Fishing boat designs: 2 ees V-bottom boats 134 of planked plywood Rev.2 construction by Syvind Gulbrandsen Grimstad Norway FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2004‘The designations employed and che pretentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part cof che Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or development status of any country territory, city or area dr ofits authorities, or concerning the delimitation ofits frontiers or boundaries. ISBN 92-5-105201-8 All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material inthis information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material inthis information product for ressle or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed co: Chief Publishing Management Service Information Division FAO Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00109 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to: copyright@fa0.0rg © FAO 2004ii PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT The first edition of V-bottom boats (FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 134 - Fishing boat design: 2) wilten in 1974 proved to be one of the most popular publications of the Fishing Technology Service {formerly the Fish Production and Marketing Service) of the Fishery Industries Division. This updated and completely revised publication supersedes the Rev. 1 which was published in 197, It follows an exhaustive study oy the author in collaboration with research institutions and engineers on structural fimber design applied to wooden boat construction. The designs included are appropriate for inshore and coastal fisheries and emphasis has been placed on relative ease of construction and minimum wastage of timber, Disttibution’ FAO Regional and Subregional Offices Selected Naval Architects ond BoattulidersGulbrandsen, Fishing boat designs: 2. V-bottom boats of planked and plywood construction. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 134, Rev. 2. Rome, FAO, 2004, 64p, ABSTRACT Timber remains the most common material for the construction of boats under 15 metres in length. There has been a change towards fibre-reinforced plastic in most developed countries and some developing countries but, in Africa, Asia and the Pacific, probably more than 90 percent of small fishing vessels are built of wood. The Cost advantage of timber versus other materials is still sufficient to ensure that it will remain the dominant boatbuilding material for a long time to come in developing countries. However, unrestricted or ilicit access to forest resources and the introduction of rational forestry management policies have caused and will continue to cause a scarcity of the sections of timbers traditionally favoured by boatbuilders. The resultant scarcity and high cost of good quality timber have not meant that less wooden boats are being bullf, but rather that vessel quality has deteriorated through the use of inferior timber and inadequate design strength. This updated and completely revised publication supersedes Revision 1 of FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 134 published in 1997. It follows an exhaustive study ‘on structural timber design applied to wooden boat construction. The publication includes the designs of four small fishing vessels (from 5.2 to 8.5 metres), with comprehensive material specifications and lists, and provides detailed instructions for their construction, both planked and of plywood. The designs are appropriate for inshore and coastal fisheries and emphasis has been placed on relative ease of construction and minimum wastage of timber.INTRODUCTION DESIGNS Boats in this publication 5.2mboat 6.3mboat 7.4mboat 8.5mboat FRAMES. Frame dimensions Drawing frames in fullsize Modifyingthe beam SCANTLINGS PLANKED CONSTRUCTION Materials Transom Frames Stem Bulidingjig Fixing framesto building jig Fairing forhog Hog Bevelling of sides Cutoutfor chine Botting of chine Bevelling of chine andhog Intermediate frames and side planking Bottom battens andkeel Bottom batiens and planking Caulking planking - rubbing strips Marking the waterline Rail Outboard engine well Floorboards Page Noone 13 15 7 18 22 25 28 30 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 4 42 43 44 45 46 47PLYWOOD CONSTRUCTION Plywood boats - Selection of materials Plywood boats - Timber Plywood boats - Materials Frames Laminated stem Scarfing battens and hog Scarfing plywood Hog and chine Side ond bottom Rail, deckand floorboards EQUIPMENT Mooring bittand fairead Oars andmast Sailing rudder Emergency sail Crewshetter Page 48 50 51 52 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 41 62 63 64INTRODUCTION ‘The first FAO publicction on V-bottom boats was issuedin 1974, The purpose was to present a series of ‘open fishing boats from 4.8m (16 fl} 10. 