sinh ra do ddng chhy tdc dQng len b6 phan cong trinh chin
ngang (tr9 pin ctra trdn, tudrng tiOu nf,ng,t,). Tri sO w6 ptru thuEc vdo luu tOc vi hinh
16
d4ng ctra mdt tdc dung, wu duoc x6c dinh til nguyen ti
Ulon thien d6ng luong ctra kh6i
chdt 16ng:
dM
wa = _dt

- Ndu cOng trinh chiu t6c dqng ld phing thi :

6]yt= e.p.v.dr
=)Wa = Q.p.v
- Khi c6 kd ddn hinh dang mar t6c dung vh hu6ng dbng ch6y thi :

Wa = k.Q.p.v(1-coscr)
Trong d6 :
Q : luu luong phdn dbng chay tdc dung rruc tidp vdo cOng trinh (m3/s)
p : khOi luong ring ctra nudc (kg/m3)
g: Gia tdc trong trudng (m/s')
V luu tOc trung binh ddng ch6y ddn phia cOng trinh (m/s)
O( G6c gita huong ddng chiy v6i mat phing t6c dung
k lh h0 sd ch6y vdng
k = 1 vdi ddu md dang phing

I2
 k = 0,7 ddu m6 dang trdn
k = 0,4 ddu m6 dang tam gidc hay luu tuyOn
k= 0,3 + 0,4 v6i tudrng ti0u nang bo tri c6ch chan dap trin ril (0,6 + 2)H,, H, .
chidu sAu cOt nudc trdn.

L* vi Khi ddng ch|y c6luu tdc l6n, chiu 6nh hu&ng cira hin tuong s6ng vd c6c didu
kin bin phdt
sE sinh mach dQng luu tdc. KOt qui ld gay ra mot 6p 11c
mach d6ng l6n
c6ng trinh, luc ndy thay ddi theo thdi gian vd co thd iat
ainn'bang cong thfcgiii"tich,
c6ng thrlc nrla rhuc nghiOm hay bAng thinghiOm.
II. Tdc dQng cfia s6ng
Khi c6 gi6 thdi ljn tuc, mat hd ph6t sinh s6ng ldm tang muc nu6c tru6c c6ng
trinh vd
eay 6p lqc phg tdc dung ln c6ng trinh.
1. X6c dinh cdc thdng sd cfra s6ng

thdng so ctra s6ng nhu chidu ca9 s6ng h, chu kj, s6ng r, bu6c s6ng
Q6" l. phu thu6c vho
{ily nguyon nhdn nhu toc dQ gi6 w, thdi glan glo tnbi hei thuc t, d6
hd H, chidu dai de s6ng D (D : wro6ng cich
siu cia nu6c'trong
ti
uu ddn cong trinir tu*rg rrne vdi hudng
si6)

Muc nudc tlnh

:J

Hinh 2.2 Cdc th6ng sd cila s6ng

- Tuy theo chidu sau nudc tai vDng gay ra s6ng ngudi ta chia ra 4 ving :

1. VDng nu6c sdu: Khi H 2 )"12. Trong ving ndy d6y hd khong Anh huong ddn hinh
dang vi kich thu6c cira s6ng
2, vtng"nuoc ngng :Khi )ulr>H>Hpg (Hpg lb d0 sdu phdn gi6i, s6ng bit ddu dd,
c6 thd tay.gdn dfng Hpg =(1,25-1,s;tr). Ttong ving n)!, cdng ldn bd s6ng
cdng ddc vd phia trudc, vi t6i d6 sau nudc Hpg s6ng so dd xuong.
3. Vlng s6ng xO : khi H < Hpg -+ khu ndy s6ng bit ddu tan, cilc chdt didm nudc
b5t ddu chuydn dQng tinh tien fth0ng cbn dao dOng s6ng)
4. Khu tip bd: S6ng bi ph6 hoai vh leo lOn bd theo chu kj,.
- Ddi vdi hd chrla nu6c +
thuong & ving nudc sdu. C6c thong sd ctra s6ng duoc xdc dinh
theo phuong ph6p Crulop (thd hien trong qui pham hien hdntrQP.TL.Cl-79) nfto sau :

Tri sd crta n vd 1 xilcdinh theo duong gidi han bao tren dd rhi hinh 2.3, theo d6 tim
:-
c c6c cap gi6 ffi 4 vi, { tir cdc dai luong khong thrl nguyer
duo.
ww # re #. Chon ldy

cap gi6 tri b6 nh0t trong hai cap s6 tim duoc, tt d6 x6c dinh ra h vd 7. fri s6 budc s6ng
trung binh lay theo c6ng thrlc :

13
 a
o7-z
6-
A=-
2.n
Vd chidu cao s6ng x6c dinh vdi mrlc dhmbho p%o :

ho=ko'Z
Trong d6 ke tra trn dd thi hinh 2.4 theo x6c sudt p vd thdngew-
,d * .

X6c dinh c6c th6ng sd s6ng b cdc ving kh6c, xem trong QPIL Cl-78.

I4
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4-
rd
'!O ,.nqrJ
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os'4Efi ft qSEH$ E B ;'c'
-{ F Oe O + (f d d dd cJ d d
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tl
+
E1

nl

I
I
Ed
rll
rn
+
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!d
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s14 I
g
+

\n

.m
l]'J

tr
's
q8s EH qtc
Htt IE
drJ do(J ds o e q
d o
s !d
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fi,
,;Fuo i: i r.'1
a o q 'd
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+
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+!.
rfi E
.- Q-
lo. Tt
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.|o

ffi
l'+
ro { Er
tr
a
lsi
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rdI
HH
.E

l3= +
lifi
ln tl: ts a|b tlltsg
a-|fE|fg
!5 *A
rn rit -a d
lE $J l400Eoo o Ao E
]f,rcjtjc'c'c'c'c,c'c'
r-
O E
(J
luE lr lr I r I r I r I r I r I I tl
-rgth r{ F (o l'1 + 't

-d 'H {{d cJ d d docl
L.i
{n
Z.Tic dqng cfra s6ng ln c0ng trinh c6 bi mit thing dung
- Dd x6c dinh 6p luc s6ng, tru6c hdt phei x6c dinh do ddnh cao nhar 11 vd d0 ha thap
nhdt q"n ctra s6ng so vdi mrlc nudc tinh (hinh Z.Sa,b).

I. = kTl..h
Tl"n = kq.n.h

:,o tlq did-T s6ng lim mrlc nudc d0ng cao nhdt ld 11, thi 6p lqc s6ng ps khong ph6i ln
lon nhdt vi hic d6 mOt b0 phdn phia du6i ph6t sinh ap hlc am (hinh i.S"). fni aE adnfr
cira s6ng li t1u thi 6p h;c s6ng th lon nhdt.

na = kqa.h

b) I
t

-lq -\, +-
\
-l
I

I'u'
Htnh 2.5 So dd dp luc s6ng ln
-
I
t
i
cdng trinh c6 mdt thtqng thuong
r lm thdng dtmg
i

I
_.1.

c)t d) e)
--J ,
i

',. /. I,L
-,::- -'..,-.::-l
: i+r!
!

I]
l '-r l- ._ ,,1
n
hr2l
'.1
'-i il
ii
r-l f .i :

i--,-tl
1t l

I
Hi
'a-'l
r'l
l_l
l
-1

:l l l
I

- Lric d6 6p luc ngang 16n nhdt ctra s6ng (tinh cho lm chidu rQng, r=lo) ftinh 2.5d) la
prnax=tu.y.h(H+*)
- MO men ctra 5p lgc ,Ongidy v6i ddy cOng rrinh :

M*u^=k,yh(f .T .+,
Trong d6 k,lr, kq"n, ka, k : li cdchQ sO x6c dinh til c6c dd thi hinh 2.6

44
!t,H n \.*rtn IrH
bI r6rptul
IO I
E E

f fi

{ {
e E

fl il
u.oE fl.0{ fl.ilfi f,.09 il.10 Htr fl.ilE fl.0{ f,ofi 0.0E fl.rf, h,il

tftr t#r
l0

E E

fi f
{ {
I E

il f,
o.oE f,.u{ f,.i{ f,.f,g oro htt u.oz fl.fl{ no{ u.og f,.ril htt'
T,H

Iil
E

fi

il
f,.E il.0{ 0.ff 0.ffi fl.}I h.il

45
3. X6c dinh r{p luc s6ng ln cdng trinh c6 mr{i nghing
- Khi s6ng tip xric vdi bd mat cOng trinh ld nghiOng thi sd c6 s6ng leo. D0 cao s6ng
leo vdi mrlc dAm b6o 1Vo khi s6ng di t6i cOng trinh til ving nudc sau c6 H>3h",u, ho{c
tt vung nudc nOng H)2hs" duoc x6c dinh theo c6ng thrlc :
hsr r zo = kl.k2.k3.k4.hlz,
Trong d6 :
hs17, chidu cao s6ng & do sAu H>),12 vdi mrlc dhmbho lTo
h,o, chidu cao s6ng v6i mrlc dhmbho IVo

kr,k2 phu thuoc dO nh6m tuong ddi A,lh1q"vd vAt liu gia cd m6i ddp (tra bhng2.l)
k: phq thuOc tdc dO gi6 vd m5i ddc (trabhng2.2)
k+ phg thuQc ty sfi l,/h vd h0 s0 m6i nghiOng cira c6ng trinh (tra theo dd thi hinh 2-
7) k4
0,

0,

0,

0,
0,
0,3
5 0 (3 0)
0 0 12 r)
z0
I{ I l;l
I0 (e,7)
(7)
0,2 0,3 0.5 1.0 2,0 3,0 5,0 20 30m
Hinh 2.7

- Chidu cao s6ng leo v6i tdn suAt pvo ldh,loqo dud. c x6c dinh bang c6ch :

hstpvo =kp.hrtrz,
Vdi ke tra & bAng 2.3 theo tdn sudt bAo dAm p.

Bing 2.1 : H so kl, k2

Dac trung lop gia c6 mdi D6 nh6m tuong d6i Llhtq" kr k2

- Bin bOt6ng (bOt6ng cOt th6p) I 0,90

- CuQi, s6i, d6, khdi b0t6ng <0,002 I 0,90
(b0t6ng cdt th6p) 0,5+0,01 0,95 0,85

0,02 0,90 0,80

46
 0,05
0,10
>0,20

B6ng 2.2 : hQ so k.
H0 sd mdi
VAn tdc gi6 > 20mls
VQn tdc gi6 < 10m/s

Bing 2.3 : hE sd ko
Tdn su0t tfnh to6n

- Bidu dd phan b6 6p sudt s6ng trOn m6i nghieng duoc gia c6 bang
c6c tdmbt6ng c6
duo.c tinh nhuhinh 2.8, trong d6 fupsuat s6ng lon nhat p,
::j9,:ffi1,1:1,=:
x6c dinh theo c6ng thrlc:
duoc

pz = kn*nu Tlm,
nyn
Trong d6 :

kno : hQ s0 xdc dinh theo cOng thrlc :

kno = 0,85 + 4,84 + m10,0 Zg tJSL)

)" - ' ).'
kno : h sd x6c dinh theo bhng2.4
, 6p sudt s6ng tuong doi ldn nh6t lOn didm2 (hinh
m z.s) ltiy theo bing 2.5

,\- . o4P_2 o'1P2 Dinh c6ng trinh

P2 l I
t
:-+ 'a'ar,'t- J
0.4P2 '2.\ 1 Ni

0.1P2 t,.' 4 o l'' I

Hinh 2.8 Phdn b6'dp sudlt s6ng
'A
,u
lAn mdi nghiAng duot: gia cd bdng
cdc tdm ht6ng

Bing 2.4 : HE so kno

hl.t r0 t5 20 25 35
knr, 1,0 1,15 1,30 1,35 r,4g

47
 Bing 2.5 6p sudt tuong ddi
Chidu cao s6ng h (m)

Trong bidu dd trOn, c6c tung d0 Zz , Ztdu_o. c tfnh :

1 / _\
Zz = A* +[t - rlz*, +tl,t+ a1
m'

,q =h(0,+l* o,o23zl
t
\4
h) *'
B = h[0,95 - (o,B+.m- 0,25)4]
\ ')")
Zz = hrtiN

lr = 0,0125.Lo ,13=0,0265.L,
lz = 0,0325.Lo, 14= 0,0675.Lo

=
L" =-3: @)
m"
''l -l
(Ghi chri : c6c bing tra, bidu dd vh c6ng rhrlc rinh & trn du_o. c thiOt lAp th6ng qua cdc
nghiOn cuu lf ludn kOt hqp vdi rhi nghicm)

III. Ap luc gi6

- Ap suat gi6 tiOu chudn duo. c tfnh theo c6ng thrlc:
yz
g. = G kglm2

v : vdn t6c gi6, m/s

- TOc d0 gi6 vd 6p suat gi6 c6 thd ldy theo c6c vDng theo b6ng 2.6
P
B 2.6 : 6p sudt ei6 tiu chuan
ua
Vtne V(m/s) q,"(kglm2)
HAi d6o, ven bidn 44 r20
Ddng bang 40 100
Trung du 36 80
Midn nrii 3I 60
- Tdng 6p lgc gi6 tiu chudn tdc dung ln cOng trinh duoc tinh:
Pr. = 9,".S

Q" - 6p sudt gi6 tfnh todn dd xdc dinh

S - din tich chin gi6 ctra c6ng trinh (m2)

48
IV. Ap luc brin c6t
Phfa tru6c c6c c6ng trinh dAng nudc duoc xAy drrng b cdc s6ng sudi thuong c6 btn
cdt l6ng dgng, chidu sAu bin c6t xdc dinh theo thuli van ddng ch6y vd tudi tho cong
trinh. N6 t6c dgng ln c6ng trinh vdi tri sd 6p sudt phu thu6c vho tinh chAt co ly cin
birn c6t vd dO diy lSng dgng cira birn c6t, vb c6 thd x6c dinh theo c6ng rhrlc sau :

Pu = Yu 'Y.u

yo: Dung trong ddy ndi cira bin c6t

Tu=yr_y(l_n)
Tr, Dung trong kh6 cira bin c6t
y : Dung trong cira nudc
n:DQ reing ctra bin c6t
u : hQ sd 6p luc bn cira bin cdt, phu thudc vho mfc dO di chuydn ctra cong
trinh, duo. c x6c dinh nhu sau :
+ Khi c6ng tdnh ket thric chuydn vi thi u =o vdi o hO sd 6p luc ben ctra
- nhu sau (theo Snitco
birn c6t & trang thdi iinh. Gi6 tri ctra n6 c6 thd 16y
N.K, 1970) : Ddi vdi ddt c6t rli (c6 hc sd r6ng e=0,9) thi (o=9,64; v6i cdt
c6 dO chat trung binh (e=0,7) thi \o=0,52; cdt chat 1o=0,49; ddi vdi hat
sdt ls-O,7+1,0.
+ Khi c0ng trinh chuydn vi (ra xa bdn c6t) sE sinh ra 6p luc ddt chtr dQng,
lfc d6 :
\a -tg2(45' -\l
<p: G6c ma sdt trong ctra bDn c6t
Nu mat tru6c cira cOng trinh nghiOng m6t g6c a so vdi phuong ngang thi :

,ct*Q
cos---t-
bb-
,0-Q
cos--
DOi vdi bin c5t ld hat s6t vd cilchat bui l6ng dgng & hd chrla c6 d0 s6u nu6c
khd
l6n, thi g=0, do d6 (o=1 kh6ng phu thuQc vlo su dich chuydn cira ndn c6ng
trinh.
Bidu d6 6p lgc bDn c6t c6 dang tam gi6c. Tri s0 5p luc ngang ctra bDn cdtltiy theo
bidu dd 6p lgc birn c6t, cdn thdnh phdn thing dung ctra 6p luc btn c6t bang ffong luqtrg
cira khOi bin c6t trong m6i trudrng nudc.

V.Lgc ddng dft

Khi dOng dat v6 qtra dat bi dao dOng vdi chu kj'T (T = 0,8 + 1,2s) vd gia tOc r -+
ph6t sinh luc qu6n tinh tdc dQng lOn cOng trinh. HiOn nay thudng ding phuong ph6p
tinh luc dd x6c dinh ltrc qudn tinh dQng ddt
1. Lgc qur{n tinh dOng ddt cfia c0ng trinh
- Tri sd cria luc qu6n tinh d0ng ddt :

G
tsa=ctoT

49
Trong d6: G : trong lucrng cOng trinh
g : gia t6c trong trubrng (G/g le khOi luong cOng trinh)
k= ilg li h sd dQng ddt - tra bhng2,7
cr : h sO dac tnrng dOng luc

vdi c6c cOng trinh th6p, rudng ch6n ddt, d6p b0 t0ng , dap b r6ng cOt
th6p cao hon 10m thi :
cr=l*C-h'
,rrh;
hr: khoing c6ch til didm tinh dOn m6r ndn
ho: khoAng c6ch tt trong tdm cong tiinh ddn m6t ndn

Vdi cOng trinh chiu luc xO ngang nhu vdm i , a = 2

V6i c6c bO phdn lin kdt cuc bQ v6i ndn nhu c6r, gihnt I o=5
Vdi c6ng trinh kh6c ct= I
- Hucrng Fu ngu-o. c vdi hu6ng t, md r lb bdt kj' nOn ta chon Fu theo huong bat loi nhat
cho c6ng trinh vd mat dn dinh vh kct cau. Didm dat cira ctra lUc qu6n tinh, duoc xem
nhu nam & trong rdm cOng tiinn.

2.7 z I sd d0ne ddt

Cdp d6ns ddt 6 7 8 9
K 0.01 0,025 0,05 0,10
Khi dQng ddt nh6 hon cdp 6, h0 sO d6ng ddt rdtbd nen rhudng b6 qua kh6ng x6t
ddn luc qu6n tinh.
2.Lryc qu6n tfnh ddng ddt cfia nudc
- Vdi hd c6 dO s0u g$0 m, 6p sudt tang th0m do dQng ddt tai d6 sau y c6 thd tinh:
p = 0,9.k.y.r/H,.y , bidu dicn b&i dulng I hinh 2.9 b
Hay p = k . Y . y, bidu di6n b6i dudng 2 hinh 2.9b
y : dQ sdu til mdt nu6c dOn didm tinh to6n.
- Tdng 6p lgc nu6c tang thOm
Wa=0,5.k.T.Hrz

a) b)
_Ji
,r, .'] f

i-_zr
li li],
lltl
[, il

Hinh 2.9 : Lxc qudn tinh vd itp ltc nudc tdng thAm do ddng ddt gdy ra

3.Lr;c qu6n tinh dOng ddt cfia ddt

50
$hi "6 dQng ddt, khdi loo-"e ddt cfrng ph6t sinh luc qu6n tinh trdc drlng 10n cong trinh.
Ddi v6i tudng ch6n thing dung thi 6p suat chtr dOng la p'"d vh 6p'suat bi d0ttg p'ua
duo.c tinh li:
P'"d = (1 + 2k tgq) P"a
P'M = (1 - 2k tgg) Pua
Vdi: P"u, Poo : ldn lugt li 6p sudt chfi ddng vh bi ddng tai didm t(nh to6n khi chua c6
d0ng d0t.
g: G6c ma s6t trong cria dAt.

51
CHUONG 3. THAM DUOI OAY VA rrrAU VOI.IC QUANH
cONrc rniNn rHu* Lor
sr. xnAl NrBiu cHUNG vf rHArvl
l. Khdi niQm
- Thdm ld su chuydn d6ng cira chdt l6ng trong m6i trudng rdng hodc nrlt nC.
Moi trulng thdm c6 thd lb ddng chdt ho[c kh6ng ddng chdt, ding hudng hay
kh0ng ding huong.
- Tuy theo mOi truhng thdm vd cOt nu6c thdm dbng thdm c6 hai trang th6i khdc
nhau d6li ch6y tdng vi r0i.
Trong linh vuc cOng trinh thuy, ddng thdm c6 thd di6n ra dudi d6y, qua thdn vi di
vbng quanh qua hai bb ndi tidp v6i c6ng rdnh thuf.
- Dbng thdm c6 thd chia ldm 2loai
Ddng thdm c6 6p : ld ddng thdm bi gi6i han boi c6c biOn crfng, khong c6 mdt
tho6ng (hinh 3.lb)
Dbng thAm kh6ng 6p : li ddng thAm c6 mat tho6ng, 6p lgc tren mdr rho6ng bang 6p
luc khi trdi (hinh 3.1a).

a)

Hinh 3.1 : a. Ddng thdm khhng dp (thdm qua c\ng

trinh); b. Dbng thdm c6 dp (thdm duoi ddy c1ng trinh)

2. Muc dich tfnh to6n

Nghin crfu tfnh th6m kh6ng chi duo. c sft dung riOng trong khio s6t thit kd md cA
trong giai doan thi cdng vh quin lf vAn hbnh cOng trinh. Ri0ng trong linh vuc thiet kd,
mUc dich tfnh thdm lh x6c dinh cdc yOu t0 vd th6ng s0 sau :
-
X6c dinh dudtng bAo hod dOi v6i ddng thAm kh6ng 6p - dd kidm tra dn dinh ctra
m6i ddc, kidm tra lai kich thu6c ctra vAt tho6t nudc vd b0 phdn chdng thdm.
-X6c dinh cOt nudc vd 6p lgc thAm tai trrng didm trong ving thAm - dd kidm tra
hin tuong din ddt tai chd ddng thdm c6 6p luc 16n.
- X6c dinh gradiOn vh luu toc thdm tai ttrng didm trong ving thdm - dd kidm tra
hiOn tuong x6i ngdm ndn ddt vd c6c cOng trinh dAt.
-X6c dinh luu luong thAm qua todn bO hay tlng phdn cOng trinh - Ad dann gi6 khi
ndng m6t nd6c, lhm co s& cho viOc thidt k6, cdc bQ phan chOng thdm (tucrng nghiOng,
sAn trudc, l6i gita, bAn coc ..)

52
 3.Cdc phuong phdp nghiOn crlu rh0m

.ba Dd giii quyOt bbi toSn thdm c6 nhidu phuong ph6p kh6c nhau, ta c6 thd phan ra ldm
phuong ph6p chinh nhu sau :
a. Phuong ph6p tj luAn
+ Phuong phr{p co hoc chdt l6ng : thi0t ldp cdc phuong rrinh vi phan bidu rhi m6i
1i0n hO giita cdc d4c trung cria dbng th{m (hru luong, cQt nudc, luu
m{-) , giei c6c phuong trinh nby dd tim cdc dac trung cria dbngrdcrh6m vd gra din
tai m6t
didm bdt k!' trong midn ttre*. Ldi giei theo phuong phdp nhy ld chfnh x6c nhrrng
phrlc tap nOn chi S16i duo. c c6c so dd dcn gi6n. Dd kni" pftr" ntt,Jo. didm .ray,
ngt!
udi su ph6t tridn cira manh m cria phuong ph6p tfnir vh mdy rinh diOn ttt', ti
ryy c6
4i sial :h,itq geie c6c phuong ph6p ro ooli phuong phdp sai phan vd phuong
ph6p phdn tfr hfru h+n ( phuong ph6p phdn tu frfu han-ld uu didm hcrn d6i v6i
bhi
to6n thdm vi n6 phi hgrp v6i c6c biOn phrlc tap v6i c6c so dd thuc tc).
+ Phuong phr{p Thuj luc hoc : dua ra mOt s6 giA tfridt ad dcrn giAn ho6 cdc
phuong trinh,.lQ.p moi lin h gita cdc dac tnrng thuli luc vd x6c dinh chring cho
nhtng so dd thdm phrlc tap trong thuc t. Phucmg ph6p nby thidu chinh xdc ntrung
sai sd l) chdp nhan du-o. c trong tinh to6n thidt kd cong trintr thuy, do d6 du-o. c rfn!
dung rOng rAi trong thiet kd.
b. Phuong ph6p dd giii
Dua vio cr{c tinh chdt cira duong ddng vd dudng thd, vE duoc lu6i thdm bdng tay,
dua vdo lu6i thdm dd xdc dinh c6c dac ftung thuf luc cira ddng tham. ehuong ph6p
ndy don giin nhung k6m chinh x6c vi ludi thdm phu thuOc vdo chir quan ctringudi
v6.

c. Phuong phdp thf nghiOm vi thuc nghim

Th0ng qua c6c thf nghiOm trong phdng thi nghiOm ket hqp vdi quan tric thuc td dd
x6c dinh c6c dQc trung thuy luc cria ddng thdm. Phucrrg ph6p rhi nghim vd thuc
nghiOm cho kOt qui kh6 phn hqp vdi thuc td nhung dbi h6i c6c phuong tiQn thidt bi
thi nghim vi do dac, ddi h6i kinh phi vh thli gian dd thi nghim, quan tr[c.
- Thf nghim bang cOng trinh dAt dat trong m6ng kinh - dcn giAn nhung k6m chfnh
x6c.
- Thi nghim bang khe hqp : ding ddu c6 dQ nh6t kh6c nhau chuydn dong rrong
khe hep thay thd cho chuydn dQng ctra ch6t 16ng trong moi truhng xdp. Fttuong
ph6p ndy rdt c6 hieu qua khi giai bhi to6n rhdm phing khong dn dinh
- Thi nghi0m EGDA : dua vho tfnh tudng tu cira ddng dien trong m6i trudrng d6n
diQn vd ddng thdm trong mOi trudrng th6m dd chd tao thidt bi thi nghiem ruorlg tq
diOn thuf dOng luc. Phuong ph6p ndy khd chinh xdc vd giAi duoc c6c so dd phrlc
tlp. -
3. Lj luAn chung vi thdm
a. Cdc gii thidt ban ddu
- MOi trudrng thAm md dbng thdm di qua ld ddng nhat vd ding huong. Bin chdt crta
gii thi0t niy ld : h0 sO thdm k bang hang sd theo c6c hu6ng cho moi did; ctra midn
thAm.
Chdt l6ng chfa ddy trong c6c khe r6ng trong mdi trubng thdm vh khdng n6n duoc
dd vidt duoc phucrng trinh lin tuc.

53
 - chuydn dQng cira ddng tham lh dn dinh vd tuan rheo dinh lu6t Dac xi
v=k.J
Trong d6 : v v6n tOc ddng thdm. m/s
k
he s0 thdm m/s
J gradien rhdm (dO gi6m c6t nu6c trOn don vi chidu ddi)
TrOn co s& d6 vi-dt.dr1Oc hQ phuong trinh vi phan cho bhi todn rhdm ph&ng
2 chidu,
tim duoc phuong rrinh ho c6c duhng dbng vh ia. ouong thd. (xem ralitruy-r{")
b. He sd thdm trung binh
thqc t thuong
gap dbng thdm di qua nhidu lorp ddr c6 h sd thdm kh6c nhau.
-DdJrong
don giin trong tinrr toan c6 th? thay thelang m6r rop aat duy nhat v6i h0 s6 thdm
trung b)nh.
- Khi ddng thAm ch6y doc theo c6c lop dar
@inh 3.2a)
Do gradien ddng tham trong cdcl6p ddt ld nhu nhau nn ta c6 :

Q: krJr .\ + k2J2.t2 + ...: J( k1t1 + k2t2 +...) : J.Xkiti

Tinh theo h s0 thAm trung binh :

q: k16J. Xti

Xk't'
vay : J.Ik,t, = k,oJ. Xti * ktr - rt'
Trong d6 : t; ld chidu dhy ctra lop ddt c6 h6 sd thdm rucrng rlng ld k,
- Khi dbng thAm chiy thing g6c vdi cdclopddt (h)nh 3.2b)
Do luu luong thdm qua tdr chc cdc lop ddt ld kh6ng ddi non ta c6 :

q: k,t r: r*O{ r J

$ h;: *,8Hli
I1 a.
KI
tO tl
vLa

=Xhl:H:*r#+
:) , :
xli b.
KtU
yrl,
"ki T

Hinh 3.2
C6c dai luong duo. c kf hiu trn hinh vC.
- MOi trudng thdm c6 h0 sd th6m khOng ding huong
Gii thidt trudrng hqp dat ndn c6 h s6 thdm ngang kn = k*u^ l6n hon h s6 thdm theo
phuong drlng ka = k,"in. Ta tiOn hdnh bi0n n6 thdnh ddng nhdt ding hu6ng vh gi6i bdi
toSn thdm x6c dinh duoc c6c dac trung ctra ddng th6m tuong rlng th q*, j,*, Ju*,t I Sau
-",iu
d6 bidn ddi dd x6c dintr cdc ddc trung AOng ina- phn h6 v61 so ad tno. lb q, J,,
Ju,il .
Theo Dakhole, tidn hdnh giii nhu sau :

54
+ Ta gi6n moi thdnh phdn thing drlng ctra ddt ndn theo tf sO a nhung v6n d6m bAo luu
luong thAm khOng ddi. Sau khi ldm ph6p gidn d6, do dOc thuf luc theo phuong thing
drlng gi6m di a ldn. Dd chinh lf lai ta tdng h sd thAm dung lOn a ldn thdnh
ka'=a.ka-B.k.in.
+ Theo phuong th&ng drlng ph6p gi6n d6 dd tang mat cht tu lOn a ldn, muOn dAm bAo
luu lucng thdm theo phucrng ngang kh6ng ddi, ta giAm h0 sd thdm theo phuong ngang
xuong a ldn thdnh k"'= I =*
+ Vi ph6p bidn ddi tr& thbnh ddng nhAt ding hu6ng, nOn ta c6 :

\**
k,6 = ko'=kn' hay u.tn,,,"ifl ::;a- krin

k,u = {k,nu*.k,nin

+ Xdc dinh c6c dAc trung tuong rlng vdi so dd bidn ddi q*, J,*, Ju*,...
+ X6c dinh cdc dac trmg tudng ttng vdi so d6 thr,rc q, J,, Ju,...
q=q*
r
rr --^V/fu
kJ'J'-
.I.=1/5*.r"-
rv -
k*i"
V
D[c didm cfra lu6i thdm thuc : n6i chung cdc mit lu6i kh6ng phAi ld hinh vuOng
cong, ho dudng dbng kh6ng truc giao vdi ho dubrng thd vh trong mQt m5t ludi c6c trung
doan khOng bAng nhau.
- G6c gdy khric ctra dudng dbng khi qua ranh gi6i hai lop ddt kh6c nhau

Ap dung phuong trinh li0n tuc *\

dOi v6i mOt Ong ddng ta c6 :
Hinh 3.3
.r' D
ol'.k'.J' = to2,k2,J2 OS Ckz
0r=ds.1 =ds r, d
D,
p dsl=ds.sinBz.ina
Kt*AB
.ri
{D2 = ds,.1= dsr= $
' slnct, .sinB d12=ds.cospz"inc

- dh, dh,
Jr=d=6.tgo
_ dh, dh,
rz=4=A;m.srncx,
dh,
crs.Kr.7i .tgo
ds dh,
= = ,ir* .srnp.k2.;;;;sB .srncr

<+ kr.tga.dhr = kz.tgp.dhz

Vi DC vi AB l) c6c dudtng dbng cbn AD vi BC le c6c dubng th nOn ta c6 : dh1=d[,

Suyra' S=F
tgcr K2
(*)

55
 Vdy g6c gdy khric ctra dubrng dbng khi wot qua ranh gi6i gifra hai lop dttt c6 h0 sd
thdm kh6c nhau duo. c x6c dinh boi (*).

s2. THAM euA NiN vrfrvr DUor cOnc rRiNH THU* Lor
I. Duong viin thdm cira cdng trinh
Gi6 srl c6 mot cOng trinh thuf loi x6y dung trOn ndn mdm nhu hinh v6 :

/////////lw
Hinh 3.4 : Dtong vi6n thdm dtoi ddy cbng n'inh

Ductng ti0p xric gifra tAt ch cdc b0 ph0n cOng trinh va ddt ndn (ABCDEFGH..XY)
ggi ld duong vidn du6i dAt thqc cira cOng trinh.
MOt phdn ctra dubrng vidn n6i trn, chi gidi han 6 phia du6i ctra bQ phan khong thdm
hodc it thAm nudc ctra cOng trinh tidp xric truc tiOp vdi ndn (ABCDEFGHIK) dugc goi
ld duong vidn thdm. Tdng ddt nam gitra duong vidn thdm vh mdt tdng kh6ng thAm gqi
lb ving thdm.
Duong vidn thAm c6 thd gdm c6c bd phAn :

Sdn trudc
Ddy c6ng trinh
D6y sAn tiOu ndng
SAn phtr sau sdn tiOu nang
C6c bAn cgc hoic mdn chOng thdm theo phucrng thing drlng,
Thdm du6i CTTL lh dbng thdm c6 6p. Flinh dang vd kich thu6c cira dudrng vidn thdm
c6 inh huong lon ddn luu luong, vdn t6c, 6p lgc vd gradiOn ctra ddng thim.
II. Tinh c6c d4c tnmg ddng thdm
1. Phudng ph6p hQ sd cin cira Trugaev (PP co hoc chdt l6ng gdn dring)
- NQi dung cfia phuong ph6p :
Xem dbng th6m du6i c6ng trinh thuf l-o. i
nhu su chuydn dQng ctra chAt l6ng trong
6ng c6 6p bao gdm tdn thAt cuc bO vb tdn thAt chidu ddi.
Khi tfnh to6n tru6c hdt phei dua ra so d6 tinh, n5 duo. c lAy til so dd thuc nhrrng loai
b6 cdc chi tiOt ctra dudng vidn mi ta c6 thd khing dinh tru6c mi chring kh6ng c6 6nh

56
NhuvQy h sd sfic khdng (, trn m\t doan ndo d6 daoc tinh bdng tj, so gifia chi'u ddi
duong ddng li voi din tich mdt cdt uot at,cfia ddng tham trn doan d6.
CQt nu6c toin phdn
H= Hr-Hz - Xh, = :,.fl
---\ g_H vfi I(i
=+ i = Xq ll tdng h sd cAn rrOn tohn dudng vidn rhdm.
Do d6 tdn thdt cOt nudc trOn doan rhrl i s6 ld :
H
ni = i. sr
L\i
Nhu v{y ndu bidt cOt nudc H, vd hO sd cAn trOn tirng doan thi hobn todn v6 duoc
bidu d6 cOt nudc thdm - d6 cfrng chinh ld bidu dd 6p tuc tnam dudi d5y c6ng rrinh.
- X6c dinh cr{c h0 sd cin (1
Theo so dd vh su phin chia duong vidn ta c6 :
Xi = 'eo* 6nrunr*e6u* 'nr''r* ru
a. Ddi vr6i b0 phAn coc giira
- Trudng hqp bQ ph6n coc gifra c6 mOt bAc vh m6t hbng coc gifra (3-4) rhoi rndn didu
kiOn:

{
o,t.
t .t,o
L
o=
fl .o,s
thi:(r1u =
fr.rr+.+
= ua. * "u
- Trudng hgrp:
T
fI 0,5 < #.
rt 1,0
t\,
L0,g<t<0,96
Thi :

c
rbgioa --gt
.5., + t2(f -0,8) + 2,2
C5c dai lugng nhu kf hi0u trOn hinh v6.
Ghi chri :

- Ba sd hang trn ldn luot dac tnrng cho h0 s0 cAn trOn ba doan : bAc (3-5), mdt tru6c
bAn coc (6-5,) vd mdt sau cira bin coc (6,-4).