9m (30 fi)foruse in inshore and Coastal fishery. The main features of he design are: {Construction of planks or plywood on the same building jig and with the same construction procedure. |i Utlizing local timber of standard commercia sizes. lil Shape ofthe boat given by afew main frames. Iv _ Planking done with boards of uniform width to simpity building and reduce wastage, V__Hullshape well adapted to economical, low powered engines. This new issue of the V-bottom boat publication maintains the basle principles of the fist issue as Outlined above, However, more than 20 years’ development in the field of boatbuliding in developing counties has shown the need for a change in several aspects and witn a greater ‘emphasis on the use of ilustrations rather than words, 1) Construction methods Plywood has maintained its role os a material well adapted to use in small scale boatbuilding, Because of the sheet construction, itis relatively easy for carpenters without boatbuilding skls to ‘achieve a watertight boat. For boats that are frequently hauled aut on the beach, plywood gives a light boat without planking seams that open when the timber dries out, The service life of a plywood. boat is determined by the quality of the piywood and ary timber is requited fo obtain a good glue bond. Traditional boat construction with nails and bolts nas the advantage of being able to use cheaper local timber and often timber of better 1of resistance than the low grade inierior veneers used in plywood. Traditional construction, where each plank has to be sawn and planed to the contect shape, requires great skil to obtain a watertight and strong boat, There is a need to simply the construction method as much as possible to bring it within the reach of people with tie ‘boatbuilding experience. In this new issue of the V-bottom boat publication, only the V-version with the bottom planked transversely of cross pianked has been maintained. A longitudinal planked bottom requites closely spaced transverse frames. In temperate climates, oak has been used traditionally for steamed frames together with copper fastenings. Most of the tropical hard woods do not steambend weil and imported copper fastenings are expensive. Bolted frames for small V-bottom boats are expensive and time consuming to make and they clutter up the interior of the boat. In the construction of small fatbottom boats, the crass planked bottom is widely accepted as the simplest way Yo build a boat and it is a method used by ‘boaters in counties as wide apart as Bangladesh and the USA. The cross plankedV-bottom boat is Ile known outside the USA and Australia, but It has the same advantages as cross planking in a flatbottom boot: the reduction in the number of transverse bottom frames. The bottom planking Cartes the load to the sides and the keel. The bottom framing can be longitudinal, mainly serving to hold the planks together to avoid leas. This longitudinal bottom framing is similar to the system used In plywood boats which permis the same main frame system to be used whether the boats are buitt of planks or plywood, as shown in this publication. Longitudinal pianks on the side demand intermeciate frames but these can be simply bolted to the chine and do not require much beveling forthe planking, 2) Typesofboats The previous issue had V-bottom designs of typical 'Westem' proportions with a rather wide beam in relation fo the length. In most developing countries fishermen prefer long and siender, canoe- shaped boats and for very good reasons. The longer boats will give a better speed with a small engine than a shor, fat boat. A cerain beam is required for a satisfactary stabilly. For open boats aINTRODUCTION (cont) waterine beam of around 1.5 m (6 ft) will ensure sufficient stability, The boats in this publication maintain this waterine beam with an overall beam of 1.9m (6 fl). The acvantage of the longer boats In terms of speed is clearly demonstrated in that the 8.5 m boat wil achieve 7 knots versus 5.5 knots forthe 5.2 m boat using the same 8 Hp engine. Because of the sharp bow, the longer hulls have very lowresistance inwaves. 3} Engine installation The cost of operating a small fishing boat sto a far greater extentin‘iuenced by the choice of engine type and power than by the construction material in the boat. It is known that for the same power, ! Pw. 98 145 Pw. 2108.5 M_BOAT - FRAME DIMENSIONS a TRANSOM IS SAME AS FOR §.2M BOAT. NOTE THE CHANGE IN THE BOTTOM FRAME 806 FOR PLYWOOD CONSTRUCTION = Piv, 746 23112 8.5 M_BOAT - FRAME DIMENSIONS NOTE THE CHANGE IN THE BOTIOM FRAME FOR PLYWOOD CONSTRUCTION = Phy _ 87a <—___2____4 6 3 420 Pin, 98DRAWING FRAMES IN FULL SIZE 13 Use a sheet of ordinary plywood, thickness = 9 mm or 12 mm and cut as shown, Straight edge Ruler FOR FRAMES 100 1000 Centerine 700 To00 <0, EXAMPLE : TRANSOM Ruler ¥ ¥ Mark line Mark ine * ¥DRAWING FRAMES IN FULL SIZE sneer 1 Do the same for the chine 2 Construction base for tran 718MODIFYING THE BEAM 15 The beam of the various boats can be modified on the basis of the frame dimensions given in pages 6 to 10. ‘The maximum increase in the beam is 20 % which means that the moulded beam increase from 1.85m to 2,20m, ‘As on example how this is done is taken the frames from midship and forward. Start with the widest frame and multiply the half beam with the chosen factor of increase, in this case = 1.2. Draw a line parallel with the base line and mark off the new beam, From this new sheerpoint, craw a line Parallel with the old sideframe and transfer the length of the sideframe= B ‘and mak off the new chinepoint, Draw the new bottom frame. Draw a line at right angle to the side - frame through the old sheerpoint. Measure the distance C from the new sheerpoint down to this line. 1.2xD (On the next frame, craw a line through the sheerpoint and at right angle to the sideframe, Draw a parallel line ot adistance = C, Multiply the halfbeam of this frame with the factor = 1.2 and mark off the new sheerpoint on the parallel ine drawn eater, Transfer the length of the old sideframe = E to the new sideframe in the same way as cone for the midship frame, From the new chinepoint draw the new bottomtrame,16 MODIFYING THE BEAM way. Increasing the beam trom the original designs will require on extra batten in the bottom, 4 Modify the remaining frames in the same Check the result by drawing a line through the sheerpoints Tis stoule give an even curve close fo a straight line. Do the same for the frames aft of Midship, starting with the midship frame. Forword only one batten is requited provided the span of the planking Is below 270 mm.SCANTLINGS 7 ({8) Sawn trom 20x 193 PLANKED CONSTRUCTION Frames att of midship sawn fon 32x 143 32x 143 © Frames midship and foward 32x 193 BOAT DIM. 5.2m 44x68 6.3m 44x68 7.4m 68x68 4agxia3 85M 68x68 20x68 ® 20x32 PLYWOOD CONSTRUCTION 18x44 (©) 32x08 Floorboards are optional except forward BOATS _DIt “B2m 44x68 6.3m 44x68 7AM 68x68 8.5m 68x68 9 Piw. 382x143 00x6818 PLANKED BOATS - TIMBER TYPE A timber of medium weight, between 650 kg / mand 750 kg / m*when air-dried. This heavier timber hos two important advantages compared with a lighter timt 1. tt will hold fastenings such as nails and bolts well and in a wooden boat the strength is mainly dependent on the fastenings. 2. Heavier timber is usucily more rot resistant than lighter timber and this is important in pars of the boat that are difficuit io change such as frames, keel and the stem. Through experience , boatbuilders have been able to determine which focal timber is ‘suitable for these iterns and it is safest to follow their advice. The more known timbers of type A are oak, iroko, kaput, afromosia, opepe, gurjun and teak, but there are many other species that might be known locally as suitable. TYPE B . A timber of relatively light weight of between 500 kg / m to 600 kg /m*when air-dried. ‘The fimber is mainly used for planking and deck, and the most important quailty is low movement in service, that it does not swell or sink much with changing humidity Known timber suitable for this is mahogany, Douglas fir and European redwood, but ‘there are many other species. QUANTITY OF TIMBER FOR THE BOATS Below is given a list of sawn timber required for the various planked boats, Timber for the bbuiding jig is given on page 25. The quontiy includes a wastage factor of 25 %, The wastage factor could be lower or higher dependent on the quality and the length of timber available. Longer lengths of timber gives less wastage. However an advantage of the cross-planked bottom Is the utilization of short lengths of timber. ey FROM SARI TOTAL LENGTH OF TIMBER IN METRES a 25x150 | 1x6 7 9 10 12 386x160 [1% x6 32 Ee 62 A [88x20 | 1% x8 15 18 2 25 580x150 | 2x6 18 22 20 22 756x150 | 3x6 40 40 65 7.6 100x250] 4x10 14 14 | a 14 Am* 0.54 0.65, 0.76 0.86 20x150 | % x6 oe | 76 90. 103 B [asxis0 |_1x6 58. 7 | 94 25x200 | 1x8 34 4 48 55 Bm? 0.58 0.70 0.82 0.95 Total volume A+B m* 112 1.35, 1.59 1.81 AIR DRYING OF TIMBER proper focteng of triber After sawing, the timber must be stored under a roof protected against sun and rain, The diving time depends on the season. During the dry season a 25 mm plank will ry in 3 months, but I wil toke 9 months during the rainy season,PLANKED BOAT 5.2 M - TIMBER 19 FOR THE OTHER BOATS MULTIPLY THE LENGTHS WITH THE FACTOR F 6.3M BOAT. F=1.2. 7.4M BOAT: F=1.4, 85M BOAT: 1.6, NOTE: The keel for the 7.4 m and the 8.5 m boat is 68 x 68 sawn from 75 x 150 DIMENSION | TOTAL SAWING INTO TOTAL PLANED. TEM OF FROM SAWMILL | LENGTH SMALLER SECTIONS LENGTH DIMENSION ‘NUMBER: TIMBER mm m mm m mm RL 1 7575 3 | sr 6 | 20x68 ® 28x 150 60 50 50 4 str) B 20x44 ® 150 8 | 38 8 32x 143 7 75 ‘| | 38x 150 14 38 28 32x 68 ® 10 pos 30 32x44 ® A wf me] ow | ne | © 38 —} 938x200 | — 100 100 1 38 2 32x93 @ | 150 loo7 s0 7 44x 143 75 75 60x 150 5 | og 10 44x68 ® 50 50 50 25 | 75 | 160 28 68x 143 @ | 75x 160 = | 13 r| [7 26 68x68 ® 100 x 250 14 100 x 260 14 93x 240 @® 87 — 87 15x 143 woxiso | 2 | go 25284 4 rsx | 150 25x 160 ss | 95 Ce 58 20143 @® | __200, - - 29 i 29 20x 193 25 x 200 100 100 | eco a] " 70x9820 PLANKED BOATS - FASTENINGS ALL FASTENINGS MUST BE HOT DIPPED GALVANIZED Hot dipped galvanized fastenings have a dull grey and rough surface because of a thick zinc- coating, Electropiated fastenings which are also sold as * galvanized“ have a shiny, smooth and silvery surface. The zinc coating is very thin and gives no protection in sait water. Always specify * hot ai vanized"_not just "gaivanized” NAILS ROUND WIRE NAIL @(}mm—x) CUP - SQUARE COACH BOLT 8 mmbott = 24 10 mm bol Minimum 2.5 mm for 8mm bolt 3mm for 10mm bot HEXAGONAL HEAD BOLT ‘Add for nut @fii=——Lha if round washers are not available se square washers of same thickness ‘and width as round washers. THREADED BOLT It specially made boatnails are available they are the best choice, Boatnalls are square in section and are thick in relation to the length. In most developing counties these nalls cannot be bought locally, Round wirenalls are however widely available. Used for house construction they are thin in relation to the length. When used for boat building ‘they must be cut down in length before galvanizing, (Fa special order made fiom the nail factory. Tests have shown that round wire nails are as strong {s square nails provided the diameter is equivalent. ttis important that the head of the nail is large, about twice the diameter of the nail For the boats in this publication three sizes of nails are fequired, Prediiling must be done for all nails DIAMETER, LENGTH ——PREDRILL 4mm(8SWG) — SO0mm(2in) 3.5mm Smm(6SWG) —75mm(3in) 4.0mm Smm(6SWG) 100mm(4in) 4.0mm The nailhead should be countersunk about 2-3. mm for jhe 4mm nail and 4 myn for the larger nails and it will in harder wood be necessary to prediill for this before dilling the