Khi kh6ng c6 bin coc gifra thi cho Sr = 0

Khi kh0ng c6 bAc thut thi cho a,=g vh T,=T, = 1
b. Ddi vdi b0 phan cfta vio vi cfra ra

58
 Khi b0 phdn cfta vio gidng hOt crla ra thi " =,

au
^ l-
I

I
l

Li ,'l
Li iT1
_,
_, t: ,,r]l11'
,,r]l
I I t I ,- i , -
r.lri 11 i

Hinh 3.6: Doan dtdng vin duoi drit d c'ft, vdo hodc crta ra

Ndu ctra vbo, cfra ra khong c6 bdc vh kh6ng c6 bin coc thi (hinh 3.6a) thi :

=. = 0,44 u
Ndu c&a vlo, cfta ra c6 bac mi kh6ng c6 bin cgc thi (hinh 3.6b) thi ;

" =' =0'44*

- *16
Ndu crla vdo, c&a ra c6 cA b6c vd bin coc thi (hinh 3.6c) thi :

4u =, = 0,44 * ur" * "r

n.!
" =, ' ro* t t+
=0,44** 11 -+"
l-0.751
c. Ddi vdi bo phAn nim ngang
- Khi chidu dhi doan dulng vidn nam ngang 12 gifra hai b6n coc S, vh $ thoi mdn didu
kiOn : 12 > 0,5(51 + Sr) thi :

, -_l-0.5(S,+Sr)
bns T2
- Ndu I < 0,5(Sr + $) thi ng = 0 vi hic d6 hai bAn coc qua gdn nhau, doan ndm ngang
khOng cdn t5c dUng.
Luu j' :

Khi qng kh6ng thAm nam rAt sAu, trong c6c c6ng thrlc trOn phii thay rri sd chidu s6u
thuc T bang chidu s0u tinh to6n T,,. T., dugc x6c dinh kh5c nhau tu)' thuoc vho loai dac
Itung thdm, n6 duoc x5-c dinh theo T66unr. Tnunn, phu thuoc vdo ty sd hinh chidu bang vh
hinh chidu canh l"/S. cira dudrng vidn :

n 3.1 :c
Bine : chi6u u
sAu T
L/So >5 5-3.4 3.4-1 1-0
Th@"nn 0.51o 2.51n 0,8.So+0,51o So * 0,31o

Vi trf tdng khOng thdm tinh to6n khi vE bidu dd 6p h1c ddy ngu-o. c, xdc dinh c6t nudc
: mfri
& cil ra vb x6c dinh Ju dd tcidm tra d0 bdn thdm ng6u nhi6n Oai thuong) ctra ndn rhi
T,, = Thaonn

59
- Vi tr( tdng khong thAm tfnh to6n khi x6c dinh gradien tham ra l6rn nhdt 6 mat d6y ha
luu thi :
Tr, = 2.Tnaunn
- Vi trf tdng khong thdm tinh to6n khi x6c dinh luu luong thdm trong ndn d6p rhi :
T,, = T,r,s" , luo y ld trong truhng hgrp tdng khOng thdm nam sau thi ldy T,,
nhu v0y sd cho sai sd kh6 l6n.
(Cdc tr! s6'T,,vdr,pn, luon luon ldy theo dadng thdng dilns finh tilmdt tdng kh6ng
thdm nudc deh didm cdm cao nhdt cila duong vii)
Sau khi x6c dinh T,, : ndu Ttt)T,nu thi ding T,n,. dd tfnh
ndu l<lhu thi dtrng T., dd tinh
- Xdc dinh 6p luc ddy nguoc tdc dung l6n ddy cdng trinh
+ Ap.lUc ddV nguo. c tdc dung lOn ddy c6ng trinh gdm 6p luc thdm vd 6p luc ddy ndi. Ap
luc ddy ndi c6 tri sd bang cOt nu6c H2 (Hz= MNHL-Vd6y).
+ Dd x6c dinh 5p lgc thAm tru6c hct phai x6c dinh tri sO hO sd srlc kh6ng d6i vdi c6c
bQ phQn ctraduong vidn ung vd T,, (theo qui dinh tr0n), sau d6 x6c dinh tri s6 tdn that
cOt nudc qua m6i bO phAn ctra dudng vidn theo nguyOn tic :

t" = ''*
- X6c dinh luu foq"e thdm :

Sau khi x6c dinh h0 sd srlc kh6ng trOn todn duong vidn rlng vd T,, (qui dinh nhu
trOn), ta xdc dinh luu luong thdm theo c6ng thrlc :

a=k#
- Xric dinh tri sd Gradien thdm l6n nhdt tai cira ra
Du-o. c x6c dinh theo cOng thrlc :

,Hl
L'u=l d(
T^
Khi 0,7
=f, t r,4 thi a = 'i't;(+
-
t *t,,
C6c dai luong nhu chri thich & hinh 3.7a,b.
NOu tdng kh6ng thdm nam rdt sAu vd tinh J,u tinh nhu trOn theo T,, thi n6 sd thien
nh6 (khdng qu6 l}Vo), do d6 trong trudng hgrp n)y ta nhdn J.u theo cr{ch tinh tren v6i
h sd an toin 1,1.

60
 a

Hinh 3.7 So dd tinh J,,

Truong hgrp ch5 ra 6 ddy ha luu bi ha thAp (hinh 3.7c)thi :

_ 0.075+ -,
y."=(-il 2.75 ,
;.h
,

v6i l'> lOdo

C6c dai lugng nhu kf hiQu & hinh vE 3.7c
Nh0n xet : Phuong phr{p h sd cAn cira Trugaev dctn giin, dat mtlc chfnh x6c yOu cdu
ctra k! thudt, kh6ng cdn bAng bidu nOn duo. c fng dung r6ng rdi.

2. Phuong ph6p tf le duong thing

Khi thict kd so bd c6 thd dtng phucrng ph6p don giAn nhdt d6 le phuong ph6p tj'lc
duong thing.
a. Phuong ph6p Blai
Xem dudrng vidn thAm ld tia dbng ddu tiOn, doc theo tia ddng ddu tiOn d6 d6c thuf
luc khOng ddi va khOng phu thu6c vdo viOc c6 bdc, b6n coc hay kh6ng.

Dod6 dOddc thuy luc trungb)nh:J =f = IKLIH) = *.Dd antodn chondnthiJ

phAi <[J], trlc ld C phAi >[C] , vf du : vdi loai dtit c6 Ul = 0,2 rhi khi thidt kd, chidu ddi
duong vidn L phii thoA mdn sao cho :

1-zT,-[rr I

'-H -i =5 (trfclhL>5.H)
C6 J hohn todn tinh duo. c v = k.J vd Q = k.J.T (T ld chidu sdu tdng thdm)

CQt nutc thdm tai m6t didm c6ch m6p ha luu mQt doan x ld : h* = *.f
- ll-,-r-,,,-, r

ll . ,.
' [. lIill .,r.-..,,"] . Hinh 3.7 : Bidu d6 dp lqc
i;t . thdm vd Gradien thrfm theo
''1l l0g 7'5 AL
1

phuong phdp BIai

96
z

43 2l

6l
 NhAn x6t :

-
Phuong ph6p ndy chua phAn biOt su kh6c nhau vd mat tidu hao cOt nu6c trn doan
nam ngang vh doan thing drlng nn mfc dQ chfnh x6c khdng cao. Ngudi ta chi ding
phuong ph6p n)y v6i cong trinh nh6 vh so bQ x6c dinh kich thu6c ddi v6i c6ng trinh
vta hoac l6n.
-
Phuong ph6p Blai chi thfch hqp ddi vdi cOng trinh ddy phfrng, kh6ng c6 cil, tdng
thdm diy hfru han, lop thdm chng m6ng thi dO chinh x6c cdng cao. Ddi v6i c6c trulng
hgp kh6c phuong ph6p ndy c6 sai sd lon ti20%o+407o c6biQ:t c6 khi ddn80Vo.
b. Phuong ph6p Len
Len dd cii tiOn phuong ph6p ctra Blai, Len cho rdng trOn doan duong vidn thing
d,lttg, cOt nu6c bi tiOu hao 16n hon so vdi doan nam ngang. Do d6 xr{c dinh duo. c chidu
dhi duong vidn tinh to6n th :
T
Lu=L6+ff
L6 : tdng chidu ddi c6c doan dudng vidn thing drlng vd c6 g6c nghing >45'
L" tdng chidu dhi c6c doan dubrng vidn namg ngang vd c6 g6c nghiOng<45'
m : hQ sO hiOu qui tiOu hao cQt nu6c trOn doan thing drlng so v6i doan ngang
Khi c6 mQt hhng bin coc : m=1-1,5
Khi c6 2 hdng bin coc : m=2-2,5
Khi c6 3 hdng b6n coc : m=3-3,5
COt nu6c thdm tai m6t doan cdch m6p ha luu mOt doan x ld :

,H
tr* = X.f
"tt
(chri f: khoing cdch x trOn doan nam ngang phAi gi6m di m ldn)
Gradien thdm :

-HH
= L,, -)
'lo va =*' L,

-JoH
J"=il -) va =r. lrnlJ
Khi thiOt kC duong vidn, phii bio dim C=L*AI phii >[C] hay L,, > [C].H (C tra theo
loai dat)
Nh4n x6t : Mac di Len dd chinh ly chi tidn phuong ph6p Blai nhung sai sd v6n l6n.
3.Phuong ph6p v ludi thdm
Tru6c hdt dua vdo so dd cOng trinh vi c6c tinh chdt ctra lu6i thdm dd vE lu6i thdm bang
tay, sau d6 can cr1 vdo ludi thAm dd vE dd x6c dinh c6c dac trung cdn thidt cira ddng
thdm.
a. Co s& di v6 ludi thdm
C6c dudng thd vd c6c dulng dbng phii truc giao v6i nhau. Cdc mht lu6i phAi l) c6c
hinh vudng cong (trfc ld cdc g6c phii vu6ng vh, c6c trung doan phii ddi bAng nhau).

62
Tidp tuyOn vdi dudng thO vE til c6c didm g6c cira dudng vidn phAi tring vdi phAn gi6c
cia cdc g6c d6.
Lu6i thdm duoc vd xudt ph6t til c6c didu kicn bien sau day :
+ Dudrng vidn thAm cira cOng trinh ld ducrng dbng ddu tiOn.
+ Dudng mit tdng khOng thdm ld duong ddng cudi cing.
+ Duhng mit ddt 6 thuong luu vb ha luu th hai dubrng thd ddu tiOn vh cu6i cing.
GiA srl 1u6i tham vE duo. c c6 n ddi ngang vi m ddi dgc. Lf thuyOt bicn ddi bio gi6c
dd
chrlng minh duo. c rAng : vdi mOt so dd dudng vidn cho tru6c chi c6 thd vO duoc mQt
1u6i thdm duy nhdt c6 ty sd m/n ld kh6ng ddi. Ti sO m/n goi ld mOdun ctra lu6i th6m.

b. Tinh ci{c dac tnmg cira ddng thdm

Luu luong qua m6i ddi doc lh :

Aq = v.Aco = k.J. Aco

Trong d6 : Aco=AS
,- H
n.AL

Suy ra : aq: k. # .As : k.* (vi AS=AL)

C6 ttt't ci m ddi doc non :

q=m.Aq=k.*.-
Khi k:1, H:l -> q =
T = O, q, : duoc goi ld luu lugng thdm d6n xudt.
Vl ta c6 thd tfnh q = k.H.q.
Vdn tdc trung binh trong mOt m6t 1u6i :

V=k.Jtu = k.rrjlE
Dua vbo cOng thrlc nhy c6 thd vE dugc bidu dd phan bd vAn tdc tai crla vdo vh crla ra.
Dua vho vi tri cilc dudng ding thc c6 thd vE duo. c bidu dd 6p lgc thdm du6i d6y c0ng
trinh.

Hinh 3.9 So d6 tinh thdm cho

phtong phdp vd luoi thdm
bdng tay.

63
Ghi chf :

Khi tdng khong rhdm nam rdt sau (T>L, v6i L ld chidu ddi ddy phing hodc T >1,5L
dOi vdi ddy c6 cir) ving thdm t(nh to6n chi ldy trong chidu sdu gi6i han T,,:

-Vdi bin d6y phing T=(1-1 ,zs)L,duong dbng cudi cing c6 dang Elip
-Ndu c6 b6n coc : dudng ddng cu6i cilng c6 dang duong trbn di qua didm c6ch
m6p b6 phdn kh6ng thdm (0,8-1)L vb tr) m6p b6n cir xudng dd sdu (1-1,5)5.
(L ld chidu dii dudrng vidn, S lh chidu dii bin coc)
- Phuong ph6p vE ludi thAm don giAn vd cho ph6p x6c dinh du-o. c ddy dir cdc ddc trung
dbng thdm tai cdc didm trong ving thdm.
- Dd vE ludi thAm chinh xdc c6 thd ding phuong ph6p tuong tF din Thui dQng luc
hgc. -

BrfiN DANG
s3. ruAu DUOr Niu cONc rRiNH vA nrnN pHAp
PHONG NGUA
Dbng thAm du6i ndn cOng trinh c6 thd gay x6i ngdm vd din ddt, ldm mdt dn dinh ndn
vi ph6 hoai c6ng trinh.
I.Hin tuqng x6i ngdm
X6i ngdm ho6 hgc : ld su xAm thuc bdo mdn ndn dudi dang hod tan. Thudngxay ra vdi
ndn d6 c6 chrla chdt hod tan.
X6i ngdm cd hoc : khi dbng thAm di qua ndn ddt khOng dfnh hoac it dfnh, ndu vAn t0c
ddng tham vuot qud mot gidi han ndo d6, cdc hat nh6 bi ddy lot qua ke h& giira c6chat
ldn, r6ng ctra dat n6n tdng l0n, vAn tdc thdm cffng tdng lOn vd c6 khi ndng cuOn trOi
dQ
nhfrng hat l6n h6n, hiOn tugng ndy ggi ld x6i ngdm co hoc. X6i ngdm sE x6y ra & mOi

(rto >10+20
truhng ddt c6h sd kh6ng ddng nhat cira rhdnh phdn hat n=*t vd h0 sd thdm

cfia ddt x6i ngdm ndm trong ph?m vi k, > 0,02+0,025cm/s.

- T6c hai ctra x6i ngdm :

NOu hiOn tddng x6i ngdm ph6t tridn manh, luu ludng thAm tdng lOn, hinh thhnh kE
r6ng 16n, g6y hin khOng ddu ldm cho cOng trinh mAt dn dinh.
- Hai dang phd hoai ctra x6i ngdm
+ Dg bdn thdm cuc bQ ctra dat ndn bi ph6 hoai trong hdng loat cdc vi tri yOu nhAt dd
bidt tru6c cira mdt cat doc cfra ndn dang xem x6t vdi c6c didu kiOn tinh to6n dd biOt
tru6c & ch6 ndy. Vi du : 0 ch6 tiOp xric cira d6y ha luu vd lgc ngugc phir lOn n6; & ch6
tiOp xric v6i biOn crlng hoac vdi lop dtit c6 kich thudc hat kh6c.

+ DQ bdn rhdm ngSu nhin (bdt thuong) cfia ddt ndn c6 thd bi ph6 hoai tai cdc didm
cira mdt c6t dgc md ta khong bi6t trudc. C6c nguyn nh6n c6 thd li
: thi cOng kh6ng
dim bio chdt lugrng; hin kh6ng ddu cira d6p md ta khOng du kiOn duo. c; x6i ngdm bOn
trong do khong n6m duo. c tinh chdt khOng ddng nhdt ctra ddt ndn; hin cira ddt dudi dap
trong ph?m vi c6c b0 ph6n nAm ngang ctra dubng vidn dudi ddt trong khi bAn thdn ddp
khOng bi lfn.
- Bi0n ph6p ngan ngila :

64
 + Thict kd ducrng vi6n thdm dir dei sao cho J<Ul dd dAm b6o dQ bdn thdm ng6u
nhiOn.
+ Kidm tra do bdn thdm cuc bo vd dua ra bion phdp sir lf (ndu cdn) vi du xay dqng
tdng loc ngud. c & ch6 ra cira ddng thdm
1. Thi6t kd chiiu dii dudng viin :

Duong vidn thdm c6 chidu dhi thuc L, khi qui thdnh chidu dhi tinh ro6n L,, phAi thoA
m6n:
=HlLr, <Ul*" huy Lft > H/Ul*" hodc L,, >C.H
J
Trong d6 L,, vd C duo. c x6c dinh theo quan niOm crta cdc tdc gih (de gi6i thicu & 52
theo Blai, Len, Trugaev)
Theo Trugaev : khi thiet kd duong vidn ph6i bio d6m dn dinh thdm rodn b6 (chung
hay bAt thudng), sau d6 kidm tra lai dn dinh thdm cuc bO tai c6c vi tri nguy hidm.
Gradidn thfm toin b0 du-o. c tinh nhu sau :
- Truong hqp bS (1: khoing cdch2 hdng cil, S chidu d)i ctra bin coc 16n nhdt; ndu
c6 mQt hdng cil tH I lh chidu dhi phdn nam ngang l6n horr bon canh hdng cr))
GradiOn kidm tra duoc tinh :

,,r_E-:--H -
vK
H
)" TuIi
Giei thich : l" chfnh ld chidu ddi trung binh cira ddng thdm, & tren h c6 \i= lilc,ri

Ndu coi cfia trlng doan gdn bang o =T* thi ta c6

co, : l"=Xli = T,,Xi (=Xli . tT,/rrll)
- Truhng hgp chi c6 m6t bin coc :
Jp duo. c tfnh bang J,o^^ tai cfta ra & ha luu (Jr =J.)
- Truong hgp l<S/2
J1 x6c dinh nhu trudrng hgp chi c6 m6t bin coc vi hai bAn coc qu6 gdn nhau
-
- Trudng hgp $bS/2
Ju tinh theo hai trudrrg hqp 1 &3 sau d6ltiy gi6 tri lon hon
Sau khi x6c dinh duoc Ju , ndn ddt dn dinh ndu tho6 mdn : Jr. <Uul

Ukl la gradidn cho ph6p , phu thuOc loai ddt ndn, so dd duong vidn vd cdp c6ng
trinh, ldy theo b6,n sau :
Bing 3.2 : D0 d6c do r{p cho ph6p khi kidm tra dn dinh thdm chung cfia nin
TOn ddt & 16p nam phia trOn CAp c0ng trinh
Cira ndn I II m IV
56t 0.96 1.00 1.04 1.09
6 s6t 0.52 0.54 0.57 0.59
Cdt hat lon 0.36 0.38 0.39 0.4r
Cdt hat trung binh 0.30 0.32 0.33 0.35

65
 C6t hat nh6 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26

Nhdn x6t :

- Khi thidt kd so bO c6 thd dr)ng 3 phuong ph6p ddu (don gi6n)

- Khi thict kd cOng trinh lon vd dbi h6i dO chinh xdc c6 thd sri dqng phuong ph6p
cfia Trugaev
2. Thi6t kd tdng loc nguo. c:
Gradin thdm tai ch6 ra cita ddng thdm thudng rdtl1nvi vQy cdn xdy dUng rdng loc
nguoc dd ch6ng x6i ngdm.

. Tdng loc ngu-o. c la lop qud dO ndi tiOp girla tdng ddt hat nh6 cdn duoc bio vO v6i
tdng ddt hat l6n. N6 c6 nhiOm vu ngln ngira hin tuong x6i ngdm tai chd ddng rhAm di
ra kh6i mOt lop ddt hat b6 vd rang gia rrong dd ch6ng din dAt.
- YOu cdu ddi v6i tdng loc nguoc :

+ Tinh thdm nudc ctra tdng loc cdn 16n hcrr tinh thdm nu6c cira ddt cdn duoc bAo vO.
+ Thhnh phdn hat ctra tdng loc phAi bio dAm : kh6ng cho hat dat ctra tdng cdn duo. c
bAo v lot vdo tdng loc vi kh6ng cho hat ctra tdng lgc lot vad vAt tho6t nudc ddng
thli phAi bAo dim tdn loc kh0ng bi bit chat do c6c hat b6 tr) tdng ddr cdn bAo vc
chAy vdo.
+ Chidu ddy cira tdng loc nguoc phii dir Ad frintr thdnh mot lorp loc ngu-o. c vh phD
hqp vdi didu kin thi cdng, khoing tt 10+l5cm dOn 20+50cm vh c6 thd ldn hon.
+ Vi0c thi c6ng tdng loc ngu-o. c phii bAo dAm tinh ddng nhat trcn tohn bO mar bang
cira tdng loc nguo. c.
- Phdn loai tdng loc nguo. c :

C62loai + Ddng thdm chiy ngang qua tdng loc (hinh 3.10a)
+ Ddng thdm ch6y doc theo tdng loc (hinh 3.10b)

a)

f t +f Hinh 3.10

-
NQi dung thiet kd tdng loc nguo. c : Tinh chon sd lop cira tdng loc, thhnh phdn hat
cria ttng lop vh chidu dhy ctra mdi top sao cho tho6 m6n c6c yu cdu nOu trOn.

66
 (Hicn nay thudrng dtng phuong ph6p cria Patorasep vh IstOmina rinh todn chi tidt
tham khAo Qui pham thidt kd tdng loc ngugc) -
II.Dtn tldt vh bin phrip khdc phqc
MOt don vi thd tfch ddt trong midn thdm chiu t6c dung cria mor 6p lgc thuf dong ctra
dbng thdm : W, = y.J (t/m3) c6 phuong riOp ruydn v6i dudng dbng.
GiAi thfch : Lrlc t6c dgng lOn dien tich dat dx.dy rren chidu dai dl chinh lh tdn thdt
cot nudc dh khi di tD mlt cit ddu dOn mar cit cudi: \{=y.dh.dx.dy, ndu ldy
dx=dy=r,
chidu dai khdi ddt lh dl, luc tham tdc dung ln 1 dcn vi thd rich dar la : w,
=y.dh/dl =y.J
Tqi crla ra & ha luu c6ng trinh, luc thdm W, c6 huong lOn trn, gay nen su din d6t.
(hinh 3.11)

t-

Hinh 3.11 : So d6 tinh hin

ttdng d,iln diii

Khi b6 qua luc ma sdt vb luc dfnh cira ddt, didu kin can bang ctra m6t don vi thd
tfch ddt dudi t6c dung ctra luc rham vd trong luong bin rhdn duoc viet :
y.J = yan -) & trang thdi gidi han Jr1, = ^lanly
Khi J cria ddng thflm thuc td J, )Jgr, khoi ddt & ha luu c6 thd bi diln len. Dd bio dAm
an to)n khong xiy ra hiOn ruong din ddt , J, .* ffong d6 m ld ho s6 an roin.

Vdi dat c6t hoac s6t Jgr, = 0,9-1,5.

Truong hqp d6y ddp c6 c6 ch0n khay & ha luu, vh c6 lop gia tii, didu ki6n dd khong
sinh din ddt lA :

T.ha<ydn.S+yr.t+C (*)
Trong d6 : hocOt nudc thdm tai didm A ddu chAn khay
t
chidu d)y ctra lop gia tAi (tdng loc ngu_o. c hay sAn sau)
y2 dung trong ddy ndi cira lop gia rii
C lgc dinh don vi cira dAr ndn
Ndu b6 qua luc dfnh C, tt (*) tathtiy rang, dd khong xAy ra dtn ddt, J,o trong virng ra
^
ctra ddng thdm phii tho6 m6n :

-rD qldo *Yz't

J,'=*5-y'y.S (**)

Til 1x*; ta thdy, dd chdng hi0n tu-o. ng din ddt c6 thd dDng hai bin ph6p :

6l
 + K6o dhi chAn khay hoac bin coc, tang chidu dii duong vidn thdm vd do d6 giim
dugc J,o.

+ Tang chidu dey lfu gia tAi t.

Chf i
: Ngohi hiOn tu-o. ng dtn ddt vb x6i ngdm n6i rren, khi thiet kd c6ng trinh thuf loi
cdn xAy ra. hiOn tugng din ddt tiOp xric. D6 le hi0n tuong ddng thdm ddy bong tung
phdn ddt ndn tai vi trf khe h& ctra lop gia trong. Dd ngan ngila hien tudng nby,cAn han
cfO khe h& gifra cdc hdn cira lcrp gia trong bang c6ch dat mOt lop dem trung gian bang
s6i cuOi hoac dam dang tdng lgc nguo. c.
III.C6c bin phdp phOng chong thdm n6i chung cldi vdi nin cdng trinh thuj loi
Qua cdc nghin ctu n6i trn ta thdy: khi thiei k'c)ng tinh thult loi, dd gidm dp tt4c
thAm, han ch'lau luong thdm vd ngdn ngita hin tuong x6i ngdm, dil.n ddt iA tnd ailng
cdc bin phdp sau :
- BO tri tdng loc ngu-o. c hqp ly (ngan ngila x6i ngdm)
- Xay dUng chAn khay vd lfu gia tii (chOng din ddt vd x6i ngdm)
- Xay d{ng sAn trddc : nham k6o ddi duong vidn thAm vd phia thuo. ng luu dd giAm
luu lugng thdm, giim nh6 6p luc thdm dudi d6y c0ng rrinh, vb gi6m J,o rrong ndn
(hinh..)
- Xay dtmg ct chdng thAm : tdng hi6u qui tdn thAt cuc bO, gi6m duo. c 5p luc rhdm ,
gi6m duo. c J vh q.

Hinh 3.12 : Bd n't sdn trrdc

vd bdn cil chdng thdm

54. THAM DU6I c0xc TRiNH THU* LoI TRENT NiN pA

I.Dac didm thdm qua nin d6
Ndn d6 n6i chung c6 d0 r6ng nh6 v) vQy c6 thd b6 qua ddng thAm trong cdc ld r6ng
ctra d6.

Ngudi ta chi x6t dOn dbng thAm qua ndn d5 c6 c6c khe nrlt phAn bo tron todn b0
vDng ndn. Thuc t c6c khe nfit c6 hinh dang kich thudc cgc kj' phfc tap vA phdn b6
kh0ng ddu nOn dbng thAm qua ndn d6 khOng tudn theo dinh luAt Dac-xi.
Chi trong trubrng hqp ndn dd bi nrlt ddng ddu, khe n(rt nh6 vd phan bd tr0n mOt phAm
vi rOng lcrn thi c6c tfnh chdt cria dbng thdm mdi c6 thd xem nhu tuong tu vdi ndn dAt.

68
II. Xr{c dinh r{p luc thdm
Tdn thdt cOt nudc trong ndn d6 khdng c6 qui luAt 16 rQt, nhrrng v6i c6ng trinh c6 d6y
phing, c6 tht xem tdn th? tuan theo qrii tuai aucrng thing.
vdi dap b tOng, khong phut vfra rao mbng chOng rham : (hinh v6 3.13)

Hinh 3,13 : cbt nil6c dp ltc nudc

ddy nguo. t' dxoi ddy ddp trn ndn
dd khdng c6 mdng ch6'ng thdm

o he sd dac trung cho tdn thdt c6t nudc khi ddng thdm di qua phdn ndn phfa
-
thuong luu. (cr = 0,3-0,7)
dr4

Tdng 6p lgc thdm w = crz.Sidudd . Ya a2 ld h0 sd di6n rich truydn 6p lgc, phu tu6c
vbo mrlc d0liOn kdt gina d6y cOng trinh vdi ndn vd rlng suat n6n tai d6y dap. (uz=0,7-
0,95)
DOi vdi ddp c6 mhn phbng th0m vA thidt bi thodt nudc, r4p lgc rhdm c6 thd tinh theo qui
ph?m LiOn x0 nhu sau : (hinh 3.14)

a) H<25m b) 25<H<75 c) H>75m

a) b) c)

Hinh 3.14 :C(tc' so d6 dp lqt: thrim l2n ddy dQp

Trong d6 :
crt, nhu d6 nu trOn
u.2 h0 s6 truydn 5p luc (lAy =1)
cr'r h0 sd ddc trung cho su tiu hao cdt nudc khi qua mhn phdng thdm(=Q,{)

69
 cr"r hQ s0 dac trmg cho su ha thdp cot nudc khi c6 vat tho6t nudc (=Q,!)
I Khoang c6ch tir vAr rhodr nudc dn m6p thugrng luu
lr,l, cic khoang c6ch x6c dinh vi trf mhn phbng thdm vi vdt thodt nu6c
Tu!'theo trudrng hqp chi c6 mhn phdng thdm hay chi c6 vdt tho6t nudc, bidu dd duoc v6
dua vbo c['1 vd c["1
III.Xdc dinh hnr luong thdm
Luu luong tham qua ndn d6 du-o. c tfnh gdn dring bang cOng thrlc :

q=k.f.r
Trong d6 : k hg sd thdm cria ndn dd x6c dinh thong qua thf nghi0m
b chidu ddi ducrng vidn rhAm
T chidu ddy rdng d6 bi nfrr nE
IV.X6i ngdm trong ndn d6 vir bin phdp phdng chdng
Ndn d6 thuong bi x6i ngdm hoii hoc. Nhdt li doi vdi ndn dd chrla nhidu rhach cao vd
muOi kho6ng.
BiQn ph6p dd phdng :

+ Xay dfng mhn phdng thdm nghiOng vd phfa ha luu Cd huong ddng thern di lech ra
ngoii ndn (hinh 3.15a).

lXay dUng sAn trudc c6 vAt tho6t nu6c dd keo dii duong vidn thdnr vh han chd dbng
thdm dudi th6n c6ng trinh.(hinh 3.15b)
+ Ldm ming chOng thim siu, cit xuyOn qua top dd c6 thd bi x6i ngAm cho tdi lop
d6 khOng bi x6i ngdm.

ib
iL't' "i"\ a) b)
ltt
1"'.o
'
[^t+'"
'-
{:')-i
-i -- rr'i
'i.'
i ff;'
i ' i

\ -- i fl I
.l'!i\
\..}
A rlii
.ll,]f., ii,t

Hinh 3.15 : Bign phdp chdng xdi ngdm cho ndn dit

ss. THAM voNG euANH cOxc rRiNH

I. Khdi niOm chung
Khi cOng trinh bang vat iieu cring (nhu gd, bet0iig..) nOi ildp vfi b$ dat ilifim nirdc,
s xudt hiOn mQt ddng thAm vbng qua vai c6ng trinh tt thuong lru vd ha luu. D6 la
hi0n tuong thdm vbng quanh cOng trinh.

ao
 T6c hai : ddng thdm vdng quanh cOng trinh c6 thd gay sut m5i hodc sinh ldy bd ha
luu chd ddng thdm di ra.
Bien ph6p ngin ngila : xOy dung c6c c6t bin hoac tulng c6nh cim sAu vio bd dd
keo ddi duotrg vidn thdm.