main hole. The nailhead should be covered with mastic to assist against corrosion. BOLTS Coach bolts also called carriage botts or more correctly cup-square coach botts are used in boat building but they are increasingly being seen as “specials” and often only made with an electroplated finish. Ordinary hexagonal head steelbolls are easier to buy hot dipped galvanized. For timber construction they must be fitted with large washers. Most bolts for the boats in this publication are 8 mm, ‘and normally not available in lengths above 120 mm. Longer bolts must be made from a hot dipped galvanized rod and threaded in both ends. The zinc- coating on the nut will provide some protection also {or the bore threads, but in adaltion the threaded part should be smeared with bitumastic compound before inserting the bot Rods threaded all along should not be used since the bearing area against the wood is reduced,MATERIALS 21 QUANTITY TEM 52m] 63m] 74m] 85m Hexagonal head bolt, hot dipped galvanized, with nut, Altemative: Cup - square coach bolt, hot dipped galvanized, with nut. 8x80 31 45 51 57 8x 100 8 19 20 21 8x120 14 16 18 20 8x140 9 VW 13 18 8x 150 2 2 2 2 8x170 10 12 14 16 10x 80, 2 2 2 2 10x 100 2 2 2 2 10x 120 3 4 5 6 10x 170 1 1 1 1 Rod, hot dipped galvanized of 8 mm and 10 mm will be required if the sizes given above is not available. ‘Washer, large size, round or square, hot dipped galvanized. ‘The quantity must be For bolt 8 140 220 260 280 increased if boits are For bolt 10 18 20 22 24 tobe made ftom ioe Nut, hot dipped galvanized ‘Quantity depend on the number of bolts that have to be made from rod. Nails, hot dipped galvanized, either oat nals or found wite nals Cut down in length or specially ordered from focal nail factory. Diameter =4 mm ( 8 SW) x 50 akg 10kg 12kg 13kg About 170 nails / kg Diameter = 5 mm (6 SWG ) x 75 oskg | 05kg | o5kg 0.5 kg Diameter = 5 mm (6 SWG ) x 100 05kg 05kg | O5kg 0.5 kg Bitumastic compound ( Roofing compound, Hydroseal etc. ) 5kg 5kg kg 7kg Nylon fly screen, 1 m wide Im im 1.6m 2m Caulking cotton, quantity depends ‘on what is available in trade, Filler 1kg 1.5 kg 2kg 2kg Wood primer 5Kg kg 7 kg 7kg Paint kg 7kg kg 8kg Antifouling paint kg Tkg 1.5kg 1.5kg Paint thinner 2L 2L 2L 31 Buoyancy material, polyurethan, polystyrene, plastic container etc. 0.1 cub.m |0.1 cub.m |0.1 cub.m | 0.1 cuo.m Sailing rucider fiting, emergency sail see drawing,22 TRANSOMMAIN FRAMES 25 Nail to floor Motk \ — sraight edge26 MAIN FRAMES 5 2 {oo PEA (=f, a Temporary Sf 20x95 Remove after SS ==, 4x60 botting the chine Predill 3,5 FRAME 3 CUTTING THE SIDE FRAME FRAME 1 and 2 Plywood z =25 [18 L 32 «7 1. Mark a tine the with 2, Mork a line 3, Draw aline 4, Cut off the frame of the chine below bottom through the two. Giong the line line. pointsFORWARD FRAME 27 68 _—— Hold inner edge of plank ‘against this point ~O 32x 143 ( Hold outer edge of plank ‘against this point28 STEM 1005 The stom can also be made: laminated as for the plywood ‘boat. However to increase the width of the lower part, one piece 15 has to be added on each side up to the chine. 875 <6 i, Building base 432 — 8 250 <— > e 8 y 550 Bose ine —/ A 7] Use reverse side of frame drawing . ‘and add a piece to give total» — S height = 1300 puting bose Foc nails in measuring points and use a batten 10x 20 to draw a line thiough the points \ = —_—*__\ Edge of plywood sheet is base ineBUILDING JIG 30] SJOYSOM YJ au ¥9_|_BOAN EB) sooeid Z - Ol X01: s1108 0099 = oq us’ 2 ef eee aoe Le : 0089 = Jog wy’ 6 ap | jooaweg} S%S'l - S9xSE'C SIN Oorr = 1Doq wi ¢"9 w—| wor | oa uss 1 . oor xos | Ost xsz Dose =HOTUES 210m 9% §Z BUIPNIOU - ASQ NeaWs —— I 328 e 8 q ‘O00! ——> (0001 40 JS01 HUN BOL | PSEBds suoHos ‘s}0q 18640] 10 zett OOlt 238 001 xos: ost xzBUILDING JIG Plane the top edge straight Check with string and ruler32 BUILDING JIG For longer boats stations spaced 1100 until last at 1000, Crosscleats at right angle nt (0 centetine sting “~~ Check with plumb line 1 Comer of block must be on the mork for the building base on the transom 5 ug, 8 25x 150x 350 Bolt 10x 120 2 Removable when fuming boat over 150 ; — 3° Fixtransom to blocks with 4 nails Thickness = 50FIXING FRAMES TO BUILDING JIG 33 1. Place the middle frame on the building jig forward of the cross cleat. For the 5.2 m boat frame 2, for the longer boats frame 3 2.Align the frame vertically with a spirit level ‘and horizontally fo the centertine sting with a plumb bob. 3. Foc with 4 nails to the cross cleat, 4,Brace the trame to thebuilding jig as shown, 1. Align the forward frame on the building jig in the same way as the middle frame. 2. Nal the frame to the building jig ‘and support it fo the ground, 3. Place the stem on to the frome ‘and align with the centermark on the frame, 4, Stretch a line along the top of the building jig corresponding to the construction base. Check that this line meets the mark for the construction base on the stem. 5. Fix the end of the stem firmly to the ground. 6. Dil hole and bolt the stem to the frame.34 FAIRING FOR HOG 3] BUILDING JIG OMITED FoR CLARITY 1, Mount the remaining frames and connect them to the middle frame by two battens 20 x 50 temporatily nailed fo the frames. Check alignment with the stem, Agjust if required Mark gap between batten ‘and frame = bevel on a stick ‘and transfer to the other side of the frame. 2, Make cutout for the hog, See details Fairing batten 20x 44 3, Adjust bevel at transom. and frame 1 Hog Do not cut below this lineIt ls best to have the hog in one length bbut in the longer boats a joint might be necessary. 