Hinh 3.16 :So dd tinh thdm vbng

quanh

Il.Phuong phrf,p tinh to6n

- ThAm vbng quanh cOng trinh ld b)i todn thdm kh6ng gian. (dudng ddng khOng
ndm trong mat ph8ng)
- Dd don gi6n khi tinh to6n, mQt c6ch gdn dring c6 thd xem dbng thdm gdm hai
phdn ring biOt :

+ Dbng thdm c6 6p dudi d6y cOng trinh

+ Ddng thAm khOng 6p thdm vdng quanh tuotrg biOn trOn binh diOn qui vd bdi to6n
phing e6 6p, tfnh todn nhu bhi to6n thAm c6 6p dudi d6y c6ng trinh v6i so dd tinh:
duong tidp xric crta cdc tuhng biOn vdi bd ddt duo. c coi ld mOt duong vidn thAm (hinh
3.16a)
- Ndu lAp mOt mdt cit thing drirrg vb di theo 1 dudng ddng trn binh dicn (I-I) thi
vdn t6c trOn m6t dudng thing dung a-b ducrc xem li c6 gi6 tri kh6ng Adi. 1vi theo so dd
binh diOn, J tren a-b bang J tai M)
- X6t trOn so dd binh diOn : vdi h0 truc xoy ta c6 :

dq* = o.#.ot dQv = o.#.0. (1)

(H le cOt nudc thAm tfnh theo so dd trcn binh di0n)

- M4t kh6c x6t trOn mdt cit (I-D, vi v theo a-b lh kh0ng ddi nen c6 thd tinh ducvc
luu luong thuc td: dq^ vd dq" nhu sau :

7l
 , .dh .dy.h
k.* dh
d9* = dQv = k.fi .dx.h (2)

(h ld c6t nudc tinh rheo so d6 thdm theo phuong drlng)

So s6nhi) ua Q) tanir ra duoc :

dH dh, dH dh __h2
d* = dx .h vd dy =dy . h suy ra , H=i (3)

Nha vQy dd dp dung phuong phdp gidi bdi rodn thdm c6 dp rtadi ddy cang trinh cho
so dd thdm trn binh din ta phrii thay hdm cAt nadc h bdng ham
th2til va iy hiu td
H. (*)
- Theo kOt qu6 cira bdi todn thAm c6 6p dudi d6y cong rrinh , tai mor didm M tr6n
duong vidn cria so dd tfnh, c6r nu6c thdm ddn sudt lb :

h, - Lb,
'-h'-h,
(hi, h2 li cOt nudc thuong ha luu, h l) c6r nudc thdm tai didm M)
Nhu vQy, Theo nhdn x6t (*), ndu c6t nu6c thdm d6n sudt tai m6t didm M tren duong
vidn cira so dd binh di0n, tinh theo bdi to6n c6 6p thOng rhuong ld h, thi ta c6 thd vidt :

h,=ffi @)

Trong d6 h ld cdt ntdc thdm thac ft'cila bdi todn thdm vdng quanh cdng trinh. (tinh
theo so d6 binh din)
Tdm lai : vic tinh thdm theo so dd trn binh din duoc tih hdnh theo trinh ttt sau
t^
aav :
VAn dung phuong ph6p giii bdi toSn c6 6p(gi6i tfch hodc vE ludi tham) dd tim duo. c
cot nudc dan su6t h, tai mot didm bdt ky (hinh 3.16c)
hrl(h'-hJ Gr c6t nudc thdm tai didm tinh toSn)
h, =
DUa vdo cOng thrlc (4 ) tim duo. c c6t nudc thAm thuc t ctra bdi to6n tham vdng
quanh (theo so dd binh din):

H = \fth7 - hnh,; h7 (s)

Xdc dinh Luu luong thdm theo cdng thfc :

q=k.H.q. =0,5.k(hr2 - hr').q,

Trong d6 q,. ld lxu lxong thdm ddn sud| (khi k=I vd H=l ) cila so d6 hinh din c6
thd tinh theo ladi thdm.

t2
 A
'
Chutrng 4: DAP DAT
s1 KHAr Nr4.M - EAc odru lAivr vrEC - rHAN LoAr nAp oAr
I. Kh6i nim chung
- D4p ddt l) loai dip,xdy dmg b[ng cdc loai dAt, c6 tdc clung dAng vl gifr nudc nhung khong
cho ph6p nu6c trdn qua.
- D?p d0t c6 cdu tao clon giin, vfrng ch5c, c6 kh6 ndng thi c6ng co gidi cao vd rE tidn nOn
duo, c x0y dung rOng rii trong thuc td.

- Ai cAp, Trung Qudc ld nhlmg nu6c c6 truy6n thdng ldu ddi vd c6 nhi6u kinh nghiem trong
viOc thi6t kd xAy dUng dQp ddt. Ngdy nay, cDng vdi su ph6t tridn cria nhidu ngdnh khoa hoc
nhu co hoc ddt, lfthuydt thdm, dia chAt c6ng trinh vd cOng nghO thi cong nOn viec thidt kd vd
tt
x1y dung dap ddt ngdy cing hodn thin vd ph6t tridn. Tli lq d?p ddt du-o. c xdy dung 1960 ddn
nay (H>75m) chidm trn7oVo.
- D4p dat thi c6ng bang phuong phdp ddm n6n cao nhAt hiOn nay lh ddp Orovin 6 M!: cao
225m
- Dap ddt Bdi cao nhdt li dap Migh0trauvo 6 Li0n x6 cfr : cao 80m
- & Vict nam dAp ddt lh loai c0ng trinh dAng nudc phd bidn khi xay dpg c6c hd chrla.
(>707o).

t:.

Hinh I4.I : H6 ch{tu ntoc AYUNHa-tinh Giu Lai

"t,
Fa
IJ ,
II. Diiu kin lim vic cira dep dat
1. Lirm vic binh thudng
- Muc nu6c hd ndm trong ph?m vi til muc nudc dang binh thudng (MNDBT), dOn
muc nudc chdt (MNC).
- Hd & mgc nu6c l6n nhat thi0t kd (MNLTK) c6 x6t ddn didu kien nit nudc nhanh
ph6t sinh do khai thdc binh rhubrng.
2.Lirm vi6c khdng binh thudng
- Thdi ky thi cOng.
- Hd & mgc nudc l6n nhat kidm tra (MNLKT) c6 rhd hinh thdnh rhdm dn dinh.
- Muc nudc hd giAm nhanh tU MNLKT hoac tt MNDBT xudng ddn muc nudc dAm
-
b6o an tobn cho ddu m6i khi hd c6 nguy co su cd vd dAp nhrrng khOtrg duoc thdp hon
MNC.
- Cdc thiet bi tiu nu6c lbm vioc khOng rheo thit kd (hu h6ng mOr phdn) khi &
MNDBT.
- C6 dong ddt khi 6 MNDBT.
III.Phnn loai dnp ddt
C6 thd phAn loai dap dar nhu sau:
1. Theo k6t cdu mat cdt ngang dip
a.Ddp ddne chat : Dflp duo, c dip chir ydu bang mdt loai dtit c6 cDng ngudn gdc c6 c6c ddc
trung cd lf gidng nhau (hinh 4.2a).
b.Ddp nhidu khdi : DQp duo, c dip bang nhidu loai ddt khOng cilng ngudn gdc, c6 dac trung co
lf khr{c nhau du-o, c sip xdp thdnh nhidu khdi (h)nh 4.2b, c, d).
c. D0p c6 tuone l6i ch0ne tham mdm ho[c crhg (hinh 4.2 h, i)
d.DAp c6 tulng nshiOng chdng tham thuong luu bang vAt liou mdm holc cfng (hinh 4.2e, g).
2. Theo yOu cdu chong thdm 0 nin kdt hqp chong thdm thAn dAp
a. Ddp ddne chdt c6 chAn khay chdne tham (hinh 4.2 j)
b.DAp c6 sAn ghtr kOt hop tudrng nghiOng hoac tuhng l6i chdng thAm (hinh 4.2o).
c.DAp chAn khay kdt hop v6i tuirne l6i hoic tudng nghiOne chdng tham @inh 4.2 k, l).
d. Ddp c6 mbng phut Wa chdne tham ftinh 4.2 p,q).
3. Theo tinh chat cria ndn dAp
a. Dflp trOn ndn cfng : ld ndn d6 phong ho6 vira, nhe v) tuoi.
b. Dap trOn ndn mdm : ld ndn phong ho6 manh vi ddt.
4. Theo chiiu cao dAp
a. Dap rdt cao: khi cQt nudc l6n nhdt trOn 100m
b.D?p cao : khi chidu cao cOt nu6c l6n nhdt tir 50 ddn 100m
c.Dap cao vla : khi chidu cao c6t nudc lon nhdt tir 20 ddnduoi 50m
d.DQp thdp : khi chidu cao cQt nu6c l6n nhdt du6i 20m

l4
 ,ffi,ffi-,ffi,
'ffi
ffiffi4
ffi.GlH-
IV.PhAn cap dAp ddt
Hinh 4.2 : Cdc loai ddp ddt

Theo d4c tinh k! thuAt, cdp thidt kd cfra dap ddt duoc chia ldm nlm cap (TCXD VN 285 :
2002).

I. Bing 4.1 : PhAn cdp c0ng trinh

Lo4i Cap thict kd
dat ndn I il m IV v
A >100 >70+100 >25+70 >10+25 <10
B >75 >35+75 >15+35 >8+15 <8
C >50 >25+50 >15+25 >8+15 <8
Nh6mA:ndnd6
Nh6m B : Ndn ld ddt cdt, ddt hdn rh6, ddt s6t 6 trang thdi cring vd nfia crlng
Nh6m C : Ndn lh ddt s6t bio hoi nu6c

V.LIu nhu-o.c diim cfra dAp dft

- Dap dat duo. c rlng dung phd bidn trong xAy dtrng cOng trinh thuf lqi vi n6 c6 nhidu uu
didm.
1. Dap ddt c6 thd xAy dmg trong bAt cr1 didu ki6n dia hinh, yOu cdu ndn ddi voi dap dat
khOng cao.
2. Tdn dung dugc dAt & vung xAy dung 0d 06p dQp, vi vAy giim du-o. c chi phi vat li0u.
3. Gi6 thdnh dap dat 16 vi khi thi cOng it ddi hoi c6ng nhAn llnh nghd.
4. C6 thd xAy dAp dAt vdi chidu cao bAt kj'.

75
5. Vat liOu xay dung dAp khOng bi thay ddi tfnh chAt theo thdi gian, ngu-d, c lai ngiy cdng
vfrng chSc thOm do dQ chat tang theo thdi gian .

6. QuAn ly vd khai th6c dip ddt dcn giAn.

7. C6 thd ph6t tridn thOm chidu cao dAp md khOng cdn th6o can hd chrla.
- BOn canh d6 dap ddt c6 mOt sO nhuo. c didm sau:
1. Dap ddt kh6ng cho phdp nudc trhn qua nOn kh0ng thd th6o lfi qua th6n ddp. Vi vay phAi
xAy dung c6ng trinh th6o l0 trong thdi gian thi c0ng vd thdi gian khai th6c.
2. & nhfing virng mua nhidu viOc thi c6ng dAp dAt dAm n6n gdp nhidu kh6 khan vi kh6 khdng
chdduoc dO dm tdr nhar.

1^t-taa2
S2. THIET KE MAT CAT DAP DAT
I. YOu cdu khi thi6t k6'ilnp ddt
Khi thi0t kd mnt cit ngang cdn dAm b6o thoi mdn nhfrng yOu cdu sau :

- Dinh dap ph6i c6 d0 vugt cao cdn thidt so v6i muc nu6c thuong luu dd khong xiy ra hien
tugng nudc trin qua. Ngodi ra, dinh ddp cbn sfi dung llm dudng giao thOng phuc vu cdng t6c
quin l1i, vAn hbnh srla chfra ddp vi cdc kt cAu cOng trinh kh6c, ddng thdi c6 thd kdt hqp l)m
dudtng giao thdng trong khu wc.
- D6y dap phii dAm bio yOu cdu ducrng vidn thim dn dinh, khOng xhy ra x6i ngdm gifia d6y
dAp vdi ndn ddp.
- M6i ddc thuong vd ha luu dim bAo kh6ng bi trugt do trgng luong bin thAn vd c6c luc t6c
dvng.
- Ludng nudc thAm qua than vd ndn ddp thoi mdn didu kin cho ph6p.
- C6 biQn ph6p c6ng trinh vi kdt cdu dd tho6t nudc thdm, khdng dd xiy ra bidn dang thAm 6
dAp v) ndn.
- Chi phf xdy 15p vd quin lf vdn hdnh ld tOi uu trong didu kien cu thd dE c6.
Nhu vAy viOc lua chon mdt cat dAp ld mQt bdi to6n c6 nhidu ring bu6c, do d6 cdn phii phdn
tfch so s6nh c6c phuong 6n kh6c nhau dd x6c dinh phuong 6n tdt nhat.

II.Cr{c bQ phAn cira dAp ddt

C6c bQ phAn cira dap ddt (hinh 4.3) gdm c6

1. Th0n dip: Le bO phAn chir ydu bio dim su dn dinh cira dAp.
2. Thidt bi chdng thAm: Ldm bang vat liOu ft thim c6 t6c dung gi6m g, v, J cira dbng thdm
qua thdn vd ndn dAp.
3. Thict bi tho6t nu6c: Thuong ldm bang vat licu khOng dinh nhu c6t, s6i, d . C6 tdc dung tdp
trung ddng thdm ddn vd ha luu, chdng x6i ngdm, ha thdp duong bAo hoi, tang dn dinh cho
dip.
4. Thidt bi bio v m6i ddp: C6 t6c dung chdng s6ng, phdng ngta nft n6 do thay ddi nhiOt dQ
hay x6i mbn do mua gdy ra.

76
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r
III.Thidt ke tlinh dAp
1. Chi6u rQng dinh dAp
Chidu rdng dinh d4p phU thuOc v)o yOu cdu vd dn dinh, thi cOng, khai th6c c6 x6t dOn cAp
c6ng trinh, nhung kh0ng nn nh6 du6i 5m.
- Khi khOng c6 yOu cdu kh6c, chidu r6ng dinh ddp n6n tt 5+10m dOi vdi dQp cdp III tr&
xudng, 10m tr& lOn ddi v6i d{p cdp I vi cdp II.
- Khi c6 yOu cdu kt hgrp duong giao th6ng cOng cQng thi phii thidt kd theo tiOu chudn duong
giao th6ng. Nilu tiOu chudn duong giao th6ng nh6 hon thi ph6i theo qui dinh trOn.
Chidu rQng dinh dAp tai ch6 ndi tiOp gifra dAp v6i cOng trinh kh6c holc vdi bd phii phn ho,p
vdi yOu cdu thiOt kC.
2. Cdu tao cira tlinh dAp
- Kdt ciu vi bd tr( dinh dapcdn dim bio bdn vfrng, an todn, thuAn loi trong khai t6c vd thdm
m!.
- M4t dAp cdn phii dOc nghiOng vd m6t phfa hoic hai phfa vdi dQ d6c 2+37o, ddng thdi lim
tdt h9 thdng tho6t nu6c xuOng m6i dAp, khOng dd nudc mua dong tr6n mdt dinh ddp.
- Lop bio v0 dinh dap cdn can cf, yOu cdu quin lf vd muc dfch srl dUng, khi n[ng ddu tu dd
chon mOt trong c6c vat liOu sau dAy:
Ddp cap phdi c6t, cuOi, s6i dAp chit.
D[m s6i x0m nh0p nhua dudrng.
BOt6ng nhua dudng.
BOtdng hodc bOt6ng cdt th6p.
- Khi dinh c6 k0t hqp vdli dudng giao th6ng cdn b6 trf coc tiOu, thanh chin hoic gd ld duong
dd dim b6o an toln. Niu khOng c6 kdt ho-p duong giao th6ng cfrng cdn c6 c6c coc tiOu chi d6n
cho xe cOng vu di lai.
- 6 cdc c6ng trinh ddu mdi c6 ngu6n diOn thi trOn dinh d6p c6 bO trf hQ thdng ddn cao 6p
chi0u s6ng vla phuc vg quin l! khai th6c vira nAng cao thdm m! c6ng tdnh.

. I Lan can
a) flll i;,tj.j],-1,, ::--- "- .! 6nsrho6tnrroc
lll

' -' -'o, ,r,

: **ia* tho6t
,Phdu
nuoclneo nguYen
1o-2scm
cuoi soi
tec tang loc nguoc
cai t0-2s"r Renh thoat nudc

Hinh 4.3 : Kt cdu

b) li :
Tuong chdn s6ng

mdt ddp
'-,r:,;

3.Cao trinh dinh it4p vn tuong chdn s6ng

a.Cao trinh dinh ddp
Cao trinh dinh dap lb cao trinh 16n nhdt x6c dinh trOn co s6 tinh to6n dQ vugt cao ctra dinh
dAp trOn cdc muc nudc tfnh to6n cira hd chrfa, (MNDBT, MNLTK, MNLKT) dim bio nudc
kh6ng trin qua dinh dap theo qui dinh cira cdp c6ng trinh.
DQ vrtgt cao d duqc tfnh theo c0ng thrfc:

d=h.r+Ah+S+a (1)
Trong d6 : h,r Chidu cao s6ng leo trOn m6i ddc (dd tfnh trong chuong II)
A h D0 ddnh ctra mgc nudc trong hd do gi6 gAy nOn
\/ z
Lh = 2.10 6.#
T-)
.coscr
s..n

78
 V,o : Luu tdc gi6 tfnh
to6n tai vi trf cao hcrn muc nudc hd lOm
D:Chidu dei dd gi6 (m)
g : Gia tdc trong trudng (m/st)
H : Chidu sAu nu6c trong hd (m)
a DQ cao an tohn phu thuOc vho cdp c6ng trinh vd trudng hqp tinh to6n (bing
4.2)
S : Chidu cao du phdng lfn rheo rhdi gian.

Hinh 4.4 : ki2n trilc dinh ddp, tudng chdn s6ng dQp dA? Hd chta nudc'Van HOi - Binh Dinh

Bing 4.2:Dd cao an toin a

Truong hqp tinh Chidu cao an todn (m) ddi vdi cdp d0p
to6n I il m ry V
-Mrlc nudc binh I 1,2 0.7 0.5 0.5
thuong 5 1.0 0.5 0,5 0.5
-Mrlc nudc lfr thiOt I 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0
kd 0
-Mr1c nudc l[ kidm 0
tra 5
Tdn sudt gi6 Ah vd h,,ldy rheo cdp dQp nhu & bhng 4.3.
4.
Truong hop tinh to6n Tdn sudt ei6 thidt kd theo cdp dap
I-il m-IV V
Mrlc nudc dAne binh thulns 2 4 l0
Mrlc nu6c luc thidt kd 25 50 50
Ghi chti : Trulng hqp lfi kidm tra kh6ng x6t ddn s6ng leo vd d0 ddnh do 916 gdy ra.
V6i ba trubrng hqp tinh ra du-o. c d, vh dr, d., tuong rrng v6i hai cao trinh dinh dap :
Vr=MNGC+d,
Vz=MNLTK+d,
V:=MNLKT+d,
V,r. = Max(Vr, V2, V2) Q)

79
b.Tudng chin s6ng
Dd-giAm cao tr)nh dinh ddp vd kh6i lugng ddt dip dip nguli ta c6 thd xay dung tubng ch6n
s6ng & phfa thuong luu (hinh 4.5).

Hinh 4.5 :So dd mdt cdt c6 txdng chdn s6ng

Hinh 4.6: Tuong chdn s6ng. a) kidu chbn; b) dd xdy; c) btbng cdt thdp dang cong I

+ Khi c6 tudng chdn s6ng cao tdnh dinh dap phAi lorr hdn VMNGC tdi thidu 0,3m .

+ Kdt cau tudng ch6n s6ng thudng duo, c xAy dmg bdng bO t6ng, b0 t6ng cdt th6p, d6 xdy
v-v...V6i tudng chin s6ng khdng cao l6m (0,2+0.8m) thi tudng c6 thd lI kdt cdu riong biet
chOn sAu vio dAp (hinh 4.6a)- Ddi vdi tulng cao nen rhidr kd rudrng li6n kdt v6i kdt cdu
lia co
m5i thugng luu vi mat dAp dd tang dn dinh cho rulng.
+^ Ndu xAy bang bO tOng cdt th6p nOn dirng tudng dang hinh cong dd h6t nguo. c s6ng vio hd -
bio dim su khd 16o cfia mlt ddp (hinh 4.6c).
Chti f : Khi xay udrng chSn s6ng thi gi6m duo. c kh6i luong dat d6p ddp nhrrng lai phii
tdng chi phf vAt liOu vd nh0n cOng xAy drrng tudng. ViOc quydt dinh phuong i4n xAy drmg
tudng hay kh0ng phii thOng qua tfnh todn so s6nh kinh to k! thuat hai phuong 6n.
C. IV Mr{i ddc vir co dAp
1. Mdi ddc dAp
- Vi0c lua chon m6i d(ic dap phii cdn crl vbo chidu cao dAp, loai d6p, tinh chAt co lf
cira ddt dAp dap vd c6c didu ki0n thi cOng khai th6c.
- Nu H<40m thi c6 thd tinh m theo cdng thrlc kinh nghiOm sau ddy:
mthusng r* = 0,05H + 2,0
mh4r* = 0,05H + 1,5 Trong d6 H le chidu cao ddp
- C0ng c6 thd chon m theo kinh nghiOm c6c ddp tuong tu dd xAy dUng. (dd thi vh bing tra).
- Tti sO m6i ddc du-o. c chon nhu vta n6i chi th sd bQ, viOc quydt dinh m cudi cirng phAi
thdng qua tfnh toSn yOu cdu k! thu6r vh tinh todn kinh td.
- M6i dAp c6 thd thay ddi theo chidu cao dd gi6m khoi luo. ng ddt dip, giim gi6 thdnh
xAy dung dAp vh tang dn dinh cho dap. NOu thay ddi thi trong khoing chidu cao 10 +
15m thay ddi mOt ldn. Tri sd dO ddc m5i khOng nOn qu6ldn, thudng khoing Am =
0.25+0.50. TAi ch6 m6i thay ddi c6 thd c6 co hoic khong c6 co dap. Vdi dAp c6 FI<10-
15m thi khong cdn thay Adi mai d6c (hinh 4.7).

80
- N6i chung mdi thuong luu thuong xoii hon m6i ha luu, chir ydu vi n6 thucrng xuyOn
b6o hdo nudc vh chiu t6c dUng thudng xuyOn ctra s6ng, gi6, muc nu6c nit nhanh.

Hinh 4.7 :Ddp dd't c6 mdi d6't'thay ddi kh6ng c6 co

2.Co d4p
- Vdi ddp cao vh trung binh nguhi ta thudng xAy dung co dAp (hinh 4.8)

Enh th99l lqdc agg

, i = f+Ao/o

qo dap
;

I
I

Hinh 4.8 :86 tri co ddp vd rdnh thodt nudc tAn co

+ Thu vh tho6t nudc mua trOn m6i ddc.

+ Phuc vu di lai kidm tra trong thdi gian khai th6c vi thi c6ng
- Kfch thu6c cdu tao cfia co phu thudc vio muc dich phuc vu:
+ NOu kh6ng c6 yOu cdu giao th6ng v) thi c6ng chidu rdng co = I,5 + 2m
+ Ndu co ding dd thi cOng lop gia cd m6i th) bd r6ng co phii dfi dd d[t cdn truc.
+ Nu co x6y dtnrg o m6i ha luu dd thodt nu6c mua thi trOn co phii c6 rAnh thodt nudc doc
vi ngang. Rinh phAi duoc gia c6 bang dd xdy, b tdng dd tr6nh x6i 16 do dbng chiy. Co ph&i
c6 dQ d6c ngang i= 2 + 47o (h\nh 4.8).
3.Gia cd m6i il4p thuqng luu
- Mdi thuong luu thuhng xuyOn chiu t6c dung ctra s6ng, luc thuy d6ng cira ddng chiy doc
theo m6i ddc vi luc xO va ctra vdt ndi, vi vQy cdn c6 bicn ph6p bio v0 dd tr6nh su x6i 16 m6i
ddc bio dim an to)n cho dAp .
-
- ThOng thulng c6 thd b6o hQ m6i doc b[ng c6c hinh thrlc sau dAy (h)nh 4.9):
+ Bio hQ bang dA (d|dd, d6 xdp, dd xay).
+ Bio hQ bang bin b tdng cdt th6p (l6p gh6p holc dd tai ch6)
+ Bio hO bAng b0 t6ng nhua dudng.
+ Bio hQ bAng c6c loai chnh cAy.

8l
 dd x6p ban b6tong

..:':':
,': .;'
; .:.i ... '
qot ddm b6t0ng
3>o-

- ViOc lua chon hinh thric gia cd phu thu0c vlo h s6ng, vAr liu hi6n c6 vd didu kien thi
cOng
- Pham vi gia cd: Trong ph?m vi s6ng t6c dung phii c6 gia cd chinh phdn cdn lai cira m6i
ddp cdn c6 gia cdnhe.
+ Gia cd chinh :

o Gi6i han trOn : nOn lay dOn cao trinh dinh dAp, truhng hqp dQ vuot cao ndm trn muc nudc
gia cucrng tuong ddi l6n thi gi6i han trOn 6 cao trinh : MNGC+ h.,,* (hodc cao hon m6t ir)
vi tD d6 cho ddn dinh ddp gia cd nhe.
o Gidi han dudi : lAy du6i muc nu6c l)m viOc thdp nhdt cira hd chrla m6t chidu sdu2h,"," (h,0"
: chidu cao s5ng v6i mfc dhmbho I7o).

+ Gia cd nhe :

Gia cd tit gi6i han han du6i cira gia cd chinh ddn chidu sAu md tai d6 tdc dung cria s6ng
kh6ng cdn dir khi ning ldm c6c hat dat ctra m6i ddt dich chuydn.
- MQt sd yOu cdu khi thidt kd gia cd mdi thuong luu:
+ Dd beo dAm dn dinh cho lop gia co, tai ch6 gidi han du6i cdn c6 gdi tua bang d6
hoac bang b0 t6ng.
+ Lop bio hO phii dugc dat tr0n m6t tdng dOm nham ndi tidp tdt giffa lop gia cd v6i ndn,
ngoii ra cbn d6ng vai trd cira tAng loc ngudc khi muc nudc thuong luu ha dot ngot.
+ V6i loai bAo hO bang dd dd, xdy khan, tdng dOm phAi trAi trOn todn dion tich gia
cd. Vdi loai bio h0 bang b0 tOng, b0 tOng lip ghdp: tdng dOm chi cdn bO tri tai cdc khe
ndi hoac 15 tho6t nu6c.
- Vi0c tinh to6n thbnh phdn hat vh chidu dhy tdng dOm theo nguyOn tac thidt kd
tdng loc nguo. c.
4.Gia co mrii ha luu
- Dd tr6nh su ph6 hoai do mua gi6 vd d6ng vAt sdng trong ddt cdn c6 bin ph6p b6o v0 m6i ha
luu.
- Thuong c6 mdy hinh thfc bAo hO sau dAy:
+ Rii mQt lop d6 d[m, cuOi s6i dby 0,2m lOn toin bO m6i

82
 + Phfi mqt lcrp dat miu dhy 0.2+0.3m rdi trdng c6 lOn trOn. Ndu mdi dAp ddc vi bang dAt
s6t cdn ldm tuong ring cho dAt mdu c6m xudng m6i dAp dd ch6ng trugt.

+ Ngoii ra dd vira thoi4t nu6c mua vla ch0ng truot cho lop c6 ngudi ta chia m6i c6 ra c6c
6 bang nhfrng r6nh xi0n 450. Trong rAnh rii vAt liOu chdng truot vi tho6t nudc tdt (nhu
cu0i, s6i). Kfch thudc c6c 6: 0,8 x 0,8 +1,5 x 1,5 m.
- Khi & ha luu c6 nudc, vi0c gia cO phdn dudi ctra m6i nOn kdt hqp vdi b0 phAn tiOu
nU6c.

Gia cd mdi
ha luu bdng
n'6ng cd

IV.Thi6t kd b0 phan chdng thdm

- Trong trudng hqp thAn dAp vi ndn dAp ld c6c loai dAt c6 h0 sd thdm l6n hoac tr0n ndn d6
nft n c6 h0 sd th6m lon thi phii bii tri thidt bi chOng thdm trong thAn vd ndn ddp bdng c6c vat
liOu chdng thAm nhim mvc dich :

+ Giim luu luong thdm b6o dim q < [q]

+ HA thdp duong bAo hod tdng dn dinh m6i ha luu
+ Dd phdng cifc hiOn tuong x6i ngdm din ddt trong thAn, ndn dAp vd nh6t ld ch6 dbng
thAm di ra ha luu.

- Vat hOu chdng thdm :

+ Vflt liOu d6o : st,6 s6t nAng, btOng s6t, than bin, nhua duong, thim s6t dia k! thu1t...
+ V0t liOu crlng : kim lo4i, btOng cOt th6p 96...
Luu y : Vdt liOu chdng thdm chi c6 hiOu qui trong trudng hqp h9 sd thdm cir n6 nh6 hon h0
sd thAm cria ddt thAn hay ndn dAp chirng 50 ldn tr& l0n.

1. Chdng thdm cho thin dAp

- Dd chdng thdm cho thdn ddp ngudi ta xdy dung l6i gifra ho[c tuhng nghing. Vdi ddp dAt,
l6i gifa vd tudrng nghiOng thuhng duo.c cdu tao blng vat lieu d6o (hinh 10).
- L6i gita c6 dang drlng nam & chinh gifra hoac gdn chfnh gifra thAn dap (hinh 4.10a). Dd
t[ng cudng khi nlng chdng thAm vd ha thAp duong bio hoh vi trf l6i gifra c6 thd chuydn vd
phfa thugng luu, trudng hqp ndy l6i gifra c6 dang gdy khric (hinh 4.10b). Cbn tudng
nghidng ndm doc theo m6i dOc thuong luu (hinh 4.10c) vd d6ng vai trd chdng thdm cho
todn thdn dAp.

83
 6l
r+
MNDBT
^1
"1
ti r!, -1
\r, -- .- _ _:..
tr' L___l---- -:-
J
rltrl
q
^l
Hinh 4.10 : Ch6'ng thdm c'ho thdn ddp

- Khi thidt chdng thAm tuhng nghi0ng hoac l6i gifra cdn dAm bAo c6c yu cdu :

+ Dinh l6i vd tuhng bang ddt (sau khi dd hin xong) phli cao hon MNDBT c6 kd dOn s6ng
gi6 vd dQ ddnh cira nudc v) khOng thdp hon MNGC.
+ Kfch thu6c l6i gifta c6 thd tang ddn tt dinh xudng d6y vd dim b6o :

. Chidu rQng b6 nhdt cira dinh 6, 2 0,8m

o chidurong&d6y : *t=or=*H, vdi Hlhcotnudctrudcdap
+ Dd tr6nh bidn dang thdm cho l6i gifra vd tubng nghiOng tai mit tidp xfc khi J ldn cdn c6
lcp qu6 dQ xay dung theo nguyOn tic tdng loc nguoc 6 ci hai mAt thudrg ha luu cfia l6i
vd tudng.
+ Voi tuong nghing phAi c6 mQt lop bio hQ 6 m4t thugng luu dd tr6nh nfrt n6 do thay
ddi nhict dQ, cdn phii c6 lop bio v0 blng c6t holc s6i cuQi v6i chidu &y khong nh6 hon
lm. M6i cira tudng nghing phii bio dAm dn dinh trucrt cho cA tudng nghiOng vl lop b6o
v0.

+ Nu dAp duoc xAy dung tr6n ndn ddt kh6ng thAm nudc hoac it thAm thi l6i gita vh
tudng nghiOng phii chOn sdu vio ndn mot dO sAu > 0,5m dd chdng thdm tidp xric.
+ Ndu dQp duo.c xAy drpg trOn ndn d6 kh6ng thdm, thi vAt ch6ng thdm phii ndi tidp vdi
ndn bang gdi bc tdng (hinh 4.11).
Luu f : kfch thudc cfia l6i gifra vd tuong nghiOng sO du-o, c quydt dinh khi dd kidm tra thdm vi
dn dinh cho toin bQ d?p.

i -l
/ t',,
II II

,,ll
hO khoang phUt ximdng ,l

Hinh 4.lI

2. Chdng thdm cho nin

Khi dap ddt xdy dung trOn ndn thAm nu6c cdn phii c6 biOn phdp xrl lj chdng thAm cho ndn
dd han chd su mdt nu6c vd dd phdng bidn dang th0m cira ndn. ViOc lua chon hinh thrlc ch6ng
thAm cho ndn phu thuOc vdo loai dAp, chi6u sAu tdng thdm nudc, tinh chdt ddt ndn vI didu
kiOn thi cOng.

a.Ddi vdi loai d4p ddng chdt

84
 - . Khi tdng thdm nu6c khong sdu l6m (thulng T < 5m), ding chdng thdm theo hinh thrlc
to{-g rdng bang vat liou than dap (hinh 4.12i) hay bang vailicu cf,ong thAm kh6c (hinh
4.rzb).

Hinh 4.12

,dingKhi tdng thdm nudc tuong doi l6n, kh6ng-nOng

thd xay dung duo. c tudng rang thi cdn
b6n coc hodc phun ming chdng tham ttrdm tin tdng kho;g rhdm (hinh
4.'^',
a) b)

Hinh 4.13

- fhi tdng thdm qu6 sau hodc v0 han thi dtrng bin coc hoic mdng ch6ng thdm chi cim sAu
xudng m6t doan trong rdng ndn (hinh 4.14).

kd

f-
JI li
r1
kn nn

Hinh 4.14

b.Ddi vdi loai dAp khdng ddng chat

- Khi tdng thdm nu6c khOng lon l6m (thuong T<5m) thi c6 thd dirng tutrng rdng ldm vdr
chdng thAm cho ndn vd peii tidp v6i tuhng l6i hodc tudrng nghieng ctra dap Grintr +.G). Chi6u
ddy cfra chAn ring c6 thd bAng d6y cira l6i gifra holc tudng nghiOng vi gifr^nguyen trn toin bd
chidu cao ho{c cing xuOng cdng thu nh6 nhung phii dim Ulo dn Ointr tfram. Tuong ring cdn
c6m s1u xuOng tdng khOng thdm khOng duo. c b6hon 0.5m.
 - NOu tdng thAm nudc tuong doi s6u thi hinh thrlc ch6ng thdm cho ndn c6 thd td bin
cgc (hinh 4.I6a). B6n coc cdn c5m sdu xu6ng l6i gifra hoac tudng nghieng vd tdng
khOng thdm mQt d6 dii nhat dinh nhdm tr6nh khong sinh ra x6i ngd"11r bo tai hai
ddu mrit bAn coc. ".rJ
Ndu tdng thdm nu6c c6 nhidu cuOi 16n hoac dd qu6 dila vb tdng kh6ng thdm ld d6 thi
cho ph6p dirng bin cgc ma prrai dingiuongletong ldm vit crron! thdm cho ndn
96lg
(hinh 4.16b).

a)

'::
kn kn
b)

Hinh 4.16

- Khi tdng thdm nuoc qu6 diy ho4c vO han thi chdng tham cho ndn c6 thd lh d6ng bin
cgc hodc phut mbng ximang "ld hlng" (hinh 4.14), x6y dung san tru6c kct hgrp v6ri
tuong nghiOng hay 16i gitra (hinh 4.17). Chi6u dhi sdn tru6c nOn ldy bang ba lhn c6t
nu6c trudc d0p, chidu ddy sdn tru6c c6 thd khong ddi hoac thay ddi theo su thay ddi cot
nudc tr6n vd du6i sdn trudc rlng v6i ttng m6t c6tl<h6c nhau.

-a

KN

Hinh 4.17
V.Vet tho6t nudc (VTN)
1. Nhim vu vi yu cdu doi vdi VTN
- VTN duo. c bd tr( trong thAn dAp & ha luu dd tam nhiOm vu :

+ Chir dQng tho6t nudc thdm qua thAn vi ndn ddp vd ha luu, khong cho ddng thdm
tho6t ra trOn m6i d6p vd bd vai ddp ha lrru.
+ Hq thdp duong b6o hod dd ndng cao dO dn dinh cho m6i dAp.
+ Ngan ngira bidn dang do thAm.
- Dd d6m bAo nhiOm vu trOn, bQ phAn tiu tho6t nudc thdn dap phii d6p ung cdc yu
cdu sau ddy :
+ Dfi khA nang thodt nudc thdm qua th6n vd ndn d6p.
+ Dim bio kh6ng cho duong bdo hod chiy ra mdi dAp. Truong hgp duong bdo hoi
chhy ra m6i ha luu (khi 6p dung VTN 6p mdi) thi ph6i loai tril hien tuong din dat & m6i
dap.
+ Cdn thidt kO theo nguyOn tac tdng loc ngu-o. c.

86
 +
Khdng cho ph6p x6i ngdm rhdn vd ndn ddp.
+
KhOng cho ph6p x6i ngdm bAn th6n VTN.

1 Trong mgi trudng. hqp. dap dat ph6i c6 vTN. chi riong doi vdi dap thap (cao du6i
5m) c6 thd khong cdn nOu d6m b6o yOu cdu dn dinh- Doivdi aap ca6,
kh6ng cdn vdr
tho6t nudc trong c6c trudng hgp sau :
+ D4p xay trOn ndn thdm nudc manh vd muc nudc ngdm thap, dudng
bdo hoh qua than
dap di xu6ng ndn.
+ Phdn ha luu cira ddp ldm bang vat liOu c6 kich thu6c l6n nhu cu6i
to, d6 h6c, c6 vai
trd nhu VTN.
+ Dap c6 b6 phQn chdng tham t6t, nn luu luong thdm nh6 vd dubng b6o hod
sau b6
phAn ch6ng th0m ha thAp xu6ng ngang mat ndn.
+ Dap kh0ng thudng xuy0n chiu 6p luc nu6c.
2. Cdu t4o cria VTN
vrN thuhng c6 hai phdn co bin d6 ld phdn tho6t nu6c vh tdng loc nguo. c.
+ Phdn thodt nu6c : chiOm kh6i luong chtr ydu trong vAr tho6t nudc c6 nhim
vu thu
todn bO nu6c thdm qua than vi ndn ddp, n6 duqc ldm bang vdt liou c6 tinh
thdm
nudc manh nhu s6i, cuOi, d6 hOc, c6 thd lhm bang bOtong xdp hoac 'cdc 6ngb0
tong
c616 thodt nudc...
+ Tiry loc nguo. c : fe bQ phAn n6i tidp gifla phdn tho6t nudc v6i thdn ddp v) ndn dap
nham muc dich dd phbng x6i ngdm.
3. Phin loai VTN
C6 thd phAn VTN thinh ba loai nhu sau :

+ VTN kidu h& : nhu VTN bd mat.

+ vrN kidu kin : & bn rrong rhan d6p nhu vrN ldng rru, g6i phing, Ong doc.
+ VTN h"on hqp : ld nhfrng VTN kct hqp nhu VTN lang iru--bd^m4tJang-tru-goi phing,
goi phing-bd mat...
4. Thi6t kdcdc loai VTN
a. VTN gdi phing
,bd,Truong hqp 6p dqng : thfch hqp vdi d4p h+ luu khdng c6 nudc nhu doan dAp & hai
bAi bdi vd d4p phg & eo nrii.
- Uu didm :

+ H? thdp duong b6o hod nhanh

+ KhOi luong it
+ Tho6t nu6c t6t cho thAn vh ndn dAp.
- Nhuoc didm : do & trong thdn dAp nOn srla chfra kh6 khin, do d6 yu cdu chdt tucmg
thi cOng cao.

- Tfnh to6n VTN g6i phing :

Chidu dii teii thidu ctra VTN phAi d6m bio khoin g cdch a (tD dulng bdo hod den
m6i dOc ha luu dAp) cho ph6p. Tri sd a kh6ng nhfrng khOng cho ddng thdm ra m6i ha
luu md cbn khOng lhm u6t m6i dAp. Tri sd a du-o. c x5c dinh rheo chidu cao mao d6n vd
didu kiOn khf hAu & noi xdy dtrng.
Tfnh todn theo phuong ph6p cira A.Augintsuxt :

+ VE duong thing n-n song song vdi m6i ddc ha luu vd tiOp tuyOn vdi duong b6o hod.

87
 Gradien trung binh tai mat cit k-k di qua didm ti0p xric ndy :
I
'-4-l
J,u =-di =
r& = ra\ ( mr=mr)
Luu luong thAm don vi q qua ddp :
q
t =J'o'h*--r.-, (4-1)
k : h0 s6 thAm dAt thAn dAp
hu : chidu cao ddng thAm tai mdt c6t k_k.

tn qir -h

Hinh 4.18 : Vdt thodt nudc gdi phdng

+ Mit kh6c ta c6 ph5rong tdnh tham 6p dung cho m6r c6t k-k vi 1-l :

9 hu' -h''
k-- 2x (4-2)
+ Tt (4-1) vn WD:? thd d ddng x6c dinh duoc tri sd hu vd x khi da biet q vd h, (q vd h, x6c
dinh duoc theo so dd thAm qua dAp ddt c6 VTN gdi ph&ng).
+ Chidu dei VTN L,ndu_o.c x6c dinh :
L,n= m,(hu+Ahu) - x = m,(ho * I-*
f;
huy L*=m,.ho +*slnc[ -* (4-3)
+ Dd tinh L,n flrg v6i tri sd a dd bidt, bang c6ch gi6i rheo phuong phdp thfr ddn v6i trinh ru sau

a Gii thidt mQt loat cdc gi6 tri L* vI tt hai phuong rrinh (4-1) vd (4-2) x6c dinh duoc c6c clp
tri sd hu ve x tuong fttg.
a Thay hu vi x vio phuong trinh 4-3 x6c dinh duo. c tri sd a tuong ring theo c6c tri sd cira L,n.
o Vd duong quan h L, =f(a) lOn dd thi, tU dQ rhi ndy sd x6c dinh duoc L* rheo rheo tri sd a
y6u cdu.
+ X6c dinh chi6u ddy VTN goi phing :

X6t lm dii VTN gdi ph8ng, luu luong thdm qua n6li :

9=rov=100t.v (4-4)
q : luu lugng thdm don vi qua dAp vI ndn dAp, cflng li luu lucrng thdm don vi cira vat
thodt nudc (cm7s).
t: chidu diy VTN (cm).
Dbng thdm trong vTN chAy rdi khOng theo dinh lu0t Dacxi, Pavolopxki dd nghi :

v = kr/J (4-s)
k : hO sd thdm ctra VTN (cm/s).

88
 14
k= (20_f xF .p (4-6)
d : dulng kfnh qui ddi trung binh cria dd
p : dQ rSng ctra d6, thudrng p = 0.30 + 0.50
J : dO dOc thdm, lay bang d0 ddc VTN.
Tt (4-4), (4-5) vd (4-6) tadu_o. c :
nq
t= (cm)
lookiT
n : h0 s6 an todn, n = 1.5 + 2
Luu y : chidu dhi vd chidu dly cria VTN gdi phing duo. c xdc dinh tr6n co
s& tfnh to6n
trn nhung cdn luu f :
+ Chidu dei VTN cing l6n thi ducrng b6o hod chng ha thdp vd kho6ng cdch td ducrng
b6o hdo ra m6i lu' cdng r6n nhung gradien uX tuo
lrg loqng rhdm cing tang. Th6ng
thuong chidu d?i.VTry loai niy kh6ng vuot qu6 tl3 chidu'ro"nj A, aq1
+ Chidu.ddy cria l-<dt cdu goi^phing ph6i thuanloi cho thi cong"dg ,ia-'uao chdt luorrg
ctra kOt cAu, kh6ng n6n nh6 hon 30cm.

b. VTN ling tru:

- Trubtng hqp 5p dUng : thfch hop cho doan dap nam & ldng song khi
ha luu c6 nu6c.
- uu didm :
+ Kct cAu don giAn
+ vtN lang tru tao thdnh g6i d&, rang dn dinh cho mdi ha luu
+ 86o v0 mdi ha luu tdt khi c6 s6ng gi6.
+ Tho6t nu6c t6t cho cA thdn ddp vh ndn ddp.
- Nhugc didm :

+ Tdn nhi6u vat hu

+ co gi6i ho6 trong thi c6ng kh6 khan, thuong rhi c6ng rhri c6ng.
- Yu cdu cAu tao :

+ Mat cft hinh thang, vdi m6i dOc thucng luu tidp xric vdi than dAp m')1,25 vd m6i
d0c phia ha luu m,')1,5.
+ Chidu rOng dinh ldng tru x6c dinh theo didu kin thi cong vh yeu cdu quin lf (quan
tr6c, kidm tra), thudng lay bang(l/3+l/4) chidu cao VTN vd khOng nh6 hon 1,5m.
+ Cao trinh dinh lSng tru cdn cao hon muc nu6c cao nhdt rlng uOi tl thidt kc 6 ha luu
ddp c6 x6t dOn chidulao s6ng leo, d6 cao an todn, vh khong nfra n* 0,5m d6i vdi dAp
c0p III tr6 xuOng, lm ddi vdi ddp cAp I, II.
+ Kich thudc VTN ph6i dtr dd khong cho dbng thdm ramdi ha luu vd dim b6o khoing
cdch a. Khi cdn ha th0p ducrng bdo hod hcrn nfra, c6 thd ldm lang tru c6 tdng tiOu nu6c
nam ngang nhung chidu ddi kfiOng vuot qu6 1/3 chiu rOng d6y dAp.
- Tinh chi6u dAi VTN lf,ng tru :

Tinh to6n chidu dai VTN lang rru ruong tu VTN gdi phing.
+ Chidu dei VTN ldng tru :
L,n=*r''ht+b+[''ht
L--b
+.' I
h*=-i
^'tn m,'+m' (4-7)
M[t kh6c : a=Ahi.coso vd Ah,n = hu - h,n
Thd vio ta duo. c :
L,n = m,'h,n + b + (Ah,"+ Aho)m, - x
L,n = ffir'h,n + b + (ho + Ahu - h,n)m, - x

89
 Thay 4-7 vdo ta duo, c :

L,n = ffir' + b + hu.m, + Ah*.m, ffir - X (4-8)

** *#
ChfYrang: m,.Aho=ffi*=*
Cho ndn phumg ftinh (4-8) c6 thd viet :

I _r ffl,'-fllr
Lrn-Lrn11,,**1 ,ffi'_ffl,,
*bffi +b+m,.hr*
# - (4-e)
"
Hodc:
a= L,n(t
m )sina + b(ff* -t)sinc - hucoscr + x.sincr (4-9',)
Phuong trinh dinh L," khi da biot tri sd a cdn c6c gir{ tri h* vh x x6c dinh
!4 .?) -dd 1ic
phuong trinh (4-1) vd (4-2). "- tt
Dd tfnh duoc L," cfrng tinh rheo phuong piap tt'iia; ;h;otil"

I ':ds

<o
,D7
E
i
hp
,1 ^ ,QI,E
..-.. a:

;
h1
i.
x ttn

Ltn
_
Hinh 4.19 : Vdt thodt ntdc ldng tru

c. VTN dii doc vi ong doc

- kY*g hqp 6p dqng : thich hqp vdi mat c6t ha luu khOng c6 nu6c, kdt cau ndy chi
c6 thd l)m vic tdt khi chOnh lech irin o ndn khOng l6n vd Aaf a6p dim bio chdt luong.
- uu didm :

+ C6 kh6 nang tho6t nu6c cho ci th6n vd ndn dAp.

+ C6 kh6 nang ha thdp dudng b6o hod nhanh.
+ Tdn ft v6r lieu.
- Nhuo. c didm : do & trong thdn dAp nOn stra chfra kh6 khf,n, do d6 yu cdu chdt luo. ng
thi c6ng cao.
- Cdu tao ;

90
 1 VIN dai doc gdm mOt dAi tho6t nydg ldm bang d6 xung quanh c6 tdng loc nguoc
ddt doc theo mdi ddc ha luu vh sdu"dudi than dap'& ngan!
than ddp vd ndn duo. c tQp t1lg ua9 dAi thodt nudc've -at ndn. Nu6c thdm qua
th6o xuong ha luu bang d6i thdo.
+ VTN 6ng doc tuong tu VTN dAi doc nhung ldm bang ong botong c6 duc"l6 ua *ung
quanh cflng c6 tdng loc nguoc.

t'.

L
.:.

Mai thuong luu

,-i.1-
/,..{F .
....

,-+lP F 9ti
\$ e1:--
''\.-
,r -- Mdi ha luu
t
9a! do-c.hotc Qng gsc

':' ll ' : " -

'Q,^ .i,F- ,,
'Q, . .. r)', I ,i
'"''" o91qaonoq"q1gqa9j ll ll
il-l
ll ll
lir' +-l-.-
1 ii Li---;+-"---1
Hinh 4.19 :VTN dtii doc

d. VTN bi mnt
--
To*g hqp 5p dUng : nOn 6p dung cho cdc doan dap nam nam & thdm song, & d4p
thdp, kh6ng bingip nu6c, holc thudrng xuyn kh0ng ngAp nu6c.
- Cao trinh dinh 6p mdi phAi cao hon didm ra ctra AJong b6o hoh tr6n m6i ha luu toi
thidu l.5m ddi v6i dAp cap In, IV vh 2m ddi v6i dAp cdp I, II.
- VTI{ bd mat c6 nhiQm vu bio v m6i dOc ha luu, tr6nh hin tuong s6ng do gi6 vh
x9i ngfm. do dbng thdm qua dAp chrl khOng c6 tdc dung ha thdp du#g tao froi-. fuy
nhiOn loai ndy v.An dugc ding phd Uien bcri vi d0 dhngiua chfra trong-thhi gian khai
thdc vb n6 c6 thd xAy dqng sau khi dd x6y dAp.
- Xdc dinh chidu dei VTN bd mar :

L.-=A-m,(hu+a'coscr)
coscx, cosc[
rt1.r
v('t r 9
hn =
1m' 1 1 V .K. -
tr'(mrhr sincr)
Trong d6 m1, a dd cho cdn q vh h, cfing bidt duoc do tinh thdm.

*flt.'' E,,, 1

- fE a
6 ..n --

t
\
-l :
.-l I
i

li I cx, ,

t'l
K lr
Eln
R1

Hinh 4.20 :VTN bA'mdt

91
 e. VTN h6n hgp
-. vTN h6n hgp th"f$gtgai ghdp c6c vTN don dd n6i tren cho nen n6 c6ddy dri uu
vh nhu-o. c didm crta c6c VTN Aon ghep tai.

"tr ,t t:,rF -ii

-':l::
-*,.r -- d)
"i:.:-..1' 'i)-...
.-....-.
| ,r.
c) i
'- .!j
.: 'F,
.'4, ?r
'..,.". '4,
. -1 -.-- --1- ...r : td
-i

Hinh 4.21 : VTN hdn hqp

lang trg g6i phing (hinh 4,21a) thich hqp khi muc nu6c ha luu thay
;^lo3]^l6i".l$
dot nhiu' cdn tho6t nudc cho ndn vb ha thdp.duong bdo hod. Loai h6n hgp lang
tru g6i
phing (hinh 4.21b) ding trong trudng trq'p cdn tta irrep aoor;;"# do ha luu c6 il"i-a
nudc nOn kh6ng lbm duoc loai gOi phing hoac dAi doc.
--loai ldng tru
\c, qQe bd mar (htlh 4.21c): ding khi muc nu6c ha luu thay ddi
nhidu, muc nu6c 16n 6 ha luu chi x6y ra rrong mot ihai ngiltti'*a 1fl. Vh cdn gi*
tang dn dinh cho m6i ha luu.
-. l,oai goi phingkdt hqp bd mat (hinh 4.21d): ding khi ha luu thinh thoing c6 nu6c,
vd yOu cdu ha thap dubng bdo hod ddng thdi cdn tho6i nudc cho ndn.
- H5n hgp ti0u nuoc kidu 6ng kh6,i (hinh 4.3) : loai niy du-o. c 6p dung cho cA dap
nhidu khoi vh dap.ddng chdt nham ha thdp duong Uao noa, khonj cn3 Jong thdm dii
thudng di theo chidu ngang do thi c0ng. Bo phan ticu nu6c kidu on! kh6i cdrinim tr6n
dudng bdo hoh cao nhdt
fong dap khoAng 50cm, chidu rOng theJphuong ngang cria
Ong kh6i phii dam b6o thi cong c6 chat ludng nhung kh6ng du-o. c nh6 hon
1.5m.
5. Gi6i han bd tri VTN
Gidi hpn ph4m vi bo tri VTN cdn x6c dinh can crl ket qu6 tfnh to6n vd tham, so dd
"
tdng qu6t ctra dbng thdm qua th6n d6p, vai ddp vd ndn ddp, iheo trrng trudrng hop cu ttrd.
N6i chung ph6i b0 tri til lbng s6ng lon ddn doin mat cit dap c6 chid-u cao ddn 5m.'

s3. chon tuydn - vat lidu xay dung vir yu cdu vi ndn ddi v6i dQp ddt.
I.Chon tuyen iIAp ddt
Khi phdn tfch chon tuydn cdn chri y mQt s6 yOu cdu sau dAy :

- Vi dia hinh : C0 g6ng chon tuydn hep dd giAm khefi lucrrg dip dap chfnh nhrrng
c_ung phSi quan tAm ddn tuydn d4p phq kbm theo sao cho tdng khdi f"q"g l) nh6 nhdt.
Chng giam duoc din tich mdt hd c)ng tot (vi hic d6 dien tich ngap lut nh6 gie. du-o. t
thiOt hai, ludng nudc bdc hoi cfrng giAm di). Tuyen duoc chon ttt"a" lJ cho vi6c ffrai
bei trf c6c hang muc trong cum cong trinh ddu m6i. Han chd ddng ch6y doc theo m6i
c+p.
- Vd dia chdt : cd g6ng chon tuyOn c6 dia chat ndn ddng nhdt, vfrng chdc,kh6ng c6
cdc vt nft giy 16n., chi tiOu rp c l6n, hO s6 thAm k b6, tdng thdm nudc m6ng. N6n chon
tgvcn c6 hu6ng ddt d6 nghing vdo ldng hd (vi sE gi6m du-o. r.y mdt nu6c do thdm ra
phia ngohi). "
- Vi thui van : Luong nudc dOn tai tuyOn chon phii d6p ung duoc nhu cdu ding nu6c
theo nhi0m vu c6ng trinh.
- Vi diiu ki0n thi cOng : thuAn loi cho viOc dAn dbng thi cOng, tan dung duo. c d quai
ldm thAn dAp, c6 thd m& dulng thi c0ng vh ph6t tridn th)nh dubng giao thong lau dni.
- Ngodi ra phii tfnh ddn khi n6ng cung cdp vat liou xay dung vd nhdn c6ng.
- ViQc quydt dinh tuydn xAy dqng dap phAi thOng qua phAn tfch so s6nh m6t c6ch ddy
dtr c6c phuong 5n vd mat kinh r0 vb k! rhuAr.

[.Vat liu xAy dUng dap

1. VAt liu xAy dung thAn dAp
- C6 thd srl dgng tdt ca cdc lcri ddt dd d6p dAp, rrt :

+ Dat c6 chrla mudi clorua hay sunfat clorua hdm luong vuot qu5 5Vo; mu6i sunfat
hdm luong ffAn27o theo khdi lugng.
+ DAt c6 chrla chAt hfru co chua phdn gi6i vdi hdm luong trn 5Vo theo kh6i lugng
hoac phAn giAi hodn todn & trang th6i kh0ng dinh hinh (min) v6i hdm luong trOn
8Vo.

- Ddt thit ve ddt pha c6t thfch hqp v6i dap d6ng chdt vd d5p phdn chdng thdm cira c6c
loai ddp kh6c.
- Ddt s6t nang kh6 thi cOng, khi khong c6 cdn cit chic chin vd kinh t - k! thuAt thi
khOng nn ding Ad a6p thAn ddp vh c6c b0 phin kh6ng thdm nd6c.

- C6 thd ding cdt (c6t hat min, hat vira, har rho )dd d6p dap d6ng chdt, song yu cdu
tdn thdt luu luong nudc thdm ph6i nh6 hon tri sO cho phdp.
- DOi vdi ddp kh6ng ddng chdt nOn dtng c5t, s6i vd cuoi dd d6p phdn ha luu c6ng
trinh.
- Vic chon bii vAt liOu ding dd d6p dap ph6i thOng qua so s6nh c6c phuong 6n vd
didu kin khai th6c, vAn chuydn, cdc chi tiu k! thudt vd trrl luong dd chon phudng 5n
t6i uu nhAt.
2. VAt liu xAy dung vAt chong thdm
- Vat hOu ldm vdt chOng thdn phAi c6 tfnh thdm b6 h, <(50-100)k vh k",S10-acm/s.
- C6 thd ding dat s6t thiOn nhin c5 dQ dm thfch hqp, hodc h5n hgp nhAn tao (CuQi-
S6i-Cdt-S6t) v6i thdnh phdn: 40Vo cud|35Vo cdt,25Vo s6t goi ld b0 t6ng s6t.
- VAt hOu ch6ng tham ph6i it thay ddi vd thd tfch (do hrit hay nhi nu6c) dd tr6nh hin
tucrng nrft n6.

3. Vat liQu xAy dung vhtthoit nudc

- Vat hOu ldm VTN ph6i c6 tfnh tham lon.
- Cdt, cuOi, s6i thich hqp cho tdng loc nguo. c vdi yu cdu thdnh phdn hat min khOng
16n hon 3-5Vo theo khdi lugng vd su phAn bd thbnh phdn hat duo. c ddnh gi6 bang hO sd
khOng ddng nhAt r1=duold,o <10. Vat fiCu tho6t nudc c6 thd ding d6, dA hoc hoac
b0t6ng xOp.

93
 III.Yu cdu vd nin vi cdc bidn phfp xir ly ndn
1. Ydu cdu vd nin
- YOu cdu ndn dOi v6i dap ddt khOng cao, tuy nhiOn ddi v6i ndn xdu thi ph6i xrl lf
dring din trudc khi x6y dgng.
- Ndn dd le loai ndn tdt nhdt dd xay
J dUng - -'-7 ndu ndn d6 bi nrlt n6 ph6i xrl
ir ddt,
' a d4p l!
bdng mdng chdng thdm.
- Ndn d6 vOi cfrng c6 thd x6y dqng dQp ddt, nhrmg dfii vdi ndn d6 v6i bi phong h6a
m.?nh vd ddc biOt ld hiOn tuong Karster thi cdn chri hin tuong mdt nudc quu uf ldng
f
hd.
Khi ndn dAp c6. c6c loai ddt min hof,c s6t ngam nudc thi ph6i xAy dUng h0 thong
-
tho6t nudc trong ndn dap, ddng rhdi khOng non rhi c6ng v6i rdc d6 nhanh.
- Trudng hgrp dac biet khi c6 ludn chrlng ch6c chdn duoc ph6p xay dung xdy dung ddp
trn ndn than bin v6i mrlc dd ph6n gi6i kh6ng du6i 50Vo.
- Khi ndn c6 c6c lo4i mudi hda tan wot 6Vo theo kh6i luong thi cdn c6 bien ph6p dd
phdng x6i rfra ctra ndn.
- Ddi v6i ndn c6 nhffng loai nhu cdt to, cu6i, s6i khi thict ke ph6i ddnh gi6 su mAt
nudc vb hin tuong x6i ngdm dd c6 bien ph6p chOng thdm.
- Ddi v6i loai d6t hohng thd thuong hin nhidu vd hin khdng ,ctdu chi nen xay dqng
nhfrng dap thdp.
2. Xfr li ndi ti6p ndn vdi dAp vDr dip vdi c0ng trinh b tOng
Dd ngan ngila hiOn tuong thdm tiOp xric tai cdcmat tidp gi6p cdn xrllf ving ndi tidp.
- Tru6c khi x6y d+ng dap phii ddo b6 lop ddt c6 rd cdy, thuc var vh chdt hfru co cho
dCn lop dat chat.

- C6 thd tao b6c rdng cua hay chAn rdng cho ph6p ddp ngdm vdo ndn (hinh 4.22), vira
tang dn dinh vh k6o ddi duong vidn thAm tidp xric 6' kh; vuc n6i tidp.
- Khi ndi tidp vdi bd phii chri f
hicn tudng hin khOng ddu. B&i vAy mat ndi tidp khdng
nOn d6nh cAp vd cfrng khOng nOn qu6 d6c, tdt nhat dd ddc khOng nOn vucyt qud 1 :0.15,
tuyOt d(ii kh6ng nn ldm dOc nguoc, khi cdn c6 thd dd bctong hodc xay d6 tao thhnh
m6i ddc thuQn trudc khi xay dAp.
- NOu ndn d6 phii b6c b6 tdng phong hod vun n6t.
- Tai ch6 tidp xfc vdi c6ng trinh bin cfng cdn dd phdng ddng thdm doc theo mat tiOp
xric gifra ddt d6p cira dAp vdi cOng trinh bin cfng, c6 thd xdy dtmg tudng c6nh gi dd
k6o ddi duong vidn thAm.

Hinh 4.22 : Ndi tidp ddp voi nin

94
 s4. KHAr NrEM cHUNG vp'rnAM euA DAp oAr
I.Muc dich vi phuong ph6p tfnh tor{n
l. Muc dfch tfnh torin
Vi6c tinh tham qua dap dat l) mOt vdn dd quan trgng, nham giii quydt
c6c vdn dd
sau:

'
Xdc dinh luu luqtng thdm qua thdn ddp, ndn vh bd cd oanh gi6
luong nudc tdn th6t,
phuc vu cho tinh to6n can bang nudc hd chrla vi dua
ra bion ph6p phbng ch6ng thdm
thich hgp.
- xdc dinh vi trf duong bdo hoh, thm co s6 cho viec rfnh ro6n dn dinh
m6i ddp v) kidm
tra lai kich thu6c cdc b6 phAn thdn dAp.
- xdc dinh gradien thdm dd kidm rra hion ru-o. ng bin dang tham.
2. Tinh chdt cfra ddng thdm qua dAp ddt

dtp
., frdT_qu1 9T te tfdm hgng 6p, dbng rhdm c6 thd ch6y rdng hoac ch6y rdi, c6
thd la thAm dn dinh hoac khOng dn dinh.

3. Phuong ph:ip tfnh torin

Phuong ph6p nghicn thdm qua dap dat cfrng
nudc trong mOi trudrng r6ng"_* n6i chung thuong bangnhu truong hgp nghion crlu thflm
hai Jo*g Ty tuan vd thuc
nghiOm. "o" '
-- Nghin cuu lf luAn : ding lf luAn dd nghin crlu thdm c6 hai phuong ph6p ld co hoc
chdt 16ng vh thuju luc.
- . Nghin crlu thuc : dtng mO hinh dd xdc dinh dac rrung ctra ddng rhdm, n6
g6m c6 c6c phuong"g-hiQmph6p ld thi nghiom bang m6ng kinh, thi ng-hiem bad kh; h;p,
phuong phdp tgong ru diOn-rhuy d0ng.
Ngodi ra, dd tfnh c6c ddc tnrng ciri aong rham cbn ding phudng phdp d6 gi6i.
4. Co s0 tli tinh th{m qua dAp tldt bang phuong ph6p thuf tuc
- X6t mQt khdi ddt tham c6 ddy nam ngang (hinh
1.23), chuydn dQng cfra ddng thdm
ld chuydn dQng khOng"ddu thay ddi chQm hiy'chuydn dong ddu, nn io trtd ."ia**g
ddng ld c6c dudng thing song song nam ngang cdn dudng thd lh c6c duhng thin!
dtmg.