120 ——s GUIDE FOR DRILLING Two persons checking by sight the direction of the dillot before starting the dll36 BEVELLING OF SIDES 1. Clamp a 16 mm plank to the frames near the chine, Mark bevel on the frames ‘and transom. Remove the plank and cut the bevel. 2. Clamp the plank back in place to check ‘that its in contact with the frames on ‘the whole surface, 3. Cut off the bevel at the stem gradually Until the line on the forward side 's reached. Adjust again the bevel (on the forward frame. 4, Repeat this process at the sheer. 5, Draw a line between the bevel cults and plane the complete Centerline Line between bevel cuts SIDEFRAME STEMCUTOUT FOR CHINE 37 st TNE © 1. Saw and plane two chines, Cut off a piece of 100 mm length. . Button a plank 15x 143 to cover the length of the boat. Check that the edge of the plank is straight. See detail below, Clamp the plank at the transom and the forward frame, of the transom, Use a small tulet to mark on the frame.. 6, Comer of block level wih frame 5. Adjust the plank on the forward frame Buttlock 20x 170x 180 — Nails 4x 50 bent over ‘Attemative glued scarf ( Page 55)38 BOLTING OF CHINE 1. Ifthe chine batten is not long enough it has to be joined either by bolting as shown or scarfed ‘and glued as for plywood construction. Place 1 ‘he joint so that it wil not colide with the main oF intermediate frames. Start bolting the chine at the bow and bend both sides working towards the transom. If the batten is hard fo bend, try wrapping it with rags ‘and pour bolling water over It Main frame A Countersink bolt on 8x80 Fe 32x90 \ forward two frames. 320 | Attemative glued scarf ( Page 55 ) | Only countersink sufficient for the beating of the washer. A groove Is later made in the sideplankingBEVELLING OF CHINE AND HOG 39 1. To teduce the twist in the planking forward, the planks are placed at an angle to the keel. Too large an angle will Increase the span of the plank and weaken the bottom. The angle Is given by the pattern .. On the hog and stem draw two lines at A= 26 Using a straightedge placed at the correct angle to the hog, make notches in the hog and the chine at intervals, Connect the notches with a line and plane down to the line. r 4 | centenne { NOTE: A is distance from centerine Do not plane below this edge *) Pattern for lank angie ‘Only plane to the middle of the chine Pattern for bottomplanking ‘angie40 INTERMEDIATE FRAMES AND SIDE PLANKING. 1, Clamp the sheerpiank so that it follows approximately the marks on the main frames. Check that 4 planks wil reach up to the bevel line onthe chine, 2, Bot intermediate frames as shown with ‘equal spacing between the main frames. Notice that they are square to the chine without bevel. There might be a sight bevel at sheer plank. Nail the sheer plank to the frames. 3. Continue planking up to the chine. 4, Bevel the sidepiank at the chine. Notice the change to but forward. Forward the bottom planking change from overtopping ‘he side planking to butting against tt 8x80 , Same cutout for all frames “ 2 Caulking bevel Round off comers Head countersunk forward 6 frames _@ 32x08 Agjust bevel if required before NU e 44X50 150 4x50 Intermediate frame. Main frame - \ SBOTTOM BATTENS AND KEEL 41 1. Clamp a batten 20 x 44 haltway between the chine Fair aft end Nall § x75 nd the hog where ihe bottom is widest. Keep it about y halfway on frames forward and aif, but avoid hard side bends. Mark position on frames and remove it. 2. Mark the depth of the cutout in the frame by placing sticight batten trom hog fo chine in the conect pianking angle to the hog. Use an offcut of the bottom batten 44x 44 except the two forward frames where the batien is made from two layers of 20 x 44, total height = 40. 3, Cutdeacwood andkeel. Mark the bevel for the bottom planking and plane it off before botting to the hog. ‘Same thickness 2s bottom Same as forhog 4 Planking = 20 AR Patter for planking angle > Sight batten Offcut trom bottom batten 44x44. — Midship and aff, 40 x 44 on the forward two frames. Hold up against batten and frame at the position already marked on the frame. ‘Mark with pencil. Do the same on the other side of the frame42 BOTTOM BATTENS AND PLANKING . Bott deadwood and keel to hog after bevelling for the planking s Nall bottom battens to the frames and the transom, with nails 5x 100, Use two layers of 20 each forward Join the battens by scarfing and glue or with a botted buttjoint. Cut waterways as shown and round off the edges of the batten on the inside. Appiy bitumastic compound and ‘stip of nyion fiyscteen on the hog, transom, chine and stem. Start planking at the transom with a plank 193 wide, and at the correct angle to the hog. Continue with planking 20x 143. B s two layers Buttolock 44 x 44 Plane off keel in straight line ee 20 x 44 for easior bending forward — 2-3 | Saw and plane off planking down to ~ | stem & mak Bevel for cauiking 3 nails 4 x 50 on ends 2 nails in micidle 440, Appjy bitumastic compound Alternative giued scarf ( Page 55 ) ‘and strip of nylon fiyscreen.CAULKING PLANKING - RUBBING STRIPS 43 1. Clean sawdust out of the planking seams with a small brush, Use a caulking iron or a caulking wheel fo press the cotton +—— hard into the planking seams. This work is very important fo achieve a watertight boat 3. The best cotton for caulking is the twisted type that often comes lke a 1ope with several strands which must be separated to fit into the seam. Follow the procedure shown for caulking, Painting and applying mastic in the seam, Nail on the rubbing stip ( wornshoe } ‘on the kee! and the protection sttios on the stem os shown. Nall on the chine rubbing stip. 5 o 20 x 68 4x50 spaced 250 = o& r 12 Tarpaper or bitumastic / + flyscreen fos| ok 7 34, CAULKING IRON bboy oJ —= % ALTERNATIVE CAULKING WHEEL 65 CAULKING ae . B. Brush thinned paint in seams —_C. fill the seam with mastic i rk A Bes tnecotonnorinio © (erino wala Ws Solow wetower Sock ccveman coon abn onan pin lton or cauking wheel44 MARKING WATERLINE Fix a plank with fop edge 80 below chine comer. Check that itis horizontal with 2 spitt level, The string rests on top of this plank, Move the string in ond out ‘on the planks so that it touches various places from forward to aff on the boat, Mark off With a flexible batten connect the points and scribe with ‘a hacksaw blade a clear line on the planking ( Fix plank with the lower edge at the waterine mark at the stem, Brace it level, The stiing rests on the lower edge of this plank,RAIL 1, Remove the boat from the building jig, but keep the cross braces until the rail is complete. 2. Clamp on the outside rail batten and nail 1 the sheerpiank to it 3. Bolt he deckbeam to the forward frame and otch for the centerplonk into the stem ‘and the deckbeam, 4, Clamp on the inside sheerbatten ‘and nail it to the frames, 5. Bevel for the covering board. 6. Saw the covering board to shape and nail in place. 45 Center | spaced 200 Raise battens for bevel plank 32x68 Gop to frame 150 | 2 gi & i ty + Covering board sawn from ((8) 20 x 19346 OUTBOARD ENGINE WELL 1. Install a shelf under the foredeck before nailing 2 the foredeck in place. Cut engine well beam and clamp It fo the forward side of the aff intermediate beam. Cut the cleats, remove the beam cnd nailthe cleats in place. Bott the beam to the frame. Nail the bottom of the engine well then the sides and finaly the deck which also serves Q8 a seat for the operator. Planking exstend 20 to avoid end spitting when naling. Round off Drainhole 25 MAKE ENGINE WELL WATERTIGHT 10x80, roe D 20x 143 Nalled from underside ——— \ Conect height determined in postion SECTION OF ENGINE WELL LOOKING FORWARDFLOORBOARDS 47 1. The simplest and cheapest Is to have no floorboards blocks fitted except in the bow because of the deep V - botiom under 2. The next option is to have floorboards between, att deck the bottom battens. 3 3. The most expensive solution is to have floorboards level wth the top of the bottom frames, creating a flush floor ‘as shown under the covering board in the centre two ‘compartments and under the aft deck. The thwart forward 2 Is for crew seats ‘ond for fitting amas. 32x 193 20x93 Gap = 10 Buoyancy block between planks 65x 170x240 between frames 16x 145 — removable 2 nails Noid block FLOORBOARDS BETWEEN BOTTOM BATTENS Prevented fom moving sidewords by frames 44x 44 sits on top of bottom batten FLOORBOARDS FORWARD 15 X 68 X 300 ARE REQUIRED notched to half depth of bean FLOORBOARDS LEVEL WITH TOP OF FRAMES Floorboards divided at centerine48 PLYWOOD BOATS - SELECTION OF MATERIALS 1 PLYWOOD, Al plywood for exterior use is glued with the same phenolic glue. tt carries the mark WBP = water boll Proof. The durability of plywood is entirely dependent on the species of wood used in the veneers. Often the Manufacturer saves money by having a good but thin surface veneer, but species with low rot resistance in the core veneers, The difference between "WBP Exterior’ plywood and "Matine plywood’ is in the species of timber ‘accepted for the veneers and the thickness and number of layers. ‘Marine plywood! should have a minimum of & layers in plywood between 6 and 9 mm thickness, More layers give more equal strength along the sheet and across the sheet. The thickness of the layers should be : Outer layers: Minimum 1.4 mm Inner layers: Maximum 2.5 mm Unless the veneers have been treated against rot at the factory, the durability of the plywood is dependent on the type of wood used. The following list of species for matine use has been prepared bby Lloyds in England: Common name dur ‘Agba Durable Gedu Nohor Moderately durable Guarea Durable Idigbo Durable ‘Aifican Mahogany Moderately durable Makore Very durable Omu Moderately durable Ught Red Meranda Moderately durable ight Red Seraya Moderately durable Sapele Moderately durable Utile Durable Douglas fir and Gaboon/Okoume are acceptable provided they are given preservative treatment at the factory. Gaboon/Okoume has very low natural durability. In plywood construction itis important fo seal all edges with epoxy glue. Especially where the deck overlaps the side there are problems of rot If the edge is not well sealed before fastening the sheer batten, 2, TIMBER The timber for the plywood boat must frst of all be suitable for gluing. Generally the heavier type A timber as described on page 18 does not give as good a glue bond as the lighter timber. An ‘exception to this is lroko and Kapur. Generally type B timber is therefore used in plywood boat onstruction. The keel and kee!