Yi' M
dq$s b4qhQa
l
r-'f--
' "- - - -+-
I
i

r-i
;l
l-l
.;] +X
ll
r

f_L i

iM

Htnh 4.23: So d6 ttnh thdm theo c\ng thttc Duypuy

- X6t mOt mat cht MM bdt k!' : rheo dinh luAr Dacxi ta c6 :

95
 v=kJ=-t#
- Vi duong.thd song song vd thing dung nOn di0n tfch mat cit ngangddng rhdm tring
v6i dudng ding thd vd bang h. Do d6 luu luong thdm don vi q du-o. xic dinh :
"
g = v. (D
= v.h= - k.h*

fl ox = -h.dh
*"h
to
Jil.a*=-Jh.dh
0Hr
I -H,'- h'
k- 2x (4-10)
Khix=Lthih=H,
q _Hi - H,'
k - E- (4-11)
C0ng thrlc (4-11) gqi ld cdng thrlc DuyPuy, du-o.c srl dung rat nhidu rrong c6c bdi
to6n tinh tham kh6ng 6p dn dinh biOn ddi cham, c6 d6y nam ngang.
II.Cric trudng hqp tfnh vi so dd tinh to6n
1. C6c trudng hqp tfnh toi{n :
Khi thict kd dap dat cdn tfnh rham rrong nhfrng trudrng hgp sau d6y :
- Thuong luu MNDBT , h? luu muc nu6c rhAp nhat (MNHL min);
- Thudng luu MNLTK, ha luu MN tuong ung vdi xA lfr thidt kd;
. Thugng luu tt MNDBT ha xudng ddn muc nudc thdp nhat c6 thd
xuat hiOn ddng thdm ngu-d. c ril th6n dap ra hai phia m6i thuong vb luu).
xiy ra (khi d6

2. So dd tinh to6n
- Khi tinh to5n cdn chia chidu dbi dap th)nh nhi6u doan ddc trung ruong ru nhau (rinh
chdt ddt dip ddp, ndn, vdt ch6ng thdm, vdt thodt nu6c).

Hinh 4.24 : So d6 phdn chia

dfip thdnh nhfrng doan ddc
trUng

- Sau khi tinh thdm cho mdr cit dac trung cfia tirng doan, tinh duo. c tdng luu luong
n
thdm qua todn b0 chidu ddi dap ld : Q = Iq'.I'
i=1
V6i n li sd doan chia, q1 vh l; lh luu luong thdm don vi vi chidu dbi cira doan thf i

55. Thdm qua dAp ddt trn nin khOng thdm

I.Th{m qua ddp ddt ddng chat khOng c6 vdt thoit nudc (hay vrN bd mat)
l. Trudng hqp ha luu khong c6 nudc Hz=0 (hinh4.25)
96
 q?
.....^

---:i
o
o1
I

-r . l.-. -
In'
Ni
"i
I
,o
a'.'
.,il
-
'[,'
-.I-l .l:.
f
'
I
' I
P-l

Hinh 4.25

-. DJ Sp.dung duoc phuong trinh Duypuy nguhi ta bidn adi mai ddc thuong luu EA
thdnh m6i thing drlng oA'. Thuc chdt'cira plep uiOn ddi la tnuy
fttaod6p hinh nm
EA"A bang hinh chr? nhdt OA"AA'. Chi6u ddy AL phAi thoa m6n tdn rhdr cor nudc
vi luu luong qua A EA"A vh hinh chrl nhat OA"AA' ld tuong dudng nhau.
- chidu ddi bicn ddi AL phu rhuOc m6i dOc m1 vh c6t nu6c thuong iuu u,
- Tr0n co s& phuong phdp co hoc chat l6ng vh nghien crfu thuc nghiem, Gi6o su
Mikhailop dd nghi : AL - I.H,
Trong d6 : h0 sd 1" duoc xdc dinh :
lTll
^
^=T:16,
- viet phuong tlinh Duypuy cho mat cit o-A' vd mat cdt qua c-c' :
I =
-H"
- a^'
k 2L* g-r2)
Luo=AL+L-aom,
- vdi do4n hinh nOm & ha luu : rhuc t cho
$ay duong ding th qua c6 d6 d6c c
1:0.5, gi6 thiOt cdcb6dbng nam ngan g ta c6thd vict i*
fo"-ng dq qua b6 ddng dzlit :
dq = v.dz =k.J.dz= k.OSk.O,
ao
r1
e e=
J*o:;,*
0
qa"
=) f, = d:5."r, (4-13)

Giai he hai phuong trinh (4.12) vh (4.13) s6 tim duo.c q ve ao

Phuong trinh dubng b6o hod tuong trung A'BC trong h0 truc xOy duoc vidt tt
phuong trinh Duypuy :
9 H,'- vt 9Y=
k -= 2x (D
VC duqrg b6o hoh thuc ABC bang c6ch ndi AB vdi A'BC sao cho n6 thing g6c vdi
m5i tai didm A vh tidp tuydn vdi dudng A'BC rai didm B, didm u6n B cria di#g bao
hob c6 tung dO :

Yu>H,-fl
2, Trudng hqp ha luu c6 nudc Hr+0 (hinh 4.26)

97
 4=>

\Di ,. ,C
Nl
s) oi7 q
i - -l-i=.' -- .l
io'. Gl I r q
i
AL'i
ll
--r-t
i- ---- -Lbd I u*h 4.26

- viet phuong t'inh Duypuy cho mat c6t oA' vi mat c6t qua cc, :
g _H,2-(Hr+a")2
_
k 2Lou (4-14)
Luo=AL+L-aom,
- Doan hinh nOm ha luu duoc chia thhnh hai phdn.
+ Luu luong tham qua phdn tam gi6c n6m trn muc nudc ha
luu :

qr=G;+rF (4-15)
+ Luu luqng tham qua phdn hinh thang du6i muc nu6c ha luu:
Bicn ddi phdn hinh nem lFc dudi Lgc nudc ha luu thhnh th&ng drlng
vdi
AL'=ffin,
- Ddng tham qua hinh thang tr& thhnh ddng tham qua hinh chrl nhat vi c6 thd tinh
theo c0ng thrlc ddng c6 dp (nam gifra mar tdng khong th0m ua pnan
tum gi6c cDD,
trn muc nu6c):
t ?n --
9z=kJo- . ITl. --z
(u.)+m2)ao *ffitll,
*9=gr+92
q- a" rr Hr
[=**g5tt+-] -
%+ffi'
L^-- q H"
naY [ =
*;5 tl + ao +;H, ]
-&n (4-1s)
ln._
vorcx,=(z-FElm:' =Tffit=
_ m2

hQ_phuong trinh (4.14) vd (4.15) tim

.hob.Giei
theo (I)
du-o. c q, a, vd viet phuong trinh dudrng b6o

II.Thdm qua dap ddt ddng chdt c6 vat tho6t nurlc gdi phing (hinh 27)

YM
r- .-,-, A'J-,_A*
.i" % ],,
I '
F I + lt
(--. -,
i -r-: lc
-:r-
-l)."lsi lat-r '-] I ',r l

i e.." lo lA"
I
-lI .l rl I D
] F o
F'"0\
. -t' x
Hinh4.2z I t.' lmiu4
l

98
 - N.gTtcrtu lf
l'?3 u: tlrwc to cho thay doTg bdo hod dd vio v6t
vsl rho6r
!'vcr nu6c td m6r
parabol nhan didm ddu F cria vrN
rhm tieu did;,;;il
hr = 2.Lrn
- Didm A' thu'Oc pariLol nn A,F=A,M,, do
d6 :
@+2L,n
Suy ra : h, = 2L,n= {HP + (AtJ Lf _ (AL + L) (4-18)
- Luu lucrng q duo. c tinh theo cOng thrlc Duypuy
cho mdt cit qua A,
g H,2- v)quaF:
h,2
k --2(AL+L) (4-te)
trinh (4.18), (4.rs) tim duoc q, h, vd viet phuong
;"f,f:Jlrino*t trinh dudrng bdo

III'Thdm qua dap ddt ddng chdt c6 vat tho6t

nudc ong dqc (hinh 4.2g\

T- -.. B

-l
-i
l D

Hinh 4.28

- Tinh to6n hobn rodn tudng tu d4p ddng chdt c6 vTN g6i
phing:
h, =2L^=1/H,, + (AL + L)z _(AL + L)
(4-20)
g H,'- h,'
k --2(AL+L) (4-2r)
Giei hc hai phuong rrinh (4.20), (4.2r) tim du_o.c q, h, vh vict phu<mg ffinh duong
b6o hod theo (I).

IV.Thdm qua dflp ddt ddng chdt c6 vdt thoiltnurfc lang

tru
1. Ha luu khdng c6 nudc (hinh 4.2g\

Ir-
f J',-1: t1 Al
he
l . - -f ' : .-q

!l=i
I

sli
I
l

I
i^t
oA"
'i

-T
,(\v
-ii',
tr
-. --.. :
'X
ft +un.l
i,,-
t toc
Hinh 4.29

Duqng bdo hoh cfrng dd vbo VTN li mOt Parabol nhdn didm
ddu cria VTN F ldm
tiOu didm, cOng thrlc rfnh hohn rohn rudng ttt d4p ddng
chdt c6niu g& orrang:
h, = 2L,n=1/H,' + (AL + L), -(AL + L) (4_22)
 g H,'- h,'
-
k -2(AL+L) (4_23)
Giei h0 hai phuong tr\nh (4.22), (4.23) tim duoc q, h, vd viOt
- phuong trinh duong
bio hod theo (I)
2. Ha luu c6 nurfc (hinh 4.30)

l= - -!
---
I

n
-l
L._F..-.

Hinh 4.30
- Dudng bao hob dd vho vTN ld m6t Parabol nhdn didm
vdi m6i thuong luu cira VTN ldm tiOu didm, - F lb giao didm cua MNHL
f,i" OJ:--

%_=
2L^= {H, + (Ai-, Lt - (AL + L) (4-24)
(H=H,-Hr)
Hoic c6 thd tinh : ao = f(m').fl - ff,
Tri sd f(m') trabhng 4.4.

Bing 4.4: Xdc dinh tri sdf(m,)

(Khi tinh ndu a6<0 thi ldy ao=O )

- Luu lugrng thdm :

g _H,2- (H"+an)2
k- 2L,d (4-2s)
Luo=L+AL
o Gi6i h phuong tr\nh (4.24), (4.25) rim duoc q, h,
o Phuoxg rrinh dudrng bio hod : vi6t rheo (I) nhung dd y
:
Tung dO didm u6n B ctra duhng bdo hoh nam troig khoing
:

Yr)H,-#,n.tH,*3
Kd'Kd
V.Thdm qua dAp ddt c6l0i giira (hinh 4.3I)
,61
l- - Duong b6o hda thuc
6
Y -t -l
!. 'l nl
I
A',
1 '\ B h?
ludry Qeo lda !fJq!s_.!Iuns
j
a'l - ai kl
I

-l d i'; j--.- - -1.,

,AL, 1 'C,
i

-l -_ ::-i i
o kd t'
i

I E.- io 41 '6,
rl I
r-r '' cJ
l,-
I

l_
ll
j-
.i
X
162
.T I
! s''
Hinh 4.31 iv..1
I
I
----'-1

- Ldi gi.f'a c6 h0 sd tham k, vi chidu r0ng rrung binh 6 = (6,+6J/2

100
- Dd tinh to6n ta bin ddi 16i c6 chidu r6ng 6, h sd rhdm kr rhanh l6i tugng trung c6
ho so thdm bang k6 vi chidu rong lh 5'. Viec bicn ddi phii bAo dim tdn thdt c6t nudc
vd luu luong trudc vh sau khi bin ddi la nhu nhau : (hinh 4.31)
h"t _,- hn, - h.t
^ _,-hn'-
q = K'-E-- = Ko-
261
+ a,=f s
- Bei to6n bAy gid li tfnh to6n thdm qua ddp ddng ch6t tucrng rrung.
- \n 16i gifra itthdm
nOn didm cudi cira dudng bdo hod xem nhu bang MNHL (b6 qua
chidu cao ngdm hrit ao). Do d6 do ding rinh duo. c q ril cOng rhrlc :
S- -H'' - H"
kd - 2L*
Luo=L+AL+(6'-6)
- Ve dudng bdo hoh cho ddp tuong trung theo (I). Dua dudrng b6o hod tucrng rnmg vd
duong b6o hod thuc bang c6ch giff nguyn hai doan AB, CD, cbn doan BC gin nguyen
tung dd vd rrit ngin hohnh dO lai (ku/k,) ldn.
VI.Thf,m qua dAp tldt c6 tudng nghiOng
1. Phuong phdp phdn doan (hinh 4.32)

T- !
l
I

I-l sN
^o*j
JE 2:
.

Hinh 4.32

- Tuong nghiOng c6 h sd thdm k, vh chidu ddy trung binh ld 5 = (6,+5) 12 (St lh chidu
ddy tai chd ngang mdp nudc thuong luu).
- 86 qua tdn thdt thdm qua lop bio hO tubrng nghiOng vd xem dbng thAm di vu6ng g6c
v6i tubng nghiOng.
- Gqi chidu cao dubrng b6o hoh ngay sau tudng nghing lA hr, luu luong tham qua
tuong duo. c chia lbm hai phdn trOn duong b6o hod q, vh dudi duong bio hod qr.

+ Xr{c dinh q,
X6t b6 dbng phAn td dl
dq' = kt'Jr'dl
z = l.sin$ + 6.cos0 =+ I = 6.corg0
*6
+dl= #
dz
+ dq,=k,.V
5'sin0
H'-h,
+ (.2 dz k,
9r = Jlk,S *r0
=
2Sh [(H, - h,)' - zo']
zo

+ X6c dinh q,

101
 Vi chOnh cot nudc trudc vi sau tudng trOn doan ndy bang H,-h, kh6ng ddi nOn :
'
I
--
tr--br
6

oo,=0,\!#
H,
r. H,-h, dz
9z= f *,=-,ir
n.n,
(H, - h,)h,
^ _= o,-
q, r-
5rin6-
suyra9=9r+gz
q=
- H,2 - h,', - zn2
k'-*zaing* (4-26)
- NOu tudng nghiOng c6 h0 sO thdm b6 c6 thd coi didm cuOi cr)ng ctra dudrng b6o hod
tring v6i.MNHL ltic d6 d6 &ng viet phuong trinh luu luong cho doan thAn dap gifra
hai mit c5t qua B vd C :

q=
, hr'-Hr' (4-27)
"u2(L+ 2ril
- GiAi h phuong trinh (4.26), (4.27) x6c dinh dugc q vd h,. Vh viet duo. c phuong trinh
duong bdo hoh BC :

(I')
- Ndu hO sd thdm tudng nghing khOng dir b6, khOng thd b6 qua dO chnh ctra duhng
bdo hod vdi MNHL (khOng b6 qua d0 cao ngdm hrit ao), tuj'theo loai VTN viOt thom
mOt phuong trinh cho phdn ha luu, sau d6 giAi hC ba phuong trinh sE tim du-o. c q, h,, vi
aO.

2. Phuong ph6p biSn rldi (hinh 4.33)

Y
...L A'NJ
-,4 r-(
r !- l-- -/ I
.tt 't2)
TI -I
l O ,,rl / Ni
' i- A\.
=i
! $l^ t-F1
..'
- vh,
l
:_i
l
L. .zi:_i.r o -i-,..i:,,
.,Sx
L"4
Hinh 4.33
- X6t ddng phdn td dl trong tubrng nghiOng thuc c6 chidu dby 6 vd c6 hu6ng thing g6c
vdi hai mdt tudng du-o. c bidn ddi thanh b6 ddng nam ngang dl6 vdi chidu dli bien ddi 60
trong dAp tuong trung. Luu lugrng thAm trong hai b6 ddng ndy bang nhau nOn ta c6 :
dq=k.lat=tFat
' 'o "oo

360=rf *
dl,
Me : ff =sing

3 6o = 6f; sine
- Sau d6 tiOn hinh tinh thdm ddi vdi ddp tuong tnnrg nhu ddi vdi ddp ddng chdt c6 h0
sd thdm ku.

t02
s6. THAM QUA DAP oAr rnpx NiN ruAm NU6C co HAN
Dap ddt xay dVng trn ndn tham nu6c c6 kn+ku 1A phd bidn. Do tfnh chdt phrlc tap
ctra ddng thdm qua mOi trudrng nhidu L6p, cdc kdiqui nghien c(ru cdn nhidu irun
Sau dAy trinh bdy c6c phuong ph6p tfnh gdn dring phuc vu cho c6ngtdc thiet kc. "rr3.

I.Dap ddng chdt trn nin thdm nudc (hinh 4.34\

r4?
idKn
LOS .!!
..1n. -1

rl- F-
\. lr , --' ' i
'f+-- __-=- @ -'::-'
,--)-;--...- .- .r.=-.t',-... , -- -----.- .,...
/-

Hinh 4.34
- Theo dd nghi cria PavolOpxki : xem luu luong thdm gdm hai phdn : ea vd gn.
- Khi tinh luu luong qua th6n d6p xem nhu ndn khong thdm ta xdc dinh duo. c luu
luqrng thdm ga vh vi tri duong bdo hda (vdn dung c6c cdng thrlc 55) rnrg vdi c6c hinh
thtlc VTN vi mrlc dQ ng4p nu6c & ha luu kh6c nhau.
- Khi tfnh luu lugrng qua ndn, xem d0p ld kh6ng thdm. Luu luong qua ndn duoc tinh
theo c6ng thrlc ddng chhy c6 6p:
-H'-
K^_iIJ l
^ -t-H'
q.=
Trong d6 : kn I h0 sd thdm cira ndn
T : chidu sAu tdng ndn th6m nudc
L : chidu dbi d6y dAp, khi c6 vdt tho6t nudc L tinh tt chan dap thuong
luu dOn ddu VTN.
n : h0 sd hiu chinh chidu ddi duong ddng thdm (do duong dong udn
cong). Tri sd n phU thuOc Lff c6 thd tra rheo b6ng 4.4.

Bhng 4,4
LN 20 5 4 3 2 I
n 1.15 1.18 r.28 1.30 r.40 r.87

- Theo NumrOp, chidu ddi trung binh ctra dudng ddng & phdn vho vi ra ld 0,44T, do
d6 c6 thd tinh :

c":npffir
- Luu lugtng thnm tohn bQ e = ea * en.
II.DAp tldng chdt c6 chAn rlng (hinh 4.35)
Ld loai dQp duo. c xAy dung khrd phd bi0n khi ndn ddp thdm nu6c c6 chidu sdu T
kh6ng lon.

103
 v
0,4H1"'fi 6(H1YH1'-
_'--- 1)
f i:ab
? lA' Ir,I
:i i.
i .-6'rl
'l'

FI
l i'i
| -- 1 I

-l {"' B
I
a" lKdr r P )-
l -'
l- 16l
rl
+
f r rKn,r.lt!
- 1 n lr I

l
-- - 'l'
O rjC
-:
E2
i
L'
T'

DOi v6i trulng hqp ndy phuong ph6p tfnh cua Nguydn XuAn Trubng duoc xem th
hqp ly hon c6:
- Xem l6i dat c6 chidu rOng trung binh 6=(6r +6)121d mOt l6i gifra c6 h0 sd thdm ku
- Bidn ddi chidu sAu tdng ndn T thdnh Tou sao cho ndn c6 cr)ng hO sd thdm vdi dAp.

Tua =t. T
- Nhu vay 16i gifra H,+T bi k6o ddi rhbnh H, + Too do d6 h0 sd thdm ctra l5i s6 thay
ddi til ku thbnh k,
k'.(H,+Tou) = ka(Hr+T)

I H,
(' = Ka.g, H,' +T .
* 1*- = K6.1f
- Ta lai bi0n ddi 16i v6i chidu r6ng 6 vd h sd thAm k, thdnh 6' c6 ctrng h sd thAm ctra
dap dd dua 16i vd ddng chdt vdi dop :
k,^ H,"^
o'=K.o=Er.d
- Vidt phuorrg trinh tinh luu lucrng qua dAp ddng chdt tuong tn-mg :
-L- Hi'2-Hr"z
\d
v-H,"
2[L + o.4Hr" + 01ff - ty1
Vdi H2" - Hz+ Tuo (86 qua chidu cao hrit ao)
- Duong bdo hod trong dAp tuong trung :

v= {H,"'- fl.*
Saukhi vd dudrng b6o hba tuong trung tU A' ddn C, x6c dinh duo. c didm uOn B ctra
duirng bio hob thuc. Toa do didm B duo. c x6c dinh tt dd thi dd xdy dUng sin (hinh
4.36\:
B'/L'r
T
0.91 i l- :a:: ::.

0.81 i r: . ':
0'7i l
0.6 i

osi Hinh 4.i6

l
o'4l_
i
o.sf i
o.zIi
o.rfi
O.O LL
1 H1'7H1'

Vd dudng b6o hoi thuc v6i BC gifr nguyOn, doan A'B chuydn theo nguy}n thc
ddng dang dOn vi tri AB (tiOp xric v6i dudng b6o hba tuong trung A'BC tai B)
III.Dap c6 tudmg nghing sAn frudc (hinh 4.37)
Khi chidu dby tdng thdm T qud ldn ngudi ta ding tuong nghing kdt hgp sdn trudc.

104
 Y
_ -_ =-l a, ,lr--' Kncl
.t ],,
,Kdr
I A AI
ar$'i_ --- .;
l; e .'r= 1:.
t=!:
I

,t
ri T
Ls
-*_- -'
mlhl f
L -Kn I x
I

Hinh 4.37
- Ndu xem tuirng nghing vd sAn tru6c ld hodn tohn kh0ng thdm ta c6 thd viet phuong
trinh luu luong cho hai phdn bOn tr6i vi bOn phii truc oy nhu sau :
+ Phdn bOn tr6i truc oy dbng thdm xem nhu c6 6p
H, -h,
^-,-
9=knI*+n\h, +04TT (4.28)

+ Phdn bOn phii truc oy I g=ga*Qn, ndu b6 qua chidu cao hrit arta c6 thd vidt:

- ,-h,'-H" , ,- h,-H,
q=kuT- +lqL;'ZTT (4.29)

+ Gi6i h0 hai phuong trinh (4.28) vd @.29) tim duoc q vd h,

+ Phuong trinh dudtng bdo hob thuc duoc viOt :

y=\ln,'-s (ru)

- Ndu kd Cen tfnh thdm nu6c c6 thd tfnh to6n theo cOng thrlc ctra QP VN nhu sau :

9=9'*(L* (4.30)

q, = knTH,'!r"Ug- t 1l
r-",\m,.L,
_ r_ Hrz - hr2 - zn2
%* = **-26*"ino
h,'-Hr'
q= ,ku--ZL- + lq'- + gr'T I
h, - H,
(4.3r)

Vdi H,'= Ht -4.h, , (Ht.mr)/(L,+L) cf, = 1+

Gi&i hC hai phuong trinh (4.30) vb (4.31) q vh h' , phuong trinh dubrng bdo hob vidt
theo (II!.
IV DAp c6 tudng nghing chin rang (hinh 4.38)
Khi chidu ddy T khOng 16n c6 thd xAy dung tudng nghiOng kdt hqp chdn rdng dd
chdng thAm cho nn.

b^
l' l-
Kncl
-Kd
id .1

t- ^ ?F
I rf-
,V-ni
vi
.'f- _-t
l'
\ i i.-
.6r
-lIlrr l
rxni i] x

Hinh 4.38

105
 - Xem chdn rdng vd tudng nghiOng c6 chidu ddy khong Odi Uang chidu ddy rrung
binh
6nr,_vh 6.. Hai bQ phQn nav lal cing mOr loai vat ri6u c6
ho sd thdm k,.
- Luu lug,ng toin bQ bang tdng luu luong qua tudrng q, vd qua ch6n r6ng q,. :
9=9t f I' (4.32)
Trong d6 :
_t- Hrz-hrz-znz
^ =
%, \r16"#ino
q, =
.
K,-b,
",_brT
- Ndu b6 qua chidu cao hrit ar, phuong trinh luu lugng cho doan bcn phAi truc oy du-o. c
.
vlet:
q=r.,2fffr *r."1t'ffia1r (4.33)

hQ hai phuong tr\nh (4.3\ vn (4.33) tim ducr. c q vd h,, phuong rrinh dudrng
:hohGiei bdo
thuc viOt theo (III).
IV.DAp c6 l6i giira chAn rang (hinh 4.39)
Khi chidu s6u T kh6ng ldrn, v0t chOng thdm cho dap th l6i gifa, c6 thd k6o ddi l6i
gifra xu6ng t4n tdng khOng thdm dd chdng thdm cho ndn.

o
(\t

. L,

flx
Hinh 4.39

- Xem l6i gitra chAn rrng c6 chidu ddy trung binh Q, phuong trinh luu luong viet cho
ba doan : tru6c l6i, l6i v) sau l6i nhu sau :
H,t-h,t H, -h,
e - ^d2(lr + 0.4H,) * ,.
^-,. \Lr + o.4T -t (4.34)
(h, + T)2 - (h, + T)2
q^ _,-= K,---16]- (4.3s)
(H, + a)2, h, - (H, + an)..
q= ,
h.2 -
u

- Trgnq trudrng hqp nhy do c6 l6i ch6ng thdm do d6 duong b6o hba sau l6i ha thdp nen
c6 thd b6 qua an, hic d6 giii h0 ba phuong trinh (4.34), (4.i5), (4.36) tim duoc q, h,, hr.
NOu khOng b6 qua as thi tDy theo v6t tho6t nudc vd mfc dO ngip nudc ha luu ta sE thidt
l0p thOm phuong trinh sd 4 cho phdn ha luu dd tfnh.
Luu y : Khi tinh thAm cdn tfnh Gradien thAm cuc bQ tai cfra ra cira dbng thdm, tham
khio c6c c6ng thrlc trong Quy ph4m hoic trong s6ch Thiet kd dap ddt cira Nguy6n
Xu0n Trudng.

106
s7. THAM euA DAp oAr rnrx xdNr rHAu Nuoc vO uaru
I.Trudng hqp h9 so thdm cira dap bang h sd thdm cfia nin k6 = k"(hinh 4.40)

'-lr -- =x
t-i
,ltrl
-l VUng hoat ddng

--f--
Hinh 4.40
Theo nghi0n criu.ctra Trugaev doi vdi trudng hqp dQp dAt xay dqng rren ndn thdm
n16c c6 chidu ddy tdng ndn th0m v0 han vd hO sO tnamitra than Ueng hg sd thdm cira
nQn thi do$g bdo hdaihi thay ddi trong mQt gi6i han nhdt dinh khi sau cira tdng
ndn thay ddi tt khon:g ddn vO cing. N6i cdcit tha", inh huong cria ndn"tidu
ddn vi trf duoni
bdo hba trong th0n ddp chi gi6i h4n.trong mQt d6 sdu nhdt dinh ggi le do sau gi6i hai
ctra ndn. Nou chidu sdu thuc ctra ndn l6n hcrn db sau gidi han Jo tni dudng bao hbu
klung thay ddi nfra. ving ndn trong chidu sau gidi rra. oo ggi ld " ving hoar d6ng,,cira
nen.
Truga:v dd nghf tfnh to6n chidu sAu "vilng hoat dOng" huy chidu sAu gidi han bang :
Tr,a = 0,5Ld
Ld : chidu rOng d6y thdn dap (theo mdt ndn) til thuong luu den vAt thodt nu6c.
+ NOu T ( Tnu thi ldy T,t = T dd tfnh thdm
+ Ndu T > Tnu thi lay T., = Tna dd tinh rham
(T : chidu sAu thuc t cria ndn)
Il.Trudmg hqp he so thdm cria nin kh6c h sd thdm cfra dap ku + kn) :
Bidn ddi ndn vd.ddng chat vdi dap, chidu sau bidn ddi cira tdng ndn khi c6 h0 sd
thAm bang hO sd thAm cira d6p bang :
v .F
.1. _,'n
,oo _ ,
ko
Sau d6 tfnh chidu sAu tinh ro6n tuong tu nhu trn.

s8. dN DrNH ctn DAp pAr

I. Dat vdn dd
Dap dat ld cOng trinh dAng nudc bang vOt liOu dia phuong khOi l6n, nOn kh6ng c6
khi nang mat dn dinh vd lat va ftuot theomdt ndn. Dudi t6c dung ctra c6c t6i trong, dAp
thuong mdt dn dinh theo hinh thrlc rruor m6i thuong hodc ha luu khi chon mdt c6t ddp
kh6ng hqp ly.
Tinh chdt co lf ctra vAt liOu li yOu td chir yOu Anh hucrng ddn dn dinh m6i ddc d6p,
tuy nhin d6 khong ph6i th nguyOn nhdn duy nhdt md n6 cdn phu thuoc vdo ngoai luc
t6c drlng nhu luc thuf tinh, 6p hpc thdm, 6p luc s6ng, vdt tr6i ndi, luc dQng ddt, dp luc
kE hdng trong qu6 trinh c0 kdt...

Vd hinh dang mdt truot hiOn nay c6 rat nhidu gi6 thidt, nhung trong tinh to6n thuc td
th0ng thuong dua vbo hai giA thiOt sau :
+ Mat truot c6 dang mdt tru trdn.

r01
 + Mat trucyt c6 dang mar gdy khfic.
II. Trudng hgp tinh todn
MAt cit dap thidt kd phAi dAm b6o dn dinh trong moi truhng hqp lhm viec : rhi cong,
s&a chfra, vAn hdnh. Trn co s& d6, c6c trudng hop tinh todn duoc qui dinh theo bnrig
4.7 ftang 36 ctra 14TCN 157-2005.
II. C6c cdng thrlc tinh dn dinh mdi ddc
1. Tinh dn dinh cira ddp ddt rdi
a.Tru0tng hgp mr{i khO hoac ngam toin bo trong nudc (hinh 4.42)
Ho sd dn dinh vd truot duo. c x6c dinh theo quan didm ctra cu l6ng :

K=W
rgo(
Hinh 4.41
Trong d6 : rp G6c ma s6t trong cira ddt D

c{, G6c nghiOng ctra m6i dOc

so v6i mat phing ngang
tr

b.Trubrng hgp m6i ddt ngAm mdt phdn trong nudc (hinh 4.4A)
- shi m{idtit ngdm mOt phdn trong nudc thi mdt truot sinh ra c6 dang gdy khfc ADC,
didm gdy khfc nam trOn dudrng muc nu6c.
- He sd dn dinh :

,. tgQ
- f
I\\-

.A+B_\(m
t=-T BC
z )- _ ffi+c) E^ (s"
l+m,2
^ ffiz-ffir rn2
,.t, $
A=+. ml : a2
G"
)U
o=do 'G1
^\
+ m,m, ^
A . I rvlt'''G2
I. Hinh 4.42
u=-1*r-fr
1

Vdi G1 : trong luong khOi ddt BCDE, tfmh bang dung trong tr,r nhiOn
G2 : trgng lucmg cria kh6i dat ADE, tfnh v6i dung rrong ddy ndi
Dd tim k*6 tu gi6 thidt nhidu muc nu6c, m6i muc nu6c gi6 thidt nhidu tri sd m2, m6i
m, gil thidt nhidu m1, v6i m5i truhng hqp tfnh duoc k tuong rlng vd cuoi ctng tim duo. c
krin'
c.Trudmg hgp c6 x6t ddn ddng ddt
Dd tinh dn dinh cria m6i ddp c6 x6t tli dQng ddt, c6 thd c6 ba phuong ph6p sau :

- Cho luc d6ng dAt huong nam ngang t6c dung lOn kh6i dAt truot.
- Gi6m nh6 g6c ma s6t trong cira dAt.
- Tang thOm g6c cfia mdi dAp.
Ci ba phuong phdp cho kdt qu6 kh6c nhau khOng nhidu, do d6 Ad don gi6n dd nghi
ding phuong ph6p giAm g6c ma s6t trong cia ddt, cu thd nhu sau :
- V6i dQng ddt cdp 7, 8 giAm 30.
- Vdi dQng ddt cdp 9 giAm 60.

108
 2.Tinh hO so dn dinh m6i dAp ddt dinh
x6,,llo*g
hgp^jd.ng qudt thudrng g+p trong thuc td: d6p c6 hinh dang bdt kj,, cau rao
:,
bang ddt ddng chat hay khong ddng chdt, xay dtrng tron ndn bdt ki,
taliigng bat
ky. "liu
- Cdc nghiOn cuu lf luAn vh thuc nghiQm cho thdy mat trucrr rhulng
c6 dang hinh tru
trbn, nOn tax6t mAt trugt theo dang hinh tru trdn.
- x?, trong ph?m vi bdi rodn phing: ta citra lm chidu dbi dap dd tinh todn.
--
.Qie srl m?t trugt,lS cung trdn tdm o b6n kinh R (hinh 4.4i;, dn dinh mdi dap duo.c
ddnh gi6 bang hc sd dn dinh k :

K=ffi (*)
M"l Mr, : ldn luot ld tdng mOmen chOng truot vd tdng momen gAy truot d6i vdi t6m
truot o.
:. Dd frh M", Yd M.n ta chia khoi dat huot thdnh c6c cdt dat thing dung c6 chidu r6ng
bang nhau vd bang 6. (thuong ldy b=R/m, vh khi chia nen cho dudng rhi;df"g
di qua trung didm cira m6t cOt ddt).
66

Hinh 4.43

- X6t c6c luc r5c dung lOn mOt c6t ddt thrl n bat ki, :

+ Trgng luong cira c6t ddt G"

Ddi luc Gn xudng d6y c6t dat vh phAn rhhnh hai thdnh phdn :

* Thhnh phdn tip tuyn Tn = Gn.sincrn tao nn m0 men g6y truot khi cOt ddt
nam bOn trSi O-O, vd tao nOn m6men chOng truot doi va-cic coi Odt bcn phii
o-o.
* Thdnh phdn ph6p tuyOn Nn = Gn.coscr,n tao nQn luc ma s6t Sn=Nn.tgg
n c6 t6c
dUng chOng truot
:
+ 6p luc ph6p vd tidp & hai bn cira cOt ddt mdt c6ch gdn dring c6 thd b6 qua vi
tdng c6c luc niy trong cA khdi trugt gdn triOt tiu l6n nh-au.
+ Lqc dfnh tai d6y cOt dat : Cn.ln c6 t6c dung ch6ng trugt
+ 5p luc th0m : tham gia vdo thdnh phdn gdy trudt, c6 thd tinh theo mAy cdch sau :

Cdch L: NCu xem 6p h1c thdm phdn b0 trong khoi ddt truot dudi duong bAo hod thi
tdng ctra 6p h1c rhdm 16n tdt ch c6c cOt d6t ld :
W, = yn.J,6.f)
J,6 : Gradien thdm trung binh c{ra midn thdm
f) : Di6n tich ving thdm

r09
 Didm d4t Wt,nl- e trong tAm cira Q vh c6 huong theo d6 ddc trung binh cira
ddng thdm, dd tin cho vic tinh to6n ra chia w, le; hai phAn le wr u[ wrqhinh
4.43):
Wr = yn.Jr.f)r
Wz = T,.Jz.{lz
QJ, o, : diQn tfch phdn cung trudt ndm trong ph?m vi c6 luc thdm
ldn luot kd tr) ddu thidt bi tho6r nudc vd tru6J ra sau (trudrng hqp
khOng c6 rhiOr bi tho6t nu6c c6 thd xem ez=0). "O
J r, Jr: x6c dinh bang cdch v6 ludi thAm.
J1 c6 thd lay gdn dring bang do ddc dulng BC
J2: xdc dinh tr0n co s& v6 tudi thdm rDng f)2, dd ti6n cho viOc
ctra w' c6 thd xem nhu thing dune'
rhd tat c6 vio cong thr*il):i:Xt.::Tg
XN,tg<p,+ Xc,l"
ft=
XT"+y"e,J,fr+y"erJ*&
Trudng hqp ddi vdi dap ha luu c6 nudc (hinh 4.44),luc thdm tinh bang :
W - y".J.O
Q : diOn tich ving thdm gi6i han du6i duong b6o hba vh rrn muc nu6c
ha luu
J : gradien thdm trung binh cria ving tham f), rri s6 J c6 rhd ldy beng
dd ddc ducrng AC, didm dar w & trong ram f) vd c6 phuong song
song v6i AC.
Trudng hgp ndy tac6hQ sO dn dinh :

,_ IN"tg<p, + >cf
K=..-
IT- + v-oJ rR.I
Luu i : cich ding nly
phfc tap nOn ft dDng
trong thuc t6. x

Hinh 4.44 o

Cich=2: theo GhecX0VaNOp gi6 thidt kh6i truot lh mot vAr rhd r6n, vh nhu v6y c6 thd
chuydn 6p lqc thAm thhnh 6p
lU. thuy tinh tr4c dung len d6y c6t ddt vh hu6ng vdo r6m
O, 6p luc thdm t6c dung lOn m6i c6t ddt duo. c tinh ld :

w"=y,.h.* coscx,n
h : ld chidu cao phdn c6t ddt nam du6i dudng bdo ho) ta d6y cung rrugr.
Th vdo (*), ta c6 cOng thrlc tinh h0 sd dn dinh nhu sau :
X(N" - W").tg<p" + Xc,.l"
,_=-*
k
rr"
Cdng thrlc x6c dinh h0 sd dn dinh theoGhecx0van0p n6i chung ld chua chinh x6c.
Cdch 3 : Bi6n 6p lqc thdm thbnh 6p h,rc rrong luong
COng thrlc tinh h0 s6 dn dinh :

r_ IG,'.cosc,.tg<p, + Xc,.l,
lq = -
rcJlrt"q
xTrudrng hqp ha luu kh6ng
c6 nudc :

110
 T(nh G,'vdi :

y = y,n : v6i phdn dat nam trOn dubng bdo hoi

y = yan : v6i phdn dat nam dudi duirng b6o hod
Tinh G," v6i :

y = y,n : vdi phdn dat nam ffOn duhng bdo hoi

y = yur, : v6i phAn dat nem du6i dubng bdo hoh
xTrudng hqp h+ luu c6
nudc :

Tfnh G," v6i :

y = y,n : v6i phdn ddt nam trOn dudng bdo hoi

Y = Yun : vdi phdn dat nam trn duoi duong bdo hoi vi trn muc nudc ha luu
y = yan : vdi phdn dat nam du6i muc nudc ha luu

3,fim cung truot nguy hiCm nhdt

- Khi tfnh to6n ta phii gi6 thiet nhidu cung truor vdi tdm O vd b6n kinh R kh6c nhau.
M6i cung rruor rinh dugc mQr gi6 tri k tJong rlng. cung rnror nguy hid; ;ht ffi;
rlng v6i h0 s0 dn dinh k nh6 nhdt (k.,,)
- Day li m6t qu6 trinh md m6m. Dd tict ki0m thli gian ra c6 dua vio cdch xdc dinh
virng tdm trugt nguy hidm theo kinh nghiOm nhu sau:
+ Phuong phr{p X0kdnxki
-. nguy hidm thuong ndm trong ving gidi han b&i duong thing drrng vi
]amguOt $4
duong thang g6c v6i m6i ddc (hinh 4.45), vh hai dudng cing di quu tt-g didm IU-cria
m6i ddc.
- B6n kfnh cung tructt R phu thuOc vdo hQ sd mdi dOc cira dap vh tf sd chidu sAu m6t
truot trOn ndn tAI (v6i ndn dat ycu thi cung trugt an s6u xu6ng ndn rdi da lh t<1.5h), ldy
theobhng 4.4.
Birns.4.4 : :ri s6 t{ sd
D0 sAu mdt truot H0 sd m6i ddc
tlH I 2 3 4 5 6
0.25 1.5 + 2.0 2.6 + 2.2 2.3+ 3.0 3.0 + 4.5 4,0 + 5.5 5.0 + 6.5
0.50 2.5 + 2.3 I.8+ 2.6 2.4+ 3.3 3.0 + 4.5 4.0 + 5.5 5.0 + 6.5
1.00
2.0 +25 2.2+3.0 2.3+3.5 3.0 + 4.5 4.0 + 5.5 5.0 + 6.5
1.50
2.7 +3.5 3.0+ 3.7 3.0 +4.2 3.0 + 4.5 4.0 + 5.5 5.0 +6.5

Vung goi hqn tAm trugt

s
I t
O.
l-[-
t\
.
1--

t\ \ I.
i

I ',(0 f
-i
i'.. Dq
. ,4
t'..
t'
-''* lI
*ri
Hinh 4.45

+ Phuong phdp Phand6p

lll
 - Tdm cung truot ng-uy hidm cira m6i doc thuong nary trong gi6i han cfia
m6t hinh
hai dudng thing di qua trung didm u cira m6i d6c : mot dudng
tJ-iJi1*j-19l lt..be
thang dung vd mOr duong lhm m6i dOc m6t g6c g50.
- B6n kinh R, vd R2 duoc x6c dinh theo b6ng 4.5 sau :

Bing 4.5
sd m6i ddc m
0.7s
-i.iio--- _0_.7I
1.75

Vyng gdih4n tdm trugr

F
TT
I I
ri0 :' s
Nrl
g
\irt
rldlt
l

t. .@
| ,) O:
"y' 1.'b

Hinh 4.46

+ Phuong phrip Filennit

- Tim didm N ndm sAu du6i d6y d0p m6t dO sAu H (H : chidu cao d6p) vd c6ch didm
A (chan ctra m6i ddc) mQt doan nam ngang bang 4,5H vd phia than dap.
- Xdc dinh didm M, la giao didm cira hai dudng th&ng xuat ph6t til A vd B trong d6
AM ldm vdi mdi ddc mOt g6c 01, BM lim vdi phuong ngang mOt g6c 02 . Tri s6 01, 02
du-o. c x6c dinh theo bhng 4.46 sau :

Bhng 4.46
HQ sd m6i ddc m I 2 3 4 5 6
er 28 25 25 25 25 25
02 34 35 35 36 37
- NOi M vd N vd k6o dbi vd phia tr
- Gia thict mOt so tam trucrt 01, 02, 03, o4,...ndm tren ML vi v6 nhfrng dudng cung
truot di qua didm A, ta x6c dinh duoc cdc h0 sd dn dinh tudng rlng kl ,k2:k3,k4;...Dq;
vdo nhtng h sO ndy ta x6c dinh duoc k,"1n ung vdi mm ruot nguy hidm tren duong ML
la on,,in.
-_ vg duong PQ thing g6c v6i MN qua o,,,,,n. Tuong tu ta cfrng x6c dinh duoc c6c o,r,
o'2, o'3, o'4,...vh k'1, k'2, k'3, k'4,...vh x6c dinh duoc k',n'n vd ia* ttuot nguy hidm trn
duong PQ le O'*in.
- NOu hQ sd vb k',1n sai sd khdng qud 5Vo thi lay min(k'.1n, k,1") lhm h sd dn dinh
kn,1n
nh6 nhdt ctra cung truot di qua didm A ky hiOu li ko.,". Truong hqp sai sd qu6 5vo th\
vC RS vuOng g6c vdi PQ vh di qua didm O',,1n vh cfrng ldm tuong tu nhu tr6n. Crl nhu
vdy cudi cing ta tim duo. c ko,n,n.
Th6ng thuong trong tfnh to6n thuc td kh6ng nhat thict thuc hin tinh to6n nhidu ldn
nhu vAy b&i vi k'"',n sai 10ch so v6i k",,;n rdt it.

t12
 -. Sug d6, ldn luCI gia thiOt cung truot di qua cdc didm A',
A,', A"' ndm tren doan ndn
vd v6'i_phuong ph6p nhu rrn c6 rhd xdc dinh duoc hQ sd e" ai"t, i"*g
ko,,,n,n, ko'"n',n...vd tim duoc k,nin,n-,in.
*;=il;
!* y : Dd gi6m nhe khoi luong tinh to6n c6 thd phoi hqp phuong ph6p ndy vu c6c
phuong ph6p tr6n tr0n dd tim ra cung truot nguy hidm nhat.

j's[ L
.. O.
2 lr
..n c^
-J 4.
''\'\
\(\... OL 4'2t^
''
\c'-- x:
r\/|-
.,', o\ 7
r 3 o6rs
g,
,'' ,-min
AY Q \nin
- (
'/' * ,A.,,
; .. ,'I'n
i- 1.
\nin
nrrr
-_-7- - _ -Jir ii
Ilr A A A.A,',
T
Nl -l I

4,5H Hinh 4.47

it.^ i
-l

III.Didu kin dn dinh cira m6i ddc

Dd m6i dOc ctra^dap dn dinh thi h0 sd dn dinh nh6 nhdt k tuong rlng v6i cung rruor
nguy hidm nhat phii rh6a m6n didu kicn :
k>[k]
lkl : hQ s6 dn dinh cho ph6p ldy rheo b6ng 4.7 :

BAng 4.7 z tri sd he sd dn dinh cho ph6p tkl

Trudrng hqp Cdp c0ng trinh
tinh toi4n I II ru IV V
y.{u 1.40 1.30 1.20 1.15 1.10
-9-b-t
-Dac bi0t 1.20 1.15 1.10 1.05 1.00
Ghi chf :
' Cdc tri sd cira h sd an tohn vd dn dinh nhAn duo. c theo tinh to6n vdi td hgp tAi trong
co bin, khOng duoc vucrt qud 15Vo c6c tri s6 & bAng tren, cdn ddi vdi ciap .uo uX
siOu cao thi khOng vuot qu6 20Vo.

- Tong tfnh to6n dn dinh c6c bO phAn ctra dAp, nen x6t luc dQng dat vh 6p luc k6
r6ng nhu do cd kdt cira ddt s6t. Trong truong'hqp nhy tri'set tt<lidy nnu ddi v6i td
hqp tii trong dac bit.
- Tti sd hQ sd dn.dinh cho ph6p cira tudrng nghing, lop bAo v vb lop gia cd m6i cdn
phii ldy nhu ddi vdi m6i ddp.
IV Kiim tra dn dinh th{m tai chd ddng thdm ra m6i ha luu
Kidm tra dn dinh m6i d6c ha luu do t6c dung ctra dbng rhdm di ra duo. c riOn hbnh
cho didm A noi duong bdo hda gap m6i doc (hint 4.45).
Ndu x6t can bing 1 don vi thd tfch dar rai A, didu kin dd dar duo. c dn dinh, khong bi
sat, thi g6c ma s6t trong phii c6 gi6 tri bang :

113
 tsq > t= .tgO ev 2.tgu
Tt
hay tga r 0,5tg<p
g : ld g6c ma sdt trong cria ddt
: ld g6c nghiOng ctra mdi ha luu.
cr,
Trong trudrng hqrp ddt xay trOn ndn
thdm nudc thi theo ShestacOp phAi
gi6m tgO khoing ISVo. Hinh 4.48
Ndu vay m5i sd phAi rdt thoii vi g cira ddt d5p rhulng rdt nh6 (10 30"). Do d6 dd
khong bi x6i ld tai chd ddng tham di ra mdi rra tuu nhat non bd trf -vat thodt nudc bd
mat.
v. Tfnh dn dinh cria tudng nghidng vi lop b6o v6 tudng nghidng
nghiong lbm bang dat dinh c6 h sd
ma s6t b6, g6c nghing l6n non cdn kidm
"l.Tq
tra 6n dinh truot cira lop bAo h0 tr0n mpt tudng nghicng vd dn diih truot ctra tudng
nghiOng ctng v6i lop uao no ffn mdr tiOp xric v6i dap (hinh 4.4g).

Hinh 4.49

- Tinh dn dinh cfra ldp b6o ho tudng nghi6ng:

+ KhOi truot CC'BD chiu t6c dung crta c6c luc sau:
* Thhnh phdn tidp tuydn cria G1 : T,=e,.5lng,
* Luc ma s6t trn mAt CD Sr = Nr.tgqr = G,.cos$,. tg<p,
rpr ld g6c ma s6t rrOn m6t ti0p xtic tuong nghiOng vdi lop bao h6
* 6p lqc bi dQng ctra khdi ddt ACC' ld E, hgp v6i mdr nam ngang I g6c b
Theo erangbery : B= j frr, - r1
6 didu kiOn cAn bang gi6i ian, ta c6 :

E.cos6 + G,.cosO,.tggr. cosO, - G,.sinO,. cosO, = Q

Hay Eel,=O,.W
-
Tti sd Egr. theo cOng thrlc tr6n th tri sd tfnh v6i didu kion can bdng gidi han. Mudn
bAo dAm dn t
ainn thi phAn luc thuc td cira khoi ddt ACC' ld b, phii E; fi. ld phii c6:
k-$=ior
Lsh
lkl : hc sO dn binh cho ph6p, lAy theo bhng 4.7.
Tri sd Et c6 thd tfnh theo c6ng thtrc 6p luc ddt bi dong. Hodc tfnh theo Urexki nhu
sau :

Thdnh phdn nam ngang cira E ld E,' duoc tinh:

E:=ry#h#",;F
It4
 Vdi : yr : dung trong cira ddt lop b6o hO
h : chidu cao CC'
qr : g6c noi ma s6t cia ddt bio v
B : g6c tuong rlng v6i !.i s6 E, ld nh6 nhdt, duo. c tinh theo :

(1 +tg2<p,)(l -g)
tgF =
1- (1 +,r'r,1ffi
C6 E'r sE tfnh duo. c E, = E',/cos6 vd tinh dugc hQ sd an toin theo c6ng thrlc tr6n.
- Tfnh dn dinh cfia tudng nghing cing vrfi k6p bio ho:
Kidm tra dn dinh tudng nghing cing lop b6o v0 duo. c tfnh ruong ru nhu
l6p b6o v,
trgng lo"o-t g G, gdm cA tudng nghiOng v) ldp b6o v0,
11"L9 { prrAn lgc E le cfra
khdi AF'F, cu thd ld : "oi
D
.tr, _
= (:r.-sinO.. cosO" - cos20,.
/^, tgtp
cosO

se. LUN cta pAp oAr

Tfnh hin thAn vd ndn ddp dd x6c dinh dd x6c dinh dO cao du trtr ctra dAp, yu cdu vd
tang khdi luqtng xdy dung vb tri sd hin khong ddu ctra c6c bo phan kh6c
nfiau'cria dap.
Tinh-hin vd su bicn ddi hin theo thdi gian nOn thuc hin d6i v6i dap c6 chidu cao
__
20m_tr& lOn, khi thdn dAp hoac ndn
-Oap tt
c6 dtii dinh md h0 s6 c6 kdt nh6 hon
l.r}7cmzlnam. D6i v6i dap.thdp hon 20mcho ph6p ridn hdnh theo c6c cong rhrlc gdn
dring, c6 thd ldy gdn dring bang-1Vo chiducao dap. '
D0 hin cira dAp dAt c6 hai dang :

- Lrin ctra thxn ddp nn tiOn hhnh b cdc m1t cit dac trung (mat cdt ldng sOng mdt c6t
,
bai bdi). Tren m6i'm ig g6t
lsang ouo"g;il;H"g?rg" mrr. ;i;-"" ciic b0 phan
"r,en rudng nghicng, lang
c6 vatt hOu kh6c nhau dd tinh (l6i gifla, tru r).
- Lrin cua ndn ddp sau khi xdy dung dAp, xem than daf lh i6i
- trong gay lfn. phuong
ph6p tinh. c6 thd tinh theo bdi todn Khong gian, Bdi'ro6n phin,e\;y'Bdi to6n
mo-t
chidu (cQng lfn tfrrg top).

115
 CHUONG 5. DAP oA od
sr.rnAr Nrnvr cHUNG
- Dap dd dd chri.ydu
ll $,
dong oa od. Chric nang chiu rip lgc ddy ctra nudc lh do
trong luong cira khdi d6 d6m nhdn. Song bin than k-noi aa a'e
trro"g tr,e .tJ"g ine-
duoc vd phai bd sung cho n6 moi bo phln chdng rhr;
, day le bo pian m,o nhat cira
c6ng trinh.
-. ddp ndy thuong c6 y ngffiakinh td & nhfrng ving kh6 khan
!:+l
-
d6 thi duo.
vd v6n chuydn, cbn
c khai rh6c tai ch6.
- Dap chiu hin tdt vd ting sudt ndn vrla-ph6i, chiu dQng dat khd tdt (chiu
duo.c d6ng ddt
tdi cap 9), chiu tdc dong cria khi hdu kh6 khic nghiei
\- ----o gi6) v6i didu ki6n ta d6
' 6ang
ding dd xdy dung dap c6 chdt luong t6t.
- Dap dd dd cflng nhu dap ddt chiu ngdp rrhn k6m.

{* a$fiflF- n'

Hinh 5.1 : Ddp dd dd J Thfiy din IALy- tinh Gia Lai

s2.cAu rAo DAp oA od

I.Bd tri mat bang
TrOn mdt bang tuydn ddp c6 thd ld ducrng thing hoac dubrng cong, trudng hgp dac
biet c6 dang gdy khric.
II.Kich thudc mat cdt ngang d4p
- M4t cit ngang dAp c6 dang hinh rhang, m6i d6c ld duong thing.

116
 - Bd rQng dinh aap dinh theo yOu cdu giao th6ng, didu kien rhi c6ng, vdn
chidu cao d6p, nhung"?9 hdnh vh
khOng nh6 hcrn 3m.
- D0 doc m6i d4p phu thuQc vdo tinh chdt d6, chidu
cao ddp, cdu tao than dap
dOng ddt tai vi tri xAy drrng.
vi cdp

+ Doi va c6 tudng nghing, d6 d6c m6i ha luu mn, _

faftudrng
m5i trong ctra = 1,25 1,5; d0 d6c
nghi0ng mtnf L-1,35, mdi ngohi
= -il; = ij.
+ Khi dAp d.u d1lg. l6i chdng thdm mdm rhi do ddc rrung
binh mdi ha luu lh
mn=1,75-2 vd mdi thuong luu ld mnFr,75-2,5
hodc tho6l hi.
+ Khi c6 ddng ddt ycu cdu d0 doc m6i dap tang lan $-20vo so vdi
c vDng kh6ng
c6 dOng ddt hoac tinh theo c6ng thrfc:
rrtdd = m(1+ k")
lq : h9 s6 dong ddt; m, m66: ldn luor li h s6 m6i khi kh6ng v) c6 d6ng ddt
- Tren m6i ddc ha luu c6 thd bo tri.,9 rOng 1-2m phuc vu cho rhi cong, di lai kidm
tra, giao th6ng vh dd tang d0 thoii m6i 9Ap ddi. '
III.Thidt bichdng thdm cho dAp d6 dd
vdt liu chong thdm phAi dAm b6o khOng thdm hodc rdt it thdm
nu6c, ddng rhli
thich nghi vdi bidn hinh cu6 dAp.
- vat hcu ldm thict bi chOng thdm c6 thd chia lhm 2roai:
+ Loai crlng : b0 tOng, b0t6ng c6t th6p, tdm th6pl,1
+ Loai mdm: ddt, bitumu
- Dqa vdo vi trf thidt.bi chong tham trong than dap nguli ta chia
ldm 2 loai tuhng
nghiOng vd tudrng l6i.
L.Tuong nghing

.' : )-.:- -.i'.

Bio vQ m6i
Tdnsd6m '''r : :i- -'
: r a
!_a \
': ';J "'
t.
;r:i..
' D6 dd -7??i
t- ' ' ,.)'

Il. i-'..' - ri:-

l
Ii ChAndanh
l-.
Mbng chOng thdm

Hinh 5.2
- Tuong nghiOng c6 thd ldm bang dat, bitum, b0tong, b0t6ng cot th6p,
96, tam th6pl;
- Chidu ddy ddy tudrng nghiOng khoing (I/10-I/17)H, tu!,thuOc vdo gradient
- cho ph6p
cira vAt liu.
2.Tudmg l6i
Tuong 16i c6 thd dDng hinh tuong crnrg ( betong c6t th6p, th6p, g6it), hodc hinh thrlc
tuong mdm (dat vat.ficu h6n hqprl). HiQn nay itdnng to*g toi cnirg, .8n to*g
l6i dat
duo. c ding tuong ddi nhidu.

rr7
 .,,,"14c rfuqc
^:{I6iErattaset
,'',7/ Ldpjaffia;Fuffnii$
lo--o'>n-.
'-."'r2;i

Htnh 5.3: Chdng thtim l6i girta

s3.TiNH ToAN DAp oA od

I.Tinh thdln qua dep dd dd
l.TYnh thEm qua t-6ng nghiung

-21--\
ql L'-7
I ..4',,,t'
," ls' \
'-----*
4---=-.__Y
Pavol6pxki dd nghi dr)ng cOng rhrlc:
g_hr2-a2cosc,-hz2
k 2asino

dd don gian ding c6ng thfc:

g -t'z'
k - 2asina
-hr'
a : bd dhy trung binh cria rudrng nghing.

a : g6c nghing gita dudng trung binh cria tudng nghing v6i phuong ngang.
2.Thdm qua d4p d6 cd t6i giira

__r_ II L-t---J"
'\
I li,f\
\
--"
hr
t
l-
i',,Y'-
1r
, . ', -. Iii.';
i\n'r
r\
i \s ..\\ h2
.l I '-*r.-_\- ,0[
f- i
- I L- -l-*, ,
-
- 86 qua tdn thdt cot nudc trong phdn d6 dd tru6c vh sau l6i. Do d6 ta chi xdt ddng
thdm qua l6i.
- Dga vio ludi rh6m trong l6i dd tfnh. dQ ha rhdp duong bdo hoh qua l6i trong trudng
hgP H,&<0,5 c6 thd tinh theo cong rhrfc:

fro:0,65.r*ftq
- Gradien cfia ddng tham khi ra m6p ha luu:
l: sino,

Jp: sino.tgB

118
 , sm0,
"
l=-
cosB

p : g6c duong ddng tao v6i mat ha luu cfra 16i tai didm dang x6t.

- Luu luong thAm c6 thd tfnh theo c6ng thrlc:

Q: k.O O: din tich bidu dO J.
II. Bidn hinh dAp dd dd
- Dudi t6c dung cira 5p luc nu6c v) trong luong bAn thAn, ndn ddp vd than ddp c6 thd
bi lfn.
- Bidn hinh cira thAn dAp gdm 3 thdnh phdn: hin thing d,fng, di dong nam ngang vd
phil ha luu, di dQng tt 2 bd vbo gifla. Theo kinh nghim dO hin ddp dd dd bing0,6-57o
chidu cao dap, di dong nam ngang vd ha luu bang(O,5-1) ldn do hin rhing drlng.
- Tung vi6n d6 c6 hai nguyn nhdn gAy lfn. Trudc hOt, nhfrng didm tidp xric gitta cdc
hbn d6 dC bi mdn di vd m6 canh( do t6c dUng cira nudc thdm) vi dudi t6c dung ctra
trgng lugng b6n thOn c6c vion d6 c6 xu hu6ng 6p s6t vdo nhau. Ddng thdi c5c vien d6
tr1 s6p x6p lai v6i nhau. Sq s6p xOp ndy duoc dO dhng thOm do rung dq.rg, do thay ddi
tAi trgng, do thay ddi muc nudc hd chrla vb do nhfrng bidn dOng vd ntriot oo.
- Lrin cira ndn khOng phAi l) d6 tu6n theo lf thuydt co hoc ddt.
- D4p ddt c6 dd hin l6n, b&i vay khi rhi cOng phii c6 bicn ph6p cdn thidt dd giim dE
lfn nhu:
+ Trong qu6 trinh thi cOng dtng luc nu6c xung kich dd c6c viOn d6 s5p xep dn dinh
hon, sdrn dat duoc vi tri cudi cr)ng vh gi6m duo. c dQ hin th6n dap rrong thdi k!' srl
dung.
+ Dd d6 tt trOn cao xu6ng, hoac dd d6 thdnh tung lop kh6ng dhy ding ddm chdn
ddng hoacding 6 t0ldn chat.
+ Ngodi c6c biOn ph6p thi c6ng n6i trOn viOc dim b6o chdt luong, kfch thudc hinh
dang vd cap phOi cria dd cfrng ld nhfrng ydu td quan rrong dd giim hin..

119
 cHuoNG 6. cdNc vA cONc rnixn r,Av Nu6c
SI.KHAI ruMIvI CHUNG VA PTTAN LOAI CdNC
1. Khdi nim
cong lh loai trinh thtry cong dirng dd didu tict luu luong vb muc
16ng
cdu ding nudc. cong nu6c theo yu
du-o. c xay dung trong cdc h0
th6ng tu6i, tieu, ph6n 1fr, ngin mdn

2. PhAn loai cong

Ta c6 thd phdn loai cdng theo hai c6ch sau.
a. PhAn loai theo cong dqng
1' cong ldy nu6c : duoc xay dung & ddu kOnh
dAn hodc hd chrla dd ldy nu6c theo y6u
cdu dDng nudc.
2' c6ng phdn nu6c: duoc xdy dung & ddu konh
nh6nh dd phan ph6i nu6c rrong h0
th6ng thriy n6ng
3' cong didu tit : duoc xay drrng dd khong chd muc nu6c
thuong theo yu cdu dilng
nu6c thuong luu.
4. cong th6o nu6c: dd th6o can hd chrla hoac th6o
nudc ttr ddng ra s6ng
5' Cong phan lfr : d{9!
}ay dqttg dd.phan mot phdn luu luong lfr vdo khu vuc rrfrng ndo
d6 nham h4 thdp dinh lfr, bao vc c6c cOng trintr quun
rrong
6. cdng ngdn m6n : c xay drrng & gdn cfta sOng dd ngan mdn vd ch6ng fng.
du-o.

7 . Cdng xh cdt: duoc xay dung dd th6o c6tr6ngdong

rru6c cong rrinh
Trong thuc td m!! cdns c6 thd gifr nhidu nhiem vu ddng
" '' rhli nhu cong lay nu6c c6
thd ldm ddng thdi nhiem *
Aieu ti& vd ,a
b. "6i.--'
Cnn crl vi cdu tao vi chd dd thiry luc
t.
99nt hd (cdng 16thiOn): trn cdng klgng dltp d6t,ddng ch6y qua c6ng ld ddng ru do
90ng 5p. (thuoc loai n)y c6 : c0ng lay nuoc ven s6ng, cdng didu tiet, cdng phdn 1fr,
cdng ngdn m4n..)
z. c.dls kfn (cdng
TdQ' rhdn c6ng rd mot dng ngdm ddt sdu dudi th6n d6p, rhan d,
phia-tr0n c6 ldq ddt. chd dQ ch6y qua cong t inio rhd ta c6 6p,
b6n dp hbac khong
6p.(thuQc loai nby rhudng lh cdng dat dudi itran oap ddt, than
oc...l.

riNg ToAN CAC LoAI cdNc uo

s2. oAc odrvr LAM vrpc vA cAu rAo ctA cdNc so
I.Dac didm lim vic
- 9d""g
h& chiu tdc dung cria c6t nu6c thdp nhung thudng xuyen thay ddi nn chd do
thiry luc kh5 phrlc rap
- VC mat thiry luc: PhAi bio dAm cho ddng chiy vho cdng du-o. c thuan, kh6ng
sinh
xody nu6c, khong-gdy l6nq dgng bin cdt phia tiruong tuulrurong sinir ddng
xi6n vd
nudc nhiy s6ng & ha luu dd trdnh x6i l& cuc b6.
- V.d mit thdm ,
T49 dir chOnh lOch cOt nudc b6 nhung cdng h& thuong xAy drrng tr6n
ndn xdu vi vQy thdm du6i ddy vi vdng quanh cong tnd lay ph6 h#g cOng rrinh
"5

r20
 Jd mat ndn m6ng : cong h& thucrng xay dung & ddng bang rren ndn dat, dat bdi,
hodc cdt chiy vi vdy cdn c6 bin ph6p xri lf ndn m6ng irri"n [qp.