-shoe should preferably be of a heavier and hardier timber.PLYWOOD BOATS - SELECTION OF MATERIALS 49 3 GLUE There are two types of glue with a proven record as waterproof glue: Epoxy and Phenol Resorcinol. Epoxy has a better gap filing abilty which means that less clamping pressure is required to achieve ‘Q.good bond. However, epoxy presents a greater heath tsk. Contact with the skin should be avoided as some people develop a skin rash after having used epoxy over a petiod, The hardener Powder of pheno! resorcinol is toxic and should be handled with care. The following rules are important for a good glue bond. @) The correct measuring of quantities of resin and hardener and proper mixing Is very Important for a. good bond. Use a postal scale if necessary and follow the instructions on ‘the tin carefuly. Glue is expensive so do not spoil the result by careless mixing, ») _The lids of the glue tins should be put on property and the tins stored in a cool place 5-20°C. Storage time will then be 1-2 years. in a hot climate the "shelf life" of the glue is much reduced. ©) Plane the timber fo equal thickness with a machine planet. Although epoxy has a gap filing propery, the surfaces should be faitly even, @) Freshen up the wood surface. If time ftom planing is more than 48 hours before gluing, the wood should be freshened up with sandpaper followed by brushing off the cust. This gives fresh wood directly in contact with the glue. ©) —_Use timber of correct moisture content, Wet timber will not giue well and too ary timber puts high stress on the glueline when swelling takes place after the boat is put into service. 4, FASTENINGS The purpose of the fastenings is to provide sufficient pressure until the giue sets. The fastening itself will ake no load as long as the glueline is intact. Only in an emergency with giue failure might the fastening provide some additional safely. Use screws only where the bend in the plywood is foo extieme. Nails ‘The best type of fastening is the annular ringed or barbed bronze nail, The nais also carry the Name 'Gripfast’. For the 9 mm plywood used in these boats the folowing size Is recommended: Diameter = 2mm (14 SWG}, Length = 25 mm (1 in}, It these nails are not available, hot dipped galvanized nails can be used. The nails should have a small head so that they can be countersunk below the surface of the plywood and the hole Plugged with a filer to avoid any surface conosion, For 9 mm plywood the dimension should be: Diameter = 2.65 (12 SWG), Length = 30 mm The length of these nalis means that they have to be set at an angle in the 26 mm battens to ‘avoid spliting the inside surface. Round wire nail, countersunk head Bored bronze nail hot dpped gavvanized50 PLYWOOD BOAT 5.2 M - _TIMBER (including 25% waste) FORTHE OIWER BOATS MOLTELY THE LENGTAS WI TE FACTOR. F 63M BOAT E 74M BOAT! F= 14. 8.3M GOAL F = 1.6. NOTE: The Keel or the 7.4 m and 8.5 m boats is 68 x 68 sawn fiom 75 x 150 T ‘TYPE DIMENSION: TOTAL SAWING INTO. TOTAL PLANED ITEM OF | FROMSAWMILL| LENGTH | SMALLER SECTIONS | LENGTH | DIMENSION | LETER Tiaeer | rm ™ mm m mm ese" rr Err | B | 2x10 | 6 50 oe 24 exes ® woe ey 1s | nox 1s, x marked! 26 | timber mR | 2sxiso | 2 A] og pepe, | 4 zoxee © 50. ~ 1 26 3 2oxaa © | = [as [a eeee [| mm | © > | ec | » ane | © 38x 150 5 wee ‘ oaxee © YE axa | @ 200 368x200 | 5 elo] 6s 52x98 © A 75 75 “| 32 50 64 sacs © 50x 150 3737 a7 3 8 <0 2 | wm | © A 150, as*| 7s 25 | xs | © 75x150 — + 5 PPP | exes 75 | _ | | @ Marine plywood 9mm insheets 1.2mx2.4m Total = 7 sheets ® 6.3m Boat =9 sheets —— Optional floorboards not included 74m Boat = 10 sheets ‘except forward. 8.4m Boat = 13 sheets se 20 somone =, aeall To \ eran essen see one sorsPLYWOOD BOATS - MATERIALS 51 TIMBER { Including 25% waste) e DIMENSION FROM SAWMILL TOTAL LENGTH OF TIMBER IN METRES TIMBER 5.2M 6.3 M 74M | 84M MM INCH BOAT Boat | goat | soar 25x 150, 1x6 20 35 | 6 é A 50x 150 2x6 32. 4 75x 150 3x6 2.5 25 g z Am 0.06 0.07 | __0.09 12 20x 160 Yxs 8 10 1 13 25x 160 Tx 21 22 23 24 B 38x 150, Tuxd 7 20 24 27 [38x 200 TAB 5 6 7 8 50x50 2x6 8 To TT 13 75x 150 3x6 3 é 7 3 Bm 036 Oat] OAT ss Total volume A +8 inm® oat 0.48 056 [0.65 MARINE PLYWOOD, 9rmmm,, sheet of 1.2x2.4m — |7 sheets |9 sheets | 10 sheets | 13 sheets FASTENINGS AND MISCELLANEOUS QUANTITY, mmEM S2M | 63M | 74M | 85M BOAT_| BOAT Boat_| Boar Bott, hexagonal head, hot dip 8x80 2 2 2 2 gaivonized with nut. 8x90 5 6 2 2 Altemative: Cup - square coach 8x 100 3 4 ott, hot dip gaivanized wih nut 8x110 5 6 8x 120 4 4 4 4 8x140 2 2 2 2 Barbed ringnal, fathead, 2.0% 25 (14SWGxTin) | 26kg | 3019 | 35kq | 40k bronze 3.2x32 (JOSWGx1 sin) | O3kg | o4kg | O4kg | O5ko 32x45 (10SWGx1%in) | 06kg | O7kg | O8kg | 1.09 ‘Afemative : Round wire nol, countersunk head, hot dlp galvanized 2.6x30(12SWGx1%in) | 3.5kg | 40kg | 45kq | 5.0kg 3.2x45(10SWGx1%in} | O6%g | O7kg | O8kg | 1.0K9 Woodscrew, AISI 316 Stainless steel 4.0.x 25 (8 Gouge x1 in) 100 100 100 100 5.0.x 60 (10Gauge x 2 in} 60 75 85 100 5,063 (10 Gauge x11 Yin) 20 25 30 36 Epony glue including hardener | sox | 60x | 701% | aoxg Filler for epoxy glue 1.0kg V2kg | 1dkg | 1.6k9 Wood primer Bok | 60kg] 7.0kg| 7.0Kg Paint 6.0k9 7.0kg | 80kg | 80k Antifouing paint 1.0 kg Log] 1.5kq | 2.0k9 Point thinner 2L aL 2L aL Buoyancy material, polyurethane, polystyrene, 0.1 cubm|}0.1cubm p.1 cum f..1 cubm Emergency sail and rudder fitings, see drawing, Note: Two component polyurethane paint will ge much more durable fnish than ordinary ol paints,52 PLYWOOD - FRAMES DIMENSIONS OF FRAMES ARE SAME AS FOR PLANKED. CONSTRUCTION The bottom part of the frames forward of midship must be curved because of the natural bending of the plywood. The depth of the cutout for the batten must be determined in place as shown FRAME 4 on page 41 and 56 FRAME 3. Straight line from frame dimensions | Use flexible batten _A Remember that to draw curve this distance is 12 mm lower than for planked construction except for the forward frame TRANSOM ; Plywood pad on inside glued in place Wood plate 20x 193 bolted on ouside same as for planked transorn Curve in aff deck Pw 9 determined after fixing sheer batten Construction