., . I I

.:
.,

,-. - ,u

Hinh 6.1 : C6hg di)u tiAt ddu knh chinh_ ayunha _ Giu Lui

II.Cau tao Cdc b0 phAn cira cong h6'(hinh 6.2)

L
i iii
:] ii
; t.,'l'i
ll"i
,i'i'i
1

Hinh 6.2: Cdu tao c6'ng hd

1. B0 phAn d5n nudc viro :

YOu cdu : Dim bAo nu6c v)o thuAn dbng, tdn thdt cot nudc lA it nhat, kh6ng gAy x6i
16.
B0 phAn ndy gdm c6 :

t2l
 + Tudtng cdnh: c6 t6c d\,ng hu6ng ddng ch6y vdo
duoc thuan, chdng x6i vd ch6ng
th6m vdng quanh bd. G6c m0 tudng c6nh
+ *f
thudrng chon sao cho rg4 .f,:y tr,"o
didu kin dia hinh, mo cdng vi tin-h hinh cu rhd mdL chon hinh thrlc
$fv
hgp. Flinh 6.3 gi6i rhiou tudng cho thich
mot vdlhinh thrlc nor ticf uoi Lu.

'I]l _
-.-
-r
--
----.-----i
-
r-rrt llTI
ltt
rl
- -- 1'!-tr

-t j
i

j
i

Hinh 6.3: M6t sd hinh th[rc trrdng cdnh n6i tip voi bd

+ s'n phri : c6 t6c dqng ch6ng x6i, thudrng ldm

bang d6 xdy khan, ddy khoang
(0,3+0,5) m, bn,du6i l6p dOm c6t day (r0+r5)cm. chidu dhi san
chi6u sau cot no* :6 khoang 3+5 ldn
cOng, hoac k6o aei bang'atun
sdn chOng th6m
ito,t
rhi it nhat ph6i -a r6ng tudrng cdnh. Ndu c6
Uang sAn chong tfrim.
+ Sin chong thdm : C6 tdc dung k6o dbi dudng
vidn thdm ngin ngla tiic hai do ddng
tham gay ra' chidu ddi s0n chOng thdm
khoin! (1+3)H, vat Hcu ldm sdn ch6ng thdm
thudng s6t, s6t pha,^bctong s6t, than bin...
chi6u dhy ddu sdn thulng chon
cdn & cu6i san ad dim bio dong tham kh6ng
gav n-iiang c6 ,t ara1.
- ' (0,5+l)m,
AH
t> IJI
t : chidu dhy sAn rai vi tri tinh to6n
AH : chdnh lch cot nudc thdm & mdt trOn vd du6i san tai
mat cit tinh to6n.
[J]: gradian tham cho ph6p cria var liOu ldm san, rhudng
ul= 6+r0
ch6 ndi tidp gifra sdn vdi b6n ddy gd.ns phii ddp fng du-. c
vi. kfn nu6c, ncu su bin dang kh6c nhau
chOng thdm ldm uan! uctory troa. b6r0ng cdt th6p
9a1 cdn bd rri n6o
ad fien kor san v6i bin d6ylpheii hqp ph6t f,uy
kh6"nang ch6ng rrudr, tang dn dinh.

.+-
Hnlg ct chdng thdm : c6 thd lhm bang gd, bt6ng cdt th6p, nhua hay th6p dinh
hinh. chon loai ndo rdy rhuoc vho quy mo vd tinh hinh Ju
thd;i;;;il
duns.
Luu j': Ngohi r6c dung gi6m gradian th6m, luu lugrng rhdm, s6n ch6ng
thAm vh hhng ct
chong thdm cbn c6 t6c dung gihm 6p luc thdm ln bin
ddy-trong rrudng hqp
lim viec mdt chidu. O nhtrng. c6ng ldm viec hai chidu ( cdng ti6u vd
chiu 6nh
huong thiry tridu ) cdc thidt bi neulten c6 tdc dung ngu-o.
c uil vay c6c
lim vic hai chidu duoc sfr dung thidt bi chdng tham phii duo. c ludn chfng c6ng
vi
ddy
dfi.
2.ThAn chdng
La b0 phan chri ydu cria cdng bao gdm: ban d6y, c6c md giffa vd
md bcn, cdu giao
th6ng, cdu cOng t6c, c&a van.
+. Md giita : phdn c0ng ra ldm nhidu khoang lim gi6m b6t chidu
rQng crla van. M6
gifra cdn c6 t6c dung dd cdu giao rhong. D?ng adu Lo
rhudrng gip h iang tam gidc,
trdn, luu tuydn. ctridu ddy m6 tiy thu6&do ch]du cao
m6, .r,id"u?6g 111oung, loai cfta
van, thudng tt (0,8+?) Ndu ccfng qu6 rong gdm nhidu khoang ,iri""a" bd rrf khe hin
( c6c khe hin c6ch nhau^.t& 15 ddn 16rfi, kh; l,i" chay doc
tren rodn b6 md vh & d6 ra
c6 mO k6p. Trong khe hin cdn c6 thidt bi ch6ng thdm.

t22
 + Mo bon : Ngodi t6c dung nhu md gifra, md bn cdn-cd r6c dung lien
kot than c6ng
vdi bd. Mdben ld loai.tubnglgng.luc,.tudng chin kidu
ding tudng hQp rdng ndu dia-chdt ndn'xau. e ruor,-?;;;g, cfrng c6 khi
"o
+ Cdu giao thOng : phgc vU cho yOu cdu giao th6ng
+ Cdu cdng tr{c : phqc vu yOu cdu vdn hinh van
+ Tudmg ngUc : & nhidu cOng b6 trf tudrng ngUc, li tuong chin
nu6c rhay thd cho m6t
phdn chidu cao c&a van,vh cdu cong
t6.. Ngoai ra tudng nguc cdn tang dn dinh huong
ngang cha cdc md tru cOng .
+ Crla van : ding phd bidn 6 nu6c ta ld van ph8ng vh van cung.
+ Bin driy (nguong driy) : lb bQ phan chinh cria thdn c6ng, chiu vh truydn
c6c luc cira
than cdng phan bd ndn tao ra ma sdr, b6o dim dn Ointr.'Ddy vd md
hay t6ch rdi' Phdn -*.udne c6 thd lidn
l6n ngucrng hinlt thrlc dinh va cfrng c6 rhd lh nguOng rhuc
dung' Chidu &i nguong d6y can "ocri vho ydu lQne
cdu bd iri cdc b0 phan rrong rh6n, chidu
uut ngudng (0,6 +0,8)m dOi v6i c6ng nh6 vh (0,9+1,2)m
doi v6i cdng tucrng doi
ffi
. fs""ui c6c b0 phdn trn, b cdc cdng cdn bd tri c6c l<he phai dd chin nu6c dd srla
chfra crla van hodc.mQt bO phan cira corig. & ha
luu than cong c6 thd bd;; m6r hoac hai
hdng phai dd hohnh triet tctri c'dn.
3.Bd phAn tho6t nudc ra
- Tuong huong nu6c ra & bcn bd, c6 hinh thrlc gi6ng nhu &
thuong luu, song g6c m6 {
nh6 hon thudrng ,gO=* **
hoac tfnh rheo c6ng rhfc sau:

+ Khi ha luu kh6ng c6 thiOt bi tiOu nlng:

I [h-
te0,=2
\
^H ch6y
h : chidu sAu dbng
AH : chOnh 10ch muc nu6c thuong, ha luu.
+ Khi ha luu c6 thidt bi riOu ndng :

t80'=l-1'Ve''
2\ plh )
h: chidu sAu nu6c t<d tU d6y bd tiOu nang
p: chidu cao thidt bi riOu nang
- llinh thrlc tiu n6ng chfnh b c6c cdng thu]n g g4p le bd, tubrng, bd tuong kdt hgp, c6c
md tiOu ndng phu, md phdn ddng.
Ndu lh bd tieu nang thi doan ddu vdo bd tot nhdr ld dang parabol ho6c n6u
ld doan
ddc xien thi nOn xo6i til -* UU khong gAy s6ng l6rn trcn mdt doan
* nhy, bAt loi cho sr,r
tiOu ndng vh phAn b6 ddng ch6y.

Khi cdu tao sdn tiOu ndng cdn chri y c6c didm sau:

]tldq
_San
dri dny thudrng (0,5+1,5)m, c6 16 thodt nudc vi loc nguo.c nham gi6m 6p luc
bin
d6y, ddng thdi chong biOn dang tham. Chiu aay ttre t[eo ad'ngiri
cira D6mburdpxki: "6 "rrq"
t: 0,5.v1\6

r23
 vr ve hr
lh luu toc vh chidu s6u ch6 ddu doan nudc nh6y.
- San sau thfr hai : dd tiOp tuc tiOu hao ndng luong
cdn lai. sdn ndy rhuong llm bang
d6 xdp khan hodc.tg- uelons duc 16 rh6at
ddv c6l6p dem, ddng thdi c? tic dung nl.r"o"6" 9;"; c6 thd lil;#e;o
dd xp. Du6i
tuo if"Lgoq". Kich thubc hdn d6 xdp dri
l6n dd kh.ng bi ddng chay x6i di, c6 rhd chon
rheo c6ng rhrlc :
v=4,2d
d :lh duryng kinh hbn d6(m)
v : luu t6c tai sdn sau thrl hai(m/s).
Chidu ddi s6n Lr{lgchon theo cOng rhrlc
kinh nghiOm :
Lr: k.Vqrffi
q : luu luong don vi tai cudi sdn thrl nhAt.
AH : chnh lch cOt nu6c thuong, ha luu.
k : h0 sd phu thu6c vdo rfnh chat lbng kenh. Ddt c6t,c6t pha k
c6t thli va c6 tinh dinh k=8+9, s6t cung k=6+7.
= 10+20, ddt
Ph4m vi srl dung c6ng thrlc khi
\qf/AH =1+9.
- Hd chong x6i I mot sd cOng tuong ddi l6n, chd do chiy phrlc
tap sau s6n ti6u ndng
thrl hai nen nhidu^khi cbn phai tam tr,c- rto ch.dng *oi ag ,iiu
b6lai ddng chiy. chidu sau no chdng x6i c6 trrd tnim mrao
huih; tuong vd phdn
trr"o"onf iri,i" ,uu,
t=kVqrE -n
t: chidu sAu h6 x6i

k:hs6 p=Q{$
Iv'
\s
q: luu luong don vi cudi s6n thf hai.
Zo: c6t nudc chOnh l0ch & cudi sdn rhrl hai.
cr=1.0+1.10 : h s6 vAn tOc ph6n bO ddu.
v : vAn tOc & cudi sAn thrl hai.
h : chi6u sAu cOt nu6c & cu6i sAn thrl hai.
Thuong chidu s6u h6 x6i (r+2)m cfrng c6 khi lcvn hdn.

s3. riNH ToAN rHUy LUc cdnc HO

I.TINH ToAN KHA NANG THAo c0a cdNc rro
Khi nang th6o cria phu thuOcchidu r6ng B, d4ng ngu6'ng, cao trinh ngu6ng vh
nlqc nudc thuotng,B _"dng
ty. )syong cdng thuong c6 dang aap t.* dinh r6ng-vh ddng
chiy qua cdng c6 thd c6 may dang sau :
1. Chiy tu do qua cdng khi cfra van m& hoirn toin
a. Chiy khdng ngAp
Didu kiOn chiy khOng ngap : khi crla van m& hodn todn ,a <o.s
ft
Khi nang th6o : Q = m.e.B.{Zg .Hotn
m : H0 so luu luong, m=0.32 v6i ngudng c6ng c6 m6p vu6ng, m=0.35 v6i nguOng
cdng c6 m6p trdn
B : tdng chidu d)i qua nu6c
s - He s0 co hep bdn do tru van vd tru biOn

r24
 {

Htnh 6.4 : So dd ttnh chciy tu do khfung ngdp

b. Chiy ngAp

Hinh 6.4 : So d6 ttnh chdy t{ do ngdp

Didu kin chAy ng6p : khi crla van m6 ho)n rodn uA h"
o'8
4 =
Khd nang rhdo qua cdng :
Q-qo.e.B.h,\E(Ho-hJ
hr : d6 s6u nu6c trOn dinh tr)n hr hn _Znp
=
Z,nr: d-Q cao cOt nu6c hdi phUc & Znr: r,o.ho
fa
thuOc hn vi d6 khudch t6n ctaddng chiy.-
l* ' , no : hO sd phuc hdi phu
q" : he s6luu tOc phu thu6c vdo m.
(Thfc t6, dd c6 m6t s6 cdng bi phd v& vi kh6ng tinh ddn Zn, lrtc d6 e*u > e,r.)
2. Chiy du6i crla van: khi cfta van m& m6t phdn
TDy theo quan h giud gid rri h" vh h6 s6 c6 hai trang rh6i chiy ngap vh kh6ng ng6p
a. Chiy khOng ngAp dudi cfra van (hinh 6.4a)
Di6u kin chiy kh6ng ngap : h"" >h6

av2 ff
, zoi a)
l.
ll
itl
-i
F
lc
I
ioi9i-i
---_r-- l _,.r1 l_
'-- -,, ic
Htnh 6.4 : a. chdy khhng ngdp; b. chdy ngdp
KhA nang thSo qua cOng :

Q-q.s.B.h".\EG{o-L)
r - he sd co hep ngang
h. = cr.a : dQ sdu co hep sau cOng
cr : h sd co hep drlrrg tra bing theo aAI
a : dQ m& crla van

r25
 H6 : c6t nudc trudc crla van c6 kd luu tdc ddn
edn
b. Chiy ng{p dudi cira van (hinh 6.4b)
Didu kiOn chiy ngAp : h"" <h6
Lric nhy c6 thd phAn bit hai chd d6 ch6y :
* N.u h6)h"" vh h"<hu
-> nu6c nhay tidn sdt vd phia c&a van tao su
nhay ngap :
q=q.e.B.h.r/[1Uo-1;
Vdi h" lh d0 s6u nudc ngay sau crla cdng :

hz= tn'- 116o -f; +T

M

v6i:M=4.ur.a4rS
' flh.f,"
p : ld h0 s6 luu luong dA kd dOn co hep :p = e.cx,.e
* NOu hr,)h" vd hlho -> ch6y sau c&a van ld ch6y m (goi li chiy ngap lang)
:

q = <p.e.B.h"\E111o-hJ
II. Tfnh todn ti6u nang sau cong h6
1. Dnc diim tiOu nang sau cong h6 vi bin ph6p tiu ning
- DAc diim
+ C6c loai cong h0 thuong duoc xay trOn ndn mdm,
c6r nu6c kh6ng l6n do d6 hinh
thrlc tieu nang thubrng ding ld ti6u nang ddy (it dDng
tieu nang phun xa vi tiu
nang bang ddng m4r)
+ Mlrc nudc thuong ha luu vh luu hlens
lya cdng thudrng xuyn thay ddi vi vay cdn
tinh to6n kidm rra cho c6c trubrng frqe U'u, tqi nf,at.
+ Khi cOng m& kh0ng ddi xung d6 sinh dbng xi0n gay x6i ld bd ha ruu
+ Khi Ah khong l6n, c6 thd tdn tai nudc nhAy s6ng gay x6i l& phdn
luu.
, san phir & ha

- Bin phrip tiu nang

vdi dac didm ao ra
1qu9r rhuirng,dung biQn ph6p ddo bd tieu ndng, x6y rudng ti6u
n1n8, hoac bd tuirng kct hop, c6c thict bi tlcu nang pi,,r dd t4o
cOng.
;il;ffi;
ngap ngay sau

2. Bin phdp chdng nu6c nhiy s6ng

,o
f .z
Khi Ah nh6, t;i trlc Fr<3 (rinh vdi ddng ch6y trudc khi vdo bd) s6 ph6t
sinh nudc nhiy s6ng. Kh6ng c6 xo6y rrn mit.
T6c hai ctta nudc nhiy s6ng : lim khi nang tiOu hao ndng lucrng cira
nudc nh6y r6t
k6m, gay kh6 khan cho vic khudch tdn dbn! ch6y, ddng c-fray'ta"cfr mrai
tuong cacn
gay nen khu nudc vQthai b0n, thu hgp chidu rong dbng ch1y
lhm tang luu lucrng?on vi
luu tOc tao thdnh ddng chiy xit & gifra ldm x6i l& l-bng [enh, cO tctri ldm
1d lbc[ huong
ddng ch6y, gAy x6i ld bd knh.
Bi0n ph6p ch6ng:
+ Tang chi6u cao tudrng vd d6 sAu cira bd tiOu nang
+ Xdy ngudng trd6c khi vho bd ti0u ndng.
3. Bin phr{p chdng ddng xin

r26
 - Nguyen nhAn : Khi tudrng c6nh ha luu m& qud lon ldm cho
ddng ch6y kh6 khudch
t6n vi n6 t6ch ttr6l gons cynh, tao nn nu6c xo6y
hai ben. Nguyen nhan kh6c c6 thd lh
do ket cdu ha luu khdng ddi xfng hodc c6c cria
lOch vd ngoan ngodo, hic x6 bd nhy hic va bd
van mo khon! ail il;ho
ddng ch6y
kia gay xoi ld ldig vh bd kOnh.
- BiOn phdp kh6c phuc :

+ Thidt kd tuong crich ha luu hqp llf (nhu & phdn cdu rao)
+ Thidt kdkdt c6u ha luu dOi xrlng
+ Thao rdc d6ng m& c&a van hqp if
4. Bin phdp chong x6i l& sin sau:
Dbng chiy sau san.ti6u nang lh dbng 0m nhung luu tdc phdn
bd chua ddu, mach
dOng l6n c6 thd g6y x6i 16 ddy va UU.
Bin phdp chdng : bo trf hd x6i sau sdn phri hoac sau sdn tiou
ndng dd m& r6ng
mdt c6t, dn dinh dbng chay tru6c khi vbo kcn^h
lnhu phdn c6u tao)

s4. TINH ToAN rdr cAu cdNc Ho

I.Tinh tor{n bin d6y cong
1. Tinh theo phuong ph6p ddm dio ngu_o.c
- Tru6c hct x6t cho tohn bo than cOng, phAn luc ndn theo phuong ddng
e ch6y c6 dang
duong thing (hinh 6.5a), dugc tinh to6i theo cong rhrlc n6n
iech tair :
omax,min=
F. + (*)
XP: tdng c6c luc thing d.rrrg
lMo ' tdng m6men ctra cdc luc lay dOi v6i tam O
F : diOn rich mar cit tinh to6n
W : mOmen ch6ng uOn cria m6t tfnh to6n

a)
b)

Hinh 6.5 : So dd tinh kt cdu hrin ddy cdng theo phuong phdp d,im dtio ngudc

Sau d6 x6t mQt dAi ngang thAn cdng (vuOng g6c vdi ddng chiy) c6 chidu dii
don vi
(1*), xem lh mOt ddm don hay liOn trlc c6 cdi gOi h c6c m6 tru.'Xem phin luc ndn tai
vi.tri tinh to6n vd phan bd ddu lOn ddm (hinh S.SU; mor tii trong. Tf d6 dirng co k&
li
cdu dd tim ra bidu dd n6i luc trong ddm.
-- Phuong phdp nhy d9n giAn, song k6m chfnh x6c vi chua phin dnh dring thuc td nhu :
chua x6t dOn tfnh chat vd biOn dang cira ndn vd ban aay, doi v6i phin tic n'dn
xem li
r27
 phdn bd ddu theo hote- ngang khdng phi hqp, chua x6t den tinh lidn khoi cria
cdng' vi t?v phuTF pnap naylni -"y"g
ai,.rg ktrltiligt r.d nh6, b6n d6y tucrng d6i ddy,
d"oi t6'i c6ng l6n ctri otng adiinrr toSn
so b0 ban ddu. "o"g
X6c dinh c6c kfch thudc co b6n
cira thAn cOng.
2. Tinh theo phuong ph6p ddm trn n-n din hdi
- Dudi tdc dung cira tii trgng c6ng rrinh q(x) vd ph6n
- cira n6 xdc ruc ndn p(x) ddm bi uOn vh rruc
v6ng dinh theo ptruong irinh vi pt an ' ,
ErJ;- : {,
-,dactl(x) = [q(x) _ p(x)].b (t)
I
l

b : chidu r6ng ddm. q(x)

g(*) , chuydn vi drlng (d6 v6ng) cria ddm. I

l I
;-t,,j
)'

EJ : dd ctrng chdng udn. i

I IlrEr
i

- Pily kicn tidp xric gifta bhn d6y vi ndn sau

khi hin lb :
Htnh 6.6 : DO vdng cila ddm do
tdi trong ngodi vd phrin luc ndn
crl(x) = 51*;
S(x) : d6 hin cira ndn
-- Nhu vay ta c6 hai g?l tuqrg chua bidr ld rrr(x) hay s(x) vb p(x) md chi mdi c6 m6t
phuong trinh (1),
9.d eiei
quyei b)i to6n ta lap trrer"
hin ctra mdt ndn v6[ dp lqc-d6y m6ng. -0, pno*g trinh 0""" iir#'u..
S(x): frlp(x)l
Hay p(x) = fzls(x)l (2)
- Giei-he hai phuong trinh (1) vh (2) ta so x6c dinh du-o.c ph6n luc ndn p(x), sau d6 s6
.
x5c dfnh duo. c nOi luc trong cho b6n d6y.
- C6c quan h0 tr0n thd hin co chc ldm vic (bidn d+ng)
cira ndn du6i t6c dung cfra
ngoai luc. Dd giii quyct quan h0 trOn, ta c6 thd oi trreo
rrai nh6m phuong ph6p sau :
a. Phuong phdp xem nin bidn dang din hdi cuc b0 (phuong
ph6p h6 sd nn)
co s& ctra phuong ph6p ndy l) dua vbo gia thiet co b6n cria winkrer :

p(x) = k(x).s(x)
k(x) : h0 s6 ndn tai vi tri x.
Drc didm ctra phuonq nhan nby lh chi x6t bion dang ddn hdi tai noi c6 thi
rrong
t6c dung (ngal du6i pham vi dat.t6i)_vd khong Ign bidn dang.tu
feodi aer tui urin!
l6n cdn, cffng nhu b6 qua tinh ma s6t vd tinh dinh cira"3t
ddt ndn.
M0 hinh ndn ctra Winkler duoc bidu di6n bang h0 thdng ld xo rhing dfng,
ldm vi6c
doc l6p vdi nhau vh bi0n dang cria lb xo tf le bac"nrtet ua luc
t6c dung l6n lb xo.
Phuong phdp hc so ndn nhidu khi khOng pht hqp v6i thuc r.
.
dung cho trulng hgp ndn ddt bin hodc ndn dat yu. "
Tuy nhien c6 th 6p

Dd tign ding trong thidt ke, c6 thd c6c bhng tra ldp sdn cria Klpikop dd tfnh rodn
nQi luc.
b.Phucrng phr{p xem ndn bi6n dang din hdi toin b0

_, nfn 1aV dua vdo giA thiet xem ndn l) mor nrla khong gian dhn hdi ddng
"1.n".*5
nhAt vd ding c6 x6t tdi bidn dang dhn hdi cira ving lan cai iion chiu t6i (hin[
huon E,
6.7) ctrng nhu kd ddn luc dinh vh luc ma s6t ddi vdi bidn dang cfia ddt ndn.
Phuong ph6p nhy chi nOn 6p dung trong c6c trubrng hgp ,

+ Ddt ndn c6 tinh n6n ft vd trung binh.

r28
 + Lop dtit c6 chidu dby n6n lon.
+ Tinh cho c6c loai m6ng bAn.
Khi x6t ddn 6nh huong cfia t6i trong bOn cdn chti y c6c
didm sau :
+ Ndu tii trgng u!1]am rdng rhm m6men u6n & b6n d6y (rrudrng
hqp bat lqi) rhi
x6t 6nh hucrng d6 hodn to)n.
+ Ndu tii trong. bon lbm gi6m mdmen udn & b6n driy (rrudrng hqp c6 loi) v6i
d5p hai ucn ia dat s6t tfii r.rro"g x6t den 6nh ddt
huong ndy, vdi dat d6p hai bon ld
ddt cdt thi x6t dOn 30+50Vo hnhhuong t6i trong
bn.
+ Chidu dei l6n nhdt cira ph?m vidat,dip neu nh6 hon 2l (chidu ddi ddm)
chidu ddi thuc cria pham vi ddt aip xet arrr, n**e, thi lay
cdn ndu l6n hon 2l rhi
ph?m vi 6nh huong rii trong bcn chi lay2l.

r_ 2L
r F

ffin q' +t I
1U

II. Tfnh to6n md tru van

l.Iinh tor{n mo tru van phfrng
a'Khi crla van hai bn tru ddu m0 nhu nhau hoac khi mdi xAy dqng
xong chua c6
nudc
- CSc.luc truydn xudng gdm c6 : cdu giao thOng (Pl),cdu cong
t6c vd cdc thiet bi dat
trn cdu (P2), rudng ng{c (p3), b6n thin md
r{+i...ia" luc ndy aoo.. *"L
trung (hinh 6.8). Do d6 md chiu n6n lQch tdm vh fng suat day
l;il,ap
-o lngunj v6i bin d6i )
xem nhu phan bd theo duong tiring vd cdc gid tri.uJ oi & hai ddu
md li :
_fp * _W_
omac,min:
fMo
_+-
T:_
XP : tdng c6c luc thing dung rruydn xu6ng m6.
rMo r tdng m0 men do c6c luc trOn ddi v6i t0m m6t ciltngang m6.
F, W: tit din vh m6 men chdng udn ctra Aay md.
P2
,t, P
',1,

i I -ii Fi-'l
II'ii i', "' l

P4
t'
lt,, I i

Hinh 6.8
o.inl--
 Dua vlo bidu dd rlng sudt d6y tru, x6t cho
tilng m6t chidu ddi m6, xem nhu
Q ----' c.t chiu
n6n doc dudi tdc dgng iira t6i trong'drirrg p

e= sjs.a.r
o6, og : fTrg sudt d6y tru &,cldu vh cu6i m6t tinh to6n
6 : chidu d)v rru
BiOt luc t6c dung p, tinhdnh tinh to6n
cdt th6p vb kidm rra udn doc tru.
b. Khi crla cdng d6ng vd c6 su chnh lch
muc nudc tru6c vd sau van
X6t didu kien lhm vic cho m6t md (hinh 6.9) van
ding cong rhrlc (*)nhung khi tinh
momen cdn kd dn dYlg.do 69 luc ngang Q cira nu6c gay ra. Ngohi
}69
cdn kidm tra vb d4t th6p ra taikhe van
lo., iheo cong thrlc :
t-kQ
"iiii -r
'u-[o] i'i'Jl ll
F" : ti6t din th6p cdn dar rai khe I r: ;
tf ]
[o] :rlng sudt cho ph6p cria th6p ' ' ;
I

K
! : h sd
s0 an rohn
todn rhudrng
thudrng Iliy
Itiy (1,7+,8)
(1,7+,g) -ll, li
*i
nu6c -i' a - =- f

Q : lqc ngang cria f -= - :i

o=G4l.r
Y- 2 'r Hinh 6.9
hr, hz : chidu cao nu6c thuong ha luu t6c dung l6n cfta van.
I : chidu r6ng cr}a van
Khi trong khoang cdng khOng c6 nudc (trudng hqp sfra chfra,
hinh 6.10)

_
,r:>
-

,l
i ri
il
L

lt
tl
il,i',-,1
rY
i ii
i,- i-
t-.. --':;- i| riil:-
Hinh 6.10
t- X
i>
L_
Tn1 thm vic nhu mOt kdt cAu chiu n6n vd udn hai chidu,
rfng su6t tai c6c ddu g6c
ctra tidt din tru tfnh theo cOng thfc :
FP*fM**IMu
omax,min:F=
t_ -T;
: tdng mOmen dOi v6i c6c truc x, truc y.
lY^:_fM,
_ _wx, wy : mo men ch6ng udn ctra tidt dicn doi v6i cilcrruc trOn.
Sau d6 cfrng x6t trlng m6t ctra m6, xem nhu c6t chiu n6n lch iam theo hu6ng ngang dd
tinh n6i luc vd b6 rrf cOt th6p.
2.Tinh md tru van cung
Vdi 9ot th6p dtmg tinh to6n nhu md tru van phing. Th6p ngang doc theo m6 lh th6p
phan bd. cdn x6t inh hucrng cria luc rap rrung do vanlruyd" toi'trriqua
bg ty.
Doi vdi bQ phQn bQ t!' cing van xem nhu mdt ddm cong son chiu u6n do t6c dung
"
cfia luc tAp trung do cbng van iruydn t6i.

130
 III.Tinh todn tudng ngqc
- Yeu cdu : cao trinh dinh tuong nguc cao hon mgc
nu6c cao nhdt & thuong luu, cdn
cao trinh d6y tuong nguc cao hon muc nu6c mDa
kict khi m6 hin.,iu uun khoang
0,3+0,5m. Tuong nguc bao gdm b6n che, ddm trOn vb
ddm du6i (hinh 6.r l ).

Ai , ,i Ddry .14n
-; Di
I' i i -.t'1 t'l
I ii _l Ban A,i \_...: i'l i L lt I j_
s
'ql ll i lul *
i ti'-li ,"
I

t
oemouoi: l
Hinh 6.II : Tudng ngrrc vd so d6 dp rqt: ntrdc tdc dung rn n6

:. futrt-g nggc nd,i tidp vdi md gdng c6 thd theo hinh thrlc ngdm ch6r, cfrng c6 thd theo
kidu tdch rdi. Loai ngim chat c6 tndad m6ng d;;;"g
de bi nrlt chd ndi tidp.
- Luc tdc dung ,'rron, luong b6n than, dp lgc ngang cira nu6c, 6p luc s6ng.
1. Tinh tor{n bin mat

- Bin mdt ch6n c6 thd nOi crlng hodc nOi khorp v6i ddm, chidu ddy (0,15+0,50)m .

- Nu kfch thudc gifra hai canh cira ba"

b:
?<2 chidu rOng khoang, l:chidu cao b6n)
thi x6c dinh nQi luc trong b6n theo nguyOn t6c b6n chiu h,rc.
h
- Ndu
J >2 tfnh theo nguyOn t6c ddm chiu luc, tfc x6t ttng m6t theo chidu cao b6n vd
x6t ddm v6i nhip tinh to6n lo = 1,051.
2. Tfnh to6n ddm tr6n vi ddm durli
Tfnh to6n theo ddm chiu luc theo hai hu6ng. Huong thing dung do trong lucrng
bin
than gdy ra, hu6ng ngang do dp lgc nudc vd s6ng t5c dgng len
b6n truyn l6n n6. Ddm
du6i cbn c6 thcm
iP tU: nu6c vd s6ngtruc tidp tiuydn lcn n6, ngobi ,uily theo phuong
ph6p thi cOng mh ddm dudi cdn chiu cA trong iu"-ng b6n rhan ddir
trcn, bin mat.

ss. riNH roAN dN onvH cdNc

Tinh_todn thtry ty.c sir:n chring ta xdc dinh c6c kfch thudc co bin cria cong.
- Sau khi
chgn cAu tao, x6c dinh kfch thudc c6c bo phan chfnh, chring ta thuc hicn tin-h to6n
dn
dinh cOng. NOi dung gdm :
- Kidm tra dn dinh rh6m (& chuong 3)
- Kidm tra vd bidn dang, l,in, nghi;ngl(& m6n co hoc dat nn m6ng)
- Kidm tra dn dinh truot cira cong ho4c cira cdng v6i m6t phdn ndn
ie chuong g)

131
 s6. DAc DrdM lAvr vrnc va cAu rAo

Hinh 6-12 : cdng ngdm h6 chta nrdc Mj Binh J trnh Binh Dinh
- Cong ngdm lb loai cong trinh ldy nudc, thSo nudc dat
du6i d0, ddp hoac dudng giao
thOng.

- D4c didm :

+ Vi che dQ thfry luc : Luu lucrng qua cdng khong l6n nhtrng c6t nudc lon vh
thuong xuyn thay ddi nn ch dQ c^hey tronf cdng khd phrlc
rap. Ddng ch6y rrong
cdng c6 thd c6 6p, kh0ng 6p hodc nrla 6p.
+ vi dn dinh :
!o"e chiu trgng lugng l6rn cria cot dat ben tren nen kh6 mdt dn dinh
truot ngang. Nhu-ng than c6ng dai.dc bi nrlr gay do hin
ddu. Vi v6y rhan
cdng phii duo.c ddt trn ndn aa goc_hoac dat-nguyc" rhdl.hone
n6n d6t tr6n
ndn dat d6p. Cdn c6 bin phdp chong io ti vd"thdm ti6p -A;;;xric xung quanh rhdn
c6ng.
+ Vi thi cdng, khai thdc vi srla chira : Cdng dar sau trong rhan d6p nn thi c6ng
srla chta kh6.khan. mr6c phuc nhuoc didm nhy ngudi ta nghin crlu loai c6ng
ff
d{t trong hhnh lang dd c6 thd di lai kidm tra (hinh O.-t:), sfra ""rrna. Hdnh lang
c6
thd srl dqng dd rh6o lfr thi c6ng.
II. PhAn loai cong ngdm
1. Theo vat li6u xny dqng : cd rhd c6 c6ng bang dng sdnh, b0 tong, b0 t6ng c6t th6p,
vd Ong kim loai
2. Theo hinh dang mat cdt :Gdm c6 cOng trdn, cong h6p, c6ng vbm hoic
lin vbm
(hinh vE 6.14)

t32
 Ilinh 6,13
COng ngdm ddt trong
hdnh lang

3. Theo c6ch bd trf

- 9do$ ng$m dat tryc_tidp trOn.mdt ndn, dtng trong rrudrng hgp ndn tdt.
- cdng d{t trong hTl lang, bang qc t6l9
dudng 6ng c6 6p thuong dtng hinh thrtJnby96t tne!, dDni tt""g ,**g hgp ndn ydu,
(hinh 6.13i.
4. Theo hinh thrfic ldy nurdrc
' Ltiy nudc rheo hinh thrtc kidu dat van khdng chd & ha luu (hinh
6.15a).
- I-1ty nudc kidu crla k6o nghieng
ftinh 6.15b).
- Lily nudc kidu dat nghing.
- FDnh thrlc ldy nu6c kidu th6p : th6p kidu kin, th6p kidu h&.

a)

---.:____\ b)

Hinh 5.IS

vi trf d4t th6p : th6p c6 thd dat & ba vi trf I,II,[I (hinh 6.16).
Th6p g4t q vi tri (I) : cdu c6ng t6c dhi, th6p d6 bi lfn nhidu hon c6c bQ ph4n
v,h6c,
th6p chiu anh huong cfra s6ng gi6 dOng Adt. lfnung n6 c6 uu didm li srla
chfra d6
ddng
Th6p d4t 6 vi trf (III) : Thdp d4t & vi tri (II) : s kh6c phuc duo.c nhuoc didm cria hai
vi trf trOn.

133
 I
\

o
z
vQ
O
C'
C)
o. z
a< s
o fD
ca
F
r{ F
,<'
O

is
iis
"s'N
dbR
*
oo .. .'/' !., lgl
S!nS & \-
-$$ s l'rN\
I ll'\
l. +1+
?SS al
I
tl
L l-.-
b'. *'c l lF
':,Fn
sGoo
L_ If*

's coR

fiss
5. Theo chd dQ thiry luc trong cdng : c6ng c6 6p,c6ng kh6ng
6p, cOng b6n dp.
III. Cdu tao cfia cong ngdm
cdng ngdm c6 ba b6 ph0n chinh : crla vdo, th0n cOng, c&a ra (hinh 6.17).
1.Phdn crla vho
C6 dang thu hep ddn trOn binh diOn, m6p trOn crla cong c6 dang cung
." trdn hay elip
dd tao su thuAn ddng vd giim tdn thdt c6t nu6c
2.Phdn cira ra
Le bQ phdn tiOu ndng, yu cAu nhu c6c b0 ph6n tiu nang n6i chung cdn th6a
mdn
tiou hao.hdt nals lugng rhta. Flinh thrlc tiou nang thuong huy gap nhir bd;;&dl;
ty*g kdt hgp, & cOng c6 6p cbn ding hinh thrlc uE mn aJaon a"ong nudc ph6ng ia vd
tiOu ndng.

3.Phdn thAn cdng vi the{p cong

a. Th6p cdng
- Thdp cdng li noi bd rri vh vAn hdnh cfta van d6ng m& cdng.
- Vi trf cfia th6p c6 thd x dich rtr chAn d6p ddn dinh dap:
o NOu dat thdp 6 chAn dap (vi tri I)
+ Uu didm : thi c6ng c6ng it Anh huong dOn thi c6ng dAp, kidm tra s1}a chfra d6
ding
+ Nhuo.c didm cong rdc ddi, chiu anh hu6ng cfia s6ng gi6, dong ddr. Th6p bi
'^gdu. phAi
hin nhidu, dbi h6i ndn tOt.
o Nu dat th6p & gdn dinh dap (vi tri IID
+ Uu didm : cdu cOng tdc ngfun, it chiu t6c dung cira s6ng gi6

135
 + Nhuo. c didm : th6p chiu 6p luc cOt ddt l6n, doan dng lhm viec c6 6p dei, kh6 kidm
tra tu srla, yOu cdu nOi tidp thAn thdp vdi dap ph6i rot, tr6nh gay tirdm & mar ddp
xric. N6i chung fr dar th6p 6 vi tri ndy.
od ttric phuc c6c nhuoc didm nguli ta d6t th6p gdn gitra m6i ddp
- Tro-ng th6p cdng thubng bd trf hai hing khe van, mot van c6ng t5c (van chfnh) b6
tri 0 phia sau vi mOt van dU bi ding trong trubrng hgp van chinh c6 su c6, thudng
ngudi ta kOt hop van sU cd vd srla chfra ldm mOt.
- Chidu ddy cira th6p thuong kh6 ddy & doan dudi khoAng 0,7+1,0m vd phia rrn
m6ng hcvn. TrOn^cing ld sln dat m6y d6ng m& cfta van. Ttong thict kc c'dn b6 tri
thidt bi dd c6 thd di lOn xudng trong thr4p van duoc. Th6p uun Jfrng cdn bd rrf dd dir
ch6_ dat van du trfr khi tu srla van chinli v) c6 bd tri Auong dnglSn khi tt ngodi
xuOng phia sau cfta van chinh dd ph6 vh ngdn hin tuong chan khOng xay ra & doan
sau cfta van trong qu6 trinh ldm vic. Phdn d6y thdp thudng bO trf rqng ra dd truydn
luc xudng ndn ddu dan, do didu kiOn lhm viOc bin d6y chon kh6 dby 0,7+1,0m (dOi
khi lon hon)
b. Than cdng
C6 thd thi cOng dd tai ch6 hoac l6p gh6p c6c doan Ong dric sdn.
- V6i dng dric sin : chidu dii m6i doan lh l=(1-3)m
- V6i loai dd rai ch6 : tDy rheo loai ndn, l<(10-20)m.
- T+i ch6 ndi c6c doan c6ng phii c6 khop ndi phii th6a mdn yeu cdu cho ph6p bidn
dang song phii chdng thdm tOt.
- NOu ndn xAu thi thdn cdng duo. c dat trn b0 dd. Thuong than cdng duo. c ddt trn
mOt lop b0 t6ng l6t mac rhdp ddy (10+20cm).
- Dd chdng thAm tidp xric, bd tri mot lop dat s6t d6p thri cong quanh c6ng, hoac xdy
gd (mang cOng) nh6 lOn 0,8+1m, c6c gd c6ch nhau 10+20m (hinh 6.17)

s7. rixH ToAN THty LUc cdxc NcArvr

NOi dung tinh to6n thtry luc cOng ngdm lAy nudc ril hd chrla:
- Can crl vdo muc nudc chOt, cao trinh br)n c6t v) cao trinh tu6i tU chiy, so s6nh vd
dia chAt c6c tuy6n dd quyct dinh tuydn cOng, dO ddc c6ng vd cao rrinh dat c6ng
+ Cao trinh crla vdo > cao trinh bin c6t vb < cao trinh MNC.
+ cao trinh muc nudc cfra ra b6o d6m > cao trinh yu cdu tu6i tu chiv.
+ Cdng khOng nn dat rr0n ndn dtit dltp.
- Xdc dinh khdu diOn cOng : V6i muc nudc bdt loi nhdt (MNC) cdng phii th6o dtr
luu luong thict kc. (gii thidt ch dO chhy, r{p dung cong rhrlc tfnh luu luong qua
c6ng x6c dinh du-o. c din tfch or cdn thidt, sau d6 chgn kich thudc bxh hay R chri
f phni tfnh dOn didu kin thi c6ng vd sfta chfra) -

136
- Tinh to6n kidm. tra khi ning th6o vd chd dd chiy cho c6c truong hqp ldm vic kh6c
nhau, thidt kd ti6u ndng sau cdng.
- Lap qui trinh d6ng m& c&a van x6c dinh quan h0 e-a (v6i a ld dQ m& c6ng)
-
- Vi muc nudc vh luu luong trong cdng lu6n thay ddi non c6 thd xiy ra 3 chd d6
ch6y:
+ chAy khons. 6p : crla cdng m& hdt, ddng chAy khong ngap cira vdo vh khong
ngdp trdn cOng.
+ chdy 6p: cr}a vho bi ng4p vd ddng chay trong c6ng ngdp trdn cdng (kd c6
{
khi chi ngAp mOt phdn)
+ Chiy bdn 5p: vdo bi ngAp nhung ddng chiy trong cdng c6 m6r thodng
.Cfru
trn todn bO chidu dbi.
I. Tinh torin thiry tuc cong ngdm chiy kh0ng 6p
1. Diiu kin chiy kh0ng r{p
Khi crla ra cira corrg khong bi ng4p vh H/a<1,5 (H - cQr nudc tru6c cOng, a - chidu
cao cong h6p) hoac H/d<1,1 (d - duong kinh cdng trbn) thi c6ng ch6y khOng 6p

:i :- _
cl = .
'i
Dt_

ir
i

^l I

K L
I I\
.:-. -.. -r.
i1 ,' l 'l
I

l
ri Dl.=
llv
I
tk lr
LK

Hinh 6.18 : COhg ngdm chriy khdng dp

(Vf gq : dbng ch6y tt sOng, hd di vdo c6ng, tidt diOn bi thu hgp, 1 phdn thd nang
chuydn thbnh dQng nrng, muc nudc & crla veo ha thap, khong ng4p miQng cong va trdi
cOng )

2, X6c dinh khi nang th6o

Tiy theo chidu ddi c6ng chia ldm hai loai cOng ng6n vd c6ng dhi.
+ Chidu dii ph6n gi6i Ln
Lr = 1r. + luuo +lru
luao = ( 1,5+2,5)(H.-h")
l.u=2,5(he-h")
1o : chidu ddi dudng nu6c ddng c6 dd sdu & ddu trn ld h" vh d6 sau 6 ddu
dudi l) h*
Don giin ta c6 thd lAy : Le =(8 +10)H

r37
 C6cky hi0u xem & hinh 6.18
+ N{u L < Ln thi cdng duoc coi lh cOng ng6n. Trong cfing duy tri chd d0 ch6y
xict (h<\), ha luu kh6ng Anh huong Agn Lha nang ih6o :-
Vdi cdng hQp :
Q = m.b.r/2g .Hot'' b : chidu rOng cdng
V6i cdng c6 tit din bdt kj,(trdn, bdu duc) :

Q = mr.bn.t[zg.y1ot''
- (Dr
bo = : chidu r6ng trung binh cria ddng ch6y & d6 sdu phdn gidi
d
Luu y : c6c cOng thrlc trOn dtng trong trudrng hqp dQ doc cong i=0; ndu 110
m6i ldn
tdng dO ddc l Vo th\ h0 sd luu luong rrng (l+2)Vo, cdn ddi vdi cdng trdn
h sd
luu luong tdng2Vo.
-.
*Ndy L > Ln thi cong duo.c coi ld cOng dhi. Ddng chiy trong cdng s tudrg
tu
ddng chAy qua kOnh. Chidu &i
cong vi muc nudc ha liru s6 Anh rrirong lon H,a n"a.,g
th6o.
V6i cOng hQp:

Q = m.on.b.\.E .Ho','
V6i cdng c6 tidt dien bdt kj,(trdn, bdu duc) :

Q = mr.o".b1.{2g .Hott,
on : hO.sd ng"4p ttri xiy ra chAy ngdp i on = f(hr,Al") _ rra bing cria Kumin
Didu kiOn dd ch6y ngAp lh :
I hn t(t ,2+1,25)he hn : c6t nu6c ha luu tinh tt d6y crla ra cdng
Lhh >(0,75+0,77)H"
Day lh.didu kin"fng v6i i=0, ndu b0 thi gidi han trn c6 thd tang th6m
(Cdng c6 bil c6 thd ch6y kh6ng ngap, dn mq- nudc ha luu & crla ra c"ao qu6
gi6i han dd nu rrOn)
II. Tinh tofn thriy luc cdng ngdm chiy c(t 6p
1. Diiu ki6n chiy c6 6p :
- Khi : ;Hv2
> 1,75 + 0,3.2, a: dudng kinh ccing rrbn hay chidu cao cdng hQp
v : luu tdc binh qu6n trong cOng
Thi n6i chung li cOng chiy c6 6p.
- Khi muc nudc thugrng luu vd ha luu ngap crla, cdng cfrng chay c6 6p.

chinh xdc ta phii vO duong mdt nudc trong cong vdi gii Ointr khong c6 trdn cong.
2. X6c dinh khi nang thrio
- NOu muc nu6c ha luu ngdp

138
 .l
qnat chidu cao c&a ra (hinh 6.19a) :
i
iZo=Ho-i.L-hn
q:g..r,r.1@o+il-4; ts
rol

- Ndu muc nudc ha luu ng0p thdp a)

I
h* Z chidu cao cira ra (hinh 6.19b) :

^l
t-
-l
-.. . hn'i-j
lo=Ho-i.L-dlz
Q =g..c.r 2g(He+i.L-4') l

o : tidt diQn cdng & crla ra (khOng phAi mat?ir u6t)

L,d : chidu ddi vh chidu cao conf Hinh 6.19 : Cong ngdm ctuiy c6 dp
g" : he sO luu luong :

III. Tfnh to6n thriy luc cong ngdm chiy br{n 6p

l.Diiu kin chiy b6n dp
Khi H/a ldn, th6.o luu lugrng b6, ddng chAy xidt trong cdng ddy lti nu6c nhiy ra
lggei cdng, hodc c6 nudc nhAy trong cdng nhrrng khong chamJrdn -> cdng chiy
& chd d0 b6n 6p. "Otrg

2.X6c dinh khi nang th6o : khi crla van m& hOt
a. cong c6 tidt din chrl nhat, kh6ng kd inh huong dd doc dr{y cong
e=p.rrffi(Ho-ru)
a chidu cao
cOng
o -- tidt di0n cOng a.b
=
p - he s0 luu lucrng
r - he s6 co hqp phU rhu6c H/a
b. Khi cong c6 tidt di6n hinh trdn, c6 ki ddn inh huong cfra do doc tl6y cong
q=p.rrlffi
d dudng kinh cdng trbn
-
i - dQ d6c d6y c6ng

' Khi c6ng m& mOt-phdn, chiy b6n 6p : ding c6ng thrlc chiy dudi crla van kh6ng
ngAp trong c6ng h&.
. Didu kicn 6p dung cdc ch do chAy
- c.Ong lay nudc dd tu6i : c6 thd ding c6c chd d6 kh6ng 6p, bdn dp ho6c c6 6p dn
dinh. Khi thidt kc ph6i chon kfch thudc cdng, d0 doc d6y va chidu 8ai .dng sao cho

r39
 tr4ng th6i chiy tt
lrong cdng lb mOt chd d0 dn dinh. TrSnh trudng hgp chuydn chd
dO ndy sang chd dQ kh6c.
- cOng ldy nu6c phdt din : rhucrng ding chd d0 chay c6 6p dn dinh.
IV.Thi6t kd tiu ning sau cdng
- DOi v6i cOng ngdm qua ddp ddt: c6 cOt nu6c H ldn nhung luu lucng ring q b6
- DOi v6i cdng ngdm qua d, dudrng giao thong : q l6n thi H laib
- \n vdy vAn dd tiOu ndng sau cdng kh6ng phrlc tap l6m,
- Sau khi kidm tra ch dd chiy va cdc trudrng hqp khai th6c kh6c nhau ndu c6 nudc
nhAy-ph6ng xa sau c6lg (h",u >h) thi c6 thd dtng bien ph6p xay dung h6 tieu nang
tai crla ra ctra cdng dd tiu hao ndng luong ddng chAy-rrudc ttri uaJkenh. Ngoo."
lai, chi cdn thidt kd ti0u ndng theo c6'u tao.

s8. rixu roAN rfr cAu vA dru DINH rHAN cdNc

NOi dung tinh to6n
- Chgn trudng hcp tinh to6n bdt loi: COng c6 thd duo. c tinh rrong c6c trudng hgp :

+ COng mdi thi cOng xong chua c6 nu6c (6p luc dAt l6rn, khong c6 6p luc nudc tr)
phia trong -> bat loi cho nip c6ng , thdnh cdng vd d6y cdng
+ Cdng ChAy ddy m6t khoang cdn khoang kia khong c6 nu6c -> bdt loi cho thbnh
phAn c6ch gifra hai khoang cOng
+ CSng khOng hoat ddng, Muc nu6c tru6c ddp 16n, dudng bdo hda cao, phdn ddt
du6i dudng b6o hba tr0n muc nudc ha luu c6 dung trong bdo hda gdy 5p luc tang
thOm 10n c6c b0 phAn ctra cOng.
- Chgn mit cit tfnh to6n didn hinh : C6 thd tinh cho cdc mdt c6t gita dinh ddp, tai
chdn dAp vd mit c6t trung gian

- Sau khi c6 khdu din, dua vio kinh nghim so b0 chon chidu ddy than .Ong ttft
- Xdc dinh c6c lac tdc d,lng lOn rhAn cOng, td hqp luc
- Tfnh to6n nOi luc.
- Tinh todn c6t th6p vd kidm tra tidt di0n (vd cudng d0 vh khOng cho ph6p nrfr)
I. Xdc dinh cr{c luc tr{c dqng l6n than cong ngdm
1. Trong lugng bin thin cong : dua vdo kich thu6c vb var heu dd rfnh (G,.T/m).
2. 6p lqc thriy tinh cfia nudc z G2- t6c dung 10n bAn d5y, thdnh ben vd ci nip
cOng(khi chAy c6 6p) tfnh til cOt nudc vd kich thudc c6ng.
-
3. 6p lqc drnrg cira ddt :

140
 -T[SDSriF#Vr
ssr ---trKYT
FE\E=

li

Hinh 6.20. So d6 dp lqc da| thdng dtlng

Tri sd 6p lgc dat thing dung t6c dung lOn cdng ngdm :

G: = k:'Ya'H'Dl Tlm
yu - dung trong cfia ddt d6p trn cdng
H - chidu s6u l6p dAt
D, - dudng kinh ngoii cira cdng
kr - hq sd phg thuOc rinh chat ndn, d6 crlng cira cOng vd t1f sd H/D (tra b6ng)
D0 cung L cfra cdng tinh theo c6ng thrfc:
.,
r -= &
,r',,
q.(, )-
Eu , E" ldn luot lb modul ddn hdi crta ddt vd vdt li6u c6ng
r, t lb b6n kinh vd chidu dby ctra c6ng trdn
Khi l,<1 : gdng tuyOt doi crrng (hinh 6.20a), phdn ddr hai bon hin xu6ng gay ma sdt
trofg xudng v6i phdn ddt trcn cdng tao nOn 6p llrc phg thm do d6 [r;i (c6ng
nh6 b6ng BTCT thuOc loai ndy)
Khi l">1 cdng mdm (hinh 6.20b) biOn dang dang hin cria khdi dat phia rren ldn
- s6t
hcvn khOi dtit b hai bOn gdy h1c ma huong ln vi v4y 6p luc ddt thing dtrng s6
nh6 hon trgng luong khoi dat, c6 thd l6y kr=1 (cdng Ldn vb vila bang nfCf thlroc
loai nhy)
6p lgc ngang cira ddt Hinh 6.21
Cuong dQ tai tAm cOng:
dp luc
ngang cfia
da7
G4 = yd.H,tg2(4.t"t )

5. Phin luc nin tai d6y cdng

fl. Cdng c6 bin driy phing hoac d4t trn b phing (hinh G.22a)

t41
 Hinh 6.22 :Phdn lqc tqi ddy cdng
a. Trn b bA ting
b. TrAn ndn mdm
c. Trn ndn ctng
Phin luc ndn ph6n bd theo duong cong nhu hinh v6 6.22a
Tri s6 go vh gr cira bidu dd phu thu0c loai ndn, e vd B

- Ndn s6t pha c6t : qo = 0,81.3

q, = 1,37.3

- Ndn s6t : Qo = 0,73.3

9r = 1,66'3

- Ndn c6t r 9o = 9r = 3 tonrn b6 ddu)

b. Cdng trbn d6t truc tiep tr6n ndn
Kt qui tinh theo m0 hinh ndn Winkler nhu sau
- Vdi ndn crlng (hinh 6.22c)
2.Q.cos0
Qe=
4sin2a+ia
- V6i ndn mdm (hinh 6.22b)

^_ 3Q.(cos0-cosO).cosO
= (3*incr,
9u
+ sin3cr - 3cr.coscx,;

Tii trgng tinh trn mat ddt : Khi c6 m6t luc t6p trung p t6c dung rron mdt d6r,
tai didm c6 d0 sau H v) cdch didm dat lgc mQt kho6ng R chiu mot luc lh :
3.P.H3
o, =2rrr.N

t42
 7. T6c dung cria tii trong dQng tr0n mat d{t
Tinh to6n tuong tu nhu t6i trong tinh nhung ph6i nhan rhem
I h0' s6 dong luc p.
Thong thudrng cdng trong cOng rrinh thiy roi aai sau
nn ldy F = 1
II.Tfnh tor{n NOi luc vi cot ttr6p
Xem kOt cdu rhan^cong lh mOt kdt cdu siOu rinh bac
3, van dung c6c phuong ph6p
cria co hoc kdt cdu dd tinh noi lut cho trlng.
truong-hqp, sau d6 td hgp n6i luc, tinh todn
cdt th6p vi kidm tra nrft. Ndu i d6 chon t nong u'ao'aa* yu
cdu thi ph6i chon lai vd
tfnh lai tir ddu.
III. Tfnh torin dn dinh
Vdi cdng khdng dhi, cdn tinh thdm qua ndn du6i.c0ng, x6c dinh
bidu dd 6p luc
tham, sau d6 kidm tra khi nang truot cria cong. vdi
c6ng aX tr,u*l itiye, cdu vd dn
dinh trucyt du_o. c b6o dim.

cOxc TRINH r,Av NU6C

C01s trinh.ldy duo. c xay dung & ddu mOi c6c ho rhdng thiry lcri
9u69 od tdy nudc ril
s6ng, hay tt hd chrla phUc vq cho c6c nhu cdu dirng nudc.
C6 thd chia cdc cOng rrinh l0y nudc thhnh hai loai :
+ COng trinh ldy nu6c tu chiy
+ Cong trinh_
|d1 nudc dQng luc -
kidu tram bom (d6 duo. c nghin crfu trang
m6n hgc M6y born vi tram bcm)
Trong phdn ndy ta chi nghiOn cfu cOng trinh ldy nu6c rU chiy v6i hai
hinh thrlc
l6y nudc c6 dOp vh lAy nudc kh6ng c6 dAp ngan sOng.

s9. cONc rRiNH r,Av NUoc KHONG DAp

I. Di6u ki6n tim viQc cria c6ng trinh ldy nrfdc kh6ng dQp
- COng trinh l5y nudc khdng d4p tfc ld cdng trinh ddt crla l6y nudc truc tidp tron bd
sdng ddn mldc vdo k0nh md kh6ng cAn ddp ddp ngdn s6ng.

- Cdng trinh 16y nudc loai niy drtoc xdy dung trong tnidng hop luu luong vd mtlc
ntldc sdng b6o d6m l6y dri luong mrdc yOu cAu vdo k6nh.
- C6ng trinh l5y nudc kh6ne dQp cd kdt cdu don gi6n, nhung loai ndy chiu 6ntr tlrdng
nhi6u vdo ddng chdy thin nhi6n do d<i chdt luong nudc thdp, qu6n ly khai rhzic phfc
t+p.

t43
 -
T TriiFfTr[]TfJf[r Ir ir fr1TTrlr[Trl
r-

-lilLl-LlJrLlrlrlL,,
J,rrLirIr1r.
-'ll ll IT l

Hinh 6.23 ': -

C6ng trinh ttiy 1
1,,, f-
khdngdQp
rurdc
[. i [ ]

il. Vi tri vd Uii tri cr?a tdy nrfdc

1. Tinh chdt cria ddng chiy vd hinh d4ng cria tdng s6ng
- Tr0n do4n song thing vdi tinh cndt aatddng chdt vd t6i vdi mQr lrru lrrgng ntrdt Ointr
thi m4t cft ngang cd d4ng parabol, phrtong lrru t6c song song vdi truc ldng s6ng vd tri
s6 ltru t6c ldn nfr6t 6 gifra sdng. Do dti 6 girla s6ng c<i sfc chuydn bin cdt ldn nhdt.
Nhr1ng doan s6ng th$ng li r6t it khoing (10+20)% chiOu ddi ctia mQt con s6ng
thi0n nhi6n.

!F
Hinh 6.24 '. Eoqn s6ng vd cdc mdt cdt ngang

- Tai vi tri doan s6ng cong phrit sinh lrrc ly tdm vd luc ndy ldm cho mr,/c nudc 6 bd
16m d6ng cao hinh thdnh dO ddc ngang criamit midc sinh ra hiQn trJQng chiy vdng
hudng ngang. Ddng ch6y vdng nay kdt hop vdi ddng ch6y dgc truc song lim cho cdc
ch6t Oidm nddc chuydn dQng theo qu! dao dudng xoSn dc. fdt qu6 gay xrii 16 bd l6m
vd bdi l6ng phia bd ldi.

Nhfln x6t :

r44
 - Td kdt qu6 trn ta thdy nucong
trinh l6y ntkcddt d bd l6i rhi d6 boi ldp, n6u
dat d bd l5m noi c<i ddng chdy chri
luu gAn ,ai uo hudng vdo c6ng trinh l6y
nd<ic rhi
viOc ldy nddc sE thu6n loi vd co chdtluong
tdt.
- D6i vdi doan song thlng khi b6 tri c,Saldy nu<ic
ddt 6 bd, do trang th6i thfy
luc cia ddng sdng thay ddi, trudc c,3al6y nudc
pruit sinh hien ttldng ch6y vdng hudng
ngang vd ddng ch6y vdo c&aldy nudc chri yOu
td dong ch6y d,iryn6n gdy boi ldng mdp
thuQng lrru crla ldy nrldc. otii vdi doan
sdng 6 vdng adt y<iu, ,e bi6n dang
m?nh, d phia tren cr?a ldy nudc thddng ",sutuy,ruj.
xuyen bi boi ldp cdn 6 mep dudi thi bi xdi ld
dan. Ktit qu6 cfa ldy mrdc kh6ng ngrlng
dfch chuydn v0 phia ha luu. chinh vi vdy
khdng n6n ldy nUdc d doan s6ng thing.

2.Yitricfia ldy nrfdc

Theo phdn tich trOn, ddt crta hy mrdc tdt nh6t
' e--
6 doan s6ng .ong u{ 6- phia bd l6m.
can xric dinh vi tri crla l6y nudc sao cho cd loi nh6t.
I
Theo N'F.Danh0lia : mdp thtlong luu cr?a l6y ntldc
d4t tai didm 3 (hinh 6.25a).
Didm 3 duoc xric dinh bing crich theo vdt lfr c<i tdn su6t l+1
,s*1", uE [ytong ti6p tuy6n
tai didm I (ch6 bft dAu cong cria bd l6i), didm 3 tA giao oiim
..f" ,t{o tuy6n vdi bd
l6m.
DO ddi doan cong 2-3 duoc x6c dinh theo c6ng thrfc:
r
nR.
arcosR
L2-3 - l go
o6i vdi cftal?tv nudc kidu chinh diOn (hinh 6.2sb),cfa vdo bd tri trr{ng gcic vdi
m6t
cft hrtdng duong kinh O-3.
G<ic l6y midc tdt nhdt vdo kho6ng 15 - 300, so b6 c<i trrd
x6c dinh [0. rdy ntrdc <p
theo c6ng thtlc sau:

cos<p :&
vk
V, : LrIu tdc dong ch6y trong s6ng.
Vo : LtIu tdc ddng ch6y ddng ch6y vdo ctal|ty mldc.
Ngodi nhfing diOu kiOn trOn, ctla l6y nudc cdn bd ffi rron doan s6ng
fO aicu ki6n dfa
chdt t6t vd ldng s6ng dn dinh.

r45
 I

,v b)
:

i I.i
l----
I
-l
i

lz 1i rn
l

lv
I
l\d
l\ ...., ,i
q

t',1\--- -

Hinh 6.25 Xdc dinh vi tri cfia tiiy nrt6c

3. Cdc hinh thrfc n6 tri cr?a ldy nrfdc
a. Hinh thrfc tdy nrfdc bn c4nh:
- Hinh thrtc l6y nrldc ndy thudng dllqc ding khi mr,rc nudc s6ng dti d6m b6o y6u
cAu
ddn nrtdc vio k0nh vi luu lugng l5y nudc vdo kenh kh6ng vrrdt qud 20oA
hru lugng
nrJdc trong sdng.
- Hinh thttc l6y nudc bOn canh c<i thd chia ra ldm hai loai :
+ Hinh thrtc l6y nudc bn c4nh kh6ng c<i c6ng (hinh 6.26a).
+ Hinh thfc 16y nr;dc bn canh cd c6ng (hinh 6.26b).

a)
I

b)

, ''cdng Hinh 6.26 Hinh thtfc ttiy nxdc bn canh

b. Hinh thrfc tiy nrfrfc chrnh diQn
Hinh thfc Hy mJdc chinh diOn cci nhiOu uu didm so vdi hinh thfc 6v nrrdc b6n canh
vd drtoc srl dgng khi :
- MUc ntidc s6ng thdp hon mVc nddc cAn dd l6y nudc tg ch6y vdo knh m6t it.
- Luu higng cAn l6y c<j ttrd vridt qurl 15+20% lrru lrtong s6ng.
- CAn thitit gi6m bdt bin cdt ddty vdo kOnh.

r46
 Phdn thdo nudc

Xi c6t

_,___f .I-
T
,-l

C0ng l{y nudc C6ng l6y nudc

lrryrqr4t
J. Hinh 6.27
.-'--:> Hinh thfic kiy nrtdc chinh
din

sn. cONG TRiNH r,Av nddc co oAp

I. Didu kiQn ldm viQc

- COng trinh 16y mJdc c<i dQp dugc xdy drJng khi mrJc nudc thudng ngay cria s6ng
kh6ng dfi 6y nUdc trJ ch6y viro kenh. Cfrng c<i trudng hQp mrJc nUdc sdng dri l6y nudc
kidu kh6ng dQp nhrtng vdn ding kidu l6y m.Idc c<! dQp trong tnldng hgp cd loi hon v0
kinh t6 - k! thuQr.
- Ndi chung khi xdy dQp ldng sdng sE bitin ddi ve b6n ch6t :
+ e6i lSng phia thugng luu.
+ Thdi gian dAu h4 lrtu bi x<ii 16 nghiCm trgng, sau khi thuQng luu de bi bOi 6p
kh6 ddy thi brin crit duqc mang xu6ng vh gdy bOi lSng h4luu.

Muc nudc ha luu thdi ki cudi

ddy s6ng hq luu thdi k!' cudi

Hinh 6.28 : Mdt cdt dsc s6ngving dQp

t47
II.Cric hinh thrfc Uti trf cr?a dy nrfdc khi cri tl{p ngin sdng :
1. Cr?a tdy nrfdc bn c4nh tt{p vri xi cdtchinh diQn (Hinh 6.29):

C6ng ldy nudc bn c4nh COne ldv nu6c bdn canh

\i
Cdng xi cdt chinh din if-rl
' | |
r-- lL

ri
--

.\' ^
\ (A)
13
lEz*-,

Hinh 6.29

2.Hinh thrfc Hy nrfdc b6n c4nh cri c6ng itriy xfi cdt (hinh 6.30)

Hinh 6.30

3. Hinh thrfc dy nrfdc chinh diQn, d xi cdt chinh diQn (hinh 6.31)

r48
/

a-

__->

Hinh 6"31

4. Hinh thrfc dy nrfdc Tepol (ttrfdng hdrn dy nrffc cri tddt ch{n nic (hinh 6.32)

t49