base 32PLYWOOD - FRAMES 53 FRAME CONSTRUCTION IS SAME AS SHOWN FOR PLANKED CONSTRUCTION EXCEPT FOR GLUED GUSSET Plywood 9 both sides Frames aft of midship Filer piece, © 382x143 Frames from midshio Cut trom (F) 32x 143 and forward © 32x 193 Use annular ringed bronze nals 2.0.x 25 (14 SG Griptast ) to obtain glue pressure MIDSHIP Do net nail near edge ‘or near chine posttion — The glue area should be the same on each frame54 LAMINATED STEM 1 The forward side of the stem has the same shape as the planked boat. The width of the stern is modified as shown below: ‘Make a pattem of the stem out of 4 mm plywood. & / Remember the lower position here To transfer the shape of the stem from the drawing on the plywood sheet, Use transparent drawing paper or place the head of nals along the line, hammer the head so the nail does not roll and press the 4 mm sheet onto the nalheads fo leave marks of the curve, 2 Cut the end of one board so that ‘the pattem is inside ‘the edges of the two boards. Trace the shape and cut, The three layers are laminated together. Use sufficient clamps of heavy weights to get a good glue pressure. Mark construction base rmSCARFING BATTENS AND HOG 55 Plane the scart in the two 1 battens to be joined T SCARF LENGTH tt the same time — 20mm 200mm 32mm 320mm \ Attemative BOW ROLLER Preferable to fairiead if anchor is used often 8x60 through 8x 140 through ‘covering board outer sheerbatten Postion determined in place Stainless steel 12x 170 TT Brass washers rt LS 120!| Brass roller 6G] made by tunerOARS AND MAST 61 Can also be made fom a pole, —___________2800_ <— 700 Wood about 500 kg / Total length = 170 Tapered last 50 For easy removal 30 Thickness =20 gh 4xso ~y | The mast can be made from a pole since small ireguiarties are of no importance 3200 0 > 50 / 4 v ‘ ¥ 3 8 Hole 20 6 s well rounded MAST SUPPORT 6x30 ALTERNATIVE MAST SUPPORT62 SAILING RUDDER Notch for supporting the mast when sail Is used as awning Postion ofr ‘N / fitings determined in place Tiler folds back forstorage Foiting Thickness = 20 | — Pins 6x70 ailematively giued Stainless steel 10 Taper tip for easy entry { Weld to straps Stainless steel 2.x 25 x 260 Bott 8x 30 Stainless steel nut 12. ——™” dilled out i012EMERGENCY SAIL AND SWAMPED BUOYANCY 63 The emergency sail is a standard reinforced polyetylene tarpaulin of 2.x 3 m. It.can also seve 5 rain protection for the crew as shown on next page. Bamboo Loose loop around NM tomar To attachment \ & of halyard \ pownhauttone 10 between bamboo ‘and thwart Halyard 10 fastened through hole 20 in frame att of thwart Sheet 10 through hole in enginewell beam, but so that Itcan be easily released | BUOYANCY WHEN SWAMPED ' ‘Awooden boat will normaly float when filled with Rudder ftings fixed as closely water, Additional buoyancy blocks are however to centerline as possible but requited to ensure a evel floatation and a minimum clearing engine, Use blocks to stability in swamped condition to permit baling out ‘obtain sufficient clearance the water (always carry a bucket). The buoyancy to the af! deck. blocks under the covering board and under the att deck is sufficient to ensure that the boot wil float level when swamped. Aditional buoyancy blocks THS IS AN EFFICIENT DOWNWIND SAIL must be fitted att if ine boat is equipped with an ‘AND CAN BE USED FOR FUELSAVING ATH AFAVOURABLE WD’ inboard engine as shown on pages 6 and 7.64 CREW SHELTER Duting the rainy season when giineting ot night, a tarpaulin will greatty increase crew comfort. 0 On 5.2 m boat an car can be placed In the mast hole and the mast lashed to it. On longer boats the oar has to be —_ supported oy two transverse rope stays Most — Removable peg 20 Saling rudder used to support the mast. Dil holes through beam for lashing of rudder. When not in use, oars and tarpaulin can be lashed to the mast so that they are not in the way for the fishing ‘operationTimber remains the most comman material for the construction of boats under 1S metres in length. There has been a change towards fitre-reinforced plastic in most developed countries and some developing ‘countries but, in Affice, Asfa and the Pacific, probably more than $0 percent of small fishing vessels are built of wood. The cost advantage of timber versus other materials is sill sufficient to ensure that it will eemain the dominant boatbuilding material for along time to come in developing countries. However, unrestricted or ilict acess to forest resources and the introduction of rational forestry management policies have caused. ‘and will continue to cause a scarcity ofthe sections of timbers traditionally favoured by bostbuilders. ‘The resultant scarcity ard high cost of good quality timber have not meant thet less wooden boats ‘are being buik, but rather that vessel quality has deteriorated through the use of inferior timber and Inadequate design stength, This updated and completely revised publication supersedes Revision 1 of FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 134 published in 1997. t follows an exhaustive study on structural timber design applied to wooden boat ‘onstruction. The publication includes the designs of four small fishing vessels (from 5.2 to 8.5metres, with comprehensive material specifications and ists, and provides detailed instructions for ther construction, both planked and of plywood. The designs are appropiate for inshore and coastal fisheries and emphasis thas been places on relative ease of construction and minimum wastage of timber. IseNe2s-0500:8 ISSN o42ee045 HO ol7ac2si"os201a Tomysss9e/10.001800